O.V. Kozerod,S. Ya.Briman

A.f. Denikin's Regimeand the Jewish

Population

of Ukrainein 1919- 1920 and development of Up to now the problem of formation regime and the Jewish interrelation between A' I' Denikin's be almost one of the most population of Ukraine was considered to ukrainian history. Paylnn u restrictect themes for a researchrer of aS an ideology, which considerable attent,ion to disclosing fascism

resultedinamassdestructionofJews,soviethistoricafscience coming the most got away from the fact that'"' before Hitler's place during Civil war tn considerable massacre of Jews took r Ukraine'

A' I" Denikin's regime The history of mutual relations between in the works of Soviet and Je\47swas described, at a great deal'

researchersofthefirstyearsoftheSovietpower.Theworksbv dedicated to the problems of Y. Khaifets/ P. Yeletsky, M' Mozin are published after the pogroms' the a pogrom ideotogy. In those works, for the first time' and it was resul-ts of the pogroms were analysed

concludedthatal.Lofthemhadbeenorganised.Thoseworkswerenot conclusions' but voluminous, they did not present deep analytical the problem and introducing they played their part in formulating

vasl factual material into science'?

r 1977.- 129' Kenez P- Civil War in south Russia,* London, P. yKpanHe 1919 r' - Hrn-iopx' l92I'i 2 xeitqeq E- norPoMH eBPeeB Ha s Lgi.g. ,B Hcropnfl qo6poaonsuecrofi norpouuu- EreqKHI: n' O eBPe.sx.- XaPEKoBf HH.- KEreB, 1921' In 7922 a research by N.I. Shtiff, a member of one of Kiev commissions on assistance to the pogrommed was issued. rt contain- ed a rarge number of memoir documents. N. r. shtiff gave anarysis of the causes of anti-semitic feelings, did a great work on gather- ing data about the pogrommed, summarised aI1 the data, and made a statistic tabr-e deating with every town and borough of ukraine.r

fhe work by A. F. Maleyev yevteyskogro Trjdtsat Dney poq-roma v Mestechke Krivoye Ozero (,Thirty pogrom Days of in the Borough of crooked Lake') is dedicated to the tragedy in the borough of Kri_ voye ozero' which stopped ,whi-te' existing after a pogrom.a The re- search work described such a phenomenon as taking hostages, charac- teristic of mutual relations between the Jewish populatron of uk- raine and A. r. Denikin's t.roops. A. F. Maleyev also characterised social- types of pogrom-makers. The thesis about Jews themselves be_ r'ng responsible for the pogroms was devel0ped by D- s. pasmannink. fn his ar:ticle, published on September 14, 1919, in the newspaper called Obshcheye DeJo ( /Common ,offj-cers Deed, ) he wrote, from A. f. Denj-kin,s Army forget that trotskysf kamenevs, zj-novryevs, and larins are borne Jews, but they have nothing in conmon with their nationality. But despite the fact that the vor-unteer Army did not Iike Jews, on the territory, which had already been occupied bv A. I. Denikin's Army, there was not any pogrom.,5

J mrz$ H. U, norpoMH Ha yKpaHHe._ EeprIHH, 1922. I Maneea A. o- Tpagqai'E AHefi eapeficroro norpoMa B MectresKe KpHBOe O3epo,- M.,1921. snacuasaax ,q. c. EBpefrcKafi poccEu, Boxpoc B o6u{ee Eeno.- }& 7..- la - n ?

2 To prove inconsistency of such statements s. Gusev-orenburgsky a

welr known in pre-Revoluti.onary Russia published a book called Rniga

o yevreyskikh pogronakh na tlkraine v 1919 gtodu (,The book on the

pogroms of Jews in ukraine in 1919'). Having paid a consi_derable

attention to analysing a normative basis of ttre regime of the Armed

Forces in the south of Russia, he came to the conclusi-on that senior

officers took part in the pogroms, and that the struggle of A. r.

Deni-ki-nts command agaj-nst that phenomenon v/as highly ineffective.6

rn 1926 in Moscow a summarising correction car-led. yevreyskiye pogromi= 1918-1921 (',pogroms of Jews, 1g1g-1921') was published.

rt \,ras created on the basis of analysis of regional committees of

the Red cross' and of the provincial sections attached to the provinciar executive comrnittees, rendering help to the pogrornmed.T rn that very year a French journalist called B. Lekash, who was

investigating the results of the pogroms of the Jews/ pubrished

Kogda fsrail- umirayet (rWhen Israel is dying.) where he gave quite a number of data on the pogroms in the South sf Ukraine, and in

Kherson, in particurar. Besides that, he analysed the p::obJ-elnot personal responsibility of the readers of the poritical parties of that time for not preventing the pogrorns of the Jewish population of

Ukraine. t

In 1930s, the theme of inter:relation between A. I. Denikin,s regime in ukraine and Jews became forbidden. separate issues of the

6 lycea-Opeu6yprcxai C. KEnra o eBpeicKrax fiorpoMax Ha yKpar{He B 1919 L926. 7 Eepericxne norpoMbr: 1918-1921.- lt.., 1926. I tlerau E. RorAa E3pa}]nb yMnrpaer.- n., 1926.- c. 5. history of work of the ukrainian g'overnments on rendering assistance

to the pogrommed were considered in s. r. Golderman/s ll/af,s_.onalnaya avtononiya na ukraine ('National autonomy in Ijkraine, ) pubrished in Munich in 1963. paying a considerabre attention to the activities of the leadership people,s of the ukrainian Republic on deveropi-ng JevJish nati,onal autonomy, the author onry touched upon the traqedv of the Jews in lglg.e

rn 1970s, probrern ,pogrom the of the movement'in ukraine was raised by p. Kenez in his book calred, civif war in south Russia. rn the section 'A. ca11ed r. Denikin and anti-semitism' he emphasised the place part and of peasants in the conflict between the cossacks and the Jewish population of Ukraine.

rt is worth mentioning p. that Kenez was quite careful while touching on 'pogrom the theme of that very movementr. He limited himserf to the research of the causes of anti-semitism and review of the sources of historical science, dealing \,rith the probl-em. In general' his r"rork became the most comprehensive research of the history of mutuaf rer-ations between A. r. Denikinfs regime and

- 10

Tharrru nrnl-r'l o* ur^€ €x&ct v!u!ac.r estimation of the number of victims of the pogroms was constantly giving rise to discussion throughout the history of development of the theme. rn 1920s, a considerable r.ror:k \"ras done by B. Lekash. In his opin.Lon, 226 pogroms made by the

Volunteer Army in Ukraine resulted in g0,000 victims. rr

I folrg"nnnaH c. I. Xagiactra Harlioxanraa aBroaoMts. - MbExeH, 1963. to Kenez p. civil I,lar in South Russj.a, - London, 1977. - p. 170. JJ nexan E. Korqa tl3par.rtrb yMHpaer, - n. , 1926.- c. 2i . S. Subtelny, a professor of york University (Toronto) gave

another figure: 35,000 to 50,000 people perished durinq the pogroms

conducted by A. I. Denikin's Volunteer Army and petlyura,s army.lz In

some researches of the later period the figure was decreased even more: S. Martsenyuk and V. Simonenko, Ukrainian researchers, gave a much fower figure - 21,000.rr In our opinion, 65,000-70,000 Jews peri.shed, which was the resul-t of 250 pogroms,

It is necessary to point out that the history of mutual

relations betweerr A. I. Denikin's regime and the Jewish population of Ukraine needs a further and deeper research. Not onl_y problems of the pogroms made by the white Armyr but the history of constructive

interaction between Jewish community and business circles with the

White movement during the Civil War of 1917-1920 still oiwe rise r^ discussion.

The change in the correlation of powers between the Red Army and

the Armed forces in the South of Russia resulted in the Whites'

occupying the territories populated by Jews mostly. According Lo the

conmon opinion of historians, in the spring of 1919 the Civil war entered its thirci phase. It lasted for a year. It was the most difficult and unpredj-ctable phase of antagonj_sm between the

Bolsheviks and the Volunteers.

A, T. Denikin's regime being a sort of continuation of the monarch pre-Revolutionary social establishment which lasted for more than 300 years on the territory in Ukr:aine, was not identical with

i-t. IL was a complex of problems diffieult to research. Those \^rere

l2 ^..4-^------^ LyurErrbndn v! vKpalHa. Icropi.s. - KHIE, 1922. - c. 317. lJ Mapqexnr C., CEMoHeHKo B. eBpeEcbKa rpoMana qepHiriBqElrg, EBp. Becru.- 1994.- lI! 15.- c. 10. both relations of power and social and economic relations. The civil War of l9l7-7920 exposed deep processes going on in the pre_ Revolutionary society of the Russian Empire and reveared the real- attitude of political groupings and powers to the choice of methods and means of their desire to deeply penetrate into what, in practice, is called the ,Russian idea,.

The year of 1917 laid trre foundations of the most difficult trials which became the destiny of Jewish people in alt the provinces of ukraine' rn 191s the centrai Racia governed that territory, then p. getman Skoropadsky did, then it was governed by the Special council which was A. r. Denikints government attached to commander_ rn-Chief of the Armed Forces in South Russia ( AFSR).

In the sunmer and autumn of 1_glg, three armies of the AFSR infricted a combined b10w from the south at the main forces of the Borsheviks, rn the sunmer of 1g1g A. r. Denikin,s troops occupred Donbass, Kharkov, Tsaritsin and, accordinq to the ,Moscow instruction', undertook an offensive in the Northern di-rection. rn July i9i9 v' u-Lyanov's (Lenin/s) letter vse na borbu s Denikinim /Everyone ( to Fiqht against Denikin') appeared in the Bolshevik press r-n ukraine' rt appealed to all the citizens supporting the Bolsheviks to join the fight against the white Army, which rearly threatened to occupy Moscow.

A. I. Denikin,s regime followed special normatj_ve grounds zhurnal osoboqo soveshchaniya (tBurreti.n of Emergency Government,) - considering problems of state government, the Statute of Legal Procedure of 1905 dealing with the problems of t.rr-al and investigation, orders and resolutions of commanding generars and governors of provinces. o fn the autunn of 1919, the personnel of A. L Denikinrs police _ - state Guards amounted to 80,000 officers and men. rt hras a littre

fewer in number than the Army in the Fierd. By the end of 1919, the

staff of the Emergency Government had numbered g former senators,

50 real councillors of state, 22 councillors of state, 29 marshals

of nobility. That kind of qualitative structure of the machinery of

A- r. Denikin's regime influenced mutual relations between the white regime and peaceful Jewish popuration. The latter \./as sent to ghetto anc fcrced to live in the Jewish paie. Jews were restrr-cted in thei-r choice of residence and occupation. However, nobody could suppose the period of A. r. Denikin's regime to become thac of dramatic bloody excesses, characterised as one permanent pogrom connected r'/ith robbery and violence.

Having occupied voronezh, Kursk, orer A. f. Denikinrs Army found itself on a vast territory of 16 provinces populated by about 40 miflion people- The spring of 1919 signified the beginning of an economic crisis. rnflation of banknotes in possession of the popuiation starteci. Market prices were increased by 50 per cent.

Then the authorities j-ntroduceci speci.ai compensations for the state functionaries. They were given to the tatter irrespective of their positions. The real value of one roubLe was a ]ittle more than that of 1 kopeck, which had ci-rculated in ukraine before the Revorution.

None of the powers coul_d put an end to the crisis and impover_ i.shment of the population. The Bolsheviks had forced out the

Whi-tes from Poltava province by the end of 1919 * the beginning of

1920. They left such a document: /Order No.18. It has been noticed that nany individuars misuse banknotes such as kerenkas and nikora- yevskys by reselling and buying them at prices higher than the,ir nominal value' The revolutionary conunittee warns that the persons noticed in the speculations of this kind shal1 be punished accordinq to the 1aws of wartime, including executj.on ... Head of the revolutionary pokhil. committee secretary z.cinzburq. Borough of Khorol.' Ja

A- r. Denikin supporters elaborated a document calIed vremennoye poJozheniye ob upravJenii obJastyami, zanimayemymi Do.brovofcheskoi Ar'miyei ('Tenporary resolution on governing the regions occupied by the vol"unteer Army) one of the paragraphs of which ran as forrows. 'A1r absor-ute power in the regions occupied by the volunteer Army belongs to the Supreme Leader of the Volunteer Army. Ln the regions occupi-ed by the Volunteer Army effective are only those laws v:hich were in force on the territory of Russia prior to october 25, 1917' with amendments enoui-ng frorn this very Resoruti-on, as wer] as from those to be prornulgated on the grounds of its r"aws. . . , r5 It is necessary to point out that A. I. Denj-kinrs regrme on the E,errr-tory of Ukra'ne was a complex st.ate and 1aw system which , on the one hanci, was self_sufficient, and, on the other hand, had a nuri,bei: of weak points such as absence of a stable national basis, poor di-scipli-ne among the cossacks, who quite reluctantry went across the Don and wished to compensate for their participation in nilitary actions at the expense of peculiar ,reparations.,

N.Lvov wrote in his Be-Ioye Dvizheniye (,The White Movement, ), 'The movement of the whites di-d not win because the dictatorship

'o rocygapcraeHxbri apxaB llonraBcror! o6nacnr.r (fAno) _ &. P - 3872.- On.1- E-215, n. 74,

t'+eqn* ,6enoM, B, Ha I0r,e, Hapogirufi genytarl. _ 1992._ N z.- c. 95. 8 of the whi-tes did not take shape, because against the dictator- ship of the Reds ,,the there had to be concentration of power of the whitesz.r-16 gtr6 here is what A. von Lampe, one of the readers of the white movement in emigration wrote, , we were rn a hurry, we did not demonstrate any state maturity and ruineil a pure idea.' ( ,[HeBHsKrl_ A. &os IIaMne OAecca. 27_28 gera6ps 19L9r.,lrz one of the causes of the fairure of the vofunteer Army to create

its own state power is thought to have been complex rer-ations

betvreen the nilitary and Jews - peaceful ukrainian popur-ation

rejected bloody pogroms and the power that initiated thern. rn normative documents and in the press A- r, Denikinrs regime never stated its negatlve attitude tor^7ards Jewish population .in an open v'ay' And it should be mentioned that the Jewi_sh communiti-es of ukrainian towns set great hopes on the coming of the vorunteer Army as a great mi-litary and poritical power capable of stabili-sing the

situation in the region. Anyway, that power did not st.ate as its doctrine commandeering of property of the rich and makinq lhe

cj-tj-zens do iiard compuisory work.

Ho\dever, pogroms started as soon as the Voiunteer Army vanguard rJewish troops came into the former pale, i-.e into the boroughs populated by Jews mostly. As self-confidence and hopes for final v:-ctory over the Volunteers \^rere inereasing, the wave of pogroms growing and enveloping more and more territories.

i6 Li.,il&,o r F^nRFi, ^ 6onsuega:uorra npeBparani, B 6op66y c peBonnqaeu, MocKoBcKEe HoBocrFE,- 1992.- l& 16. - c.24. rz tbid. - c,z5- There are three periods of pogrons singled out accordj-ng tc their character: 1. The period of Lhe so_called ,guiet, pogroms (June - July 1919) _ Kharkov, yekaterinosl_av provrnces. It is characterised by endless raids and assaults in the streets with the purpose of robbing, making vioJ-ence, and raping lromen. 2. The period of mass pogroms (July - August 1g1g) - the wescern part of Pol-tava, the southern part of cherniqov, and the eastern part of Kiev provi'nces. rn those places robberies, as we.r.r-as partial arsons and chaotic murders took pLace. 3. The perj-od of slaughter anci bloody pogroms ( septenber - october 1919 ) _ Kiev, chernisov pr:ovinces.

Beginning from Jury L9rg, police reports abounded in messages informing the authorities about thefts, robberies, and extortions made by the white Guards and aimed at prosperous Jewish citizens. rn svedeniya o proishestviyakh yuridicheskogo ocde.Ta Kharkovskogro qubernatora ( rlnformation about Incidents of Legal DeparEment of Governor of Kharkov province') we come across the fol10wing document: 'Daily report on July 1 some armed bandits, wearing military uniforms, came to Aaron Nemchik's flat at I 0, Khanaichenkovsky Lane. They took things and money, ar-I amountr-ng to a total sum of 50,000 roubles, and disappeared .,_Js And again 'robbers in mj-1j_tary un-iforms, ,... : on the night of July 13, four unknown persons in mi-r-itary uniforms came to a certain Krikrnan,s fl-at in Nikolayevskaya Street in Kharkov. They took 11,000 re roubles' - There is qui-te a number of reports of this kind in porice reviews. Such a detail as a military uniform is unlikely to be

'" IIeHTpanbHni rocygapcreennui apxHa Br[cu,nx opraHoB Bnacra r] yrpaBnerla,, yKpaHHH(I.lfABO) - . q, 1742. _ On. 1._ !. tZ._ n. L. l9 u|ArJU,,-- ^^ --yKpaHHH. _ 0. 1742. _ Or. 1._ E. 17._ n. 3. 10 connected 'fashion' with a particurar for military uniforms. Here one can think only of A. I. Denikinrs personnel makinq those robberies.

Deprived of a normal system of administrative support, the volunteer Army units turned into a power controfled by no one. That power was a money-grabber like any other of the armed groupr-ngs ope_ rating ,... in Ukraine at that time. For instance: on Jul:z 15.. vari_ ous kinds of perfumery 5,000 roubles worth were stolen from rosif Mezherichj-n's podolsky to store-house at 23, Lane' ; , ... on Juiy 21' shmuil Raskin was robbed of 400,000 roubles. rt happened. in his flat at 51' crekovskaya street in Kharkov. part of the things taken was found at stanisrav Novak's prace at 23, Krochkovskaya street.,zr

It l_s necessary to si_ngle out three types of causes makinq A_ I. Denikin's men commit crimes of that kind. The first type is stri,v- inc fnr nr^fi+ rlr yrurrL. r!€ s€co[d type _is this or that way connected with an open militant anti-sernitism. The third type is connected wrth a / desire to take revenge on Jews for their col-laboration with the Bclsheviks' .

one of the most wide-spread ways of robbing Jewish population was extortion. This is illustrated by the fol_lowi-ng document: 'Report' To his Excellency the Governor of Kharkov province. Girla

Mizerov Kropman craimed that on July t he had been visited by an unknown man in a soldier uniform. That person passed on him a l.etter from the First Tersk cossack Division. Tn the retter it was demanded that Kropman shoul-d pay 25r000 roubles. As a result Kropman,s flat /Prostokvasha', and the canteen where the money was to be derivered to

20 LI|ABO YKpaEHBr. q.1742. on. 1.- E. 17.- Il. 23. 21 rbid. - tr. 24 . were put under observation. Kropman,s telephone was aLso put under control at the telephone station... After determining the place from which the call had been made an ensign from Kornil.v strike Regiment Gordey Neronov was detained. The r.atter admitted that it was he who had written the 1etter., zz

It is known that after the JeTrs of Kharkov, poltava, Kursk, and Yekaterinoslav provinces had petitioned for protection, the conrnand_ ing general 0f those provinces issued an order to escort the train / so that the incicients sf -",iolence agains-u ;iews couid be pre* vented'' rn spite of general May*Mayevsky,s special order robberies and attacks on the railways, those specific forms of pogroms, did not cease' rn svedeniya o praishestviyakh yuridicheskogto otde-ra po-7_ tavskogo qubernatora ('rnformation on fncidents of Legal Department of Governor poltava province') of we come across the folr-owi-ng docu- ment about the events that took place in August: rrn the afternoon of g, August at the span of sagaidak-Reshitil0vka, some unknown soJ,diers beat and threw off the train severaf Jews: Michel posvolskyr Moisey rliyevich 2, anC Tsaak Brain-.. The investigation of the incidents of that kj-nd coul-d hardl_y be characterised as a rea] court lnvestiga_ tion' As a rure, officers and nen, who were the culprits of those tlpsy tricks were never found. The matter came to a plain statement of facts.

vladimir Zenonovich May-Mayevsky (1g67-1920) lras head of Deni* kin's administration from June 1g1g (when Kharkov was occup.ied by the whites) to November 27, 1g1g. According to many of his eon-

I{rABO yKpanHBr. _ - iF. L742. on. t. - p,. 17-_ n. 2. rAno.- &, P_2773, _ oE. 1. I. 208. _ n. 32. 1) temporaries he introduced connivance in potitics for rawfess acts that took place in the Left-Bank provinces. By November 1919 ,,.. it had been found out that the name of general May_Mayevsky was connected with endless carouses, drunkenness, orgies and so on-,24 P' N. vranger who took May-Mayevsky's posltion of the commanding general poltava, 0f Kharkov, Kursk and yekaterinoslav provinces wrote afterwards, 'Moving continuously forward the volunteer Army stretched itself, disordered its units, extended the rear ,samosnabzheniye excessively. The measure of voisk, (self_suppliesl in-creased the degree of the Army disintegration, The army corrupted

itserf and turned into a band of hucksters and br_ack-marketeers. Those who somehow deart with self-supplies - and those were ar-most

all the senior and junior officers and even platoon drstr,ibutors _

took hold of huge sums of money. That resulted in cor.ruption. ganblinq' and drunkenness. unfortunately, the junior officers and

men foll-owed their seniors in Homeric carouses and wastes of monev.

r found the Arny Headquarters outside Kharkov, and the Army re-

treaiing in confusion.25

whi-]e May-Mayevsky was the commanding general in the r,eft-Bank provfnces undisguised robberies took place on a wi-de scaIe. At that, miJ-itary robbers often used organic weapons. we find enough proofs /REPORT. to that: To TIIE C0HMANDERoF POLTAVA srATE GUARDS. Julv

1919.

C'laqeB-KpHMcr-ptiz. tL. A. EenHfi Kp6rM. M.: KocMoc, 1991.- 250.

BpaHre[B n. H. 3arjricKn: B gByx KE. M.: KocMoc, 1991-.- L. - c. 228

13 r lnrorm you about the events that took place for the r_ast 24 hours poltava tn on the night of July 22, five unknown.persons knocked on the door of Eli-zaveta Aber-eva,s flat at gf yekaterino_ slavskaya street' Two of them wore officer uniformsr ofr€ of them wore a cossack uniform, and two had civilian cr-othes on. They stated they were from counter-interrigence and asked Abeleva,s household servants ,kikes if l-ived therer. At that moment Abe]eva,s daughter darted out intc the yard and starteci crying for help. one of those five persons took 4 shots from a revoLver and wounded Zinoviy Abramov in the abdomen with two bullets., 26

Here one can see either a manifestation of direct ant.-r-semitism or extortion of things and money. But that was not reflected in the documenL' stil1 another example: 'on september 15 , \g1g, in poltava two unknown malefactors came to rvan yeliseyevich Lents.s fr-at at 13, Mikhailovsky Lane. The strangers wore soldier uniforms. They dernanded that some horses should be given to thern.,2z ,INF3RMATT6N. 1' on the night of september g, 191g, some unknown persons burst intc doctor Gerfakh,s fl-at in Afanasiyevskaya Street. An exchanqe of fire took place. r:8

rn July 1g1g the incidents of thefts and attacks on prosperous Jev/sf shops and stalrs were so freguent that the whole process cour-d be characterised as the beginning of the pogrom movement i.n ukraine' rt is obvious that in a number of incidents the attacks on Jews', househor-ds could not be directly connected with the anti_

'6 - p-2173. rAno. e. - On. - 1.. n. tr. Jt. ol t' tAno.- p-2173. Q. - On. L. E. 57.- n. 62 28 tbid.- fi,5- semitism of the attacking persons. fhere could be some other causes of crimes as we11. Abundance of applJ-cations of that kind in governor-general provinces j_s very impressive: ,REpORT 1_ on the night of August 6, in Poltava, a petty bourgeois S. M. Liberman was robbed of his domestic things, ...,itt 'cloL:hes 2,000 roubles worth were stolen from Leonovich's flat in poltava. tJ'

The population was panic-stricken. Lots of people abandoned their houses. rn the consurates and offices of governor-generars, provinces queues for permission to depart for other count.raes appeared. The applications of the following kind became a charac_ teristic feature of that time:' To the Governor of poltava from

Basha Leibovna Afer, a doctor's widow. r have the honour to Detition about givi-ng me a foreign passport. July 1919'rl

One of the most characteristic rnethods of the pogrom movement of the Volunteer Army was taking hostages from peaceful Jewish po- pulation. In the last decade of July 1919, in the borough of Valkl of Kharkov province. in return for the Bolsheviks having taken hostages, the whj-tes took 11 hostages as well (Shlezberg, the owner of a shop of watches and gold things; Glikin, a tailor; Kats, a stu- dent; and some others. ) One of the hostages * Glikin was executed at the beginning of JuIy; another one, Shlezberg went mad, the rest of them were liberated on July 13, IgIg.32

?e fAno.- &. p-2173. - on. l- E. 57.- n. 20

" tbid.- n.15, Ji rbid.- [. 208. - n.ra2 t' 'Bocrox' ilraQ H . tI, tlor:poMEr Ha yKpaHHe. - BepnEH: l13E*Bo t 1922 , -

I5 On July 2G (August g) IgIg, at 2 o,clock in the afternoon in Rostov-upon-the Don Jewish deputies introduced themselves to general A' r. Denikin. The deputation comprised heads of Jewish com-munities: from yekaterinosrav - M, s. Bruk, Rostov-upon-the Don - doctor Z. Goldenberg,er, Kharkov _ doctor I,. B. Vilensky, and from Taganrog - doctor A' ya- yevinzon. The deputation wanted to intro- duce commander-in-chief of the AFSR into the situati_on rn which the Jewish popuration found itserf in numerous boroughs of ukraine and Russia as a result of actions of the vor,unteers who had made Je\^'s homeless and impoverished. The deputation drew A. r. Denikin,s speciar- attention to the lawlessness made by the vo-lunteers in Kharkov and yekaterinoslav provinces. General A, r. Denikin answered to that, ,yes, it's difficult to expect anythl_ng good from the people, who have become utter scoundrels. Those are not the vo_ lunteers who joined the Army, inspired by a great -idea,. -Those are a mob.'

Tn August. 1919 Comr,ander_in_Chief issued a speciai order No. 136. /f It rarr; have got informeci that while marchj_ng across the popu_

lated provinces of Marorossi-a some undisciprined units make unre_ paid requisitions of property, and some officers take away belong- inqrs from peaceful popuration. These actions are i-ncompati-b]e with a high rank of an officer. such incidents are reft uninvestigated;

those guilty are not punished; and the 10sses of popurat.ion are left unrecovered- rn this view r order that the subordinates shour-d write special acts about ar-1 the incidents of robberi_es and vio* 1ence, unrepaid reguisitions and cruef actions made by mi-ritarv

Ib units against peaceful residents. These acts should be Drepared both on the basis of the petitions of the victims, and on the initiati-ve of the local authorities. The above mentioned acts should be submitted to a governor for consideration and specia] receipts should be given to the victj-ms of the incidents. , 13

fndeed, those directions rrere executed vrith zeal_. ft was that zeal that made it possible to preserve the documents in the forms

'.. used throughout August 1919: - in +,he bcrough of Losovaya-

Pavlovka Lazar Ilyich Ivanovich was robbed of various th.inos of value equal to 20r000 roubfes.' The things were found at yanina

Stychinskaya's place at 1-7, Kaplunovskaya Street.,34i /ponomarev, a book*keeper of Kharkov Treasury, under the pretext of exchange received from Israil Abramovich Vilenchuk 96,000 roubles in credit notes of the Provisional Goverrunent ... and misapproprj.ated them.'J5

Some of the Jews were given back their belongings, houses, and flats which had been requlsitioned b1r the Bolsheviks, That was done after the coming of the Volunteer Army, in accordance with a special- resolutj-on, and with the purpose of propaganda. Thus, a certai-n

Iosif Yelenski asked the authorities to consider the matter of returning him the flat in Sumskaya Street in Kharkov 'from which he had been evicted in accordance with an order of the Soviet authorities.'36 Yelena Rosenberg was lodged into her own flat, which

rr rAflo. - Q. P-2173. On. 1. - n. 1 ,1. oo. Jr' qlaBo yKpanubr. - iF. 1742.- on- 1. I. 12. - n. 44.

'5 rbid. - n. 44.

36 rbid. - t1. 44. she had been bereaved of under the Soviets, and which had been transferred to some Grabirina and simonlatser .37 an Kbarkov. Kiev, odessa' and other tor^ns public rife under the whites became more accrve' Ne\^'newspapers appeared, free prices for the goods including bread' butter' sugar, and others were introduced; private business was encouraged. Thus, tor instance, in Kharkov the authorities regrstered a private out-patients'nursing home, which had been established by doctors R. v. Freedland and E- ya. patsenker-Dovbnya. People were allowed t.o estabiisil mutual insurance funds. fnsurance companies i.nitiated their activities.3s

on the eve of the Jewish New year. at the end of eugust 1g1g, the covernor of Kharkov received pites of applications r.fith requests to al1ow to open praying houses for the perlod of the religious holidays in september. Here is an example of such a reguest:

,?o His Exce.l-lency the covernor of Kharkov from Abram Neysakhovi-ch stol0vich residing at 30, Moskalevskaya street. rn vi-ew of the forthcoming Jewish holidays: september 12 and 13 {Rosh Hashanah), September 2i (yom Kippur,l, and the holiday of Kushche (sukkoth) r have the honour to obed'ently your ask Excellency to alfow 25 persons to gather in ny house for praying, on my o\^/n responsibility. Stamp-duty is enclosed. 3e August 2I, L9Ig., The followj-ng application was sent in too:, w€, elderly Jerrs, residinq down Kl0chkovskaya street in Kharkov, ask you to ar.10w us,

'7 qfeeo yKpaaabr. a. 1742. Ou, I fr. LZ.- n. 47

tbid. - on. 'il. " 3. !. rt. 5. .)9 ,, . _ tDao. otr. 1. E. 88, - r. 13. 30-40 in number, to gather for praying. Gurevich B./ Shapiro p.,

Shneiderman I'4., Vishnyakova M., and others., 40

Hereditary citizens of honour of Kharkov Juli Fayenberg, G. Ka-

ufman, Yevel Midler, Nisel Zislin, and Fishel VermeL were allowed

to organise temporary praying houses on Saturdays and holidays.4J

The Jewish holidays of 1.919 went off with a great inspj-ration, but vTere darkened by a mass pogrom initiated by the Volunteer Army.

The pogroms that took place all over Ukraine in September enr,'eloped nearly all the boroughs and villages of the former Jewish pafe, and they were accompanied by open actions of ful_t military units and neutral attitude on the part of commanders at aIt levels.

One of the first of September pogroms was that committed by the

Whites in Fastov - a small borough in Kiev province. The pogrorn was started on the 9th of Septernber at about 10 o'clock in the evening. 'The first day of the pogrom did not result in any victims, , reported one of the eyewitnesses of the events,,but by rnidnight bacchanalia had begun. Pogrom-makers suggested lest the peasants shouid hj-de iews, and that they shoufd put on the lights in their fla+-s . .. The usuai place of execution of Jev/s v/as a walt of the synagogue and the synagogue j-tself.'42 As a result more than 600 people were killed, and much more were wounded or mutilated. More than 100 houses and about 60 shops were burnt down. The pogrom in

Fastov lasted for 6 days. The pogrom-makers carried out everything from the houses of ilews.t 'By the end of the pogrom the pogrom-

yKpanHil, - " qfABo iF. 1742. oE. 1 E. 12.- n. 19 4r rbid.- E. i- n. 1, ld. a2 qearpanan6rfi rocyqapcceeHnuft apxar o6ulecrBeHH6{x opraHrl3arIHE yKpariHrt yKpaHHhr). (IIrAoO Q, l. - On. 20. - E. 40. - n. 3.

19 makers had had so much money that they did not know what to do with it"as was written in the report sent in from the Jewish community of Fastov about the actions of the pogrom-makers- By the end of the 6th day of the pogrom in Fastov the mir-itary authorities had arrived and begun to restore order.

The pogrom in Fastov rose the indignation of not onJ-y the worr-d public, but threw into confusion the Black_Hundred circles of Rus_ sia' on sept'ember 1g, 1g1g, the Assembly of the uni-ted bureaux of the union of Renaissancef the i*Iationai centre, and the union of the National centre in Ki-ev resolved to send a delegacron to A. r. Denikin and Bredov to elucidate the matter about the measures of fight against pogroms. aa

Drd the authorities fight against the pogrrom movement seriously? undoubtedly, it is difficult to answer this question negatively. However' in a number of cases we observe profanation of the matter of investigations and absence of adjudicatory processes on the mat_ ters of the pogrommed.

This' apparentiy, is connected not only wlth a relatively short period of presence of Lhe voiunteer Army on the territory of uk- raine and the Russian tradition to prepare a case for tr:-a. for a 10ng time' Thus, the tor"rn of cherkassy was occupied by the vo- lunteer Army on the (4) 17 of August and on that very day, after a complete occupatlon of the town, the units that marched into the town comnitted there a cruel pogrom which lasted for 3 days and resufled in 150 people kil}ed, a lot of people wounded, raped, and

aJ Ilearparrubrfi focygapc?BesHH, apxHB o6qectsenaux opraHasaqafi yKpaHH6l (IIrAoo yxparaxil), - O. 1. on. 20. _ [. aO. _ n. 5. J4 .,_, ^^ __ qrAUU yKpaaHhr. _ -- Q. 1. On. 20, _ E, 36. _ n. 4. 20 so on. On August L9, I9I9, according to the ner/ sty1e, the town com_ mandant, sotnik Golovko (l-ieutenant of cossacks) issued an order in v,thich, among other things, there \.ras a point about the poqfrom. The order read as forlows:'r have received a lot of complaints saying that the cossacks supposedry rob, but it is the rocal population that does it. r warn that those eaught red-handed at the place of robbing shatl be mercilessly shot,,o' The above mentioned, in fact, relieved the military of any responsibility for the poEroms they rnade in tbe tcrm onlir two days bef ore. iiaLu.rdily, the pogroms ciici not cease and in order No. 1 0f August 21. a new commandant of the town, lieutenant Vasilyev, wrote the following: ,1. fllegal searches are strictly forbidden. viol-ators of this paragraph shalr be treated as robbers. 2. f suggest that the chief of the tovrn guards should contribute to the fight against robbers and other bandits, who should be detained and escorted to me.ra6 That order, whj_ch had not been backed by any actions, did not give any results, and on

August 22, tlj1e chief of the garrison captain yakorrlev threatened not -uhe pogrom-makers, but the pogrommeci, ,I have al_ready ordered that pecpJ-e shouLd hand in weapons, uniforms, an

It shoufd be noted that the pogroms made by Volunteers were those in which excLusi-vely the nilitary took part. That was the main peculiarity, which made it possible to distinguish between the

'l-922. !lTr.0 H. E. IlorpoMbr Ha yKpar,rHe. - Bepnua,

4tt rbid. 19.

rbid. 79,

27 pogroms conducted by vofunteers and the numerous, no r-ess bfoody pogroms conducted by the followers petfyura, of Grigoriyev and ^+L^-^ ulners. N. I. shtiff wrote, ,The volunteer Army monopolises the matter of pogroms, the ]ocal ukrainian popuiation is standing aside from the poqrom rnatter, regarding i-t coolly and even negativelv.,as I soldiers striving to destroy materiar \.Jea'th and make arsons rather than rob was a relatively constant recurrence at that time. 1t can be considered a peculiarity of the poqroms made then by volunteers ' Another distinctive feature of the pogroms made by the latter was raping almost everlnvhere. whereas in zhitomrr and in Yerisavetgrad the incidents of rapings during the pogroms organised by Grj_goryev were very rare, in the boroughs pogromneal by Vo_ lunteers the number of those incidents amounted to 50-100 per cent of the total female population of the borougrhs. Mass rapings took place everywhere, even duri-ng the,quiet pogroms, in July _ August 1919' rn yekaterinosr-av there were up to 1,000,Iewish women raped. up to half of the total female populat.ion were raped in the boroughs of Sme'a, Gostomer (Kiev province), the borough of yabrokovo ( por-- fava province) - Kiev newspaper zarya informed its readers that , du_ rrng the pogrom in Borzna on the night of september ro, 22 Jews were kirled' their houses destroyed' their belongi-ngs taken. The h/omen lrere r:aped - younq and o1d. Those Jews who managed to survive are hiding themselves in the woods and marshe s.,49 rn the L:ornrnh nr

48 UTHO H. u. norpoMbr na yRpaHHe. _ EepnHH, L9ZZ. _ c. 31. 49 3aps. - 4 oxr.e6p-a 1919 r. - II. 1. Borzna a group of women and girls were flogged and after that, stark

naked and raped in the street.5'

In some sources we also come across interesting facts about

mutuaL relations between the civil power and the Jewish population

in a number of Ukrainian towns. Here is one of the reports of the

chief of the main tovrn of Konstantinograd district (poftava

provi-nce), who fought for chastity of Russian gentry: , To the

covernor of Poltava. This year on August 2'J., r qot information about

large scale ganblinE that took piace in the local clubs. In one of

the rooms I caught red-handed I people. They were playi-ng a game 'z}reLezka' called at a round table specially designed for gambling

... The Council of the Elder of the pubtic Assenbly consists almost totally of prosperous Je\4's. f have the honour to ask you to impose a penalty on the following persons: Khaim Notkin, Abrakham

Aisenshtat, Isaak Klain, and Aaron Sklyar each of whom is to pay 300 roubles, Pavel Borodkin is to pay 500 roubles. The inquiry records are presented-'5J This case testifying to the place of rich Jews in

A. I. Denikin's establishment had a detective end. The Governor of

Poftava Staritsky was offered a bribe, as the latter irunediately sent an order to Konstantinograd in which he demanded that Jews should be left alone. Aferwards somebody tried to clear Staritsky,s signaLure off the document.5'

In a number of cases the politics of A. I . Denikin, s functionaries were aimed at supporting Jewi.sh communities and

5d mrus H.Ic. norpoMsr Ha YKpaHHe. - Eepnan. 1922. ^ ?5 5r rAno. - Q. P-2173. - olr. 1. - A- 24- - n. 57.

52 n"nn - - Y. E-.J tr. on. 1. !. 1. - n. 41, sometlmes \,r'ere real1y charitable. The fotlowing document 'PETrrroN. testifies to that/ To iris Excellency the Governor of Poltava from invalids zerman Mendereyevich Nolman and rlya Markovich Liberman residing at 18, Kuraki.nskaya street. w€, invar.ids of the war, having found ourselves without means to earn our livi.ng, managed to start a diary and grocery business assisted by the union of war rnvalids' Now that the lease has been increased, and merchant Ravinsky demanded 50 roubles a month ... we have no hope to five a normal r-ife' Besides that, R.avi-nsky demancis that the premr_ses shoutd be left.'53 The covernor of por-tava passed a resofutrlon bannino eviction of invalids.

Al0ngside with that peopre could see soldiers robbing Jer"rs in sight of other residents of t.owns and boroughs. rt is here that the di-screpancy of mutual relations between A. r. Denikinrs reglme and the Jewi.sh population in Ukraine becomes apparent. Thus, in Cherkassy a A. I. Denikin, s Army officer stayed at lzrail Galperin's place. He made friends with the whole family and spent a ioi of time in their company, having his tea and talking with them. ,"he I'fhen vori:nteers were retreating from cherkassy the officer, his revolver in his hand, cleaned the hospitable family out.54 In the borough of Zol_otonosha that is near Cherkassy, Jews paid I 5,000 to 20,000 roubles per night to the officers from the colunandant's company for the 'protection' of their houses. Thanks to that' a 10t of Jewish houses and petty shops were saved. The same thing took place in the borough of shpola, where officer ssuads

5r rano. - q. _ P 2173, _ or. 1. - E. 1., _ n.22. 5a ulag H. H. norpoMht Ha yKpar,rHe. _ EepJrHH, Ig22. _ e. 32. under the conmand of Usov took 50,000 roubles per night for Lhe 'protection./ The same situation was observed in Kiev, Fastov, and

other towns. Here we can speak only about the officer corps, direct

extorting money from peaceful popuration. They threatened Jews with soldiers and they themselves vrere empowered to order their sof-

diers to search or rob any house, that /did not pay for the pro_

tection.' rn a number of cases Jewish population was officiarly laid

under contributi-on in favour of the vorunteer Army, whereas other 'Lowns national gi:oups of the and boroughs were not_ fllegality of

that contribution is quite evident. 'in fn December 1919 order to prevent a further pogf,om the

Jewish community of the town of priluky in poftava reg_ion was laid

under contribution for a sum of 200,000 roubles. The borough of

Talnoye was to pay 500,000 roubles in order to stop the pogroms.5'

Sometimes extortion was in the form of orders of the district

authorities, the cornmandants of the towns for whom genocide of the

Jews had become a moral norm. In Novy Mglyn, after the pogrom had been finisheci, the commandant of the town demanded that 200,000

i:oubles shoiild be paid and threatened that otherwise al-l the Jewish population would be drowned in the river.

In Priluky the chief of counter-intelligence pal-ekha demanded

for hi.rnself 250r000 roubles, besi-des a sum of 200r000 roubles which had already been gj-ven to the commandant, and threatened with a pog- rom. fn the borough of Stepantsy systematic extortions were made by

Pampushka-Burlak, head of the State Guards (local police), and his

5u Peaoxnqrx Ha yKpaaHe: no MeuyapaM 6enbix. M. - n.: focn=gar, 1930.

^ 1A deputy Borbatenko. The former had been put at his position by the Volunteer Army.56

rn Priluky the commander of the semenovsky Regiment openly asked his subordinate, who needed new high bootsr, Can,t you go to any kike and take off his boots?' fn Beraya Tserkov colonel shchepetirnikov from the 2nd Terskaya prastunskaya Br.igade recomnended that officer Yakovlev should get fabric for his uniform by robbing,, steal j-t from a kike, it is not punished.' rn his memoirs N. r. shtiff wrote, 'rnformati-on about the robberies rnade by officers comes from Bogodukhov, Borzna/ Bori_spol, Ignatovka, Korsun, Kremenchug, Nezhin,

Pri-luky, Fastov, Rossava, Krivoye Azero, Tomashpol, yampol, Kurilovtsy, Tetiyev, and other praces. rn some cases officers guide the poqroms /Boyarka. as in: Rossava, Krivoye ozero (officer Mlashevsky) rn Kremenchug a coloner even took away the furniture of his hosts,57

There were cases when unj_ts of the Volunteer Army illegally oc_ cupied the houses of Jewsi and those actions were officialry invest- igated and justice was restored. For example, i-n August 1919, the portava covernor of was given the folr.owing apprication: ,pETrrroN. From merchant Beluga Moisha Davidovich residj-ng in Dvoryanskaya street in poltava- Tirl october 191g r had lived in the town of Ma_ faya Pereshchepina of Konstantinogradsky district (now Krasnodarsky district of Kharkov region) where r was born- There r was engagear in manufacture production- rn october L919, after r had been robbed, portava- r moved to My faniry and r visited Malaya pereshchepina and found out that alI our house and manufacture had been robbed by

56 PeBorroqlrq Ha yKpatrHe: no ueMyapau 6elsx. _ M. _ lI.: focH3EaT, 1930. _ ^ a1

57 IITHi] H. g, norpoMl[ yKpaHHe. Ha _ EepnEE, Ig22. _ c, 54. zo the Bo1sheviks... After the Volunteer Army had come, my house was occupied i1leqal1y and sacked compretety by the units uncler officer Nunkevich. T reguest that you should do everything that lies in your power with respect to the order telling the police-officer to see to my house and my personal property being returned to me. r58 A special investigation was conducted, the witnesses were questioned,

f,rrcruurrrg.nLar-ain^l,,ji-- r1-!- Nemkovskaya. the house-keeper of Beluga. vice_ Governor addressed the chief of the lega1 department, ,To be irnmediately investigated and reported prior to Septemher _3, I9Lg.,se As a result' the actions of the chi-ef of the town guards Nunkevich were crassified as illegal and the house was returned to its o\dner. Especialry severery A. r. Denikin's authori-ties treated the cases relating to the execution of decisi-ons about order and curferr in cities and towns, and so forth- when studying the documents of that time, we cone across a 10t of facts about the members of Jewish ,not community being fined for creaning yarats and systematicarly violating the order of cfeaning the assigned parts of the streets., OT, for example, such a repor:t: ,On Oct.ober 10,

1919 in Poltava provincial prison r t chief assistant of the commander of the State Guards, second lj_eutenant Grets, interrogated a petty bourgeois rsrail shmul yosifovich sokorovsky from the village of Belotserkovskoye of Khoror- district. rt was revealed that rsrail sokol0vsky was residing at 25,

Yekaterinburgskaya Street vrithout leoicrrrr'inn ,60 That reDort

ff - rAno. P-2773. - On. 1. il. 24, - n. 40. 59 rx; a il. 4L,

6' tbid. - !. 15. - )1. 52 had the following resolution attached: ' ... to fine Sokolovsky for a sum of 2,000 roubles. comnander of the Guards.'61 ror comparison, a teacher at the Teachers' Training Institute at that time earned

1.,200 roubles a year, whereas a loaf of bread cost 40 roubles.

one of the peculiarities of the State polj-cy of A. I. Denikin was the opening of all the organs of the press closed by the

Bolsheviks, as welf as freedom in the press matter in spite of the censorship which was ever increasing as the whites were retreating

from the territory of Ukraine. Thus, in pril^uki the newspaper

Prilukskaya Rech appeared, and in Kremenchug of Poltava province doctor Epshtein was allowed to publish an independent newspaper

calIed the Pridneprovsky Golos, and so ort.'5)

vtrrv,v!] often the authorities took the initiative i n so] vi no

internal problems in a number of Jewish communj-ties. Thus, that was

the case with the resumption (in october 1919) of the tzedakah money

coll-ection in the town of Kremenchug. The town mayor addressed the

district chief with the following petition: /... october L2. 1919.

Tncoming No. 1613?, A special money collection known as tzedakah mo-

ney colfection, which has exi"sted in the Jewish community for a long

time, is intended to satisfy the social needs of Jews... The way

of establishing the collection and the rules of collectlng are

determined by the Regulation on tzedakah money collection (Appendix

to article 816 of volume IX of the Law on Takings, issued in 1899).

I request that You should put into force the above mentloned Law due

rAnO.- q. P-2I73. - On. L. E. 23. - n. 31.

Ib1d.- [. 35. - n. L-7 to impoverishment of Jews and lack of the objects of ratrng among the members of Jewish community.

rn this view, the Town councir cafcurated tariffs for cattre slaughtering for kosher and made up an estimate of distribution of money' expected to come from tzedakah collection within a year. Estimate: 360,000 roubr-es to 10 shoichets; 50,000 roubfes to 5 mashgihins; 108,000 roubles to 3 rabbisi 24,000 roubres to fafmud Torahi 24,0a0 roubles to the state Jewish schoor; 36,000 roubles the rnvalid llouse for the Jews; and 24,000 roubles to the Jewish women People's School. ' 6J

Thus, in view of heavy impoverishment of Jews, resulted from the pogrons conducted by the regular forces of the volunteer Army, the authorities themselves had to worry about the establ-ishments which earrier were supported by the numerous Jewish community in the town of Kremenchug without any effort.

The population which had suffered from the pogroms was :.n need of everything anri , in the fj_rst pJ-ace, of medicine, food, and warm ciothes. Many Jewish famiries had been feft without roofs over thei-r heads for a long time. FrequentJ_y, nothing was left of boroughs literally. Here is what the eyewitnesses of the tragedy i.n Tomashpol said' /... The fi-rst units of the volunteer Army came into the bor- ough in september 1919. They started to demand that Jews should get oats' hay and fat for them, which the Jews could not fulfi1 ... when the second Mounted Kubansky Labinsky Regiment came in, a complete havoc began. '. furniture was broken, mirrors were smashed to

6r rAno.- O. p-2173, smithereens, floors were blown up (3-4 times per night) i"n search of

secrets. The corunanding officer was very much drunk and incapable of

receiving the deputation, so he sent it off to the commandant of the borough of Tomashpol. The ratter did not receive the deputation either, pleading illness'64

One of the reasons, which Volunteers used to justify their /a pogroms' was close co-operation of the Jewish communities with the Bolsheviks', presence of ,communists-Bolsheviks' and,partisans, within the communities of ukrainian towns and viIIages. N. r shti_ff wrote,'Jews - victins of the vol-unteer Arrny died in thousands and ,communists they were grey-bearded who had been caught in the sy_ ,communists nagogue at the volumes of Talmud, - infants i-n their

.r^.l l oq r^7it-h +hai-..-,; ? mothers and grandmothers.,65

As a result of mass arsons conducted by the Volunteer Army thousands of people in ukraine were left without roofs over their heads. Mainly, those were the residents of Boguslav, Belaya Tserkov,

Gorodishche, Korsun, Rossanar Borispol, and Shpola in Kiev province;

Krivoye Ozeto, Tomashpol, Myaskovka and Savran of podolskaya pro_ vince, and some of the boroughs such as the bfooming Fastov with its

Jewi-sh populaLion amounting to 10.000 peopre, wele burnt down almost completely.

Not only noticeable Jewish communitj_es in boroughs, but also small groups of ,Je\.rs, consisting of 5-10 f amilies who lived in deserted vilrages anong ukrainian peasants became victims of the pogroms conducted by the volunteers. Thus, for instance, 5 Jewish

64 nfAOO YKpaHHH. - Q. 1. - OE. 20. - H. 340. - n. 31. trra$ H, I{. UorpoMbr Ha yKpafiI{e, - Eepnr.rH,1922. - c. 61. 30 families in the virlage of Gogolenko of chernigov provancef who had been given land for the first time after the revolution, arongside with the peasants, were pogrommed. Three Jew-ish col0nies of farmers found shelter near F'astov: Koldubitskaya-obraztsovaya, Trilecy and chevfenskaya. Tn september vorunteers came there and began robbing, doing violence and extorting- whire retreating (in september 1919) the Cossacks kill_ecl one colonist digqing out potatoes. In Koldubitskaya colony they killed a few old men (burnt some), took d.wciygraln, drew the cattle out.

There still exists a petition addressed to the commanding ge= neraf A. Dragomirov. rn it Jewish pl0ughmen - col0nists of Rikun of Dymerskaya vofost in Kiev district requested that 10 horses, a few cows and 60 heads of cattle, which had been taken away by the soldiers, should be returned ,If to the colony. the horses and the cattl-e are not returned, the col.ny wirl cease to exist,, wrote the colonists.

/Robberies pass from the Jews on the Russi.ans,, complained the

ch i cf nf l-hourrv gorrrsonarvri, in Belaya Tserkov, colonel Sakharov (Order No. i0 of oct.ober, 14 . gave ) That him reason for undertaking measures to

nfAlTAnt A h^dr^h

one shoufd say that the ideol0gy of pogroms of the Jewish had been developed long before 1919. ft had already been ready and

developed in the womb of the old tsar regime and, especially, in the practice of solving the ,Jewish problem during world war r (sr-ogans_ 'Jews are enem_ies ,Jews of Russi_a', betrayed the Russian Army,,

eEc. Already on ), the stage of development the ideology of the volunteers did have its own peculiari-ties. At the end of 191g, in Rostov-upon-the Don the appear Go]os k Russkomu narody ot yuzhnoi

?1 Arnii ( 'The voice to the Russian people from the southern Army, ) was published. /yuzhnaya The latter, signed Armiya, (,southern Army,),

was issued on December 7, 191g, and became the basis for developing a ne\.r ideorogy of the whites. The appeal started wi-th the issue namrng the ,Russia enemy of the Volunteer Army. betrayed the

Affies/ everything has been destroyed, robbed, etc. who is to brame 'To for all this?' which quite a concrete ans$/er was given, , They,

these kikes: Bronshtein (Trotsky), Nakhankes (stekrov), Tsederbaum (Martov), Gordman {Gorev), Kibris ( Kerensky), and riberman

(chernorr; do not care for Russia and welfare of the Russian people:

they dream of destroying Russia and weakening the Russians r-n mutuar_ hostility and robberies', and further,, And in order to foor their peopre they even have changed their names: Leiba Bronshtein took the

name of Trotsky, Liberman narned himserf chernov, and Kibris became

Kerensky', etc, In addition to physical destructr-on they

bronshteins, nakhamkeses, etc., depraved peoplers soul,. The provocation of the ideologists of the white movement armed at

causing genocide of the whole Jewish nati-on is evident. The purpose of the struggl-e in this appeaL ls formul_ated as fol]ows: 'They (the kikes) do not say that to rob and ruin landowners means to ruin themselves : first, a landowner i-s a Russian too, he i-s a man of the Russian people . . .'66 The logic of such proclamations is thought to be quite clear.

A. r. Denikin's government also conducted discriminative personnel measures aimed at excluding Je\rs from ar_l the admini-strative structures and from the ArmV.

66 g, yKpaEne. ulra6 !1. tlorpoMEr sa - EeprHH, IgZ2. - c- 73,

52 On August 8, 1919, a deputation that visited A. I. Denikin pointed out at such 'A a fact, detachment of volunteers assembled in Kharkov and half-composed of Jews was sent into a composite battalion. Near zorochev the battarion carried out its mission successfully, but on that very day the Jews were sent out and dismissed until mobirisation.' rn the course of talking with the deputation generar A- r- Denikin decrared,' r reproved general May- Mayevsky/ but deep in my soul T was a\,rare that, he coul-d not act otherwise. After ai1, I myself issued an order about placinq

officers-Jews in reserr,'e.'57

Order No. 1 issued on August 17 in the garrison of Cherkassv openly urged to discriminate Jews. fssued and signed by major_ general shifner-Markevich, it viofated the rights of the Jews to efect and be elected into the institutions of rocal government and municipal dumas' Tt read:' l.Today the town of Cherkassy has been occupied by Kuban cossacks units anci attached to the territory of the united fndivisible Russia. 2. r order that the TohTn Council shou]d be immediatery assembled, composed as it was prior to the Bolshevik coup d'etat, with the withdrawal of the Bol,sheviks and Jews. '

Exactly the same discri-mination took prace in Kremenchug (order No.1 by generar ossovsky) with the only difference that the exclu_ sion of Jews was spread to the members of the town duma and in the wording 'expranations' it was added that it had been done ,with the purpose of reassuring I the population. Jews were excluded from the

67 yKpar.rHe. uruq H. E. norpoMbt sa - EepnvE/ IIZZ, _ c. 74. councirs and dumas in Nezhin and Belaya Tserkov by order. rn 1g1g in Kiev a rnember of the town council Ladyzhensky was excruded bv the eommanding general A. Dragomirov.

Did the feaders of the white movement try to stop discrimina- tion? rn his memoirs N- r. shtiff wroterf There i{as no sincerity. In

essence, there was no dlvergence in views on the Jewish populatj_on between pogrom-makers and those who vrere to stop them. Generals being bad diplomats, di-d not manage to conceal their real- motivation

i-iii- -Lne+L^ ri-gr-iElngGi-L!i- dgarnst. pogroms. They were afraid of foreigners. we are being looked at by the Entente; and we all, and our supplying, fi-nancing, and regulating complex internationar relations with dis_ tant statesr etc. depend on it. what rqi-ll the reaction of the En_ tente be with respect to the pogroms?,6e

while the pogroms conducted by Volunteers in ukraine were in ful1 swing, the newspaper obshcheye DeJo published the article vopros "Yevreysky v Rossii', (,The Jewish problenr in Russia, ) written by doctor D. pasmannik- s' The art.icle was to introduce the l{est into the situati-on in Ukraine. 'what about this problem in Russia?, wrote doctor D. s.pasman- nik. 'Theoretically, the Bolsheviks are not thought to mahe the pog- roms of Je$/s, they are supposed to guarantee the Jews aLI the rights. Moreover, the majori.ty of the Bofshevik commissars are Jews. Theoretically, A. r. Denikin's Army is supposed to be hostile to Jews. That's why the Jewry expects nothing, but troubres from the victory of these armies, i.e. violent pogroms, pursuits These

68 ura6 H, L, norpoMx ria yxpar4re. - EeprrHH. 1922. - c, g6.

34 are the opinions of the population in some provinces in Russia and in foreign countries. A1l obvlous and secret friends of the

Bolsheviks disseminate such views. The one who is writing these lines was an eyewitness of Jews'Life in Russia and he wourd l-ike to telI the whole truth both to the Jews and people of other nat,ionalities. Bolshevj-sm is TIIE GREATEST DANGER FoR THE RUSsTAN

JEWRY . . . fn terms of economics, only those Jews benefit from it who become its offi-cials or suppliers. These privileged compose 5 to 10 per cent rnaximum cf the whofe Jer,rish corur,unity. The rest of the Jews have become impoverished and are dying of hunger and epidemics.

Newspaper matter and teaching Hebrew have been annihilated,.. r was an eyewitness of the activities of A. r. Denikin/s Army and r have this to say: the army fighting Leni_nts por^7er so heroically, the army that has outlived terrj-ble sufferings from executioners like trotskys, antonovs, muraviyovs and dibenkos does not ]ike Jelvs because some of the commissai:s are horne Jews, These army officers forget that trotskys, kamenevs, zinoviyevs and farins are born Jews, but they have nothing in comrnon wrth their nar-icnality. Trotsklr himself claimed that cvnically. But despite the Volunteers' clislike of the,Jews on a huge territory which had been occupied by A. I. De- nikin's Army THEREWAS NOT ANY POGROM'.6e

Thus, the western public was mislead by the,White'press and the Command of the Volunteer Army. on August 8, vrhife receiving a

Jewish deputation, A. I. Denikin, in reply to the request to publish a declaration on the Jewish problem, answered, 'But it will be read by the Americans. I consider it unnecessary.'70

69 UI'AOOYKparrHEr. ^ 0. 1. On, 20. - !. 94. - n. 1.

7A IITHQ H. 14. tlorpoMbr Ha YKpar.Ee. - EepnHH, 1"922. - c. 86. From 1918 to 1919 there was only one much-talked-of case of removing a general from his position because of the pogrom of

Je\,/s. It happened on August 24, 19L9, when the commander of the second rersk Plastunskaya Brigade general Khazov was removed from the position according to order No. 325 because of his brigade having destroyed petty shops in the borough of Smela. fhe initiator of that order was general v. z. May-Mayevsky. Earlier that brigade ruined Cherkassy and committed mass murders and rapings in Smela.

But irlay-Mayevsky's order ciici not stop that brigade whiie it was killing Jews in Korsun, Betaya Tserkov, and gastov (under officer

Ral ^d^r+ c6!' \

1n September-October L9L9, internal Iogic of things demanded that the pogrom ideology should be deepened. It was necessary to make the popuration of ukraine get to understand that Jews shourd be exterminated as a nation in the course of a systematic state policy. To achieve that aim all the public needed to be shown the

Jews' incapability of being equal rlrith other peoples in a ne\./ 'United and Indivisibte Russia' being built by A. I. Denikin. fn numerous ari.icles by the ideologists of the white movemenr we come across the ideas which directly discriminate the rights of Jews.

Here is/ for exampre, what is written in the articre pytka strakhom

('Torture with Fear') by V. V. Shutgin, There exist good and bad Jews... by bad Jews we mean those engaged in poritics where they could ereate nothing, but a devastating destruction. Good Jews are expected to convince their sons and brothers not to qo into poI itics in Russia. 7r

7t Kresl.s""".- 1919 r. tE 63, or 4 gexa6pn 1919 r,- c, 4. In his subsequent articles V. V. Shulgin develops the problem of ciiscrimination '.. even further, . Jevrs are Lo leave the praces which they use i-n order to damage the Russian state returnrng to rife. There must be no Jews-officers, Jews-officials, Jews_judges. One should do one's best to prevent Jews' becoming members of zemstvo, town-counselrors, and officials serving to the town and zemstvo.,zZ

ouite naturally, it warmed up the striving of some army uni-ts to revenge themselves on peaceful residents of ukrainian borouqhs for the Army's military failures. Here is what K. ye. Mironov, a member of lhe Bofshevik underground movement in A- r. Denikin,s Army rear ln Kremenchug, ' wrote, ... A. f. Denikin,s followers occupied the town almost without fiqhting-,.they sacked everything that fell into their hands. The residents fought by gathering together and shouting, while the cossacks were breaking the gates. people feft torri fi aA .+ ni ^h oL rrrgrrts. Irt very rare cases those shouts drew some officers' attention to the incidents, and then they sometimes dispersed the cossacks, That lasted a]most for 6 days... As if it were a mockery, the responsibility for protecting the residents was laid upon the very same Cossacks... Rich Jews, fike Gurary, for exampre, did not object to some officers' staying at Jews' places.

Thereby they guaranteed themserves protection from the cossack attacks for considerable surns of money.. , The anti*senitic escapades acquired a mass character.tTs

Ksean.sHr.tE. -- 1919 r.

fArlo. &. P 21.73. - A special appeal to the countries of the west was organised by representatives of Jewish communities. They asked to help those who had suffered as a result of the pogroms made by Volunteers in 1919.

The text read:

, ... ATTENTION! ATTENTIONT ATTENTION! STOCKHOLM, COPENIIAGEN,

BRUSSELS,BERLIN, VfENNA' ROME, PARIS, BUENOS-AIRES... . ft is for

4 years now and, especially, since 1918 that the Ukrainian Jewry has been suffering from a permanent pogrom... Jewish settlements have beerr c,:mmitted fire and sword, peaceful iewish popuiatiorr, i.e. children, women, and the old have been brutally exterminated; even machine-gun shooting was used,., Each of the towns of Proskurov,

Yelisavetgrad (Kirovograd now) lost up to 2,000 people at a time. zhitomir, Ba1ta, Fastov, Cherkassy, Felshtin, Trostinets, zlatopol,

Uman, Gaisin lost some hundreds people each. The assistance of the

Red Cross and the state cannot be sufficient. We appeal to Jervj-sh conununities and and request that they should send in groups of assistance, medicines, food, and cfothes immediately.

AII-Ukrainian Central Committee of Assistance to Victims of

Military Actions. Chairman of the Committee L. Ye. Mandelberg;

N. Yu- Gergel, P. c. Dubinsky, Kh. Kh. Fialhov, N. I. Shtiff, and others. t 7a

Refugees from various towns and boroughs of Ukraine flooded

K.iev, Kharkov, Odessa, and other Ukrainian cities. It should be noted that one of the first establishments, which rendered systematic assistance to the victims of pogroms in Ukraine, \.{as the

Russian Red Cross (RRC). Representatives of the RRC started working

/a qleoo yKpanHlr. Q, 1. - on. 20. I. 1. - n. 340. 38 at the organisation of aid-posts of free-of-charge catering

('catering aid-posts'), temporary shelters for the victims, chil_dren

('shelters for chil-dren') at the beginning of the pogrom process in

July - August . There stilr exists a document giving us an idea of

the scope of that assistance:

THE RUSS]AN RED CROSS COMMITTEE OF ASSISTANCE. ACTING

ESTABLISHMENTS AND ESTABLISEMENTS UNDER FORMATION ON AUGUST 1, 1919

the borough of Malin - a catering aid-post for 400 people,

the borough of Fastov - a catering aid-post for I,000 people,

the borough of Belaya Tserkov - a catering aid_post for t,?OO peoDfe.

'Shelters for children'

the borough of Belaya Tserkov - for 200 children,

the borough of Fastov - for 100 children,

the borough of Gorodishche - a catering aid-post for 200 people,

the borough of Boguslav - a catering aid-post for 500 people, an epideniological i-nfirmary for 20 people, a ' shelter, for 300 children,

the borough of chernobyr - a children canteen for 550 children, a catering aid-post for 800 children,

the borough of Uman - a catering aid-post for 300 peopfe, an epidemiologi-cal infirnary for 25 people,

the borough of Smela - a catering aid-post for 400 people,

39 the town of Cherkassy - a /shelter' for 120 children. a catering aid-post for 300 people,

the town of Zhitomir - 6 (grounds) with a chiLdren canteen for

1,800 children, a canteen for adults - for 500 people,

the town of Novograd-Volynsky - a canteen for 500 people,

the town of Rovno - an orphanage for 30 children, a /ground, for

1OO nhi lr{ran

the town of Shepetovka - a 'shelter' for 60 children,

the borough of lzyasl_avl - a cheap canteen for 200 people,

the borough of Yampol - a catering aid-post for 200 people,

the town of Vinnitsa - a catering aid-postfor 600 people.'75

In August 1919 in Kiev a hostef was organised for arriving

Jewish refugees. At the same time, the Russian Red Cross Assistance

Conunittee prepared a map of the pogronuned places, a schematic repre- sentation data on pogromsf accordj_ng to months and provinces, a schematic map of the Assistance Commi_ttee establishments, a scheme of distribution of various types of assistance, and so on.76 Copies of paper-cases containing documents on the pogroms made by the

Volunteers in Ukraine in general, and in Kiev in particular, t{ere sent to Russia via Rostov (through the mediation of F- ye. lander and N. I. Iliyin) and abroad as we11.77

t5 yKpasHH. LlrAoo - Q. 1. on. 20. E. 126. il. 47,48. t6 tbid . - Ir . 41 o6. tt ibi-d. - n.42.

40 - rn september october 1919 as the Bolsheviks were taking up the

Right-Bank ukrai-ne they organised corresponding power structures of assistance to the victims of pogroms. Those structures were carl_ed 'province sections' and they were attached to province departments of social maintenance.

There stifl exists a report of head of Kiev provtnce section about the work of that kind at the initial stage. /rn the first pface. the province sect.ion,' the report read,, encountered the rof rraooe r 'i rri na i n +ha h^-+^1 LLvLL'ij rir e.re o-1,yvrted by the Jewj-sh committec , . ,

At 37, Konstantinovskaya street, at 23f pochayevskaya street (where there were 800 people) we saw a shocking sight. The refugees were rying in unheated flats on the floor. They were covered with dirty tatters. There was no glass in the rqindovs. The refugees had not had any food for 5 days by the day of our inspection of the refuges. The refugees placed in the synagogues in Andreyevskaya Street,

Yaroslavskaya Street, Novy Val_ experienced the same sufferings ... '78

On October 27, 1919 a free-of-charge caterinq aid_post was crganised in a hostel in Khorev street in podol - The post was mana- ged by r- G. Tsifrino'rich. The province secticn di-rected this ac+-:-- vity.Te The very same Russian Red Cross dealt lrith the medical section of assistance to the victims of pogroms. From June I to

November 1, 1919 the Russj-an Red Cross orqanised: '1- An out-patients' department at 6/ Troitsky Lane.

2. Free-of-charge provision with medicine through the mediation of nationali.sed stores at the expense of the Assistance Committee.

78 qfAOO YKpaEHbr.- Q. 1. on. 20. n. 340 - n. 68-69.

79 rbid. - n. 46r50, 3. Medical and sanitary inspection of a hostel for the refugees from the pogrommed places at 9, Pirogovskaya Street.

4. An out-patients' department at 9, Frolovskaya Street and medical aid to si.ck people at their places...

9. Financing Kiev Jewish hospital for consulting infected patients.

10. Support of the wounded and sick people from Fastov ,,.

12. Transport for those who had fallen i11-

i3. Provision of the sick peoi;Ie with underclothes, linen , instruments, and gowns.

14. Free-of-charge Russian baths and disinfection of clothes.,ao

At the same time, whil-e the Bolsheviks organised assistance to the victims of pogroms, A. I. Denikin's units acted with unbeli-evable ferocity in the Left-Bank Ukraine, The whole way of A.

I. Denikin's Army retreat could be characterised as a way of pogrom- makers. Denikin's followers could be pacified neither by numerous peaceful deputations nor considerable sums of money given to their officiais as bribes. In Kagarlik of Kiev province such a deputation was received quite'favourably', but no socner had the ccnmander of the unit turned away than the soldiers stripped all the memlcers of the deputation of everything. It happened on August 29, 1919. In the borough of Kobishche of Chern.i-gov province. a Jewish deputation. which set off to the railway station, was robbed, stripped naked and beaten crueJ-ly (September 14, 1919); and in the borough of Makarov in Kiev province a Jewish deputation consisting of the oldest men was chopped up to pi-eces.8l

80 - IITAOO YKpallHbl. 0. 1. - On. 20. - A. LZO. - il. 5q.

EeHnKnH-l0EeHr.r'J-BpaHrenb: C6. socI. - M. : OTe.{ecrBo, 1991 . - c. 39. I{iev, Yekaterinoslav (Dnepropetrovsk no$r), and other cj-ties

shared the terrifying fate of the rest of the places. On October 17-

20, 1919f Kiev suffered especially. / At nights medieval horror

begins in Kiev streets, In absol-ute silence and absence of human

beings a heart-rending wailing starts These are the kikes

howling . - . ,' wrote the Kievlyanin rn I9I9,, They are crying with

horror. It is terrifying to hear those voices it is a real

horror, a real torture with horror. The total Jewish poputation is subjected to Linat.'82

At that time the Volunteer Army began collaborating with the

formations acting on the territory of Ukraine during 1919 for the

purpose of robbing and marauding exclusively, It was that kind of

formation that f. T. Struk's band bel-onged to. Let us consider the

personality of its leader in detail. Itya Timofeyevj-ch Struk w.:.s

born in the vil-lage of Griny of Gornostaipolsk volost of Kiev pro- vince. He finished district school there and in 1917 started his war

career by collaborating with the Central Rada. He organi-sed a de- 'Vilne Lachment of kozatstvo/ ( /Free Cossacks') which later on

joined the ranks of *uhe '.lkrainian peoples, Repubiic Army, in the period of Getmanate and German occupatioa (March*Novernber, 19r 9 ) Struk found himself in no need and earned his living by profit-

eering from false money for which he was prosecuted by Hetman's power. In the period of Directory Struk organised a rebellion group against Getman and was engaged in extorting ,contribution, from prosperous peaceful citizens of Ukrainian towns and vi1lages. He

systematically extorted money from Jews in Gornostaipol-Chernobyl districts. In the borough of Malyn he killed a post official with his

t2 genuxau-l0genas-Bpanlenb: c6. Boctr.

43 own hands (January 1919). During the first months of L9f9 and up to

Septenber of the same year, Strukrs nalne would appear in the pogroms chronicle in Ukraine. The last pogroms organised by him under the 'Off slogans with the kikes. Save the Soviet Russia from communists, 'the related to Volunteer Army period' of Ukrainian history. ceneral Bredov, by his authorities. consent permitted Struk to join the Volunteer Armyf gave him a mission to form up the first partisan group, and conferred a rank of colonel on him. AI] the winter Struk h'as terrorising the population of podol in Kiev extorting 'contribution' from people. whire the vorunteer Army was retreating,

Struk organised a band in Odessa, where he again was engaged in extorting (January 1919) . 83

During t9I9 there were no data about pogroms in Ukraine. It concerns the pogroms organised by Struk, Sokolovsky, crigoriyev as wefl as those organised by petlyura's forlowers and volunteers. 'The inforrnation department put itself a task to inform the periodicalsr' the Russian Red Cross wrote in its report, ,but, unfortunately, it did not manage to do that up to September I, because newspapers refused to pubJ_ish the articles. When the

Volunteer Army came, newspapers publrshed our messages quite wil1ing1y and reporters came for them regularly. But then the process stopped because of the total prohibition, on the part of the

Volunteer units, to publish whatsoever about pogrons. After the

Soviet power had been restored, newspapers began to publish our artictes rather regularly..8a

In L920s I the world cornmunity did come to know about the pogroms, which had taken place in Ukraine. The materials passed by a

83 IITEo H. Ir. IlorpoMbt sa yKpalrHe. - Bepnsn, 1"922. - c. 54-55.

84 yKpaHH6r, - UrAOO &. 1. On. 20. A. LZC. - tt. +2.

44 province section via odessa to the usA were used for historical researches. The largest Jewish communities abroad gathered money, clothes, and medicine. But that was later. The year of 1919 became the year of extreme l-awless actions against the Jewish population of

Ukrai-ne, whieh, as a matter of fact, was absolutely unprotected. No sooner had the Volunteer Army come into a town than there appeared the orders by the commanding general of the province about the 'kikes struggle with and commissars/; officers pronounced speeches 'kikes' ' about at peasants gatherirrgs . Ti-re very esseltce of tire

Jewish problem was formulated and stated in the appeal concerning mobilisation. It sounded like this: , WeIl, what was Trotskv, the main leader of the Bolsheviks earlier? Just a little Jew, Leiba

Bronshtein, whom a descent person coufd not have let j-n. And what about now? Oh/ he is a real nobleman. He sits instead of Tsar in

Mogcow,'85

In Kiev, people could come across manifestations of anti- Semi_ tism not only in the military circles, but in the cultural and relig-ious ones as weI1. Here is what one of the main fiqures of Lhe clergy, metropolitan Antoniy. saicl in his inrerview to the 'Some Kievskoye Ekho , representatives of the Jewish community asked me to issue an appeal condemning pogroms In repfy I suggested that they should address their co-relegionists in o.rder to make them leave all the Soviet establishments immediately.'86

war commandants of garrisons and local commandants were in- flexible just as well, For example, in the borough of Borispol near

KHeBnqHr.rH. - 1919 T'. - 7 Ho.s6ps. - n. 2.

86 KHeEcKoe 3xo. - 1919 f. - !b 42-47, or 10 Ho.s6ps.

Aq Riev colonel Karpov from house-hold troops answered to a Jewish de- putation, which came with a gift of money, amounting to 30,000 roubles and a request to put an end to a two-week pogrom. ,you have been suffering for only 14 days, but we have been much more tolerable suffering from you. Get away.'82

And only the Bol-sheviks who were not known for their patronising attitude to the Jews in Ukraine either, rendered assistance to the pogrommed. The foundationg for that assistance were laid by a 'Instruction speciai on Mutuai R.elations between the Central Sec- tions of Assistance to the Victims of pogromsr, the Russian Mission of the Red Cross, and the Province Committee of Assistance to the

Prisoners-of-war and Refugees (PCAPR) adopted at the joint sitting on June 19, L919. I The text of the document read:

' 1. The responsibility for general leadershJ-p and supervision over all types of activities aimed at rendering assistance rests witb the commission consisting of five persons, each representing the Central Section of Assistance to the Victims of pogron (cSAVp), the Russian Red Cross and the PCApRf the Jewish department of the

Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (CCCPU) anci the

Jewish Committee of Farband. 2. For the purpose of cornplete co- ordination of actions a mutual exchange of record copies is established 5. The examination of the victirns is made by the organisation that was the first to have contacted them. pogrom registration cards are fill-ed in in four copies - one copy for each of the above mentioned orqanisations ...,.88

87 IITHib E. E. norpoD6r Ha YKpanlre. - Eep'taHf L922. - e. 71.

88 U|AOO YKpaHHb{. - &, 1. - on. 20. - E- L26. - n. 53. qo , At the beginning of 1920, the euestionnaire on labour Assis_

tance'aimed at estimating the real scope of pogroms was worked out

and disseminated all over Ukraine. Tt consisted of questions Iike these:

1. Town, borough?

2. What was the approximate number of permanent population prior

+^ fh6 h^d-^m? rvY r vrLr t

3. How many refugees are there in the borough and where are they

fr^* ^v-^f1 r'?

4. How many working people lost their former ability to work

because of the injuries inflicted upon them duriag pogroms? And what

rlo thc\r.ld? t9a

However, dissemination of that questi_onnaire compiled on the

initiative of M. Rafes did not give more or less complete data, As

before, the maj-n source of informati.on about pogroms of Jews was messages of the empowered persons of the CSAVP and those from the

Red Cross as wel-I as messages from Jewj-sh communities. One of the

pecul-iarities of assistance renCered +-o Jews by t.he Bolsheviks was

that the fatter made it too ideological. Tn every or almost everv

docurnent of the Presidium of the CSAVP, labour character of assistance to the pogrommed and the profession of the Dogrornmed were emphasised. Prosperous Jews were struck off the list.

The CSAVP headed by M. Rafes worked out a special document

called the 'Principles of Organisation of Labour Assistance to the

Victims of Pogroms' . The document was submitted to CCCpU approval and regufated rendering assistance to the pogrommed Jews de-

A1 pending upon the structure of their business, their financial

situation, their political views, etc,

Thus, by introducing new principles of discrimination of the

Jewish population in Ukraine, the Soviet power consi_derably

restricted the number of its supporters. Finally, the ,principles'

were formulated and summarised in the followinq document:

l- 'In making a plan of rendering labour assistance to the

victims of pogrorns one should proceeci from the economic st.ructure of

the population, which suffered from the pogroms and , at the same

time, take into account the Soviet economic polj-cy, The boroughs

suffered from pogroms most of all. According to statistic data,

though the latter were not quite new, the population of Ukrainian boroughs consisted of petty artisans, who themselves took part in

the production and did not exploit the labour of others. The soviet

economic policy does not put itself a task of developing petty

economic units. However, taking into consideration the impossibility of involving petty bourgeois elements of the borough population into

large-scale forms of social-ist product!-on in view of shortage of raw materials the support of unexploitery petty labour eco- nomic units, which suffered from the pogroms. is recognised expedient.

2.

Proceeding from the mentioned above, the forms and types of Ia- bour assistance can be established as follows:

- organisation of Soviet producti-on labour cornmunes;

- organisation of Soviet workshops for production of things, which can be made without long-time training of producers, for those

48 victi-ms of pogrom who have not had any definite occupation up to this

moment or have to change it because of injuries;

- support of labour artels controlled by the corresponding state bodies;

- assistance in restoring economic units by giving out instru- ments of production to them.

NorEs . . . assistance can be rendered as roans and cred.its as werr. Chairman of the CSAVP M.Rafes.

Managing assistant of the Section N. cergel.,e0

Thus the soviet power tried to profit from using the after- effects of the pogroms made by the volunteer Axmy and to absolutery change the life of ukrainian Jewi-sh communities by involving the

Jewi-sh population into agricul-tural production at a larse scaJ-e.

rn spite of that, the assistance rendered by the soviet power to the victi-ns of pogroms was quite considerabre in 1920, especially.

At the beginning of 1920, types of assistance were distributed among five main organisations dealing wi-th those vrhc had. suffered from pogroms. That was done in the following way: '1. Medical and food (daily rations, canteens;er assistance is rendered by the Red Cross bodies.

2- Assistance to children in the front line area is rendered bv the Red Cross.

e'qtaoo yKpaHnbr. - e. 1. - Otr. 20. - E. 126, - I. 55. er qreoo yKpaHnbr,- Q. t. - on. 20. - I, 340. - n.63. 3. Transmigration, evacuation and re-evacuation are carried out by the CSA\IP bodies.

4. Labour assistance is carri.ed out by the Central Section in contact with the Bodies of the People's Commissariat of Labour.

5. Clothing assistance- The responsibility for storing up and supplying the victims of pogroms with clothes is 1aj-d on the Red

Cross.

6. Credit assistance is carried out by the Central Section in contact with the Bodies of the People's Commissariat of Finance.

7. Quartering of those who underwent pogroms is carried out by the

Social Service sections \"rith the Red cross and AVP help ...

The instruction was worked out on July 29, 1919'.

Ignoring obvious military and tactical inexpediency of crushing: the whole boroughs and towns, murder of their peaceful residents, and extremely negative reacti-on on the part of the world community, the

Volunteer Army continued organising pogroms from December 1919 to

February 1920. As A, I. Denikin's army was retreating from Ukraine, one could single out the 3d stage of pogroms which had enveloped the lrhoie Left-Bank Ukraine, Novorossiya, Donbass, and Kiev province,

Those pogrcms tcck place in the borcughs of Borispol, Smela,

Gorodishche, Stavishche, Monastirishche, etc. Part of Bredov,s army tried to break through the front and retreat to Romania. Without reaching its aim it turned and marched along the Dniester, makj-ng a number of pogroms in Podolsk provi-nce (Tomashpol, Yampol, Dzurin,

Yarugaf Verbka), And even in April 1920, one could come across the remains of old pogrom-makers, the Don and the Kuban Cossack units, ruhich organised a massacre in the borough of Kalus (Podolsk province) serving to Petlyura and the Polish at that tj-me.e2

" Nrw$ H. Li. fiorpolrd Ha yKpar.He. - BepnsH, 1922. - c. 52. 50 The history of mutual relations between A. I. Denikin's regime and the Jev'tish population of Ukraine was predetermined by the pre-

Revolutionary conception of solving the Jewish problem. That conception was worked out by tsarism. The foundations of the

lthe conception are well known: Jewish pale', a ghetto intended for

Jews'living in the countryr a 3 per cent quota for Jews, entering universities, a prohibition for Jews to come to cities without a speciaf permission. and so on. Many thinkers and philosophers

'f oresa'w"' the directiorr of developmen-u of f urihrer- mutuai r-eiations between monarchi-sts and Jews. As a Russj-an philosopher V.V. Rosanov wrote in his articl-e Pochemu na samom deJe yevreyam neJzya ustrajvat poqromov ('Why should one not organise pogroms of

Jews?'),'Jews ...I hate their connection with the revolution. but, on the other hand, it is good. Because of Jews' absorbing atl the revolution, it will fade, resulting in pogroms and nothing at all: it is too obvious that " the Russian soldier and muzhik are unlikely to serve Jelds" ...'eJ Thus, the probability of a pogrom precedent was torecast. A turn of events like that was presupposed and popularised in the works of ciassics of the Russian phiiosophicai thoughi at the bcginning of Lhe 20th century.

It j-s worth mentioning that the pogroms organised by A. T. De- nikin's Army negativefy influenced the final outcome of the m-ilitary campaign of 1919--1920, having become one of the factors of the toLal demoralisation of the Armv and a total crash of the White movement in ukraine.

" Tafina H3paans: C6. craleli. - Cu6.: Coilzq, 1993. - c. 290.