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Ti P .Opl ' Wl Osc Xilturc-, Hislor 1.Llid Dl,Ll) Alolriyan, Assistant Professor

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Ti P .Opl ' Wl Osc Xilturc-, Hislor 1.Llid Dl,Ll) Alolriyan, Assistant Professor II/IIIIt//'OfP/'I' /'lIliIit',', h ,,1111',,111 IIIIH" 1111 I 111.1 I1II1I tI I1lilt' till ,'(lIll'.'.' 01 Ih(· I'Vl'l' r 0 I'lldlll'III',IIII', 11111 I .(." III lilt' idl'tI 01 Ynl'llil,)lll'f, 'l'ItL \ 11111 I 111.1, d 0111 ,I ,I'li(lIl',mtl'III'dtlill.'ol YOl'llh" Ill: IIIIVI 111111,\\,11",11 'I' I .I 1'llIllng I,d 'v in llll' diI-H'OIlI'!lI'ul Ihl', 11I1t1 1'lIlillt ,d ,lldl'lIlil and pow 'I', This is 11 11111 t n'dd 1010111\,1'111' I f,l'lIll1lWI inl .rcst \ 1 in Ih \ I Ilowll'dgl' ul 11\1''tIlI'lIh" d C' l'ill't! about p .opl ' wl osc xilturc-, hislor 1.llId 1111 IlIlISII'IH.iurin and 1110:-;tvisible in the vas! world 11 dIIL,POI""" dl,ll) Alolriyan, assistant professor, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville ISBN 1-58046-219-7 1'111' h" I', C' 7 Ill<"<.)v'.) 1':lIlpin' Itad II("CIIIII(S'IISP("CI.Th« slave trade, which h.u! been the Id..l.I",,1Ior t lu- ('lIlpin'\ ('COllOlllY,hacl 11("<'1>111('largely unprofitable. The British 11.1.1Si<'ppnlllj> IItI' I('I 11pOolabolitiouist activitie-s and QY9was finding it difficult 1" ""porl he-r surplus or human cargo. At the same time, QY9 could no longer I", "iv(' Ill(' sllpply of"horses from the north because of the problem she had with 111<"lilll:lllijiltadists who had recently taken over power in Sokoto." The inability 10 1" procllre horses rendered her military might vulnerable. 'Ilu: clfcct of all this was that by 1837, the capital city of the once illustrious ()Y':' Empire had been laid to waste. Consequently, new states emerged and warred ODO~BOLU CHIEFTAINCY DISPUTE IN .lIlIollg themselves to fill the vacuum created by QY9'Scollapse. It should be n<;,>ted 11t:11in the 20 turbulent years before the destruction of the capital city of QY9, HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE .rlniosr every major town of the empire had been sacked. Famine and disease .,wept the land; armies pillaged everything of value and carried away hundreds Abolade Adeniji into slavery. Each new defeat or destruction of a town in the north sent waves of n·rllgees pouring south into Ogbomoso, Osogbo, Ife, Owu, and Egbaland. As a Irsult, some of the southern kingdoms began to look at refugees as potential slavesfor farm work or sale at the coast. Prior to this, the Yoruba had not been in lite habit of selling their brethren to the Atlantic slave traders." Because lj~buland was part and parcel of the Yoruba country, it is reasonable to Introduction assume that it shared, albeit less acutely, the sufferings and the dislocation occa- sioned by this wave of insecurity. The origin of the decision of the eight orules ?f all the known existing kingdoms in Yorubaland in precolonial times, only the (homesteads) that were later to make up Odogbolu town to come together can be Ijebu Kingdom managed to escape from the worst vicissitude of the hundred-year located against the background of this scenario. Yoruba civil wars. In spite of the "splendid isolation"! maintained by the ij~bu, In general, two federating patterns are discernible. The first involved the move- however, it was only a matter of time before the prevailing exigencies compelled ment of smaller and weaker communities to form adjoining sections of their them to respond to the dynamics of instability and disorder prevalent in relatively larger and more powerful neighbors. In this way, the town of Iperu Yorubaland at the time. played host to the communities of Idarika and Idena; Ode-Remo received the As one newspaper remarked in the late nineteenth century, "[T[he Ijebu have Iraye community; and Ikenne played host to Idotun. The other federating pattern preferred to live in small towns always,but for greater security ... they are mani- is characterized by communities who left their respective settlements to jointly festing a disposition to bring their small towns together and include them within establish a new composite town. Well-known formations of this category include the walls."? The tendency toward federation, however, antedated the late nine- Sagamu (twelve towns), Aiyepe (six towns), and Odogbolu (eight towns)." teenth century. For Odogbolu, the idea of constituting a federating unit had intensified at the peak of the instability in the Yoruba country by the middle of the nineteenth century. The instability in Yorubaland during the period was at once Origin of a Cacophony social, political, and economic in nature and could be traced to the decline and eventual collapse of the old QY9Empire. The history of migration and settlement in Odogbolu could be said to inhere While it existed, the QY9Empire acted as a kind of bulwark against political insta- in the history of the three major chieftaincy families in the town. This can be bility in Yoruba, Vassalstates had been content to pay traditional yearly tributes and traced to the fact that since, there exists a tussle for the headship of the town. The neighboring states were compelled to hold their peace. Such was the peace thus various contenders for leadership became so versed in the knowledge of the l:nge~dered that, from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century when the QY9 town's political history (as perceived by each claimant) that an examination of Empire held sway,most parts of Yorubaland maintained a peaceful coexistence. the claims of each group reveals a comprehensive, albeit sectional, political his- By the opening years of the nineteenth century, however, it was clear that the tory of the town. But Odogbolu is by no means made up of three homesteads. It peace that had reigned for so long was becoming tenuous and would soon give comprises eight homesteads each of which migrated from an original settlement wayto chaos. In the first place, the economic prosperity and military capability of (Table 10.1). 192 IIIal plaglled ()dof~h()III dill "'~~ 11••. sLI\'(' ,:Iids hy 11••. l::gh;i .uu l i";I<(;'II, ("ollpl"d IlolII('steads Quarters Inhabited Head wit li t iu 1<-:11'01' wild .uri ui.il-, 111.11.011(,)1,1I1:1<'k('dIh(,1I1 <11r:1I1(1()1lI, Ihe I':ksi h;1I1 -------- ;'(,1110111his ("IIid I" i('sl (i\f,~I/I') ()gbolll 10 g'o ami lind ,l suitable and fertile pla('(' (),llIc I<:/iyall E/iy,ul E!csi I· IVI ••••.• • ,,1111)('IH," n:s",;"ls cOllld sdlll: down and live together. The claim went fur- ( It Ill•. Idcna Idcna Aganrnoy.u, 1111'1t.h:u when (.)ballta 1':1I1lC[mm Wadai, he passed through Ife where he met ( )'II!c Odoyangan Odoyangan Yangan ( )dlltiuw,t. At Ilc, he gave his junior sister, Ajibade, to Oduduwa in marriage. The ( )'II!c Odogbon Odogbon Olugbon product of the marriage was a son named Ogunlana Adepameru. Following the ( ),"le Odolayanra Odolayanra (Odo) Orernadegun death of Oduduwa, Ogunlana Adepameru and his mother, Ajibade, decided to go ( Jrule Odo Aloro OdoAloro Aloro Orule Iloda Iloda Moloda ill search of their brother and uncle (Qbanta). Orule Ikosa Ikosa Tami When Adepameru left Ife, probably recognizing the nature of the difficulty he was likely to encounter, he took with him Ogbolu (a great medicine man with the S~m"'I'. ~:: O. Ogunremi and A. Adeniji. The History oJOdogbolu since the ability to ward off evil spirits, who later became the Abore earlier referred to). On j',Ild",sl Times (Benin City: I1upeju Press, 1989), 10. (heir way, Ajibade, the mother, died at the Osun River near Osogbo. Adepameru buried his mother there and with Ogbolu continued his journey to ij~bu-Ode. It should be noted that when Adepameru left Ife, he took with him a beaded crown , ,/\11h()ug: it is easy. to dedu~e that these various homesteads did come together and other royal emblems, including properties given to him out of his father's .1101111(18.)0 for their collective benefit, it is nonetheless a difficult task to trace estate." I,ow each of them got to its original settlement. One source, however, has sug- At ij~bu-Ode, the claim continues, Obanta, now the Awujal{J, welcomed !~(·,'I('d that many of the people migrated from Ile-Ife. In other words, some of Adepameru and he was settled at Agunsebi. Adepameru got married and had Ih('1I1came WIth Obanta and others came after him. The legend of Obanta relates three sons: Ogun, a blacksmith who settled at Atiba near Osa; Opa, who settled at 111:11lie was the son ofOduduwa-the progenitor of the Yortlbi race-b d h- a place known as Oke-Opi; and Alere, who opted to stay with his father at Ososa. 101' I ya aug 1<'10. ' u wa. After the dispersal of princes from Ile-Ife, he traveled first east to When Adepameru became very advanced in age, Alere, brought him to ij~bu-Ode .IIIIeSIand then .south through Ond6 before turning towards jj~bu. During this where he died and was buried because a royal person was never buried in a farm I(1\ Imey, he was mvolve~ in many adventures and gained numerous adherents to (Ososa was then regarded as a farm). IllS party. On entering Ij~bu-Ode, Ogboran, as he was then called, was at once The Awujale then told AIere to move behind the river Ome to establish his own :I<'('burned by the inhabitants who called out "Oba wa nita "meaning "th ki . kingdom with the agreement that any offender who escaped to his domain would .:d " ., ,e ng IS (1\ Ilsl e .
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