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Cape Verdean Migration Trajectories Into Luxembourg: a Multisited Sociolinguistic Investigation

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Cape Verdean Migration Trajectories Into Luxembourg: a Multisited Sociolinguistic Investigation PhD-FLSHASE-2018-09 The Faculty of Language and Literature, Humanities, Arts and Education DISSERTATION Defence held on 22/03/2018 in Luxembourg to obtain the degree of DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DU LUXEMBOURG EN SCIENCES DU LANGAGE by Bernardino CARDOSO TAVARES Born on 5 September 1976 in Tarrafal, Santiago Island (Cape Verde) CAPE VERDEAN MIGRATION TRAJECTORIES INTO LUXEMBOURG: A MULTISITED SOCIOLINGUISTIC INVESTIGATION Dissertation defence committee Dr Adelheid Hu, dissertation supervisor Professor, Université du Luxembourg Dr Kasper Juffermans Postdoctoral Researcher, Université du Luxembourg Dr Ingrid de Saint-Georges, Chairman Associate Professor, Université du Luxembourg Dr Clara Keating Associate Professor, Universidade de Coimbra Dr Alexandre Duchêne, Vice Chairman Professor, Université de Fribourg Cape Verdean Migration Trajectories into Luxembourg: A Multisited Sociolinguistic Investigation Bernardino Cardoso Tavares Doctoral Dissertation Institute for Research on Multilingualism Faculty of Language and Literature, Humanities, Arts and Education University of Luxembourg March 2018 Abstract This thesis investigates Cape Verdean migration trajectories into Luxembourg from a multisited sociolinguistic point of view. Approaching migration as both emigration and immigration, the thesis examines sociolinguistic aspects of both aspiring and accomplished Cape Verdean migrants to Luxembourg. Based on a narrative and the material ethnography, the thesis seeks to understand migration and its inequalities from the colonial past to the current episode of globalisation. As a starting point, the thesis historicises Cape Verdean migration to Luxembourg as initially entangled in colonisation and labour policies. It has shown that, Cape Verdean movements to Luxembourg derived indirectly from Portuguese colonisation and unexpectedly meddled in Luxembourg foreign labour policies during the 1960s and 70s. This thesis explores this entanglement and unexpectedness of migration from the perspective of individual migrants. It explores what happened in between those points of departure and arrival by means of a multisited ethnographic linguistic landscape approach (MELLA). This approach consists of a material and narrative ethnography that studied traces of migrant presences and absences in public and private spaces on both ends of the trajectory. It was found that the linguistic landscape of Cape Verde contained numerous references to Luxembourg (e.g. Avenida Luxemburgo in Santo Antão) and vice versa (e.g. Epicerie Créole in Bonnevoie) and that some participants in the study, like myself, routinely went back and forth, sustaining relationships and engagements in both countries. However, findings also showed how unequal and exclusive South-North mobilities have become. It is obvious that as life in general is, South-North migration is a struggle, with language being a crucial dimension of this struggle. The thesis shows how migration is a struggle from the start in the country of origin with prospective migrants making considerable efforts and investments to travel North, often in vain, and continues to be a struggle for those who succeed to arrive North. Language duties are always demanded and migrants are constructed from a linguistic deficit perspective rather than addressing the systemic and structural conditions that contribute to unequal struggles among migrant groups and between the locals and migrants, intersecting with gender, class and race. This study provides an account of how multilingualism itself is also a struggle for Cape Verdeans, as Luxembourg’s trilingualism is often used as a gatekeeping device and as a proxy for race in a ‘colour-blind’ racism. i It is my hope that this first book-length study of Cape Verdean migration to Luxembourg has opened a new empirical field of research, and will be followed by many more studies to come. ii Rezumu Kel tezi li ta studa trajitoria di migrason Kabuverdianu pa Luxamburgu na pontu di vista di sosiolinguistika multi-situadu. Kel trabadju li ta aborda migrason tantu sima emigrason y imigrason y e ta izamina aspetu sosiolinguistiku di kes Kabuverdianu ki kre imigra y tambe di kes ki dja konsigi txiga na Luxamburgu. Baziadu na etenografia di materia y etenografia di narativa, es tezi li ta buska komprendi migrason y ses dizigualdadi desdi kes tempu kolonial ti globalizason di oxi. Pa komesa, e ta analiza storia di migrason Kabuverdianu pa Luxemburgu sima foi, na si inisiu, trankadu ku kolonizason y politika di trabadju. Kel studu li mostra ma movimentus di Kabuverdianus pa Luxamburgu ben indiretamenti di kolonizason Purtuges y entra, sen esperadu, inkluidu na politika di trabadju pa stranjeru na anus di sasenta y satenta. kel tezi li ta splora kel trankamentu y di migrason ka speradu na prespetiva individual di imigranti. E ta splora kuse ki kontisi entri pontu di partida y txigada atraves di metudu Multisited Ethnographic Linguistic Landscape Approach (MELLA). Kel metudu li ta konsisti na etenografia de materia y etenografia di narativa pa studa trasus di prizensa y ozensia na spasus publiku y privadu na kes dos pontu di trajitoria. E diskubri ki paizajen linguistika di Kabu Verdi ten txeu referensia di Luxamburgu (pur izemplu, Avenida Luxemburgo na Santu Anton) y visi versa (pur izemplu Epicérie Créole na Bonnevoie) y ki alguns partisipantis di kel studu li, sima mi tanbe, es ta viaja di rotina di un ladu pa otu, y es ta manti ses relason y ligason na kes dos pais. Ma tambe kel studu li mostra modi ki kel movimentason di Sul pa Norti bira dizigual y skluzivu. E klaru ki sima vida e, tambe migrason Sul-Norti e un luta, y lingua e un elimentu mutu importanti di kel luta. Kel tezi li ta mostra modi ki migrason e un luta, desdi inisiu na pais di orijen, undi ki kes pesoas ki ta prespetiva imigra es ta fazi un bokadu di sforsu y ta gasta txeu dinheru pa viaja pa Norti, txeu bes ka ta servi-s di nada, y ta kontinua ta ser un luta pa kes ki konsigi txiga Norti. Sempri es ta iziji pa migranti sabi fala lingua y es ta konstrui kel imaji di migranti na kel prespetiva di defisi di lingua en ves di analiza kes kondison di sistema y di strutura ki ta kontribui pa kel luta entri grupu di migrantis, y entri kes pesoas di lokal y migrantis, intrakruzadu ku jeneru, klasi y rasa. Kel studu li ta mostra modi ki multilinguismu, el mesmu e un luta pa Kabuverdianu, pamodi kel trilinguismu di Luxamburgu e txeu bes uzadu sima un ferementa di gatekeeping y sima un reprezentanti di rasismu ki ‘ka ta odja kor’ (colour-blind). iii N ta spera ma kel prumeru studu li, di tamanhu di un livru, sobri migrason di Kabuverdianu pa Luxamburgu, abri un nobu kampu di empirika di peskiza, y ki mutu mas studus ta ben si tras. iv Résumé Cette thèse étudie les trajectoires migratoires capverdiennes au Luxembourg à partir d'un point de vue sociolinguistique multi-site. Abordant la migration à la fois comme émigration et comme immigration, cette thèse examine les aspects sociolinguistiques des immigrés capverdiens aspirants et accomplis au Luxembourg. Basée sur un récit et l'ethnographie matérielle, cette recherche cherche à comprendre la migration et ses inégalités du passé colonial à l'épisode actuel de la mondialisation. Comme point de départ, la thèse historicise la migration capverdienne vers le Luxembourg comme initialement impliquée dans les politiques de colonisation et de travail. Elle montre que les mouvements capverdiens vers le Luxembourg provenaient indirectement de la colonisation portugaise et se sont ingérés de manière inattendue dans les politiques du travail étrangères luxembourgeoises au cours des années 1960 et 1970. Cette thèse explore cette intrication et l'imprévisibilité de la migration du point de vue des migrants individuels. Elle explore ce qui s'est passé entre les points de départ et d'arrivée au moyen d'une approche éthnographique multi-site du paysage linguistique (MELLA). Cette approche consiste en une ethnographie matérielle et narrative qui étudie les traces des présences et des absences des migrants dans les espaces publics et privés aux deux extrémités de la trajectoire. On a pu constater que le paysage linguistique du Cap-Vert contient de nombreuses références au Luxembourg (par exemple Avenida Luxemburgo à Santo Antão) et vice versa (par exemple Epicérie Créole à Bonnevoie) et que certains participants à l'étude, et moi-même, allaient et venaient régulièrement, entretenant des relations et des engagements dans les deux pays. Cependant, les résultats de notre étude montrent également à quel point les mobilités Sud-Nord sont inégales et exclusives. Il est évident que dans la vie en général, la migration Sud-Nord est une lutte, la langue étant une dimension cruciale de cette lutte. La thèse montre comment la migration est une lutte dès le départ dans le pays d'origine, les migrants potentiels faisant des efforts et des investissements considérables pour voyager vers le Nord, souvent en vain, et continuent de lutter pour ceux qui arrivent au Nord. Les devoirs linguistiques sont toujours exigés et les migrants sont construits dans une perspective de déficit linguistique plutôt que d'aborder les conditions systémiques et structurelles qui contribuent aux luttes inégales entre les groupes de migrants et entre les locaux et les migrants, croisant le genre, la classe et l’origine éthnique. Cette étude rend compte du fait que le multilinguisme est aussi une lutte pour les Cap-Verdiens, car le trilinguisme v luxembourgeois est souvent utilisé comme un moyen de contrôle et comme un substitut à la race dans un racisme aveugle. J'espère que cette première étude sur la migration du Cap-Vert au Luxembourg a ouvert un nouveau champ de recherche empirique et qu'elle sera suivie de nombreuses autres études à venir. vi Resumo Esta dissertação tem por objetivo investigar as trajetórias de migração de Cabo Verde para o Luxemburgo mediante uma perspetiva sociolinguística multi-situada. Abordando a migração como emigração e imigração, este estudo examina os aspetos sociolinguísticos tanto dos aspirantes a migrantes, como os já migrantes cabo-verdianos no Luxemburgo.
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