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Analyse Comparative Des Relations À Plaisanterie Chez Les Mandinka Et Les Joola De La Casamance Elizaveta Volkova

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Analyse Comparative Des Relations À Plaisanterie Chez Les Mandinka Et Les Joola De La Casamance Elizaveta Volkova Sànawuyaa et ráari : analyse comparative des relations à plaisanterie chez les Mandinka et les Joola de la Casamance Elizaveta Volkova To cite this version: Elizaveta Volkova. Sànawuyaa et ráari : analyse comparative des relations à plaisanterie chez les Mandinka et les Joola de la Casamance. Anthropologie sociale et ethnologie. Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2018. Français. NNT : 2018PSLEP068. tel-02179292 HAL Id: tel-02179292 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02179292 Submitted on 10 Jul 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE DE DOCTORAT de l’Université de recherche Paris Sciences et Lettres PSL Research University Préparée à l’École Pratique des Hautes Études Sànawuyaa et ráari. Analyse comparative des relations à plaisanterie chez les Mandinka et les Joola de la Casamance École doctorale de l’EPHE – ED 472 Spécialité : ANTHROPOLOGIE COMPOSITION DU JURY : Mme Tal TAMARI IMAF / IRD Présidente du jury Mme Odile JOURNET-DIALLO EPHE – ED 472 Directrice de thèse M. Sten HAGBERG Uppsala University Rapporteur Soutenue par : M. Valentin VYDRIN INALCO Elizaveta VOLKOVA Rapporteur le 18 décembre 2018 Dirigée par : Odile JOURNET-DIALLO A la mémoire de Natalia Volkova et Viatcheslav Volkov 2 Remerciements Ce travail de plusieurs années enfin arrivé à son terme, il est temps de remercier tous celles et ceux qui m’ont encouragée tout au long de ce chemin. J’exprime mes remerciements les plus chaleureux à ma directrice de thèse Madame Odile Journet-Diallo pour son suivi assidu, son amitié, son respect et sa confiance. Je remercie mon laboratoire, l’Imaf d’Ivry-sur Seine, pour le soutien matériel qui m’a été accordé à plusieurs reprises pour mes terrains et déplacements pour présenter ma recherche lors des colloques. Un merci tout particulier à mes hôtes, la famille Badji à Dakar et Tangory, la famille Adams à Ziguinchor, la famille Manga à Enampor, la famille Faty à Marsassoum. Grâce à vous, j’ai un « chez moi » dans ce Sénégal lointain. Merci de m’avoir accueilli, d’avoir partagé avec moi tous les moments heureux mais aussi difficiles de mes terrains. Merci pour votre amitié et votre aide. Je remercie de tout cœur tous celles et ceux qui m’ont consacré leur temps précieux lors de mes enquêtes et m’ont aidé à me repérer sur le terrain : M. Daman Cissokho, Mme Cornelia Giesing, M. Paul Diédhiou, Mme Korotoumou Traoré, M. Sankou Gassama, M. Abdou Manga, Mme Augustine Badji et M. Roger Manga, feu Abdoulaye Daffé, mais aussi tous celles et ceux qui ont accepté de me parler, chez eux, dans le taxi brousse, lors d’une cérémonie… Si ce travail est terminé, c’est bien grâce à vous ! Merci à tous les amis et collègues qui ont été là pendant toutes ces années, pour leur soutien, leurs conseils et leur exemple de réussite : Dacha, Aimée, Carolin, Olga, mes collègues doctorants du séminaire animé par Odile Journet-Diallo, ceux du séminaire des doctorants de l’Imaf sans oublier ceux des JCEA. Merci à Mme Yolande Combès pour la relecture et les commentaires très pertinents qui ont amélioré mon texte de manière considérable. 3 Je remercie vivement mes professeurs du département des études africaines de l’Université d’Etat de Saint-Pétersbourg qui m’ont transmis le gout du métier et leur amour et intérêt pour l’Afrique. Merci à ma famille d’avoir toujours cru en cette entreprise. Merci à Yassine qui a su me soutenir fidèlement, me supporter sagement, me voir grandir et me montrer le chemin, qui m’a toujours encouragé dans mes choix, qui m’a attendu quand j’étais loin et qui a attendu avec patience que cette thèse soit terminée. Je pense à mes défunts parents, Natalia Volkova et Viatcheslav Volkov, qui (qui sait ? mais je l’espère toujours) seront peut-être fiers de moi là où ils sont… 4 Note sur la transcription Pour le mandinka Pour la transcription des mots mandinka, j’emploie l’orthographe couramment utilisée notamment par les chercheurs linguistes. Les tons sont marqués sur la première syllabe du mot par un accent grave (ton bas) ou accent aigu (ton haut)1. On distingue les voyelles brèves ou longues qui sont orthographiées comme suit : Brèves Longues a aa e ee i ii o oo u uu Les consonnes2 : labiales dentales palatales vélaires glottales plosives non voisées p t c [ʨ] k plosives voisées b d j [ʥ] fricatives f s h nasales m n ñ [ɲ] ŋ approximante latérale l vibrante r semi-voyelles w y [j] Pour le joola Pour la transcription des mots en différentes dialectes joola, je me réfère notamment aux travaux linguistiques3. On distingue les voyelles lâches et tendues, brèves et longues. 1 Une justification pertinente de ce mode de transcription a été donnée dans Giesing C., Vydrine V. -B . Amsterdam, Brill Academic Publishers, 2007, p. xxiii. 2 Creissels D., Sambou P. Le mandinka. Phonologie, grammaire, textes, Paris, Karthala, 2013, p. 24. 3 Bassène A.-Ch. Morphosyntaxe du jóola banjal, Köln, Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, 2007, p. 10. 5 Lâches Tendues Brèves Longues Brèves Longues a aa á áa e ee é ée i ii í íi o oo ó óo u uu ú úu Les consonnes se distinguent comme suit : labiales dentales palatales vélaires glottales occlusives sourdes p t c [ʨ] k Ɂ sonores b d j [ʥ] g nasales m n ñ [ɲ] ŋ fricatives sourdes f s sonores v approximantes l y [j] w vibrantes r 6 Carte du Sénégal. http://www.notreafrik.com/ 7 Table des matières Remerciements ..................................................................................................................... 3 Note sur la transcription ..................................................................................................... 5 Table des matières ............................................................................................................... 8 Table des figures ................................................................................................................ 11 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 12 Chapitre 1 : Terrains et méthodes ................................................................................... 36 1. Terrains de recherche ........................................................................................................... 37 Zone urbaine/zone rurale ......................................................................................................... 39 Chez les Mandinka et chez les Joola ........................................................................................ 46 2. Méthodologie ....................................................................................................................... 56 Lire ........................................................................................................................................... 56 Questionner .............................................................................................................................. 58 Observer ................................................................................................................................... 60 Contexte, comparaison, interprétation ..................................................................................... 62 Langage, linguistique, traduction ............................................................................................ 73 Chapitre 2 : Histoire et populations ................................................................................. 84 1. Repères historiques et géographiques de la Casamance...................................................... 85 Histoire des migrations ............................................................................................................ 87 Histoire l’ xpl l c l ......................................................................... 93 2. Islamisation et christianisation ............................................................................................. 99 3. Repères ethnographiques .................................................................................................... 102 Pakao ...................................................................................................................................... 102 Bandial ................................................................................................................................... 114 Les relations entre les Mandinka et les Joola ........................................................................ 127 8 Chapitre 3 : Relation à plaisanterie entre les ethnies ................................................... 130 1. Controverses autour de la notion d’ethnie .......................................................................... 132 2. Formation des ethnies Mandinka et Joola .......................................................................... 141 3. Relations à plaisanterie entre les ethnies en Afrique de l’Ouest ........................................ 151 4. Relation à plaisanterie Joola/Sereer ................................................................................... 156 Chapitre 4 : Clan, nom et
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