Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc

Findings: (+) County: Washington Township: 1 North Range: 2 West Sections: 30 and 31 USGS Quadrangle: Hillsboro, OR, 7.5-minute, 1990 Project Acres: 13.7 Acres Surveyed: 13.7 Project Type: Survey Field Notes Location: AINW

CULTURAL RESOURCE SURVEY OF THE

NE JACKSON SCHOOL ROAD

(NE GRANT STREET TO NW EVERGREEN ROAD)

IMPROVEMENT PROJECT,

WASHINGTON COUNTY, OREGON

Prepared for Quincy Engineering Salem, Oregon

September 10, 2014

REPORT NO. 3322

Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc.

3510 NE 122nd Ave. ● Portland, OR ● 97230 Phone 503 761-6605 ● Fax 503 761-6620

CULTURAL RESOURCE SURVEY OF THE NE JACKSON SCHOOL ROAD (NE GRANT STREET TO NW EVERGREEN ROAD) IMPROVEMENT PROJECT, WASHINGTON COUNTY, OREGON

PROJECT: Road improvement project, locally funded

TYPE: Cultural resource survey

LOCATION: Sections 30 and 31, Township 1 North, Range 2 West, Willamette Meridian

USGS QUAD: Hillsboro, OR, 7.5-minute, 1990

CITY: Hillsboro

COUNTY: Washington

PROJECT AREA: 13.7 acres

AREA SURVEYED: 13.7 acres

FINDINGS: “No Historic Properties Affected”

Archaeological Resources: • One archaeological resource was identified, 14/2238-1, a historic-period isolate. The isolate is not eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places. Historic Resources: • One historic structure, a culvert on McKay Creek, was recorded. The culvert is recommended to be not eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places.

PREPARERS: Alexandra C. Williams, M.A., R.P.A., and Judith A. Chapman, M.A., and Elizabeth J. O’Brien, B. Architecture

INTRODUCTION

Washington County’s Engineering and Construction Services Division is proposing a road improvement project on NE Jackson School Road between NE Grant Street and NW Evergreen Road in the city of Hillsboro (Figure 1). Jackson School Road is a two-lane roadway in the city of Hillsboro that serves as a link between downtown Hillsboro and Highway 26 to the north. The proposed road improvements are designed to have one travel lane in each direction, a center turn lane, bicycle lanes, and continuous sidewalks throughout NE Jackson School Road, as well as improved drainage between Rogahn Street and NW Evergreen Road. The concrete culvert on the McKay Creek tributary at the north end of the project will be altered or replaced with a single-span bridge. If the culvert is altered by extending it, retaining walls would be added to each culvert gradient.

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-1- This project will be funded entirely using local funding through phase 3d of Washington County’s Major Streets Transportation Improvement Program. The project is subject to review by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and thus requires compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc. (AINW), staff who meet the professional qualifications of the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines in Archaeology and Historic Preservation performed the work.

AINW conducted a cultural resource survey of the project Area of Potential Effect (APE). The project APE includes a 21-meter (m) (70-foot [ft]) wide corridor, 11 m (35 ft) on each side of NE Jackson School Road from NE Grant Street to NW Evergreen Road. This includes additional right-of-way that will be acquired at several parcels. The APE is an additional 25 m (80 ft) wider on the east side and an additional 81 m (60 ft) wider on the west side at McKay Creek to accommodate a concrete culvert modification or replacement (Figures 2 through 6).

The cultural resource survey identified one archaeological isolate and a concrete culvert on McKay Creek that was built in the 1920s. The archaeological isolate, 14/2238-1, is a historic-period debris scatter consisting of five ceramic fragments dating from the 1930s. The isolate is recommended to be not eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). An archaeological isolate form for the scatter is in Appendix A. Although the culvert retains historical integrity, it is recommended to be not eligible for listing in the NRHP. A State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) Oregon Historic Sites Database form is in Appendix B. A finding of “No Historic Properties Affected” is recommended for the project.

ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING AND LAND-USE HISTORY

The project APE is located in the city of Hillsboro, in Washington County, within Sections 30 and 31 of Township 1 North, Range 2 West, Willamette Meridian (Figure 1). The project APE is a residential neighborhood and includes portions of two parks, the U. J. Hamby Park and the Harold Eastman Memorial Rose Garden, as well as the Jackson Elementary School. The project APE lies within the Willamette Valley physiographic province, an area characterized by broad alluvial flats separated by groups of low hills (Franklin and Dyrness 1973). It is bordered by the Oregon Coast Range to the west and the Cascade Range to the east (Alt and Hyndman 1995).

The project APE is situated in the northern portion of the Willamette River basin within the Tualatin River Valley, which extends eastwards from its source on the slopes of the Coast Range to the Willamette River at West Linn, Oregon (Hulse et al. 1998). Within the broader Tualatin River Valley, the project APE is situated in the Dairy-McKay watershed (Hawksworth 1999). McKay Creek tributary drainages cross the project APE in three locations. The southern drainage meanders through U. J. Hamby Park before crossing under NE Jackson School Road. The northern tributary near NE Hood Street is surrounded by low terraces altered through landscaping. McKay Creek south of NW Evergreen Road flows through a reinforced concrete culvert.

Vegetation within the project area has changed over time as the result of agricultural and residential developments of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (Aikens 1993; Hulse et al. 1998). Prior to Euroamerican settlement of the area, prairie and oak woodlands dominated the Tualatin Valley landscape. This open prairie landscape typifying the Tualatin and Willamette Valleys was partly the result of centuries of annual grassland burning by Native peoples of the area to facilitate the growth of important food plants and to attract wild game (Bowen 1978; Boyd 1986; Franklin and Dyrness 1973). Gallery forests containing brushy thickets, marshes, and ash openings grew along the floodplains of major rivers and their

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-2- tributaries. General Land Office (GLO) maps depict that much of the current project area was converted into agricultural fields by the end of the nineteenth century (GLO 1862, 1882). Currently, the much of the area is landscaped. Maple trees and mowed grasses line NE Jackson School Road throughout the project APE. Natural vegetation is limited to oak and alder trees along NE Jackson School Road and the tributary creeks.

Soils of the northern Willamette Valley are thick sedimentary deposits that date to the Pleistocene. During this epoch, repeated flooding events associated with failures of ice dams on glacial Lake Missoula flooded the Willamette Valley, leaving extensive silty deposits throughout the region (Allen et al. 2009; Franklin and Dyrness 1973). Soils on the valley floor developed from silty alluvial and lustrine deposits under grassland vegetation. These soils in conjunction with low slopes often results in areas of poor drainage (Hawksworth 1999).

Four soils, all silt loams, are mapped for the majority of the project APE: Aloha silt loam, Amity silt loam, Dayton silt loam, and Woodburn silt loam (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service [USDA-NRCS] 2006a, 2007, 2009a, 2009b). With the exception of the moderately well-drained Woodburn silt loam, these soils are poorly drained. Two silty clay loams are mapped along the McKay Creek tributaries; these are the Cove and Verboort soil series (USDA-NRCS 2001, 2006b). Both soils form on low terraces and are very poorly drained.

CULTURAL SETTING

Native Peoples – Prehistoric Period

Although archaeological evidence of earliest inhabitants of the Willamette Valley is sparse, the presence of Clovis fluted projectile points identified in the region suggests that prehistoric populations settled the Willamette Valley around 12,000 years ago (Ozbun and Fagan 1996). During the Early Archaic period, which dates from 11,000 to 6,000 years ago, prehistoric peoples participated in a broad-spectrum, hunter-gatherer subsistence strategy (Aikens et al. 2011). Sites dating to this period are small, reflecting temporary camps, and are typified by leaf-shaped projectile points referred to as Cascade points (Aikens 1993; Aikens et al. 2011; Minor et al. 1982).

By the Middle Archaic period, beginning approximately 6,000 years ago, subsistence patterns began to align with those of the Kalapuya people during the contact period, with an increased emphasis on vegetal foods, including camas and acorns, and ground stone technology to process these foods (Aikens 1993; Aikens et al. 2011; Minor et al. 1982). Active landscape management through controlled fires intensified during this period and increased available foods by favoring the growth of camas, huckleberries, and fire-resistant acorn-bearing oaks rather than woody perennials. Sedentism increased during the Late Archaic period (approximately 2,000 to 200 years ago) with the development of seasonally occupied villages and temporary base camps. Accumulated debris reflecting domestic activities such as hide- working, lithic tool production, and food processing reflects continuous residential use of settlements (Aikens et al. 2011).

Native Peoples – Contact Period

The project area was historically occupied by the Kalapuya, a people with 13 linguistically distinct divisions. The traditional Kalapuyan territory included the Willamette Valley, its tributaries, and portions of the Umpqua River drainage (Aikens et al. 2011; Mackey 2004). Each group occupied a stream drainage beginning in the foothills and extending across

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-3- the valley to the Willamette River. This settlement pattern allowed each group access to resources across different environmental settings, including river, gallery forest, grassland, oak grove, foothills, and montane woodland (Aikens 1993; Aikens et al. 2011). Residential patterns centered on using resources within these regions throughout the annual cycle. During the spring to early fall months, households transitioned between temporary field camps to target subsistence resources as they became seasonally available across these environments. The Kalapuya inhabited semi-permanent villages throughout the winter months during which they depended on stored goods amassed during the previous seasons (Aikens 1993; Zenk 1990).

Game such as deer, elk, black bear, small mammals, and birds were hunted. A variety of fish species were also included in the diet breadth, including trout, suckers, and lamprey eels. Salmon was not a significant resource for peoples of the Willamette Valley, although it was a subsistence staple for many Native groups in the Northwest (Aikens 1993; Zenk 1990). Salmon was either procured through trade or in limited quantities along the Willamette River and its tributaries (Zenk 1976). Vegetable resources, such as camas, wapato, hazelnuts, acorns, and a variety of seeds and berries, were significant to the Kalapuyan diet. Camas and wapato were typically roasted in pit ovens dug into the ground. Dried and pressed into cakes, these resources were stored to be consumed or traded later (Zenk 1976).

The spread of epidemic diseases began to affect Native populations in the late 1700s and early 1800s (Bourke and DeBats 1995; Boyd 1985). Patterns of traditional life continued to change as the fur trade entered the region under the Pacific Fur Company in 1812 (Mackey 2004). Beginning in the 1830s, Euroamerican settlement accelerated in the Willamette Valley, leading to the displacement of Native groups (Mackey 2004; Zenk 1990).

Historical Background

Euroamerican settlement in the Northwest began after Hudson’s Bay Company established the Fort Vancouver trading post in 1825, drawing fur trappers to the Tualatin Valley (Bourke and DeBats 1995; Tualatin River Watershed Council 2001). During the 1830s and 1840s, Catholic and Methodist missionaries came to the region with the intent of converting Native populations to Christianity (Bourke and DeBats 1995). Their accounts of the region’s fertile soil triggered a massive migration of families westward along the Oregon Trail. The resulting population disparity and the declining fur trade eventually led the British government to accept the Oregon Treaty, which ceded the Oregon Territory to the United States in 1846 (Smithsonian Center for Education and Museum Studies 2014). The ratification of the Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 encouraged Euroamericans to settle and secure claims within the Tualatin Valley (Bourke and DeBats 1995).

The project APE encompasses portions of two Donation Land Claims (DLCs) associated with founding families of Hillsboro. Reverend John S. and Desire S. Griffin established a 645.33-acre DLC (No. 56) in 1859 (Bureau of Land Management [BLM] 1859; General Land Office [GLO] 1862). Undeterred by an unsuccessful application to the American Board Commission for Foreign Missions, Reverend Griffin began an independent missionary program loosely associated with the Congregational Church in 1839 (Bourke and DeBats 1995). Isiah and Winey Kelsey secured DLC No. 41 in 1865 for 605.09 acres (BLM 1865; GLO 1862, 1882). Kelsey, born in Barren County, Kentucky, ventured from Missouri to the Pacific Northwest with the Williams family, who established a settlement adjacent to the Kelsey homestead (Bourke and DeBats 1995; GLO 1862, 1882). No houses, barns, or other features are shown on the maps in the current project APE.

A road within the vicinity of the current NE Jackson School Road is depicted as crossing through the Kelsey and Griffin land claims on the 1862 and 1882 GLO maps. By

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-4- 1915, the road shifted to the current alignment of NE Jackson School Road, although it was not labeled as such until a 1954 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) map (USGS 1915, 1940, 1954). By 1961, NE Jackson School Road had experienced rapid growth as farmsteads transitioned for greater residential and recreational uses (USGS 1961). The road was named for the Jackson School District, established in 1851 by H. Lyman on a portion of the Jackson DLC (north and outside of the project area) (Jackson Elementary School 1990).

PREVIOUS CULTURAL RESOURCE STUDIES

Prior to conducting the archaeological survey, AINW reviewed records on file at the SHPO to determine if previously recorded archaeological resources were present in or near the current project area. These records were also reviewed to identify previous archaeological surveys in the project vicinity. In addition to this research, historical maps and records on file at AINW were examined to determine the potential for prehistoric and historic-period archaeological resources. The records indicated that no archaeological sites have been identified within the project APE. Three archaeological resources (isolate 10/1850-2, site 35WN79, and site 35WN80) and two historic properties (the Herman Kamna Farm and the Arthur and Eileen Wilcox House) were recorded in the vicinity of the current project APE, outside of the project APE. Other archaeological studies conducted within the project vicinity did not identify cultural resources.

Two archaeological resources were identified by AINW during an archaeological survey of the Glencoe Road Bridge Replacement project; these were a prehistoric isolate, 10/1850-2, and a historic-period site, 35WN79 (Adams and Fagan 2010). Isolate 10/1850-2 is located to the northwest of the project APE and consists of one cryptocrystalline silicate flake. Site 35WN79 is located approximately 6.75 kilometers (km) (4.19 miles [mi]) northwest of the project area, and consists of five wooden bridge pilings at the bottom of McKay Creek to the west of the Glencoe Road Bridge. AINW recommended that neither resource was eligible for listing in the NRHP. Archaeological monitoring for the project near site 35WN79 and a mitigation floodplain did not identify additional cultural resources (Adams and Fagan 2011).

Archaeological site 35WN80, a historic-period debris scatter, was identified and evaluated during cultural resource surveys conducted for the Bonneville Power Administration (Anderson and Bialas 2012; Kolar 2013). The site consists of colorless, cobalt, white, and amethyst glass; whiteware and porcelain ceramic fragments; large mammal bone fragments; and a large pile of concrete foundation fragments. The site was recommended to be not eligible for listing in the NRHP due to its lack of association to significant historic events or people.

A cultural resource survey conducted by AINW for the nearby Hillsboro Airport 1.6 km (1 mi) to the east found no evidence of cultural resources (Buchanan et al. 2007). Other archaeological studies completed approximately 1.6 km (1 mi) from the current project APE did not identify cultural resources (Baker 2014; Chapman 2006; Chapman et al. 2009).

The Herman Kamna Farm was documented by AINW during a cultural resource survey of NW Evergreen Road for a roads improvement project (Ozbun et al. 2000). The farm is located north of the north end of NE Jackson School Road, outside of the current project APE. The farm, which is listed in the Oregon SHPO Historic Sites Database and the Washington County Community Plan Overlay District Maps, includes a 1880s Gothic Vernacular style house and attached outbuildings with small secondary farm structures. AINW recommended that the farm complex may be eligible for listing in the NRHP and should be avoided by possible construction.

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-5- AINW evaluated the Arthur and Eileen Wilcox House during a cultural resource survey for a proposed cellular tower in 2003 (O’Brien 2003). The Arthur and Eileen Wilcox House is located approximately 200 m (656 ft) west of the current project area. Although it was recommended to be eligible for listing in the NRHP by SCM-Tetra Tech in 2002, AINW determined that the property was not distinctive in representation of type and style to merit inclusion in the NRHP and recommended that SHPO reconsider its finding of eligibility.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD SURVEY METHODS AND FINDINGS

The archaeological pedestrian survey and shovel testing was performed by AINW archaeologists Lyssia Coffey, B.A., Dave Cox, B.A., Mathew Holland, M.A., and Kelley Prince, B.S., under the direction of Alexandra C. Williams, M.A., R.P.A. Judith A. Chapman, M.A., and Jo Reese, M.A., R.P.A., managed the project and provided general oversight. The fieldwork was conducted August 4, 12, and 13, 2014.

Pedestrian Survey

The archaeological pedestrian survey was completed by walking north-south transects along the road and in the wider area where a tributary of McKay Creek crossed under the road spaced no greater than 10 m (33 ft) apart (Figures 2 through 5). The project APE included 3.6 m (12 ft) on either side of the right-of-way for NE Jackson School Road (Figures 2 through 5). Throughout most of the project APE, a low ditch, a sidewalk, and landscaped grounds bordered the roadway (Photo 1). Vegetation within these settings included maple, oak, alder, and sequoia trees, various shrubberies, and mowed grasses. A small orchard near the intersection of NE Jackson School Road and NE Hood Street contained plum, crabapple, and hazelnut trees (Photo 2). Natural vegetation along the north and south McKay Creek tributaries also included tall grasses and horsetails (Photos 3 and 4).

Mineral soil visibility was variable throughout the project APE. Visibility in the ditches bordering NE Jackson School Road was less than 50% due to the presence of crushed road gravel. In landscaped areas adjacent to the right-of-way, visibility was limited to 10% with occasional bare patches. Soil visibility was greatest along McKay Creek on the east side of NE Jackson School Road where up to 70% of the ground surface was visible.

Historic-period artifacts were observed to the south of McKay Creek (Figures 5 and 6). The five ceramic fragments date from the 1930s and were recorded as an isolate. This isolate area was recommended for archaeological shovel testing.

Shovel Testing

Shovel tests were excavated in high probability areas determined through a review of previous archaeological studies, historic-period maps, and current field conditions. Six shovel tests (ST-1 through ST-6) were excavated on McKay Creek terraces on private property (Figure 6). One shovel test (ST-7) was excavated in the area where the 1930s ceramic fragments were observed, also on private property. The shovel tests were cylindrical, 30 centimeters (cm) (12 inches [in]) in diameter, and were excavated to depths of at least 50 cm (20 in). One shovel test, ST-3, was excavated to search for deeply buried cultural deposits with the use of a 15-cm (6-in) manual bucket auger. Excavated soils were screened through nested 6.4- and 3.2-millimeter (¼- and ⅛-in) mesh hardware cloth.

The soil encountered in shovel tests ST-1, ST-3, ST-4, ST-5, and ST-6 was consistent with the Cove silty clay loam mapped along McKay Creek (USDA-NRCS 2001) (Photo 5). Dark

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-6- grayish brown in color, the soil had a subangular blocky structure and a sticky texture. Moisture and clay content increased with depth until it transitioned into a dark bluish-gray gleyed soil. Shovel test ST-1 encountered a lens of fill material that consisted of light brown silt loam with 60% subangular gravel, likely as a result of landscaping. The soil observed in shovel tests ST-2 and ST-7 was consistent with the Woodburn silt loam mapped for the terraces along the creek (USDA-NRCS 2009b). The soil had a friable, subangular blocky structure.

Shovel test ST-7, located adjacent to NE Jackson School Road on private property, contained up to 60% angular road gravel. It was excavated in the area where historic-period artifacts were observed during the pedestrian survey. Modern debris, including colorless and amber glass, was observed in shovel tests ST-5 and ST-7 between 0 and 50 cm (20 in) below the surface. No archaeological deposits were observed in the shovel tests.

Isolate 14/2238-1

One archaeological resource, isolate 14/2238-1, was identified during the pedestrian survey and shovel tested to determine if buried archaeological deposits were present (Figure 6). The historic-period isolate is situated on the west side of NE Jackson School Road, approximately 45 m (148 ft) south of McKay Creek (Photo 6). Five artifacts were found within a disturbed context on private land. The resource consists of three porcelain and two non- diagnostic whiteware fragments. Dating to the 1930s, the porcelain pieces include a Japanese overglaze saucer fragment decorated with a mountain and floral pattern, a gilded-rim cup fragment, and a plate fragment decorated with a floral decalcomania print (Photo 7).

One shovel test was excavated within the isolate to identify subsurface archaeological deposits. The shovel test was excavated within private property adjacent to the NE Jackson School Road right-of-way. This section of the right-of-way had been disturbed by the installment of a drainage pipe (Photo 8). The shovel test encountered a mix of modern debris, including colorless and amber glass and crushed road gravel, further suggesting a disturbed context. No additional artifacts were observed. The resource is recommended to be not eligible for listing in the NRHP due to its lack of integrity and association with significant historical events or persons. An isolate form is in Appendix A. No further work in recommended for archaeological resources.

Concrete Culvert Recordation

Elizabeth J. O’Brien, B. Architecture, assessed the reinforced culvert on McKay Creek for age and integrity, based on photographs of the structure that were taken during the cultural resource survey. Historical information about the culvert was obtained from historic maps and resources on file at AINW. No other historic resources such as former bridge footings were identified during the historic resource survey.

The date of culvert construction is unknown since neither the City of Hillsboro or Washington County had records available. The circa 1920s reinforced concrete closed- spandrel arched culvert is located on NE Jackson School Road over McKay Creek (Photos 9 through 12). The culvert is supported on concrete abutments with flared concrete wing walls. The structure is bordered on the road deck by plain concrete capped parapets. Impressions of the board formwork are evident and reflect pre-1940 culvert construction. Modifications include the addition of concrete blocks to support the raised road bed and the addition of a newer metal rail supported by wood posts that is hung from the west headwall.

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-7- Reinforced concrete culverts were built on Washington County’s Market Road system in the early 1920s. The subject culvert was in place on NE Jackson School Road by 1927 (Oregon State Highway Commission 1929:535, 590). NE Jackson School Road was designated as Market Road No. 13 Hillsboro-Jackson School, a farm-to-market road for transporting products to market centers. The designation as a Market Road was based on Washington County’s decision to select the “main travelled roads of the county which connect with the market places, or commercial or community centers of the county” (Oregon State Highway Commission 1926:574). Jackson School Road/Market Road No. 13 extended 8.6 km (5.4 mi) north from Hillsboro to the Jackson School area using, in many instances, portions of an older existing road. Improvements were made during the 1920s, such as grading to widen the roadway to 6.7 m (22 ft) with a 4.8-m (16-ft) wide road bed and surfacing with rock or gravel (Oregon State Highway Commission 1926:580; 1929:584).

Although the subject culvert retains historical integrity, it is recommended to be not eligible for listing in the NRHP. Based on the Oregon Department of Transportation’s (ODOT) culvert definition memo, it lacks the features that would make it eligible for listing in the NRHP (ODOT 2005). The poured concrete culvert is not the oldest, largest, or most complex example of its design; it does not contain “rustic” masonry features; it has few engineer-designed features; and it is a common type of construction that lacks historical distinction. Since the culvert is recommended not eligible, there will be no effects to a historic property, and no further work is needed. A SHPO Oregon Historic Sites Database form has been prepared for the culvert (Appendix B).

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

AINW has completed a cultural resource survey for the proposed NE Jackson School Road (NE Grant Street and NW Evergreen Road) Improvement project. This investigation included an archaeological survey, which consisted of a pedestrian survey, the excavation of seven shovel tests, and the recordation of an archaeological isolate. A concrete culvert on McKay Creek, the single historic resource in the APE, was documented.

During the archaeological survey, isolate 14/2238-1, a historic-period debris scatter, was found in a disturbed context on private property. The isolate consists of two non- diagnostic whiteware fragments and three porcelain fragments dating to the 1930s. Due to its lack of integrity and association with significant historical events or persons, the isolate is recommended to be not eligible for listing in the NRHP. No additional archaeological work is recommended for this archaeological resource. The form documenting the archaeological isolate is in Appendix A.

One historic resource was identified within the APE, a culvert on McKay Creek. Although the culvert retains its historical integrity as an early example of a reinforced concrete culvert, the resource lacks features that would make it eligible for listing in the NRHP. AINW recommends no further work for this historic resource. The Oregon Historic Sites Database form prepared for the culvert is in Appendix B.

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-8- AINW recommends a finding of “No Historic Properties Affected” for the NE Jackson School Road project. If unanticipated archaeological resources are encountered during construction, all ground-disturbing activities near the find(s) should be halted and SHPO promptly notified. If human remains are encountered in any of the excavations, all ground- disturbing activity in the vicinity of near the find(s) should be halted immediately and the Oregon State Police, SHPO, the appropriate Indian tribe, and the Commission on Indian Services shall be promptly notified pursuant to ORS 97.745(4).

REFERENCES

Adams, Ron L., and John L. Fagan 2010 Archaeological Survey of the Glencoe Road Bridge Replacement Project, Washington County, Oregon. Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc. Report No. 2579. Prepared for OBEC Consulting Engineers, Eugene, Oregon. 2011 Archaeological Monitoring Summary Memo for the Glencoe Road Bridge Replacement Project, Washington County, Oregon. Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc. Report No. 2768. Prepared for Washington County, Oregon.

Aikens, C. Melvin 1993 Archaeology of Oregon. 3rd ed. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Oregon State Office, Portland, Oregon.

Aikens, Melvin C., Thomas J. Connolly, and Dennis L. Jenkins 2011 Oregon Archaeology. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis.

Allen, John Eliot, Marjorie Burns, and Scott Burns 2009 Cataclysms on the Columbia. Revised 2nd ed. Ooligan Press, Portland State University, Oregon.

Alt, David, and Donald W. Hyndman 1995 Northwest Exposures, A Geologic Story of the Northwest. Montana Press Publishing Company, Missoula, Montana.

Anderson, Frederick C., and Catherin Bialis 2012 Cultural Resource Investigations for the Keeler-Forest Grove No. 1 14-Pole Replacement Project, Washington County, Oregon. Historical Research Associates, Inc., Portland, Oregon. Submitted to Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, Oregon.

Baker, R. Todd 2014 Cultural Resource Survey, Proposed Telecommunication Tower Site, Site Name: POR Mahan, Hillsboro, Washington County, Oregon. Terracon Consultants, Inc., Mountlake Terrace, Washington. Prepared for Verizon Wireless.

Bourke, Paul, and Donald DeBats 1995 Washington County: Politics and Community in Antebellum America. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London.

Bowen, William A. 1978 The Willamette Valley: Migration and Settlement on the Oregon Frontier. University of Washington Press, Seattle.

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-9- Boyd, Robert Thomas 1985 The Introduction of Infectious Diseases Among the Indians of The Pacific Northwest, 1774-1874. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 1986 Strategies of Indian Burning in the Willamette Valley. Canadian Journal of Anthropology 5:65-86.

Buchanan, Kelsey W., Judith S. Chapman, and John L. Fagan 2007 Cultural Resource Survey of the Proposed Hillsboro Airport Project in Hillsboro, Washington County, Oregon. Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc. Report No. 2048. Prepared for Parametrix, Inc., Portland, Oregon, and the Port of Portland, Oregon.

Bureau of Land Management (BLM) 1859 Land Patent for Desire S. and John S. Griffin. Electronic document, http://www.glorecords.blm.gov/details/patent/default.aspx?accession=ORORAA 000320&docClass=SER&sid=ykuwrvpd.33s, accessed July 30, 2014. 1865 Land Patent for Isaiah and Winey Kelsey. Electronic document, http://www.glorecords.blm.gov/details/patent/default.aspx?accession=OROCAA 000382&docClass=SER&sid=ykuwrvpd.33s, accessed July 30, 2014.

Chapman, Judith A. 2006 E. Main Street-S.E. Baseline Street, Hillsboro, S.E. 10th Avenue Section Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, Washington County, Oregon. Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc. Report No. 1770. Prepared for David Evans and Associates, Inc., Portland, Oregon, and City of Hillsboro, Oregon.

Chapman, Judith A., Elizabeth O’Brien, and Jonathan Held 2009 Hillsboro Intermodal Transit Facility, Cultural Resource Survey, Washington County, Oregon. Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc. Report No. 2288. Prepared for GVA Kidder Mathews, Seattle, Washington.

Franklin, Jerry F., and C. T. Dyrness 1973 Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, Portland, Oregon.

General Land Office (GLO) 1862 Plat of Township No. Township 1 North, Range 2 West. Electronic document, http://www.blm.gov/or/landrecords/survey/yPlatView1_2.php?path=POR&name=t010 n020w_002.jpg, accessed July 30, 2014. 1882 Plat of Township No. Township 1 North, Range 2 West. Electronic document, http://www.blm.gov/or/landrecords/survey/yPlatView1_2.php?path=POR&name=t010 n020w_001.jpg, accessed July 30, 2014.

Hawksworth, John 1999 Dairy-McKay Watershed Analysis. Electronic document, http://trwc.org/wp- content/uploads/2013/03/Dairy-McKay-Watershed-Analysis-1999.pdf, accessed August 15, 2014.

Hulse, David, Stan Gregory, and Joan Baker 1998 Willamette River Basin Planning Atlas, Trajectories of Environmental and Ecological Change. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis.

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-10- Jackson Elementary School 1990 Jackson Elementary School History. Electronic document. http://schools.hsd.k12.or.us/jackson/About/History/tabid/451/Default.aspx, accessed August 14, 2014.

Kolar, Kendra Carlisle 2013 Cultural Resource Investigation for Bonneville Power Administration’s Keeler-Forest Grove, Forest Grove-Tillamook No. 1 Transmission Line Rebuild/Reconductor Project (OR 2012 029) in Washington and Tillamook Counties, Oregon. Historical Research Associates Report No. 375. Submitted to Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, Oregon.

Mackey, Harold 2004 The Kalapuyans: A Source Book on the Indians of the Willamette Valley. 2nd ed. Mission Mill Museum Association, Inc., Salem, Oregon, and The Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde, Grand Ronde, Oregon.

Minor, Rick, Stephen Dow Beckham, and Kathryn Anne Toepel 1982 Prehistory and History of the Upper Willamette Valley, Oregon: Research Questions and Approaches. Heritage Research Associates Report No. 9, Eugene. Submitted to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District.

O’Brien, Elizabeth J. 2003 Tier II Historical and Photographic Documentation of the Arthur and Eileen Wilcox House (1929), Hillsboro, Oregon. Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc. Report No. 1206. Completed for Tetra Tech for siting of the Verizon Wireless Cell tower, Hillsboro, Oregon.

Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) 2005 Culvert Definition. Draft document dated April 7, 2005, on file, Oregon Department of Transportation, Technical Services Branch, Salem, Oregon.

Oregon State Highway Commission 1926 Seventh Biennial Report. State Printing Department, Salem. 1929 Eighth Biennial Report. State Printing Department, Salem.

Ozbun, Terry L., and John L. Fagan 1996 Archaeological Testing and Evaluation of the Seneca Clovis Site (35DO634). Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc. Report No. 102. Prepared for Bureau of Land Management, Roseburg, Oregon.

Ozbun, Terry L., Judith S. Chapman, and Jo Reese 2000 Cultural Resources Survey of the Proposed N.W. Evergreen Road Widening Project, from N.W. Glencoe Road to N.E. 15th Avenue, Hillsboro, Washington County, Oregon. Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc. Report No. 202. Prepared for Washington County Department of Land Use and Transportation and David Evans and Associates, Inc., Portland, Oregon.

Parsons Brinckerhoff and Engineering and Industrial Heritage 2005 A Context for Common Historic Bridge Types. Prepared for the National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Council, National Research Council.

NE Jackson School Road Improvement Project September 10, 2014 Hillsboro, Washington County, Oregon AINW Report No. 3322

-11- Smithsonian Center for Education and Museum Studies 2014 Establishing Borders: The Expansion of the United States, 1846-48. Electronic document, http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/ borders/essay3.html, accessed July 11, 2014.

Tualatin River Watershed Council 2001 The Tualatin River Watershed Atlas. Electronic document, http://trwc.org/ wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Watershed-Atlas.pdf, accessed August 15, 2014.

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U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 1915 Hillsboro, Oreg-Wash. 7.5-minute quadrangle map. On file, Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 1940 Hillsboro, Oreg-Wash. 7.5-minute quadrangle map. On file, Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 1954 Hillsboro, Oreg. 7.5-minute quadrangle map. On file, Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 1961 Hillsboro, Oreg. 7.5-minute quadrangle map. On file, Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc., Portland, Oregon.

Zenk, Henry B. 1976 Contributions to Tualatin Ethnography: Subsistence and Ethnobiology. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, Portland State University, Oregon. 1990 Kalapuyans. In Northwest Coast, edited by Wayne Suttles, pp. 547-553. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 7, W. C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

NE Jackson School Road Improvement Project September 10, 2014 Hillsboro, Washington County, Oregon AINW Report No. 3322

-12- NW Evergreen Parkway

McKay Creek

Project APE

NEJackson School Road

NE Grant Street

0 1 km mi 0 1

Figure 1. The NE Jackson School Road project APE. !P

McKay Creek Tributary (South)

N NE Arrington Road

NE Darnielle Drive

NE Jackson School Road

NE Grant Street

Legend APE

0 100 m Feet 0 500

Figure 2. The southern end of the proposed NE Jackson School Road project APE. !P

NE Kathryn Street

McKay Creek Tributary (North)

NE Hood Street NE Jackson School Road School Jackson NE

U.J. Hamby Park Legend McKay Creek Tributary (South) APE NE Arrington Road

0 100 m Feet 0 500

Figure 3 The proposed NE Jackson School Road project APE between NE Arrington Road and NE Kathryn Street. !P

LINDSEY

NE Rogahn Street N

NE Estate Drive

NE Jackson School Road NE

Legend NE Harewood Street APE

0 100 m Feet

0 500 NE Kathryn Street

Figure 4. The proposed NE Jackson School Road project APE between NE Kathryn Street and NE Rogahn Street. N

NW Evergreen Road

NE Sundance Court

NE Jackson School Road

McKay Creek ST-1 !P ST-6 !P ST-5 !P jk !P ST-2 !P ST-4 !P ST-3 ST-7 !P Isolate 14/2238-1

Legend

APE !P Shovel Test Without Artifacts Archaeological Resource Boundary jk Historic Resource (Concrete Culvert)

LINDSEY0 100 m Feet 0 500 NE Rogahn Street

Figure 5. The northern end of the proposed NE Jackson School Road project APE.

N NE NE Jackson School Road

ST-1 !P ST-6

ST-5 jk !P !P McKay Creek ST-2

ST-3 !P ST-4

Legend APE jk Historic Resource (Concrete Culvert) ^_^_ !P Shovel Test Without Artifacts !P ^_ Surface Ceramic ST-7 Isolate Archaeological Resource Boundary ^_ 14/2238-1 ^_^_ Tax Lot

0 25 m Feet 0 100

Figure 6. The proposed NE Jackson School Road project APE, shovel test locations, isolate 14/2238-1 boundary, and the 1920s concrete culvert on NE Jackson School Road over McKay Creek.

Photo 1. Overview of the pedestrian survey in progress at the Photo 2. An orchard containing crabapple and plum trees at south end of the APE. The view is towards the northeast. the intersection of NE Jackson School Road and NE Hood Street. The view is towards the southwest.

Photo 3. The southern unnamed tributary drainage to McKay Photo 4. The northern unnamed tributary drainage to McKay Creek within U. J. Hamby Park. The view is towards the west. Creek showing the braided channel north of NE Hood Street. The view is towards the northeast.

Photo 5. Overview of shovel test ST-4 in progress in the Photo 6. Overview of archaeological isolate 14/2238-1 southwest quadrant of McKay Creek. The view is towards the showing the location of the surface artifacts. The view is east. towards the north.

Photo 7. Three historic-period porcelain fragments were Photo 8. The drainage pipe running beneath archaeological found on the surface south of McKay Creek at isolate isolate 14/2238-1. The view is towards the southwest. 14/2238-1.

Photo 9. NE Jackson School Road at the reinforced concrete Photo 10. East elevation of the circa 1920s reinforced culvert location (at guardrails). The view is towards the concrete culvert on McKay Creek. The culvert is north. recommended to be not eligible for listing in the NRHP. The view is towards the west.

Photo 11. The west elevation of the culvert showing concrete Photo 12. The east culvert cap and parapet is shown at the block at the arrow, used to build up the road bed. The view is arrow. The view is towards the east-northeast. towards the east. APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE FORM

ISOLATE 14/2238-1

State of Oregon Archaeological Site Record Summary of Isolate Form#: 13188

Form Type/Identification Field Id: 14/2238-1 Isolate 14/2238-1 is a historic-period debris scatter located approximately 45 meters (m) (148 feet [ft]) south of McKay Creek. The isolate consists of five artifacts: three porcelain fragments and two non-diagnostic whiteware fragments. Dating to the 1930s, the porcelain pieces include a Japanese overglaze saucer fragment decorated with a mountain and floral pattern, a gilded-rim cup Isolate Description: fragment, and a plate fragment decorated with a floral decal. All of the artifacts were observed on the surface between the edge of the road and a fence. One shovel test, ST-7, was excavated within the isolate to identify subsurface deposits. The shovel test was cylindrical, 30 centimeters (cm) (12 inches [in]) in diameter, and excavated to 50 cm (20 in) below the surface. No additional artifacts were observed. Form Type: Isolate Recording Date: 09/04/2014

Location County Washington Township Range Section ¼ ¼ ¼ DLC Meridian Cadastral Locations 1 N 2 W 30 SW NW NE 56 Willamette Map References Hillsboro 7.5 1990 Elevation From 180 To 175 ft Type East North Method Zone Datum UTM Coordinates Centerpoint 45 122 GPS < 1m 10 83

Files Uploads 142238-1 Quad Location.pdf 142238-1 Sketch Map.pdf Isolate 142238-1 Photos.pdf State of Oregon Archaeological Site Record Isolate Form

Photos Field ID: 14/2238-1

Overview of historic-period isolate 14/2238-1. The view is towards the north.

Three porcelain ceramic fragments observed on the ground surface of isolate 14/2238-1. State of Oregon Archaeological Site Record Isolate Form

Photos, continued Field ID: 14/2238-1

Two whiteware ceramic fragments observed on the ground surface of isolate 14/2238-1.

Shovel test ST-7 in progress. The view is towards the northwest. Evergreen Road

McKay Creek ! \ 14/2238-1

JacksonSchool Road

Grant Street

0 1 km mi 0 1

! !

^_^_

! !

! !P

! 14/2238-1 !

! ^_

! !

Legend ! !

APE ! ^_ Surface Ceramic !P Shovel Test Without Artifacts Resource Boundary 0 10 !! Wood Fence m ft Taxlots 0 50 APPENDIX B

OREGON HISTORIC SITE FORM

NE JACKSON SCHOOL ROAD CULVERT

Oregon Historic Site Form Jackson School Rd 106 Form Hillsboro, Washington County

LOCATION AND PROPERTY NAME

address: NE Jackson School Rd apprx. historic name: addrs current/ Hillsboro vcnt Washington County other names:

Optional Information block nbr: lot nbr: tax lot nbr: assoc addresses: (former addresses, intersections, etc.) township: 1N range: 2S section: 30 1/4: zip: location descr: NE Jackson School Road over McKay Creek (remote sites) PROPERTY CHARACTERISTICS resource type: structure height (# stories): total # eligible resources: total # ineligible resources: 1

elig. evaluation: not eligible/non-contributing NR status: (indiv listed only; see primary constr date: (c. secondary date: (c.) 1920 NR date listed: Grouping for hist dist) (optional--use for major addns)

primary orig use: TRANSPORTATION: General orig use comments: secondary orig use: prim style comments: primary style: Utilitarian secondary style: sec style comments:

primary siding: Poured Concrete siding comments: secondary siding: plan type: architect: Unknown BRIDGE: Other builder: Unknown

comments/notes: The circa 1920s reinforced concrete closed-spandrel arched culvert is located on Jackson School Road over McKay Creek. The culvert is supported on concrete abutments with flared concrete wing walls. The structure is bordered on the road deck by plain concrete capped parapets. Impressions of the board formwork are evident and reflect pre-1940 culvert construction. Modifications include the addition of concrete blocks to support the raised road bed and the addition of a newer metal rail supported by wood posts that is hung from the west headwall.

Reinforced concrete culverts were built on Washington County’s Market Road system in the early 1920s. The subject culvert was in place on Jackson School Road by 1927 (Oregon State Highway Commission 1929:535, 590). Jackson School Road was designated as Market Road No. 13 Hillsboro-Jackson School, a farm-to-market road for transporting products to market centers. The designation as a Market Road was based on Washington County’s decision to select the “main travelled roads of the county which connect with the market places, or commercial or community centers of the county” (Oregon State Highway Commission 1926:574). Jackson School Road/Market Road No. 13 extended 5.4 miles north from Hillsboro to the Jackson School area using, in many instances, portions of an older existing road. Improvements were made during the 1920s, such as grading to widen the roadway to 22 feet with a 16-foot wide road bed and surfacing with rock or gravel (Oregon State Highway Commission 1926:580; 1929:584).

Reinforced concrete arch bridges and culverts are one of the earliest types of reinforced concrete structures built within Oregon’s road systems. This type of construction reflected early engineering experiments with reinforced concrete (Parsons Brinckerhoff and Engineering and Industrial Heritage 2005:3-65). Although the subject culvert retains historical integrity, it is recommended to be not eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Based on ODOT’s culvert definition memo, it lacks the features that would make it eligible (Oregon Department of Transportation 2005). The poured concrete culvert is not the oldest, largest, or most complex example of its design; it does not contain “rustic” masonry features; it has few engineer-designed features; and it is a common type of construction that lacks historical distinction.

Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) 2005 Culvert Definition. Draft document dated April 7, 2005, on file, Oregon Department of Transportation, Technical Services Branch, Salem, Oregon.

Oregon State Highway Commission

Printed on: 9/9/2014 Page 1 of 2 Oregon Historic Site Form Jackson School Rd 106 Form Hillsboro, Washington County

1926 Seventh Biennial Report. State Printing Department, Salem. 1929 Eighth Biennial Report. State Printing Department, Salem.

Williams, Alexandra C., Judith A. Chapman, and Elizabeth J. O’Brien 2014 Cultural Resource Survey of the NE Jackson School Road (NE Grant Street to NW Evergreen Road) Improvement Project, Washington County, Oregon. Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc. Report No. 3322. Prepared for Quincy Engineering, Salem, Oregon.

GROUPINGS / ASSOCIATIONS survey project NE Jackson School Rd (NE Grant St to NW Evergreen Rd) Survey & Inventory Project name or other grouping name

farmstead/cluster name: external site #: (ID# used in city/agency database) 106 Evaluations/Determinations SHPO Case # Date Agency Elig/Effect Eval 9/2/2014 not eligible/non-contribut no adverse effect Actions / "Undertaking" The road improvement project on NE Jackson School Road is subject to review by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; improvements will include travel lanes, a center lane, bicycle lanes, sidewalks, and improved drainage. The subject culvert will either be replaced with a single-span bridge, or adapted for reuse. Comments / Explanation : As the bridge has already had minor modifications to the road bed, and is recommended not significant, additional modifications, or its removal would have no adverse effects.

West elevation; the view is towards the east.

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