BUILDING SERVICES HANDBOOK This page intentionally left blank BUILDING SERVICES HANDBOOK Fourth edition Fred Hall and Roger Greeno AMSTERDAM . BOSTON . HEIDELBERG . LONDON NEW YORK . OXFORD . PARIS . SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO . SINGAPORE . SYDNEY . TOKYO Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier Ltd Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 30 Corporate Road, Burlington, MA 01803 First published 2001 Reprinted 2001, 2002 Second edition 2003 Reprinted 2004 (twice) Third edition 2005 Reprinted 2006 (twice) Fourth edition 2007 Copyright ª 2007, Roger Greeno and Fred Hall. Published by Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved The right of Roger Greeno and Fred Hall to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permission may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 13: 978-0-75-068220-6 ISBN 10: 0-75-068220-5 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our website at www.books.elsevier.com Typeset by Integra Printed and bound in United Kingdom by MPG 0708091011109876543 Working together to grow libraries in developing countries www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org CONTENTS Preface to fourth edition xiii Preface to third edition xiv Preface to second edition xv Preface to first edition xvi Part One Cold Water and Supply Systems 1 Rain cycle † sources of water supply 2 Acidity and alkalinity in water 3 Filtration of water 4 Sterilisation and softening 5 Storage and distribution of water 6 Valves and taps 7 Joints on water pipes 10 Pipe jointing materials 11 Water mains 12 Direct system of cold water supply 15 Indirect system of cold water supply 16 Backflow protection 19 Secondary backflow protection 20 Cold water storage cisterns 22 Cold water storage calculations 23 Boosted cold water systems 24 Delayed action float valve 27 Pipe sizing by formula 28 Pipe sizes and resistances 29 Hydraulics and fluid flow 32 Part Two Hot Water Supply Systems 35 Direct system of hot water supply 37 Indirect system of hot water supply 38 Unvented hot water storage system 39 Expansion and temperature relief valves 42 Hot water storage cylinders 45 Primatic hot water storage cylinder 46 Medium and high rise building supply systems 47 Types of boiler 50 Secondary circulation 55 Duplication of plant 56 Electric and gas water heaters 57 Solar heating of water 64 Hot water storage capacity 66 Boiler rating 67 Pipe sizing 68 Circulation pump rating 70 Legionnaires' disease in hot water systems 71 SEDBUK 72 Galvanic or electrolytic action 75 Water treatment 76 Part Three Heating Systems 77 Heat emitters 78 Low temperature, hot water heating systems 81 Underfloor and panel heating 88 Expansion facilities in heating systems 91 Expansion vessels 92 Solar space heating 93 High temperature, pressurised hot water systems 95 Steam heating systems 97 District heating 102 Combined heat and power 105 Expansion of pipework 106 Thermostatic control of heating systems 108 Timed control of heating systems 109 Zoned controls 115 Energy management systems 119 Warm air heating system 122 Heating design 123 `U' values 123 Part Four Fuel Characteristics and Storage 135 Fuels † factors affecting choice 136 Solid fuel † properties and storage 137 Domestic solid fuel boilers 139 Solid fuel † flues 141 Oil † properties 143 Oil † storage and supply 144 Oil-fired burners 147 Oil † flues 149 Natural gas † properties 152 Liquid petroleum gas † properties and storage 153 Electric boiler 155 Electricity † electrode boiler 156 Part Five Ventilation Systems 157 Ventilation requirements 158 Guide to ventilation rates 159 Domestic accommodation 161 Non-domestic buildings 162 Mechanical ventilation 168 Types of fan 172 Fan laws 173 Sound attenuation in ductwork 174 Air filters 175 Low velocity air flow in ducts 178 Air diffusion 179 Ventilation design 180 Resistances to air flow 188 Part Six Air Conditioning 191 Air conditioning † principles and applications 192 Central plant system 193 Air processing unit 194 Humidifiers 195 Variable air volume 196 Induction (air/water) system 197 Fan-coil (air/water) unit and induction diffuser 198 Dual duct system 199 Cooling systems 201 Refrigerant and system characteristics 202 Packed air conditioning systems 206 Psychrometrics † processes and applications 208 Heat pumps 216 Heat recovery devices 218 Health considerations and building related illnesses 219 Part Seven Drainage Systems, Sewage Treatment and Refuse Disposal 221 Combined and separate systems 222 Partially separate system 223 Rodding point system 224 Sewer connection 225 Drainage ventilation 226 Drain laying 229 Means of access 230 Bedding of drains 235 Drains under or near buildings 237 Joints used on drain pipes 238 Anti-flood devices 239 Garage drainage 240 Drainage pumping 241 Subsoil drainage 244 Tests on drains 247 Soakaways 248 Cesspools and septic tanks 249 Drainage fields and mounds 254 Drainage design 258 Waste and refuse processing 269 Part Eight Sanitary Fitments and Appliances: Discharge and Waste Systems 275 Flushing cisterns, troughs and valves 276 Water closets 281 Bidets 283 Showers 284 Baths 288 Sinks 289 Wash basins and troughs 291 Urinals 298 Hospital sanitary appliances 300 Sanitary conveniences 301 Facilities for the disabled 304 Traps and waste valve 307 Single stack system and variations 311 One- and two-pipe systems 315 Pumped waste system 317 Wash basins † waste arrangements 318 Waste pipes from washing machines and dishwashers 319 Air test 320 Sanitation † data 321 Offsets 323 Ground floor appliances † high rise buildings 324 Fire stops and seals 325 Flow rates and discharge units 326 Sanitation design † discharge stack sizing 328 Part Nine Gas Installation, Components and Controls 331 Natural gas † combustion 332 Mains gas supply and installation 333 Gas service pipe intake 335 Meters 339 Gas controls and safety features 341 Gas ignition devices and burners 347 Purging and testing 348 Gas appliances 351 Balanced flue appliances 354 Open flue appliances 358 Flue blocks 361 Flue terminals 362 Flue lining 364 Shared flues 366 Fan assisted gas flues 368 Ventilation requirements 370 Flue gas analysis 372 Gas consumption 374 Gas pipe sizing 375 Part Ten Electrical Supply and Installations 379 Three-phase generation and supply 380 Electricity distribution 381 Intake to a building 383 Earthing systems and bonding 384 Consumer unit 388 Power and lighting circuits 390 Overload protection 397 Electric wiring 400 Testing completed installation 402 Cable rating 404 Diversity 405 Industrial installations 406 Electric space heating 409 Space heating controls 413 Construction site electricity 414 Light sources, lamps and luminaires 416 Lighting controls 424 Extra-low-voltage lighting 426 Lighting design 427 Daylighting 429 Telecommunications installation 434 Part Eleven Mechanical Conveyors † Lifts, Escalators and Travelators 435 Planning lift installations 436 Electric lifts 437 Roping systems 438 Controls 440 Lift doors 443 Machine room and equipment 444 Safety features 445 Installation details 446 Dimensions 447 Paternoster lifts 448 Oil-hydraulic lifts 449 Lifting arrangements and installation 450 Pumping unit 451 Estimating the number of lifts required 453 Firefighting lifts 454 Builders' and electricians' work 457 Escalators 459 Travelators 461 Stair lifts 462 Part Twelve Fire Prevention and Control Services 463 Sprinklers 464 Drenchers 476 Hose reels 477 Hydrants 478 Foam installations 480 Gas extinguishers 482 Fire alarms 484 Smoke, fire and heat detectors 486 Electrical alarm circuits 490 Fire dampers in ductwork 493 Pressurisation of escape routes 494 Smoke extraction, ventilation and control 495 Portable fire extinguishers 498 Part Thirteen Security Installations 501 Intruder alarms 502 Micro-switch and magnetic reed 503 Radio sensor, pressure mat and taut wiring 504 Acoustic, vibration and inertia detectors 505 Ultrasonic and microwave detectors 506 Active infra-red detector 507 Passive infra-red detector 508 Lightning protection systems 510 Part Fourteen Accommodation for Building Services 513 Ducts for engineering services 514 Floor and skirting ducts 516 Medium and large vertical ducts 517 Medium and large horizontal ducts 518 Subways or walkways 519 Penetration of fire structure by pipes 520 Raised access floors 521 Suspended and false ceilings 522 Part Fifteen Alternative and Renewable Energy 523 Alternative energy 524 Wind power