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1. Introduction 1. INTRODUCTION This study of the place names of Sumter County, Alabama, which is based upon my master’s thesis,1 attempts to examine the histori­ cal, geographical, social, and linguistic aspects of the names. As Robert L. Ramsay, one of the pioneers in the field of place-name study in the United States, has stated: A man’s name tells us his family and his ancestry, usually also his nationality and racial background, often his physical and mental inheritance, and the hopes and ambitions which his parents had for him. Just so the place names of a county or state yield to patient scrutiny a host of hidden facts about its history and its traditions, its geography and its natural resources, its people and their ideals.2 A brief consideration of the history of Sumter County, Alabama, will reveal the source of some of the names that are to be discussed. Sumter County, which is situated in west central Alabama, was created by an act of the state general assembly on December 18, 1832. The land had been acquired on September 27, 1830, through the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek with the Choctaw Indians. In 1847 two ranges were taken from the area and added to land from Washington County to form Choctaw County. As early as 1735 a fortified post, Fort Tombecbe, was established in the territory by the French as a base against the Chickasaws. After the French abandoned the fort, the English occupied it from 1763 to 1768. In 1783 it was acquired by the Spanish, who surren­ dered it to the United States in 1795. Here the United States negotiated its first land cession from the Choctaws in 1802 and guaranteed their title to this and other sections of land later granted to the United States by the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek. Although some white men had drifted into the area after George S. Gaines, the Indian agent, established his factory in 1816, the first large groups came in 1831 and 1838. These were, for the most part, well-to-do people from the South Atlantic States, who settled around Gainesville, Jones Bluff, Alamuchee, Bluff Port, Belmont, Sumterville, Payneville, Jamestown, Ramsey, and Hickory Hill. In 1833 a committee of seven men, William Anderson, John C. Whitsett, Charles J. Puckett, Andrew Ramsey, William O. Winston, Edward B. Colgin, and Warham Easley, who were appointed by the general assembly, chose a site for the courthouse. The county seat, Livingston, was laid out that same year. Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/pads/article-pdf/65/1/1/451367/0650001.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 2 AMERICAN DIALECT SOCIETY By 1840 Sumter had the largest population of any county in Alabama, and Gainesville, which was to be the scene of General Nathan Bedford Forrest’s surrender in 1865, was the fourth largest town in the state. Since it has remained a rural district, Sumter County has never again been so populous.3 The chief model for this study of the place names of Sumter County, Alabama, is The Place-Names of Dane County, Wisconsin, by Frederic G. Cassidy.4 Other works which have served as mod­ els are the study of Pike County, Missouri, included in the Introduc­ tion to a Survey of Missouri Place-Names, by Robert L. Ramsay, Allen Walker Read, and Esther Gladys Leach,5 and the thesis “A Study of Place-Names of Clarke County, Mississippi,” by Mary Frances Bass.6 Like these three studies, the following study is an attempt to collect all the place names used within the present bound­ aries of the county since it was organized. The only intentional omissions are the names of churches, schools, roads, and railroads which were named for already existing settlements. The latter were not considered distinctive place names. In addition to the names conferred after the organization of the county, all those appearing on maps issued before 1832 are listed, but no attempt has been made to translate the early ones of Indian origin. After a search of all available historical and governmental docu­ ments and maps had been made, many residents of the county were interviewed. A great many more people than the ones listed as informants were questioned, but only these provided facts not al­ ready recorded. As many places as it was possible to reach by automobile were visited. Although it is probable that a number of small features have been overlooked, one can assume that a repre­ sentative selection of the names in the county is included. Despite the fact that every effort has been made to correct all errors, no doubt some have been overlooked. The old maps, such as those of Crenay, Mitchell, Purcell, Darby, Thomson, and Melish, have many of them. I shall appreciate being informed of any correc­ tions or additions that should be made. The main part of the study is the list or dictionary of Sumter County place names at the end. Since the names are arranged alphabetically, with cross references, it should be easy to use. Asterisks precede the obsolete names. Although several analyses of the material are included in the introduction, this is primarily a descriptive study because broad generalizations must await the Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/pads/article-pdf/65/1/1/451367/0650001.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 INTRODUCTION 3 publication of far more place name studies than are at present available. However, the arrangement of the material is such that the reader should be able to make additional analyses of his own. THE KINDS OF INFORMATION SOUGHT Wherever possible the following items have been included in each entry in the dictionary: 1. Identification. a. The names are spelled correctly, with any variants and the dates and sources of these variants added below. b. The local pronunciations, if in any way different from what might be expected, are indicated by transcriptions with the modified IPA system used by Lawrence M. Foley in his study of Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, speech.7 c. The nature of the place, if not indicated by the name itself, and its location in its section, township, and range are given. 2. Dates. Wherever possible the date when the name was con­ ferred is given. In all others, the date of the earliest map, document, or book in which it appeared is listed. 3. Origin. The etymology is given for the names of non-English origin and for a few English-language names, descriptive and humorous, which require explanation. The origin of the other names in the dictionary is traced back only one step to the person or place for which the feature in Sumter County was directly named. If known, the circumstances of the naming and the people in­ volved are mentioned in the discussion of the name. This informa­ tion was readily obtainable for many of the larger places but had not been preserved for some of the smaller ones. 4. Changes. At the end of each entry the other names which the feature bears or has borne are listed as cross references. Each of these names is discussed separately in its alphabetical place in the dictionary. 5. Authorities. References to sources of evidence are made by means of abbreviations (listed under Sources with the full descrip­ tion of the works to which they refer). These are placed within parentheses at the end of the paragraph containing the information to which they apply. Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/pads/article-pdf/65/1/1/451367/0650001.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 4 AMERICAN DIALECT SOCIETY THE FEATURES NAMED Place names may be divided into two groups, natural and artificial features. The distinction is easily made in this county, though ponds, lakes, etc. are often man-made. Next, the names in these two groups may be divided into types with the same generic parts. All place names have two parts, the generic, which designates the place, and the specific, which particularizes it. The generic part may be omitted, but the specific must be present. Among the natural features in Sumter County that sometimes leave off the generic part are the rivers, creeks, and branches, and these compensate for it by prefixing “the.” For example, the Sucarnochee River becomes the Sucarnochee, and Alamuchee Creek becomes the Alamuchee. Gen­ erally, as McMillan notes, proper names are not preceded by arti­ cles, but some place names— in this county, the rivers— always have a definite article.8 Although the generic part of the names of settlements is occasion­ ally used in legal documents, as the town of Livingston, ordinarily it is dropped. Some of the settlements which grew up around stations on the Alabama Great Southern Railroad and on the Southern Railroad, such as Epes Station, York Station, Cuba Station, Curl Station, and Bennetts Station retained Station in their names until about 1895. The ones on the Alabama, Tennessee and Northern Railroad are known locally as Griffin Spur, Charles Spur, Sledge Crossing, and Elliotts Crossing, but only their specific parts have been used in printed sources. In Sumter County, as elsewhere, if two similar features have the same specific part, the generic of at least one is necessary for distinction between the two; for example, Livingston, the town, and Livingston Beat. In such names as Gainesville and Summerville the generic parts have been combined with the specific parts. There are also several examples of the conversion of the generic part of one name into the specific part of other names: Jones Creek Church, Fourth Creek Church, Black Bluff Landing, and Black Bluff Church.
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