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AINO LIIRA: Paratextuality in Manuscript and Print: Verbal and Visual Presentation of the Middle English Polychronicon Doctoral Dissertation, Xiv + 271 Pp

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AINO LIIRA: Paratextuality in Manuscript and Print: Verbal and Visual Presentation of the Middle English Polychronicon Doctoral Dissertation, Xiv + 271 Pp ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS TURKUENSIS UNIVERSITATIS ANNALES B 512 B Aino Liira PARATEXTUALITY IN MANUSCRIPT AND PRINT Verbal and Visual Presentation of the Middle English Polychronicon Aino Liira Painosalama Oy, Turku, Finland 2020 Finland Turku, Oy, Painosalama ISBN 978-951-29-8057-4 (PRINT) – ISBN 978-951-29-8058-1 (PDF) TURUN YLIOPISTON JULKAISUJA ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS TURKUENSIS ISSN 0082-6987 (Print) SARJA - SER. B OSA - TOM. 512 | HUMANIORA | TURKU 2020 ISSN 2343-3191 (Online) PARATEXTUALITY IN MANUSCRIPT AND PRINT Verbal and Visual Presentation of the Middle English Polychronicon Aino Liira TURUN YLIOPISTON JULKAISUJA – ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS TURKUENSIS SARJA - SER. B OSA – TOM. 512 | HUMANIORA | TURKU 2020 University of Turku Faculty of Humanities School of Languages and Translation Studies Department of English Doctoral Programme in Languages and Translation Studies (Utuling) Supervised by Professor Matti Peikola Dr Carla Suhr University of Turku, Finland University of Helsinki, Finland Reviewed by Professor Emerita Wendy Scase Professor Jeremy J. Smith University of Birmingham, UK University of Glasgow, UK Opponent Professor Emerita Wendy Scase University of Birmingham, UK The originality of this publication has been checked in accordance with the University of Turku quality assurance system using the Turnitin OriginalityCheck service. ISBN 978-951-29-8057-4 (PRINT) ISBN 978-951-29-8058-1 (PDF) ISSN 0082-6987 (Print) ISSN 2343-3191 (Online) Painosalama Oy, Turku, Finland 2020 UNIVERSITY OF TURKU Faculty of Humanities School of Languages and Translation Studies Department of English AINO LIIRA: Paratextuality in Manuscript and Print: Verbal and Visual Presentation of the Middle English Polychronicon Doctoral Dissertation, xiv + 271 pp. Doctoral Programme in Languages and Translation Studies (Utuling) April 2020 ABSTRACT This study investigates the verbal and visual presentation of text across manuscript and print media through the concept of paratext. The term collectively refers to the various textual and visual elements which surround the main text in a book, and guide its use and reception. The aim of the study is to critically evaluate the paratext framework in the context of handwritten and printed English texts from the late medieval and early modern periods, and to further develop the theoretical and methodological applications of the paratext framework to this material. In addition to the theory of paratext, this dissertation contributes to the wider study of the materiality of text and our understanding of late medieval and early modern authorship. The approach taken in this study is philological and informed by textual scholarship; palaeographical and codicological methods are also used in the analyses. The material for the study comprises fifteen manuscript copies and three early printed editions of John Trevisa’s Middle English translation (1387) of Ranulph Higden’s Polychronicon. By comparing the paratextual matter across the different material manifestations of the work, the study explores how authors and book producers conceptualised paratextuality and attempted to guide the readers. The analyses focus on four major paratextual devices: prefatory and end matter, indices, marginal annotation, and elements of page layout, which includes text- organising devices as well as decoration and illustration. The study shows that pre-modern book producers had an understanding of paratextuality as a phenomenon related to but separate from textuality. Various paratextual elements demonstrate how scribes, printers and other producers of the new copies balanced between producing the abstract text of the work accurately and improving the usability or desirability of the physical copy. Possibly for this reason, the indices were found to be particularly prone to changes. The producers’ interpretations of the structure of the text, and the relationships between text and paratext, are visible in the visual and textual presentation. KEYWORDS: book production, early printed books, manuscripts, Middle English, paratext, textual scholarship iii TURUN YLIOPISTO Humanistinen tiedekunta Kieli- ja käännöstieteiden laitos Englannin kieli AINO LIIRA: Paratextuality in Manuscript and Print: Verbal and Visual Presentation of the Middle English Polychronicon Väitöskirja, xiv + 271 s. Kieli-ja käännöstieteiden tohtoriohjelma (Utuling) Huhtikuu 2020 TIIVISTELMÄ Väitöstutkimuksessa tarkastellaan paratekstikäsitteen avulla tekstin sanallisen ja visuaalisen esittämisen keinoja käsikirjoituksissa ja varhaisissa painetuissa kirjoissa. Parateksti viittaa kaikkiin kirjassa varsinaista tekstiä ympäröiviin tekstuaalisiin ja visuaalisiin elementteihin, jotka ohjaavat lukijan tulkintaa ja kirjan käyttöä. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on tarkastella kriittisesti paratekstiviitekehyksen soveltuvuutta käsikirjoitusten ja kirjapainon varhaisvaiheiden aikakaudella tuotettuun englanninkieliseen aineistoon sekä kehittää viitekehyksen teoreettisia ja metodologisia sovelluksia tässä aineistossa. Paratekstiteorian lisäksi tutkimus tarjoaa uutta tietoa materiaalisesta tekstistä sekä tekijyydestä myöhäiskeskiajalla ja varhaismodernilla ajalla. Tutkimuksen alana on filologia ja sen teoreettinen viitekehys ammentaa tekstuaalitieteistä. Aineiston analysoinnissa käytetään myös paleografisia ja kodikologisia menetelmiä. Tutkimuksessa käytetty aineisto koostuu John Trevisan latinasta keskienglanniksi kääntämän Polychronicon-maailmanhistorian (1387) käsikirjoituskopioista, yhteensä viisitoista käsikirjoitusta, ja kolmesta varhaisesta painetusta laitoksesta. Vertailemalla paratekstin piirteitä yhden teoksen eri materiaalisissa ilmentymissä tutkimus selvittää, miten teoksen tekijät ja kirjatuottajat käsittivät paratekstuaalisuuden ja hyödynsivät sitä lukijoita ohjatessaan. Analyysi keskittyy erityisesti neljään paratekstityyppiin: alku- ja loppusanat, hakemistot, reunahuomautukset sekä sivun asettelun piirteet, joihin sisältyvät tekstin jäsentäminen sekä koristelu ja kuvitus. Tutkimus osoittaa, että varhaisilla tekstintuottajilla oli käsitys paratekstuaalisuudesta tekstiin liittyvänä mutta siitä erillisenä ilmiönä. Eri paratekstielementit osoittavat, miten kopioitsijat, painajat ja muut kirjatuottajat pyrkivät toisaalta toisintamaan teoksen tekstin tarkasti, toisaalta parantamaan fyysisen kirjan käytettävyyttä tai houkuttelevuutta. Luultavasti tästä johtuu, että hakemistot olivat aineistossa erityisen alttiita muutoksille. Tuottajien omat tulkinnat tekstin rakenteesta sekä tekstin ja paratekstin suhteista tulevat esiin visuaalisissa ja tekstiä jäsentävissä elementeissä. ASIASANAT: englannin kieli, kirjatuotanto, käsikirjoitukset, parateksti, tekstintutkimus iv Acknowledgements I am indebted to a great many people who have offered their advice and support throughout my PhD journey and who have consequently made the writing of this schort tretys a less daunting task. Firstly, I would like to thank the external examiners of this dissertation, Professor Emerita Wendy Scase from the University of Birmingham and Professor Jeremy J. Smith from the University of Glasgow, for investing their time and providing helpful comments on my text. I am also grateful to Professor Scase for agreeing to act as my opponent in the public examination, especially after learning this would have to take place remotely. I wish to express my sincerest gratitude to my two supervisors. This project could not have been completed without the constant support and guidance of Professor Matti Peikola at the University of Turku. His expertise, meticulous comments and Socratic methods have been essential in my growth as a scholar. I was fortunate to have Dr Carla Suhr at the University of Helsinki as my second supervisor. She has always provided perceptive comments on my work, helping me to clarify my arguments and retain my focus. Together they have made a good supervisory team and both of their work continues to inspire my own. Although I did not know it at the time, the first steps towards this dissertation were taken during one of the very first MA level courses I took at the English Department, Pragmatics on the Page. This course was my first introduction to the study of manuscripts, early print, and paratexts, and the work of the whole “PoP team” has been a great source of inspiration ever since. I am particularly grateful to Professor Emeritus Risto Hiltunen, who supervised my MA thesis and encouraged me to continue my research on the Polychronicon, as well as Dr Janne Skaffari and the Revd Dr Ruth Carroll, who sparked my interest in Middle English. I would also like to thank Dr Skaffari for our discussions on code-switching and paratextuality. I am deeply grateful for the wonderful peer support – and the occasional, much needed, peer pressure – which I have received from my fellow members of the Philological Colloquium (or PhilColl). Ever since we both were employed as Utuling doctoral candidates, Sirkku Ruokkeinen has been my partner in crime and all matters paratextual. Dr Mari-Liisa Varila and Sara Norja share my enthusiasm for v manuscripts and textual alchemy. I would also like to thank Sara for proofreading and revising the language of my dissertation; any remaining errors are my sole responsibility. I thank Susanna Mäkinen, Dr Hanna Salmi, Dr Aleksi Mäkilähde and Johanna Rastas for the invigorating colloquium meetings and for their friendship. In addition to the people mentioned above, all my other colleagues at the School of Languages and Translation Studies, and especially at the Department
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