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The Reign of Cleopatra THE REIGN OF CLEOPATRA Stanley M. Burstein GREENWOOD PRESS THE REIGN OF CLEOPATRA Greenwood Guides to Historic Events of the Ancient World The Peloponnesian War Lawrence Tritle THE REIGN OF CLEOPATRA Stanley M. Burstein Greenwood Guides to Historic Events of the Ancient World Bella Vivante, Series Editor GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut • London To the memory of Dr. Miriam Lichtheim (1914–2004), distinguished Egyptologist and teacher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Burstein, Stanley Mayer. The reign of Cleopatra / by Stanley M. Burstein. p. cm.—(Greenwood guides to historic events of the ancient world) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–313–32527–8 (alk. paper) 1. Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, d. 30 B.C. 2. Egypt—History—332–30 B.C. 3. Queens—Egypt—Biography. I. Title. II. Series. DT92.7.B87 2004 932'.021'092—dc22 2004014672 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2004 by Stanley M. Burstein All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2004014672 ISBN: 0–313–32527–8 First published in 2004 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 Excerpts from Business Papers of the Third Century B.C. Dealing with Palestine and Egypt, vol. 2, ed. W. L. Westermann, C. W. Keyes, and H. Liebesny (New York: Columbia University Press, 1940). Reprinted with the permission of the publisher. Reprinted by permission of the publishers and the Trustees of the Loeb Classical Li- brary from Caesar: Alexandrian, African and Spanish Wars, LCL 402, Loeb Classical Li- brary, vol. III, trans. A. G. Way (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1955). The Loeb Classical Library ® is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Reprinted by permission of the publishers and the Trustees of the Loeb Classical Li- brary from Propertius: Elegies, LCL 18, Loeb Classical Library, vol. 1, trans. G. P. Goold (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990). The Loeb Classical Library ® is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Excerpts from The Hellenistic Age from the Battle of Ipsos to the Death of Kleopatra VII, ed. and trans. Stanley M. Burstein (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1985). Used by permission of Cambridge University. Excerpts from The Hellenistic Period: Historical Sources in Translation, ed. Roger S. Bag- nall and Peter Derow (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2004). Used by permission of Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Excerpts from The Complete Works of Tacitus, trans. John Church and William Jackson Brodribb (New York: Random House, 1942), pp. 653–55. Excerpts from Caesar, The Civil Wars (London: William Heinemann, 1914), pp. 339–59. Excerpts from Plutarch, Plutarch’s Lives, trans. Bernadotte Perrin, vol. 8 (London: Wil- liam Heinemann, Ltd., 1919), pp. 555–60. Excerpts from Plutarch, Plutarch’s Lives, trans. Bernadotte Perrin, vol. 9 (London: Wil- liam Heinemann, Ltd., 1920), pp. 187–333. Excerpts from Horace, The Odes and Epodes, trans. C. E. Bennett (London: William Heinemann, Ltd., 1914), pp. 99–101. Excerpts from Virgil, The Aeneid 7–12: The Minor Poems, trans. H. R. Fairclough (Lon- don: William Heinemann, Ltd., 1918), pp. 107–9. Adapted excerpts from the translation of S.R.K. Glanville, published in E. Bevan, The House of Ptolemy: A History of Egypt under the Ptolemaic Dynasty (London: Arnold, 1927), pp. 347–48. Excerpts from D. Brendan Nagle and Stanley M. Burstein, The Ancient World: Readings in Social and Cultural History (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995), pp. 154–55. Trans. Stanley Burstein. Excerpts from Josephos, Against Apion 1.304. Trans. Stanley Burstein. CONTENTS Series Foreword by Bella Vivante ix Preface xv Chronology of Events xvii Chapter 1. Historical Background 1 Chapter 2. Cleopatra’s Life 11 Chapter 3. Ptolemaic Egypt: How Did It Work? 33 Chapter 4. Cleopatra’s Egypt: A Multicultural Society 43 Chapter 5. Alexandria: City of Culture and Conflict 53 Chapter 6. Conclusion: Queen and Symbol 63 Biographies: Significant Figures in the Reign of Cleopatra VII 71 Primary Documents Concerning Cleopatra VII 93 Appendix: The Ptolemies 155 Glossary of Selected Terms 157 Notes 163 Annotated Bibliography 167 Index 175 Photo essay follows Chapter 6. SERIES FOREWORD As a professor and scholar of the ancient Greek world, I am often asked by students and scholars of other disciplines, why study antiquity? What possible relevance could human events from two, three, or more thou- sand years ago have to our lives today? This questioning of the contin- ued validity of our historical past may be the offshoot of the forces shaping the history of the American people. Proud of forging a new na- tion out of immigrants wrenched willingly or not from their home soils, Americans have experienced a liberating headiness of separation from traditional historical demands on their social and cultural identity. The result has been a skepticism about the very validity of that historical past. Some of that skepticism is healthy and serves constructive purposes of scholarly inquiry. Questions of how, by whom, and in whose interest “his- tory” is written are valid questions pursued by contemporary historians striving to uncover the multiple forces shaping any historical event and the multilayered social consequences that result. But the current aca- demic focus on “presentism”—the concern with only recent events and a deliberate ignoring of premodern eras—betrays an extreme distortion of legitimate intellectual inquiry. This stress on the present seems to have deepened in the early years of the twenty-first century. The cybertech- nological explosions of the preceding decades seem to have propelled us into a new cultural age requiring new rules that make the past appear all the more obsolete. So again I ask, why study ancient cultures? In the past year, after it ousted that nation’s heinous regime, the United States’ occupation of Iraq has kept that nation in the forefront of the news. The land base of Iraq is ancient Mesopotamia, “the land between the rivers” of the Tigris x Series Foreword and Euphrates, two of the four rivers in the biblical Garden of Eden (Gen. 2). Called the cradle of civilization, this area witnessed the early devel- opment of a centrally organized, hierarchical social system that utilized the new technology of writing to administer an increasingly complex state. Is there a connection between the ancient events, literature, and art coming out of this land and contemporary events? Michael Wood, in his educational video Iraq: The Cradle of Civilization, produced shortly after the 1991 Gulf War, thinks so and makes this connection explicit—be- tween the people, their way of interacting with their environment, and even the cosmological stories they create to explain and define their world. Study of the ancient world, like study of contemporary cultures other than one’s own, has more than academic or exotic value. First, study of the past seeks meaning beyond solely acquiring factual knowledge. It strives to understand the human and social dynamics that underlie any historical event and what these underlying dynamics teach us about our- selves as human beings in interaction with one another. Study of the past also encourages deeper inquiry than what appears to some as the “quaint” observation that this region of current and recent conflict could have served as a biblical ideal or as a critical marker in the development of world civilizations. In fact, these apparently quaint dimensions can serve as the hook that piques our interest into examining the past and dis- covering what it may have to say to us today. Not an end in itself, the knowledge forms the bedrock for exploring deeper meanings. Consider, for example, the following questions. What does it mean that three major world religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—de- veloped out of the ancient Mesopotamian worldview? In this view, the world, and hence its gods, were seen as being in perpetual conflict with one another and with the environment, and death was perceived as a matter of despair and desolation. What does it mean that Western forms of thinking derive from the particular intellectual revolution of archaic Greece that developed into what is called rational discourse, ultimately systematized by Aristotle in the fourth century b.c.e.? How does this thinking, now fundamental to Western discourse, shape how we see the world and ourselves, and how we interact with one another? And how does it affect our ability, or lack thereof, to communicate intelligibly with people with differently framed cultural perceptions? What, ultimately, do Series Foreword xi we gain from being aware of the origin and development of these fun- damental features of our thinking and beliefs? In short, knowing the past is essential for knowing ourselves in the present. Without an understanding of where we came from, and the jour- ney we took to get where we are today, we cannot understand why we think or act the way we do. Nor, without an understanding of historical development, are we in a position to make the kinds of constructive changes necessary to advance as a society. Awareness of the past gives us the resources necessary to make comparisons between our contemporary world and past times. It is from those comparisons that we can assess both the advances we have made as human societies and those aspects that can still benefit from change. Hence, knowledge of the past is crucial for shaping our individual and social identities, providing us with the re- sources to make intelligent, aware, and informed decisions for the future.
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