Southeastern Archaeological Conference

Proceedings of the 76th Annual Meeting

November 6-9, 2019

Bulletin 62 Jackson, Cover Illustration: Line drawings prepared by Calvin Brown for his 1926 publication Archeology of Mississippi. Southeastern Archaeological Conference

Bulletin 62

2019

Proceedings of the 76th Annual Meeting November 6-9, 2019

Jackson Marriott Convention Center Hotel Jackson, Mississippi

Edited by: Tony Boudreaux, Jay Johnson, Maureen Meyers, and Stephen Harris

Organized by: Jay Johnson, Maureen Meyers, Tony Boudreaux, Stephen Harris, Meg Cook, and Emily Clark

i © Southeastern Archaeological Conference 2019

ii Table of Contents

Map of Jackson...... iv Jackson Marriott Floor Plan...... v Preface and Acknowledgements...... vi List of Donors...... vii SEAC Annual Meeting Code of Conduct for 2019...... 1 SEAC SAFE Officer Program...... 3 SEAC at a Glance...... 4 General Information...... 5 Special Events Schedule...... 6 Program...... 8 Wednesday, November 6...... 8 Thursday, November 7...... 8 Friday, November 8...... 14 Saturday, November 9...... 21 Student Paper Competition Entries...... 29 Abstracts of Symposia...... 30 Abstracts of Papers and Posters...... 35

iii sissippi History. Mis - downtown Jackson showing to the Mississippi Civil the walking Rights Museum and the of route from the Marriott Map of

iv Jackson Marriot Convention Center Hotel 200 E. Amite Street, Jackson, Mississippi 39201 601-969-5100

v Preface and Acknowledgements We are pleased to welcome SEAC back to Jackson, Mississippi’s largest city. Jackson was established in 1821 on land that had been ceded in 1820 as part of the Treaty of Doak’s Stand. Jackson’s location was chosen for the construction of a centrally located capitol for the newly founded state of Mississippi which was rapidly growing through the acquisition of and Choctaw lands. During the nearly three decades since SEAC was last here in 1991 (actually in this hotel), both Jackson and SEAC have grown. Like many southern cities, downtown Jackson is in the midst of a revival. Most notably, downtown is now home to the Museum of Mississippi History and the Mississippi Civil Rights Museum, described by the New York Times as a world-class museum “that privileges truth-telling messy facts over clean-cut aesthetics.” The Mississippi Department of Archives and History (MDAH) will host our Thursday night reception in the atrium shared by these two museums. Although there will be food, drink, music, and lots of old friends to talk to, we hope you’ll take the opportunity to experience these remarkable museums. If you can’t see the entirety of both museums Thursday night, and there’s no way you can, MDAH will provide conference registrants free admis- sion during SEAC if you show your conference name tag. Also, there is a discount coupon in your bag for the museum’s gift shop. SEAC has grown considerably since 1991. Then, 113 papers (no posters) were presented in three concurrent sessions organized into nine symposia and eight general sessions. Now, by contrast, we will host 218 papers in five concurrent sessions organized into seventeen symposia and nine general sessions. In addition, there will be 90 posters in eight general sessions and one symposium, six workshops, and a session for archaeological films. Our book rooms will include tables for multiple presses, services, institutions, vendors, native artists, graduate programs from multiple universities, and the always impressive SEAC Student Paper prize. A signif- icant change since 1991 is that our annual meeting is more diverse. We have a substantial number of Native American participants this year, continuing a trend begun in Tulsa, and they will be participating in workshops and sessions devoted to the challenges and opportunities that we face in dealing with their past. Another important change that shows SEAC’s growth since 1991 is the Task Force on Sexual Harassment and Assault, which began as a conversation at the Athens meeting just three years ago, has drafted a 2019 Meetings Code of Conduct and is sponsoring two workshops at this year’s meeting. Importantly, this is the inaugural year of the SEAC Safe Officer program where seven trained volunteers from the SEAC membership will be available throughout the entire meeting to help people deal with incidences of harassment that might occur. Look for these Safe Officers in their distinctive red tee shirts. There was a time not too long ago when we were considering the possibility of hosting one of the first annual meetings with a budget that ended up in the red. Then, the remarkable number of individuals and institutions listed on the following page came through. We thank them all for their generosity. We also want to thank: Katie Blount and Cindy Gardner of MDAH for providing the space in the museums at no charge for the Thursday night reception; Meg Cook (MDAH), local arrangements chair, who organized the Thursday night reception; Stephen Harris for formatting the program; the Savannah River Archaeological Research Program for sponsoring the Student Luncheon; the Jackson Chamber of Commerce for providing tags, bags, and regis- tration staff; Cups Coffee for providing a discount coffee coupon; MDAH and Patty Miller-Beech for supply- ing Mississippi Tour pamphlets; Stephen Wright and the crew at the Marriott for helping us make it all happen; Sam Brookes and Scott Barretta for leading the Saturday afternoon Mound and Blues tours, respec- tively; Robbie Ethridge for making the arrangements for The Pool to play at the Friday night dance; and Chad Caswell for continuing to improve the SEAC smart phone app. We also want to thank the many student volun- teers from the following universities: Mississippi, Mississippi State, Southern Mississippi, Southern, Middle Tennessee State, Memphis, Tennessee-Chattanooga, Tennessee-Knoxville, and West . Finally, we want to welcome each of you to Jackson and to Mississippi. All of you are welcome, and we are glad that all of you are here. Jay Johnson, Tony Boudreaux, and Maureen Meyers vi A Special Thanks to Our Donors1

Individual Donations Linda Carnes-McNaughton Charles Cobb Bob Gross Kandi Hollenbach Hunter Johnson Rochelle Marrinan Amber Vanderwarker Gregory Waselkov Nancy White Greg Wilson

Institutional Donations Archaeological Consultants, Inc. Bland & Associates, Inc. Capital City Beverages Center for Archaeological Research, University of Mississippi Chandeleur Island Brewing Comapny City of Jackson Chamber of Commerce Coastal Environments, Inc. College of Liberal Arts- University of Mississippi Department of Health Promotion and Wellness, Mississippi State University Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Mississippi Fresh Cut Catering

vii A Special Thanks to Our Donors1

Institutional Donations- continued

Graduate School, University of Mississippi Mississippi Department of Archives and History New South Associates Office of the Provost, University of Mississippi Office of Research and Sponsored Programs, University of Mississippi Savannah River Archaeological Research Program Southern Beverage Comapany Southern Research Historic Preservation Consultants Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research TRC Companies, Inc.

1Donations as of October 21, 2019

viii 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi

SEAC Annual Meeting Code of Conduct for 2019

This code of conduct applies to all participants at annual meetings of the Southeastern Archaeological Conference (SEAC), including presenters, vendors, exhibitors, and other attendees. SEAC considers sexual harassment and assault to be forms of professional and scientific misconduct that are antagonistic to the practice of and the lives and careers of archaeologists, archaeology students, and prospective archaeologists. Sexual harassment and assault are also illegal according to U.S. federal law. Sexual harassment includes “unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature,” as well as “offensive remarks about a person’s sex” that are considered to be illegal in cases when such commentary is “so frequent or severe that it creates a hostile or offensive work environment.” Examples of sexual harassment include (but are not limited to) offensive statements and gestures, repeated requests for unwanted social interaction or physical contact, dismissive or denigrating modes of referring to individuals based on physical characteristics or gender expression, and stalking. Sexual assault is a form of violence, and examples of sexual assault include (but are not limited to) groping, touching without consent, forced participation in sexual acts, and intimidation or torture through sexual activity. Cases of sexual harassment and assault can have and do have long-lasting and far-reaching effects on those subjected to them and on the archaeology community. Such occurrences can be and often are traumatic, with negative impacts on health, wellness, opportunities, and career trajectories. They have detrimental impacts on people, on the archaeology community, and on the practice of archaeology and related fields. No participant and attendee at SEAC events should be subjected to sexual harassment or sexual assault. SEAC is not an adjudicating body, but if a SEAC member is subjected to sexual harassment or sexual assault while at any SEAC-related event, we ask them to file a complaint by speaking with, texting, emailing, or calling a SEAC Safe Officer or a voting officer of SEAC. SEAC can consider but cannot act on anonymous complaints, nor complaints made via social media. When a SEAC Safe Officer or voting officer receives a complaint and shares the relevant information with the SEAC president, SEAC will then take reasonable and appropriate actions to ensure the safety of SEAC members and participants in SEAC events and programs in the form(s) of providing escorts and advocacy by SEAC Safe Officers, by advising Complainants (individuals who file complaints) about their options, by reporting allegations of potentially illegal activities to local authorities, by requesting that a Respondent (the person who is alleged to have violated this code of conduct) modify their behavior (and stay away from a Complainant if that person is identified), or by other actions as appropriate. SEAC expects members and annual meeting attendees to comply with requests to alter or to moderate behavior based on reasonable and credible complaints.

1 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 We assume that all registrants for SEAC activities will have read and will understand this code of conduct; and they must agree to abide by Principle 9 (Safe Educational and Workplace Environments) in the Principles of Archaeological Ethics by the Society for American Archaeology (SAA), which states that: Archaeologists in all work, educational, and other professional settings, including fieldwork and conferences, are responsible for training the next generation of archaeologists. Part of these responsibilities involves fostering a supportive and safe environment for students and trainees. This includes knowing the laws and policies of their home nation and institutional workplace that pertain to harassment and assault based upon sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, ethnicity, disability, national origin, religion, or marital status. SAA members will abide by these laws and ensure that the work and educational settings in which they have responsible roles as supervisors are conducted so as to avoid violations of these laws and act to maintain safe and respectful work and learning environments. As an organization, SEAC promotes inclusivity and opportunity, it expects adherence to codes of professional ethics and to U.S. law, and it recognizes sexual harassment and sexual assault as antithetical to the principles and values of SEAC and the profession of archaeology as a whole. SEAC supports the viewpoints and policy statements of other organizations on the problems posed by sexual harassment and assault in archaeology, including those by the Society for American Archaeology (SAA), the Society for Historical Archaeology (SHA), the Canadian Archaeological Association (CAA), the American Anthropological Association (AAA), the Archaeological Institute of America (AIA), the Society for Classical Studies (SCS), the American Historical Association (AHA), the American Physical Society (APS), and the American Geophysical Union (AGU). SEAC members with concerns about issues related to sexual harassment and assault should feel welcome to discuss those concerns confidentially with the voting officers of SEAC, members of the SEAC Task Force on Sexual Harassment and Assault, and individuals designated as SEAC Safe Officers. Individual members of SEAC and SEAC as an organization should strive to create safe and supportive environments for participation in all its events and programs. Public awareness about the problems of sexual harassment and assault in archaeology will ideally reduce the prevalence of these problems in the long run.

Additional information is available on the SEAC website. https://www.southeasternarchaeology.org/sexual-harassment-task-force/

2 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi

SEAC Safe Officer Program

At the 2019 SEAC conference, the SEAC Task Force on Sexual Harassment and Assault will pilot a SEAC Safe Officer program. For this program, any participant who has been subjected to sexual harassment, assault, discrimination, or other unwanted behaviors can report these behaviors to our on-site volunteers. SEAC Safe Officers will be available at the registration desk during registration hours, as well as at all SEAC-sponsored evening events and on-call 24 hours a day throughout the meetings (see below for a list of officers and contact information). SEAC Safe Officers will be wearing red T-shirts (shown above). The role of the SEAC Safe Officers is outlined in the preceding SEAC Meetings Code of Conduct for 2019. This year’s SEAC Safe Officers are Jera Davis, Robbie Ethridge, Gayle Fritz, Vanessa Hanvey, Patrick Johnson, Shawn Lambert, and Jesse Nowak. If you would like to make a report, please contact any of these officers, speak with the officer at the registration desk, or for 24-hour reporting, call or text Robbie Ethridge at 662- 816-6369.

3 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 Saturday Morning [42] Recent at the Investigations Mississippi State Asylum Cemetery [37] The Sapelo Revisited Papers [38] Chickasaw Archaeological in the 21st Research Century Geophysics, [39] GIS, and Photogrammetry [40] Ceramics and Iconography and [41] Archaic Studies Woodland Friday AfternoonFriday [28] Student Workshop: Sexual Harassment and Field Schools [35] Old Standards and Methods Innovative Villages, [36] , Symbol s in [30] Current Research Mississippi Archaeology, II Part [31] Exploring Mississippian Landscape through Geophysics [32] Southeastern Arcuate Communities II Part [33] Paleoindian in Southeast: Research in Honor of Charles Hubbert, II Part [27] Student Luncheon [29] Shell Ring Round Table [34] Public Archaeology, and Museums, Collections Research Friday MorningFriday [19] Field School Supervisors Workshop: Sexual Harassment and Field Schools [25] Public Archaeology [26] Survey Methods in the Southeast in [20] Current Research Mississippi Archaeology, I Part [21] The Materiality of Colonial Encounter [22] Southeastern Arcuate Communities I Part [23] Paleoindian in the Research Southeast: in Honor of Charles Hubbert, I Part [18] Southeastern Archaeological Mentoring Network Reception [24] Human-Animal Interactions in Middle Tennessee Thursday Afternoon Student Reception [16] Sourcing [17] Artifact Studies and Social Networks [14] Shell, Shell Mound, and Lithic Studies & [11] Backhoes Jefferson Trowels, Chapman and II Part Friends, [12] Architectural Grammar(s) of Precolumbian Florida [13] Adaptation and Mitigation Efforts for Heritage at Risk in the Southeast and SHPO [10] Tribal Workshop [15] Colonial and Historic Period Studies Thursday Morning [1] Film [8] Historic Archaeology and [9] Paleoindian Research Archaic [5] Current African Diaspora Archaeology & [3] Backhoes Jefferson Trowels, Chapman and I Part Friends, [6] Mississippian Studies Finds [4] Recent in Archaeology [2] NAGPRA Workshop [7] Contact and Early Colonial Studies Period Room Newbury I Manchester & II Surrey I & II Windsor I Windsor II Windsor III Windsor IV & V Winston I & II

4 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi General Information

Registration Mezzanine Level, at the top of the escalator Wednesday 4:00 – 7:00 pm Thursday 8:00 am – 4:00 pm Friday 8:00 am – 4:00 pm Saturday 8:00 am – 12:00 pm

Books and Exhibits Churchill I and II, Canterbury, and Warwick Thursday 8:00 am – 5:00 pm Friday 8:00 am – 5:00 pm Saturday 8:00 am – 12:00 pm

Poster Sessions Manchester I and II Thursday 8:00 am – 12:00 pm, 1:00 pm – 5:00 pm Friday 8:00 am – 12:00 pm, 1:00 pm – 5:00 pm Saturday 9:00 am – 11:00 pm

5 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 Special Events Schedule

Wednesday Navigating NEPA, Section 106, and Consultation: Examining and Discussing Case Studies, Successes and Struggles, 1:00 – 5:00 pm • Charlotte Capers Archives and History Building, 100 State Street

SEAC Sexual Harassment Task Force Safe Officer Training, 3:00 – 5:00 pm • Briarwood (Lobby level)

SEAC Board Meeting, 7:30 pm – until • Newbury (Lobby level)

Thursday Film Screening, 9:00 am • Newbury (Lobby level)

NAGPRA Workshop: Cultivating a Community of Practice for Southeastern NAGPRA Practitioners, 10:00 am – 1:00 pm • Windsor IV and V

Tribal and SHPO Workshop, 2:00 – 4:00 pm • Windsor IV and V

Student Reception, 5:00 – 6:00 pm • Newbury (Lobby level)

General Reception, 6:00 – 9:30 pm • Mississippi Civil Rights Museum and Museum of Mississippi History, 222 North Street. Shuttles to reception available outside of Marriott

6 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi Friday Southeastern Archaeological Mentoring Network Reception, 9:00 – 10:00 am • Windsor IV and V

What Can I Do to Prevent Sexual Harassment and Assault from Occurring at My Field School? A Workshop for Field School Directors and Graduate Assistants, 10:00 am – 12:00 pm • Newbury (Lobby level)

Student Affairs Luncheon, 12:00 – 1:00 pm • Windsor IV and V

Student Workshop: What to Know about Sexual Harassment and Assault as I Prepare for Field School?, 1:00 – 3:00 pm • Newbury (Lobby level)

SEAC Business Meeting, 5:00 – 7:00 pm • Windsor I, II, and III

SEAC Dance, 9:00 pm – 12:00 am • Windsor I, II, and III

Saturday Mound Tour, 12:30 – until • Buses depart outside of Marriott

Blues Tour, 12:30 – until • Buses depart outside of Marriott

7 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 Program (presentations that will show photographs of human remains are marked with an *) (entries in Student Paper Competition are marked with **)

Wendesday Afternoon Organizers: Larry Kimball, Thomas Whyte, and November 6 Clifford Boyd Sexual Harassment and Assault Task Force 8:00 Davis, R. P. Stephen, Larry R. Training Kimball, Timpthy J. Bauman, Briarwood Lynne P. Sullivan Jefferson Chapman the 3:00-5:00 Archaeologist and Museum Director 8:20 Bradbury, Andrew P., Philip J. Carr SEAC Board Meeting Investigating Patterning in Early Archaic Lithic Assemblages from the St. Albans Site Newbury 7:30 8:40 Miller, D. Shane, Stephen Carmody What Happened at the End of the Early Archaic?: Examining Paleoindian and Thursday Morning Archaic Subsistence Trajectories in the Mid- November 7 South [1] Newbury 9:00 Hollenbach, Kandace Nuts, Seeds, 9:00- Film Screenings and River Valleys: The Late Archaic/Early 12:00 Woodland Transition in East Tennessee Organizers: Haley, Messer, Analise 9:20 Baumann, Timothy J., Gary Crites, Hollingshead, Jayur Mehta, Mike Peggy Humes, Tony Krus Full of Russo, Jeff Shanks Beans: The Story of the Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the Midsouth 9:40 Purcell, Gabrielle Sweet Potatoes on [2] Windsor IV and V Cherokee Sites: A Closer Look Using 10:00- NAGPRA Workshop: SEM Analysis ** 1:00 Cultivating a Community of 10:00 BREAK Practice for Southeastern NAGPRA 10:20 Whyte, Thomas R. How Ancient Lithic Practitioners Scavenging Influences Models of Settlement, Organizers: Amanda Roberts Mobility, and Exchange in the Appalachian Thompson, RaeLynn Butler, LeAnne Summit Wendt, and Jennifer Bedelle 10:40 Kimball, Larry R., Alice P. Wright, Timothy J. Horsley, Thomas R. Roberts, Thompson, Participants: Whyte, Gary Crites, John Wolf, Amanda, RaeLynn Butler, LeeAnne Cala Castleberry, M. Scott Shumate Wendt, Jennifer Bedell, Bryant Biltmore Mound and Village Celestine, Alexandria Smith, Raynella Fontenot, John Beaver, Brett Riggs, 11:00 Sherwood, Sarah The Legacy of Jayne-Leigh Thomas, Helen Robbins, Prepared Clay Surfaces Ben Steere 11:20 Webb, Dan A Multi-proxy Analysis of Curated Soil and Sediment Columns from the Patrick Site (40MR40) [3] Windsor I 11:40 Ferguson, Terry A, Andrew Ivester, Symposium Christopher Moore Geoarchaeological Backhoes & Trowels, Ancestor Idols & Investigations at the Foxwood Farm Site Murals: Some Contributions to Southeastern (38PN35) in the South Saluda Drainage Archaeology by Jefferson Chapman and of Northwestern Friends, Part I

8 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi [4] Windsor III 11:20 Greenlee, Diana M, Rinita A. Symposium Dalan, E. Thurman Allen, Michael Recent Finds in Louisiana Archaeology L. Hargrave, R. Berle Clay, George R. Holley Investigating the West Plaza Organizers: Valerie Feathers and Rachel Watson Rise at the World Heritage 8:00 Britt, Tad, Samuel M. Huey, David Site (16WC5) Watt, Kory Konsoer, Mark Rees 11:40 Kelley, David Discussant Archaeological and Geomorphic Assessment on Louisiana’s Gulf Coast: A Report on Recent Site Monitoring and Reconnaissance [5] Surrey I and II 8:20 Skipton, Tara, Analise Symposium Hollingshead, Jayur Mehta Not a Current African Diaspora Archaeology in the Matter of If, but When: Effects of Sea Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor Level Rise on Coastal Louisiana Organizers: David Palmer 8:40 Ostahowski, Brian, Jayur Mehta, 9:00 Palmer, David The Brook Green Rice Ted Marks Investigations at the Adams Plantation and Captive African Life: Bay Site (16PL8), a Plaquemines Mound Archaeological Findings and Research Complex Located in Plaquemines Parish, Program Objectives Louisiana. 9:20 Seeber, Katherine Rooted in Water: 9:00 Jones, Dennis, Samuel O. Brookes, Informing Archaeology at Historic John M. Connaway Gone But Surely Mitchelville Freedom Park with Gullah Oral Not Forgotten: The Monte Sano Site History (16EBR17) in Baton Rouge, Louisiana 9:40 Botwick, Brad The Representation 9:20 McGimsey, Chip, Rich Weinstein, of Gullah Geechee Culture and Life at Pete Willey, Doug Wells, Jim Historic Plantation Museums: A Task for Delahoussaye, Eric Lacefield A Archaeology New Look at a Forgotten Site – 16SB12 10:00 McMahon, Patricia, Velma Thomas 9:40 Chamberlain, Elizabeth, Jayur Fann Archaeology and Oral History of Mehta, Tony Reimann, Jakob Needwood, a Gullah Geechee Community on Wallinga Life in the Sink: A Georgia’s Coast Geoarchaeological Perspective on the Challenges and Trajectories of Mississippi 10:20 Joy, Brandy The Effects of Emancipation Delta Communities on the Foodways of South Carolina’s James Islanders 10:00 Jackson, Paul Sweet Success or Bitter Disappoint: New Insights into St. James 10:40 Barnes, Jodi A. Discussant Parish Sugar Cane Production 11:00 Steen, Carl Discussant 10:20 Heller, Nathanael New Orleans Ladies: How Archeology Helps Tell the Stories of [6] Windsor II Laura Livaudais and Hannah Ford General Session 10:40 Treloar, Steven The Tiger Bend Site Mississippian Studies (16EBR217): Expanding Discourse Benjamin Davis on Intraregional Variability Within the Chair: Plaquemine Sociopolitical Landscape 8:00 Alt, Susan M., Molly Mesner Bleyhl, Caitlin Burkes Antoniuk, 11:00 Doucet, Julie, Valerie Feathers, Adam Blake Coker, Sarah Velicia Bergstrom, Paul French Little Houses on the Prairie: Return to Lac St. Agnes Part 2: Results Schumacher A Diachronic Assessment of a Cahokian of the 2017 Field Season and 2018 Public Farmstead Workshops 8:20 Brown, Ian W. The 25th Anniversary of the University of ’s Bottle Creek Project

9 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 8:40 Davis, Benjamin Inequality at the 9:00 Lulewicz, Jacob, Victor Thompson, Austin Site: Early Mississippian Changing James Wettstaed, Mark Williams Use of Space in the Upper Yazoo Basin Enduring Traditions and the Immateriality Region of Early Colonial Encounters in the Oconee 9:00 Hodge, Shannon Chappell, Macie Valley, Georgia Orrand Bioarchaeology at the Samburg / 9:20 Mitchem, Jeffrey M. A Diachronic Effigy Rabbit Site (40OB6): Mississippian Perspective on the Hernando de Soto Trophy Taking and Small-Scale Violence * Expedition * 9:20 Iseminger, William -Style 9:40 Hill, William The Use of Lithic Micro- Engraved Stone Tablets Variables as a Means of Tracing the 9:40 Laderoute, Madeline, Paul Impacts of the Indian Slave Trade Eubanks, Kevin Smith Healing, 10:00 Williams, Mark, K. C. Jones Tourism, and Portals to the Beneath Hitchcock’s Guide to Native Round House World: A Summary of Middle Tennessee Construction State University’s Recent Excavations at 10:20 Bowne, Eric Christian Priber Among Castalian Springs(40SU14) in North- the Overhill Cherokees: Reevaluating the Central Tennessee. Documentary Evidence 10:00 BREAK 10:20 LoBiondo, Matthew Etowah [8] Manchester I and II Beginnings: New Research on the Multi- ethnic Origins of Etowah Poster Session Historic Archaeology and Historic Cemetery 10:40 Steponaitis, Vincas P., Vernon J. Research Knight, Jr., George E. Lankford A New Look at Effigy Pipes from the Trans- 8:00- Boyer, Shana Privies as Portals: An Mississippi South 10:00 Analysis of Ceramics from a Late 19th Century Household Privy in Ellenton, 11:00 Stewart, Ashley Biodistance and Social Florida Structure at the Perry Site (1LU25) 8:00- James, Larry, Molly Van Ostran 11:20 White, Nancy Middle Woodland and 10:00 The Data Recovery Investigation at Site Fort Walton at Richardson’s Hammock 38DR250 in Dorchester County, South Burial Mound (8Gu10), Northwest Florida Carolina 11:40 Wilson, Gregory, Dana Bardolph, 8:00- Kreiser, Kelsey, Eric Prendergast Duane Esarey Religion, Culture Contact, 10:00 Animals of Fort Brooke, Tampa, Florida and Mississippian Beginnings in the Illinois Valley 8:00- Lawrence, Dawn, Stephanie 10:00 Sterling, Andrew McFeaters Digital Archeology in America’s Parks: Using [7] Winston I and II Innovative Technologies to Record a Historic General Session Cemetery at Natchez National Historical Contact and Early Colonial Period Studies Park * Chair: Jacob Lulwicz 8:00- Lovingood, Tracy Overturning the 10:00 Turnbull Settlement: Artifact Analysis of 8:20 Boyer, Willet Fort Walton Chronology the Old Stone Wharf and Culture in the Lowlands: New Data from Wakulla Springs, Florida and Related 8:00- Lowe, Regina, Noelle Latiolais, Sites 10:00 Miranda Davis Nouvelle Acadie and Settler Reuse of Native American Mounds 8:40 Parsons, Alexandra L. The Totten as Cemeteries Key Complex: A Site with Possible Ties to the Sixteenth Century Spanish Mission at 8:00- May, Alan, Rebecca Bubp, January Tequesta 10:00 Costa Holly Bend, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina: Slave Labor and Early 19th Century Agricultural Production

10 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi 8:00- Nelson, Ted Clay Historic Archaeology 10:00- Reginelli, Anna, James Starnes 10:00 of the Gorgas House, University of 12:00 Detailed Digital Elevation Geomorphological Alabama Reassessment of Choctaw Hill and 8:00- Puckett, Heather, Nicholas Glass, the Implications for Paleoindian and 10:00 Jessica Helms The Terrain of Training: Transitional Early Archaic Occupation Camp McClellan, Alabama, in the Great Beyond the Western Braided Stream Into the War Porter Bayou Meander Belt 8:00- Rothrock, Oscar Rosalie Cemetery * 10:00- Saunders, Hunter Paleo Indian 10:00 12:00 Utilization of Chert Along the Savannah River 8:00- Shields, Brittney The Skeletons of 10:00 Natchez: A Case Study of Individuals 10:00- Troutman, Michele, Katherine Excavated from Fort Rosalie, Natchez, 12:00 Seeber, Samuel Bourcy, Matthew Mississippi * Sanger Analysis of the Lithic Assemblage from Sea Pines Shell Ring 8:00- Sipes, Eric D., Linda Derry A 10:00 Capitol Set in the Wilderness: Public 10:00- Summa, Clara The Ladson Rise Site Archaeology at Alabama’s First Statehouse 12:00 (8JE602): An Analytical Study of Bone Tools and their Usage

[9] Manchester I and II Poster Session Thursday Afternoon Paleoindian and Archaic Research November 7 10:00- Gollogly, Collin, Jeffrey Li, [10] Windsor IV and V 12:00 Gabrielle Nagle, Samuel Bourcy, 2:00-4:00 Tribal and SHPO Workshop Matthew Sanger A Shell Ring’s Organizer: Chip McGimsey Purpose: A Spatial Analysis of a Possible Residental Structure Within the Sea Pines Shell Ring. [11] Windsor I 10:00- Moore, Christopher R., Mark Symposium 12:00 J. Brooks, James S. Dunbar, C. Backhoes & Trowels, Ancestor Idols & Andrew Hemmings, James K. Murals: Some Contributions to Southeastern Feathers Geoarchaeological Investigations Archaeology by Jefferson Chapman and at Wakulla Springs, Florida Friends, Part II 10:00- Jones, Scott, Andrea Palmiotto, 1:00 Carnes-McNaughton, Linda 12:00 Karen Smith, Kiersten Weber Bone Surviving Graduate School Whilst Digging Debitage Associated with Tool Production: Cisterns and Privies A Preliminary Assessment of the Late 1:20 Boyd, Cliff, Donna Boyd Diachronic Archaic Pockoy Shell Ring 1 (38CH2533) Change and Early European Contact 10:00- Parbus, Brett The Response of Ancient in Southwest Virginia: The Shannon 12:00 Coastal Florida Populations to Major Storm (44MY8) and Trigg (44MY3) Sites * Events 1:40 Smith, Maria Ostendorf, Tracy K. 10:00- Perrotti, Angelina, John Williams, Betsinger Osteology as Archaeology: the 12:00 James Russell, Stephen Jackson, Research Legacy of the McClung Museum Christopher Kiahtipes, Jacquelyn Collections Gill, Allison Jensen Dung Fungal Spore 2:00 Sullivan, Lynne The McClung Museum Analyses from Eight Eastern US Sites of Natural History and Culture: The Reveal Linkages Among Megaherbivores, Cornerstone for Mississippian Research in Vegetation, and the First Americans East Tennessee 2:20 Greene, Lance The Impact of Removal on Nineteenth-Century Eastern Cherokee Foodways

11 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 2:40 Riggs, Brett Bell Rattle Rides Again! 4:00 Ashley, Keith Shields Mound and Mt. 3:00 BREAK Royal: Monumental Architecture at Two St. Johns II Mound Complexes (ca. A.D. 3:20 Schroedl, Gerald Discussant 900-1250) Discussant 3:40 Keel, Bennie 4:20 Thompson, Victor Discussant Discussant 4:00 Townsend, Russell 4:40 Sassaman, Kenneth Discussant 4:20 Chapman, Jefferson Discussant [13] Windsor III [12] Windsor II Symposium Symposium Can We Save Them All? Adaptation and Spelling it Out: Deciphering the Architectural Mitigation Efforts for Heritage at Risk in the Grammar(s) of Precolumbian Florida Southeast Organizers: Nathan Lawres and Jon Endonino Organizers: Emily Murray, Meg Gaillard, and 1:00 Endonino, Jon C. Speaking with the Sarah Miller Dead: An Architectural Grammar of Late 1:40 Anderson, David G. Mitigating Archaic Sand Mortuary Mounds the Impact of Climate Change on 1:20 Saunders, Rebecca, Mike Russo the Archaeological Record: Reservoir Grammar Bad, Ring Good? Refining Investigations Suggest How to Proceed Terms and Concepts for Florida’s Shell Ring 2:00 Gaillard, Meg Community Archaeology Structures on a Heritage at Risk Site, Pockoy Island 1:40 Randall, Asa, Charles Rainville Shell Rings on Botany Bay Plantation In the Middle Ground, the World is Heritage Preserve, Charleston County, South Never Done: A Compressed History of Carolina Terraforming along the St. Johns River, 2:20 Kangas, Rachael, Sara Ayers- Florida Rigsby Adaptation and Mitigation for 2:00 Shanks, Jeffrey Mounds, Ring Middens, Submerged Historic Sites: Utilizing Citizen and the Architectural Grammar of Science to Aid in Planning and Emergency Woodland Villages in Northwest Florida Response 2:20 Wallis, Neill Cosmic Landmarks in 2:40 Murray, Emily, Sarah Miller, the Siting of Woodland Civic-Ceremonial Emma Dietrich Conversations with the Centers Community about Heritage at Risk: In 2:40 Pluckhahn, Thomas, Kendal Search of Qualitative Data Jackson Ramping it Up: Searching 3:00 BREAK for Grammar in the Woodland and 3:20 Watt, David, Tad Britt, Samuel Mississippian Architecture of the Central Huey, Dayna Lee, Mark Rees From Gulf Coast MRGO to MRDAM: Can Archaeologists 3:00 Lawres, Nathan Setting Suns, Rising Mitigate Engineered Disaster on Louisiana’s Moons, and Sited Places: The Cosmic Gulf Coast? Grammar of the Belle Glade Monumental 3:40 20 minute Q&A Landscape 3:20 Schwadron, Margo “Palimpsestual” Complexities: Establishing An Architectural [14] Surrey I and II Grammar for Shell Work Landscapes, Ten General Session Thousand Islands, Florida Shell, Shell Mound, and Lithic Studies 3:40 Nowak, Jesse Sacred Landscapes of Chair: Zackary Gilmore Gathered Earth and Water: Rethinking 1:20 Gilmore, Zackary The Central Fort Walton Monumentality in Northwest Florida Shell Mound Survey: Exploring a Florida. Heterotemporal Landscape

12 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi 1:40 Jenkins, Jessica A., Ginessa J. 2:20 Lash, Heather “Food Gives Me Mahar Relating Shell Tool Type to Tool Substance, Food Gives Me Life:” Analysis Use on Florida’s Northern Gulf Coast of Subsistence Practices at the Fort Frederick 2:00 McKenna, Kathryn, Tim Baumann, Heritage Preserve (38BU102/136/1100), Gerry Dinkins, Steve Ahlstedt Check Beaufort, South Carolina ** Out These Mussels: Gravel Hill Cave Site 2:40 Robbins, Lori, Nicholas Mussel Analysis in Comparison to the Honerkamp, Lindsey Cochran A Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant Site. Comparison of Faunal Remains Associated 2:20 Norman, Sean, Jonathan Dean Shell with Three Residential Sites at Fort Middens of the Withlacoochee Estuary Frederica, Georgia 2:40 Schultz, Julian, Tanya Peres The 3:00 BREAK Use of Invertebrates at 3:20 Andrews, Susan Brunsoni Iron Furnace: Mound Field (8Wa8), Florida Industrial on the Periphery of the 3:00 BREAK South 3:20 Stevens, Karen Archaeological 3:40 Kimbrough, Rhonda The Fort at Investigations of Two Archaic Period Shell- Prospect Bluff: Archaeological Mitigation Bearing Sites in the Lower Green River of Hurricane Damage to a Florida Maroon Archaeological Region, Site 3:40 Hanvey, Vanessa N. Morphometric 4:00 Damour, Melanie Out of Sight but Not Analysis of Early Archaic Hafted Bifaces Out of Mind: BOEM’s Recent Research at the Canton Site (15TR1), Trigg County, on Deepwater Shipwrecks in the Gulf of Kentucky Mexico 4:00 Leard, Jonathan, James Starnes The Import and Utilization of Kosciusko [16] Manchester I and II Orthoquartzite as Hammer Stones in the Poster Session Quarrying of Tallahatta Orthoquartzite Finding the Source: Dirt, Rocks, Glass, and at Site 22Ne579 in Neshoba County, Metal Mississippi 1:00-3:00 Carroll, Morgan A., Robert A. Barlow, Jera R. Davis, Elliot H. [15] Winston I and II Blair A pXRF Analysis of Copper and General Session Brass Artifacts from Law’s Site (1MS100), Colonial and Historic Period Studies Pine Island, Alabama Chair: Rochelle Marrinan 1:00-3:00 Fosaaen, Nathanael Soilwork: A Chemical Analysis of Feature Fill Recovered 1:00 Marrinan, Rochelle An Assessment from Breckenridge Rockshelter. of Mission-Period Research in Northwest Florida 1:00-3:00 Keith, Scot Tracking the Source of Miniature Quartz Crystals at Lithic 1:20 Foster, Thomas Apalachicola and the Scatters in Northwest Georgia Evolution of Resilience among a Native American Community 1:00-3:00 Proctor, Kathryn Assessing the Use of Soil Phosphate Analysis as an 1:40 Colclasure, Cayla Foodways and Archaeological Prospection Tool at the Ames Marine Invertebrates During the Mission-era Site (40FY7), Fayette County, Tennessee on St. Catherines Island, Georgia 1:00-3:00 Robinson, Samantha Compositions of 2:00 Belcher, Megan, Barbara J. Heath, Prehistoric Flint Deposits Along the Little Kandace D. Hollenbach A Taste of River, Kentucky the Past: A Paleoethnobotanical Analysis of Foodways at the Coan Hall Site (44NB11)

13 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 1:00-3:00 Sherman, Simon, Ryan Parish 3:00-5:00 Lambert, Shawn High Times in Sourcing Bifaces from the Alexander : Evidence for Datura-Making in Collection at Poverty Point (16WC5) using Central Arkansas River Valley VNIR (Visible/Near Infrared Reflectance) 3:00-5:00 Pigott, Michelle Keeping a Clean and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared House: Lithic Debitage Distribution and Reflectance) Spectroscopy Analysis from a Late Mississippian House 1:00-3:00 Thacker, Paul A Disquisition on at Catawba Meadows (31BK18) Diagenesis: Improving Geologic Clay 3:00-5:00 Toombs, Garrett, Eric Jones A Sourcing Methodology for Provenance Study of Late Woodland Piedmont Village 1:00-3:00 Torres Rios, Beatriz, Morgan Tradition Lithic Economies through Carroll, Elliot H. Blair, Dennis Experimental Replication of Triangular B. Blanton Early Glass Beads on the Projectile Points Georgia Coast: An Elemental Analysis of 3:00-5:00 Walton, Alyssa, Eric E. Jones Beads from the Taylor Mound (9GN55), Examining Late Woodland Piedmont Kent Mound (9GN51), and Pine Harbor Village Tradition Social Interactions through Site (9MC64) Ceramic Analysis

[17] Manchester I and II Thursday Evening Poster Session November 7 Artifact Studies and Social Networks Student Reception 3:00-5:00 Bloch, Lindsay, Ann S. Cordell, Newbury Amanda Wagner-Pelkey New Tools 5:00-6:00 for Archaeological Pottery Identification and Training SEAC Reception 3:00-5:00 Capps, Matthew, Eleanor Logan Atrium of the An Examination of the Temporal Trends Mississippi Civil Rights Museum and Impact of Mississippian Expansion on and Piedmont Village Tradition Technology Museum of Mississippi History 6:00-9:00 Time, 3:00-5:00 Daniel Jr., I. Randolph a shuttle will be provided Typology, and Artifact Traditions in North Carolina Archaeology: A New Look at an Old Sequence Friday Morning 3:00-5:00 Davidson, Matthew Tracking the November 8 Timing, Function and Distribution of [18] Windsor IV and V Endscrapers in Late Pre-contact and Contact 9:00- Southeastern Archaeological Period Eastern North America 10:00 Mentoring Network Reception 3:00-5:00 Dysart, John, Matthew LoBiondo Organizers: Meghan Buchanan, Jennifer Green, Pottery of the Ocala National Forest: A and Elizabeth Watts Malouchos Preliminary Study 3:00-5:00 Ford, Paige The Spaces Between: A Pilot Study in the Application of Social [19] Newbury Networks Analysis (SNA) to Borderland 10:00- What Can I Do to Prevent Sexual Contexts 12:00 Harassment and Assault from 3:00-5:00 Galdun, Jaclyn, Samuel Bourcy, Occurring at My Field School? Matthew Sanger Evaluation of A Workshop for Field School Geophysical Methods of Pre-Contact and Directors and Graduate Assistants Historic Sites on Hilton Head Island, South Organizers: Shawn Lambert, Vanessa Hanvey, Carolina Carol Colaninno, and Jesse Nowak

14 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi [20] Surrey I and II 11:20 McCarty, Rita Revisiting Notions of Symposium Significance in the Piney Woods, How Current Research in Mississippi “Lithic Scatters” Are Oftentimes More Archaeology/New and Ongoing Research Than They Are Directions in Mississippi Archaeology, Part I 11:40 Flynt, Brian A. Using Sherd Size to Organizers: John Underwood and Meg Differentiate Adjacent and Peripheral Kassabaum Secondary Refuse Aggregates on an Antebellum Domestic Site in Mississippi’s 8:00 Strawn, James L., D. Shane Miller, Pine Hills Derek T. Anderson, Samuel O. Brookes Renewed Investigations at the (22MO569): A [21] Windsor I Geoarchaeological Analysis of the 2017 Symposium Excavations Materiality of the Colonial Encounter 8:20 Brown, Emmett, Robyn Latham, Organizers: Martha Zierden, Jon Marcoux, and Michael Miller Cooking in the Corey Heyward Uplands: Fire Cracked Rock and the Geophyte Revolution in the Uplands of the 8:00 Poplin, Eric Altamaha Ceramics in Homochitto National Forest the 17th and 18th Centuries: Comparing Indian Occupations in Coastal 8:40 Starnes, James, Jeffrey Alvey Geologic Georgia and Coastal South Carolina Inferences for Prehistoric Utilization of Ferrugenous Orthoquartzite and Trade 8:20 Pavao-Zuckerman, Barnet, H. Distribution Predominance of Tallahatta Thomas Foster, II, J. Matthew Orthoquartzite in Southeast Mississippi Compton, Elizabeth J. Reitz, Renee Garcia Antlers in Disguise: Deciphering 9:00 Carter-Davis, Cindy Cultural Resources Bisected Antlers from Colonial Period Sites Investigation of the Graveline West Mounds Site, 22Ja729 8:40 Zierden, Martha, Ron Anthony, Nic Butler, Sarah Platt, Jon 9:20 LaDu, Daniel Coles Creek Villages Marcoux The Royal Armorer, Visiting 9:40 Graham, Anna, Ashley Peles, Indian Delegations, and Colonoware at the Vincas Steponaitis, John O’Hear Heyward-Washington House: Tales from a Exploring Coles Creek Mound Site Legacy Collection Activities Through Pit and Midden Features 9:00 Heath, Barbara J., Rebecca J. 10:00 BREAK Webster Pots, Pipes and People at Coan 10:20 Little, Keith J., Hunter B. Johnson, Hall Corin Pursell, H. Edwin Jackson 9:20 Webster, Rebecca, Howard Mound Summit Architecture and Mound Cyr, Barbara Heath Analysis of Construction Periodicity: Mound A Geomorphological Change to Understand a Excavations at Winterville Persistent Place 10:40 Kowalski, Jessica, Erin Nelson 9:40 Reitz, Elizabeth, Hayden R. Above and Below the Greenline: Variation Smith, Martha A. Zierden, in Late Mississippian Settlement Patterns in Carla S. Hadden, Barnet Pavao- the Yazoo Basin of the Lower Mississippi Zuckerman, Laurie Reitsema Valley Landscape Consequences of Cattle and 11:00 Carleton, Kenneth 1830 Choctaw Slavery in the Carolina Lowcountry House Sites and Individual Reservations 10:00 BREAK Claimed under Article 14 of the Treaty of 10:20 Heyward, Corey Ames, Jon Dancing Rabbit Creek, 1830: Geolocation Marcoux The Preliminary Identification Using Information from “The Evidence”, ca. of West African Rouletting in Colonoware 1886 Assemblages from Charleston, South Carolina

15 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 10:40 Platt, Sarah Before The Heyward- 10:20 West, Shaun, Martin Menz, Washington House: Five Stories Under Thomas Pluckhahn One Ring to Rule Enslavement From 87 Church Street, Them All: Spatial Patterning within the Charleston Circular Village at Kolomoki (9ER1) 11:00 Fitts, Mary Elizabeth, David J. 10:40 Hollingshead, Analise, Jeffrey Cranford Silver and Sealing Wax: Shanks Two Rings to Rule them All: Byrd Catawba Fashion and Ceramic Innovation Hammock (8Wa30), A Dual Ring Midden ca. 1750-1820 Complex in Northwest Florida 11:20 Judge, Christopher The Elusive 11:00 Mahar, Ginessa Partnered Rings of the Indians Middle Woodland: A Case from the Gulf 11:40 King, Julia A. On Native Displacement Coast in the Lower Rappahannock River Valley 11:20 Menz, Martin Late Woodland Demographics and Social Integration: The View from Old Creek Ring Midden [22] Windsor II (8WA90) Symposium 11:40 Messer, Haley, Jeffrey Shanks Put a Ring on It: Archaic to Mississippian Bilateral Asymmetry: Intra-site Sectionality Southeastern Arcuate Communities, Part I and Solstitial Alignment in Northwest Organizers: Analise M. Hollingshead and Haley Florida Ring Middens S. Messer 8:20 Bourcy, Samuel, Katherine Seeber, [23] Windsor III Jeffery Pietras, Matthew Sanger Split Apart: Analysis of a Late Archaic Symposium Concreted Fire Pit New Research and New Directions in Paleoindian Research in the Southeastern Variability 8:40 Smith, Karen, Sean Taylor North America: Papers in Honor of Charles in Shell Ring Composition at Pockoy Island, M. Hubbert, Part I Charleston County, South Carolina Organizer: J. Scott Jones 9:00 Thompson, Victor D., Torben Rick, Carey J. Garland, Karen 8:00 Johnson, Hunter B. Cottonfield Y. Smith, David Hurst Thomas, Meditations: A Paper in Honor of Charles Mathew Sanger, Bryan Tucker, M. Hubbert Isabelle Lulewicz, Anna M. 8:20 Hubbert, Charles On Paleoindian and Semon, John Schalles, Christine Early Archaic Settlement Locations on the Hladik, Brandon T. Ritchison Lowlands of the Middle Tennessee Valley: Ecosystem Stability, Proprietorship, and A Discussion the Exploitation of Eastern Oysters 8:40 Barlow, Robert Paleoindian and Early (Crassostrea virginica) by Native Archaic Response to the Younger Dryas Americans along the South Atlantic Coast in North Alabama: An Analysis of of the Variability in Resharpening of Hafted 9:20 Sanger, Matthew, Jessica Cook- Bifaces ** Hale Shell Rings and the Occupation of 9:00 Cole, Mark Early Paleoindian Settlement Novel Territories: Examining Distribution in Limestone and Madison Counties, of Middle and Late Archaic Sites in the Northern Alabama Lower Southeast 9:20 Hoksbergen, Ben The Potential for 9:40 Hadden, Carla S., Margo Intact Paleoindian Deposits in the Middle Schwadron Shell Rings of the Ten Tennessee Valley Thousand Islands Region of Southwest Florida 9:40 Haag, Crista, Scott Jones A Comparison of Clovis Blade Assemblages 10:00 BREAK from Sites in Kentucky and Tennessee 10:00 BREAK

16 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi 10:20 Meredith, Steven M. The Tallahatta 8:00 - Donathan, Gavin, Charlie Sheffer Formation and the Paleoindian Landscape 10:00 Digging into the Past with River Charlie: A 10:40 Parish, Ryan, Samantha Robinson Case Study for Why Archaeologists should Paleoindian Use of Sinkholes as Tool-Stone Work Closely with Private Collectors Procurement Locales 8:00 - Greene, Taylor A., Steve Bentley, 11:00 Halligan, Jessi, Angelina Perrotti, 10:00 Matt Davidson, Johnny Faulkner, Barbara Winsborough, Michael Larry Meadows, Eric Schlarb, Waters Lessons from the Soil: Multiproxy Jason Flay The Bedrock Mortar Project: Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions at Page- A Multi-Phased Public Archaeology Ladson, Florida (8JE591) Spanning the Research Program Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene 8:00 - Oliveira, Bailey, Andrew Carter, 11:20 Wilson, David Ashes to Ashes, Tusk 10:00 Nathan Lawres “The future ain’t what it to Tusk; Stable Isotope Analysis of used to be”: The Waring Outreach Program Megafaunal Materials from the Page-Ladson and VR Educational Experiences Paleoindian Site (8JE591) 8:00 - Trubitt, Mary Beth Publishing in 11:40 Joy, Shawn Coastally Adapted: A Model 10:00 Southeastern Archaeology for Eastern Coastal Paleoindian Sites [26] Manchester I and II [24] Winston I and II Poster Session Symposium Shovel to Machine: Survey Methods in the Human-Animal Interactions at a Southeast Mississippian Mound site in Middle 10:00 - Dumas, Ashley, Steven Meredith Tennessee 12:00 Site Distribution and Discovery in the Black Organizers: Tanya Peres and Benjamin Stewart Prairie of West Alabama 9:00 Deter-Wolf, Aaron, Michael C. 10:00 - Flores, Alexandra A Multi-Sensor Moore The Archaeological Legacy of 12:00 Geophysical Survey of the Brackett site Fewkes Mounds (34CK43) in Eastern Oklahoma 9:20 Walker, Cameron Observing the Presence 10:00 - Heckman, Benjamin J., Wei Hao of Canine at the Fewkes Site (40WM1) 12:00 Ng, Mark Richter, Emily K. Sainz, 9:40 Chase (Ledford), Kelly The Human Paula Hertfelder, Abbie Young, and Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) Matthew Sanger, Katherine Seeber, Relationship at the Fewkes (40WM1) Site Emily Roberts Footprints in the in Middle Tennessee Sand: A Geophysical Survey of Historic Mitchelville 10:00 Peres, Tanya Garden-Hunting and Food Sharing during the Mississippian Period in 10:00 - Larson, Kara, J. Nathan Shores, Middle Tennessee 12:00 Caleb Hutson, Karen Y. Smith, Derek T. Anderson, D. Shane 10:20 Stewart, Benjamin Mississippian Miller Surveying Shell Rings with Household Foodways in the Middle Advanced Technology and Methodology: Cumberland River Region Initial Results from the 2019 Survey at Pockoy Island, South Carolina [25] Manchester I and II 10:00 - Musch, Abigail M., Anna M. Poster Session 12:00 Semon, Thomas O. Blaber STP Surveys Shed Light on Landscape Use Public Archaeology through time on St. Catherines Island, 8:00 - Bennett, Ryan, Andrew Carter, Georgia 10:00 Nathan Lawres Setting a Larger Revisiting the Geography Standard: Waring Curation and Audience 10:00 - Woolsey, Emily of the Pinson, Johnston, and Elijah Bray Beyond Georgia 12:00 Sites within the South Fork Forked Deer River Drainage through GIS

17 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 10:00 - Riethmuller, Douglas, Tiffany 2:00 Schleidt, Maria The Challenges of 12:00 Raymond, Theresa Imbriolo, Lexie Meeting Section-106 Responsibilities When Lowe, Anna Patchen, Tim De Combating Southern Pine Beetles in the Smet, Carl Lipo, Matthew Sanger National Forests in Mississippi Mound Evidence: Results of Continued 2:20 Turner, James Archaeology at the Remote Sensing on Mounds A, B, and Mississippi Department of Transportation: Mound B Plaza at Poverty Point Encouraging the Use of MDOT’s Curated Collections Friday Afternoon 2:40 Jackson, Edwin Discussant November 8 3:00 Brookes, Sam Discussant [27] Windsor IV and V 12:00 - Student Luncheon [31] Windsor I 1:00 Symposium Exploring Mississippian Landscape [28] Newbury Modification and Identity Construction through Geophysics 1:00 - Student Workshop: Organizers: Jacob Skousen and Christina Friberg 3:00 What to Know about Sexual Harassment and Assault as I 1:00 Skousen, B. Jacob, Christina Prepare for Field School? Friberg Investigating Mississippian Landscapes, Practice, and Identities through Shawn Lambert, Vanessa Hanvey, Organizers: Geophysics Carol Colininno, and Jesse Nowak 1:20 Baltus, Melissa, Sarah Baires Shaping Cahokia, Forming Cahokians: [29] Windsor IV and V Geophysical Exploration of the Spring 3:00 - Shell Ring Round Table Lake Neighborhood 5:00 1:40 Friberg, Christina, Gregory Wilson, Organizers: Analise Hollingshead and Haley Dana Bardolph, Duane Esarey, Messer Jeremy Wilson The Geophysics of Community, Place, and Identity in the Early Mississippian Illinois River Valley [30] Surrey I and II 2:00 Wilson, Jeremy, John Flood, Symposium Scott Hipskind, Matthew Pike Current Research in Mississippi Archaeology: Sensing Mississippians: Geophysics, Built New and Ongoing Research Directions in Landscapes, and Community Organization Mississippi Archaeology, Part II in the Central Illinois River Valley 1:00 Spicola, Erin B., Arielle M. 2:20 Watts Malouchos, Elizabeth Pierson, Anna F. Graham, Megan Remotely Sensing Angel Communities: C. Kassabaum Exploring Familiar Exploring Vernacular Landscapes Landscapes: From Discovery to Display in and Communal Identities in the Angel Wilkinson County Hinterlands 1:20 Fuselier, Adam The Freewoods Survey: 2:40 Schurr, Mark, Edward Herrmann An Ongoing Passport In Time (PIT) Project Mounds as Symbols of Horizontal on the Homochitto National Forest Divisions: Mound C at the Angel Site 1:40 Underwood, John, Patty Miller- (12VG1) Beech Market Choice: A Distributional 3:00 BREAK Analysis of Manufactured Goods Across the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth-Century 3:20 King, Adam, Chester Walker, Kent The Etowah Archaeo-Geophysical Mississippi Delta Reilly Survey: Creating Place and Identity through the Built Environment

18 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi 3:40 Blitz, John, Jera Davis, Jessica 1:40 White, Andrew The Size and Structure Kowalski Construction and Destruction of Eastern Paleoindian Social Groupings: at Early Moundville: Ground-Truthing What We Do and Do Not Know Magnetic Anomalies in the Plaza 2:00 Gillam, J. Christopher Half the 4:00 Mehta, Jayur, Aaron Fogel, Edward Fun Was Getting Here: A Global Henry, Kelsey Lowe Prospecting Archaeological, Bio-Geographic and Genomic Landscape and Sensing Variation in Perspective on the Peopling of the Southeast Monuments, Community, and Experience at 2:20 Jones, Scott Towards a New Paradigm in the Southeastern Paleoindian Archaeology 4:20 Hammerstedt, Scott, Patrick 2:40 Gingerich, Joseph Discussant Livingood, Jami Lockhart, Tim Mulvihill, Amanda Regnier, George Sabo, John Samuelsen Identifying [34] Winston I and II Social Landscapes at Spiro through General Session Geophysical Survey Public Archaeology, Museums, and 4:40 Alt, Susan Discussant Collections Research Chair: Jodi Barnes [32] Windsor II 1:40 Thompson, Rachel E., Kelly Symposium Ledford Chase File your Paperwork!: How Lack of Documentation Can Hinder Put a Ring on It: Archaic to Mississippian Historic Preservation Southeastern Arcuate Communities, Part II Make No Bones 1:20 Russo, Michael Laying Villages to 2:00 Barnes, Jodi A. Waste: Where have All the Houses Gone in about It: Kitchens, Foodways, and Public Woodland Ring Communities? Archaeology in Arkansas 1:40 Kassabaum, Megan Will the Circle Be 2:20 Bennett, Lianne, Sarah Bennett Unbroken? Investigating the “Ring Midden” New Smyrna Celebrates: Planning and at Feltus, Jefferson County, Mississippi Public Participation in Local Heritage 2:00 Barbour, Terry Entrepreneurs or 2:40 Bennett, Sarah, Lianne Bennett Working Stiffs? Initial Research on the New Smyrna Celebrates: Partnerships and Social Structuring of Raleigh Island Shell Public Participation in Local Heritage Rings 3:00 BREAK 2:20 Sassaman, Kenneth, Terry Barbour 3:20 Steere, Benjamin A. The The Reincarnation of Shell Rings on the Mound: Preservation, Partnerships, and Northern Gulf Coast of Florida Sovereignty in the Cherokee Heartland of Western North Carolina 3:40 Khakzad, Sorna, Michael Thomin [33] Windsor III Florida Panhandle Maritime National Symposium Heritage Area New Research and New Directions in 4:00 Malischke, LisaMarie Sherds, Shards, Paleoindian Research in Southeastern North Skills & Sustainability Pedagogy: Fort America: Papers in Honor of Charles M. Tombecbe (1SU7), Epes, Alabama, Viewed Hubbert, Part II through Collection Processing and Curation 1:00 Morrow, Juliet, J. Christopher 4:20 Semon, Anna Research Resources: Gillam, Sarah Stuckey, Sean Southeastern Archaeology Collections at the Roades Paleoindians in the Ozarks American Museum of Natural History 1:20 Loebel, Thomas, John Lambert 4:40 Colaninno-Meeks, Carol, Shawn P. The Secret Lives of Paleoindians: Regional Lambert, Emily L. Beahm, Carl G. Exchange and Social Networks in the Drexler Implementing Recommendations Western Great Lakes to Develop Harassment and Assault-Free Archaeological Field Schools

19 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 3:00 - Nelson, Erin S., Howard J. Cyr, [35] Manchester I and II 5:00 Emily J. Warner, Emily Overmyer, William Bailey, Sarah Bender, Poster Session Caylen Blalock Recent Archaeological The Old and the New: Standard and and Geoarchaeological Investigations at Innovative Methods D’Olive Creek (1BA251) 1:00 - Anderson, Derek T., Kara Larson 3:00 - Parker, Candace A Preliminary 3:00 An Archaeological Faunal Database for 5:00 Analysis of Artifacts from 34LF33 – Troy Mississippi Adams: A WPA-era Excavation of a 1:00 - Cranford, David J. A New View of Fourche Maline Mound 3:00 Southeastern Stone Fish Weirs 3:00 - Riehm, Grace E., Vincas P. 1:00 - Gilleland, Sarah Sedimentary 5:00 Steponaitis, Joseph V. Frank, III 3:00 Environmental DNA from Central Ethnohistoric and Archaeological Evidence Mississippi: Preliminary Analysis on the Locations of the Natchez Villages 1:00 - Hougland, Daniel Analysis and 3:00 - Rodning, Chris, David Moore, 3:00 Ethnographic Discussion of Hook and Line 5:00 Robin Beck, Rachel Briggs, Abra Fishing Tackle Along the Aucilla River Meriwether Architecture of the Burke 1:00 - Kitteringham, Lia, Alice Wright Phase: Late Mississippian and Protohistoric 3:00 Cupules in Context: A Photogrammetric Structures in the Western North Carolina Method for Petroglyph Documentation from Piedmont Western North Carolina 3:00 - Sampson, Christina Late Pre- 1:00 - Selden, Robert Z., Michael J. Shott, 5:00 Columbian Subsistence at the Weeden Island 3:00 Morgane Dubied Processing Matters: site (8Pi1), Florida 3D Mesh Morphology 3:00 - Stauffer, J. Grant, John E. Kelly 1:00 - Smith, Zachary, Jason Mann, 5:00 Cahokia’s Hidden Landscape: Mounds 3:00 Xutong Niu, Leann Gillespie and Landscape Modifications in Cahokia’s LASER Method (LiDAR-based Ramey Field, Illinois Archaeological Site Extraction and 3:00 - Welch, Paul, Brian Butler, Tamira Recognition) Application to Natural 5:00 Brennan Small Diameter Coring of Disaster Area Mitigation in the Talladega Mounds at Kincaid National Forest 1:00 - Yarbrough, Nicholas The Wakulla 3:00 River: An Archaeological Review Friday Evening November 8 Windsor II and III [36] Manchester I and II Business Meeting Poster Session 5:00-7:00 Late Pre-Contact and Early Contact: Mounds, Villages, Symbols Windsor I, II, and III 3:00 - Buchanan, Meghan, Rob Bonney 5:00 Two Newly Discovered Copper Arrow Dance Symbol Badges from East Alabama: Old 9:00-12:00 Collections, New Interpretations 3:00 - Donop, Mark A Weeden Island 5:00 Cosmogram 3:00 - Eastman, Jane Considering the Location 5:00 of Tali Tsisgwayahi, the Cullowhee Mound Site (31JK2)

20 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi Saturday Morning 11:40 Love, Sarah The Impact of November 9 Archaeological Research on Land Management, Interpretation, and [37] Windsor I Visitorship to , Georgia Symposium The Sapelo Papers Revisited: 40 Years of Continued Research on the Heart of the [38] Windsor II Georgia Bight Symposium Organizers: Brandon Ritchison and Lindsey Chickasaw Archaeological Research in the Cochran 21st Century: From Chikasha to Charity Hall 8:20 Harris, Norma More than a Century Organizer: Matthew Rooney of Archaeology on Sapelo Island, Georgia: 8:20 Lieb, Brad Archaeological Research in the Mounds, Missions, Plantations and Post- Chickasaw Homeland: A History, 1885- Emancipation Research 2019 8:40 Porter Freeman, Mary, Victor 8:40 Clark, Emily Searching for Chicasha: Thompson, Bryan Tucker Recent Analysis of Contact-era Settlements in Research at the Sapelo Shell Ring Complex Clay, Lowndes, and Oktibbeha Counties in 9:00 Ritchison, Brandon Coastal Northeast Mississippi Community Organization Over Four 9:00 Ethridge, Robbie Chicaza’s Millenia on Sapelo Island, Georgia. Political Economy Network in the Late 9:20 Jefferies, Richard W., Christopher Mississippian World Moore, Elizabeth Straub, Tyler 9:20 Boudreaux, Tony, Stephen Harris Stumpf The Sapelo Island Mission Period An Overview of Fieldwork at the Archaeological Project: Fifteen Years of Early Contact Period Stark Farm Site Spanish Mission Period Research on Sapelo (22Ok778) Island, Georgia 9:40 Sorresso, Domenique Seeking 9:40 Stumpf, Tyler Searching for Spanish Sources: A Provenance Study of Chickasaw Footprints: The Exploration of Ceramics Using Thin-Section Petrography Architecture, Site Layout, and Community 10:00 BREAK Organization at the Mission San Joseph de Sapala 10:20 Wallman, Diane, Michelle LeFebvre, Charlie Cobb The Anatomy 10:00 BREAK of a Pit: Patterns of Animal Use from the 10:20 Straub, Elizabeth Kind of a Pig Deal: Late Mississippian to Historic Chickasaw Analysis of a Mission Period Animal Period in Mississippi Burial ** 10:40 Doherty, Raymond From Pearlware to 10:40 Moore, Christopher R., Richard W. Tulip Poplar: Dating the Colbert-Walker Jefferies, Ethan Bean Moving beyond Site the Mission: Investigating the History of Site 11:00 Rooney, Matthew Cabins, Dishes, and 9Mc501 and Its Role in the 17th Century Buttons: How Mixed-Ancestry Occupation of Sapelo Island, Georgia Facilitated Education in Mission Schools 11:00 Honerkamp, Nicholas Gullah Geechee Prior to Removal ** Burial Practices at Behavior Cemetery, 11:20 Perry, Kirk Discussant Sapelo Island: A Community-Based Archaeological Perspective 11:40 Johnson, Jay K. Discussant 11:20 Cochran, Lindsey Coastal Slave Settlements as a Nexus of Atlantic World Landscapes: A Study of Wattle and Tabby Daub at Bush Camp Field and Behavior

21 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 [39] Windsor III 8:40 Azar, Madelaine Making Heads or General Session Tails: An Iconographic Analysis of Rim GIS, Geophysics, and Photogrammetry Effigy Bowls from the Central Valley ** Chair: Charles Rainville 9:00 Deere, Bobi Investigating the Use 8:40 Balco, William, Amanda O’Connell of Trance Inducing Pharmaceuticals in 2019 Excavations at Rice Farm the Archaeological Record: A Survey of (9DW276), Dawson County, Georgia Methods Analyzing Tobacco, Yaupon, and 9:00 Blair, Chris, Michael Creswell Datura Modeling Access to Water from Prehistoric 9:20 Duke, C. Trevor The Potter’s Body: Sites Through Least-Cost Analyses: A Methods for Assessing Potting Skill and Case Study from the Salt River Watershed, Specialization in the Lower Southeast Kentucky 9:40 Ferree, Tyler, Gregory Wilson 9:20 Freund, Kyle P., J.M. Adovasio, Cooking up Coalescence: How Foodways Allen Quinn, Frank J. Vento Mediated Social Integration in the 14th- Preliminary Report on Phase I and Century CIRV II Excavations at the Sexton Site (8IR01822), Indian River County, Florida 10:00 Martin, Melinda A. Paths of the Afterlife: Investigating the Double-Legged Q 9:40 Henry, Edward, Greg Maggard, Design on Mississippian Beakers David Pollack, Carly DeSanto What Can a Ditch Divulge? Landscape History 10:20 Mateja, Cyndal Preliminary and Social Change at Indian Old Fields and Observations on the Lead Glazed Coarse the Goff Circle, Clark County, Kentucky. Earthenware from the Luna Settlement and Fleet 10:00 BREAK 10:40 Muntz, Alice Ritual Ceramic Deposition 10:20 O’Sullivan, Rebecca C., Eric at the Site (11Pp3) Prendergast Towards Zion: In Search of Tampa’s First African-American Cemetery 11:00 Patterson, Andrew Preliminary Ceramic Investigation at the Ebert-Canebrake Site 10:40 Parker, Katherine, Jordan Schaefer (1MC25) Mapping Moonshine in Hell Hole Swamp: Preliminary Modeling of Clandestine 11:20 Rees, James The Search for the Smoking Liquor Distillation Sites in Coastal South Drum: Evidence for the Presence and Carolina Ceremonial Importance of Ceramic Vessel Drums in the Prehistoric Southeast. 11:00 Rainville, Charles T., Asa R. Randall Construction of Place through the 11:40 Wright, Kevin A Chemical and Articulation of Monuments: A Geophysical Petrographic Approach to Exploring Investigation of a Woodland Period Post Choctaw Coalescence ** Mold Alignment in a Landscape of Mounds 11:20 Rankin, Caitlin The North Plaza at [41] Winston I and II Cahokia Mounds as a Water Shrine General Session 11:40 Sorset, Scott A Case for Photogrammetry Archaic and Woodland Studies in Marine Archaeological Site Investigations Chair: Cameron Howell 8:40 Clark, Scott T., Terminal Late [40] Windsor IV and V Woodland Subsistence Strategies in Coastal General Session Georgia: Faunal Remains from Taylor Fish Ceramics and Iconography Camp (9GN12), St. Simons Island Chair: Kevin Wright 9:00 Howell, Cameron, Earth Ovens in the Southeastern US: Social Dynamics of the 8:20 Ruhl, Donna L. Acorns to Gourds: Original Slow Cooker Plant Pottery Effigies, Animism and Husbandry Practices

22 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi 9:20 Bartz, Emily, Appropriating the Dead, 9:00 - Lopez, Andrea An Osteobiography of Encircling the Sacred: Suturing the Past 11:00 Burial 1 from the Mississippi State Lunatic to the Present at Archaic Stallings Island Asylum of Jackson, Mississippi * (9CB1), Middle Savannah River 9:00 - Olson, Kaelyn Context is Key: The 9:40 Claassen, Cheryl, Rite of Mixcoatl: 11:00 Osteobiography of Burial 37, Mississippi Archaic and Woodland Data State Lunatic Asylum Cemetery Project * 10:00 BREAK 9:00 - Porter, Keri, Molly Zuckerman 10:20 Grooms, Seth, Mound Building at the 11:00 Lived Experience in the Mississippi State : Sacred Ballast on a Volatile Lunatic Asylum: An Osteobiography of Landscape ** Burial 8 * 10:40 Schroll, Andrew G., Early Poverty 9:00 - Woodyard, Lynsey How Point Technology in the Yazoo Basin, 11:00 Osteobiographical Study Helps Shed Light Mississippi on the Lived Experience of Burial 53 from the Mississippi State Lunatic Asylum 11:00 Ward, Grace, People and Plants at Cemetery * Jaketown: A Case Study of Poverty Point- era Landscape Management 9:00 - Zuckerman, Molly K., Anna J. 11:00 Osterholtz, Nicholas P. Herrmann 11:20 Krause, Richard, From Semantics Current Bioarchaeological Knowledge and to Kinship: The Imprint of Kinship on Potential Directions for Future Research Archaeological Data at the Cemetery of the Mississippi State Lunatic Asylum * [42] Manchester I and II Poster Session Saturday Afternoon Recent Investigations at the Mississippi November 9 State Asylum Cemetery: An Interdisciplinary Delta Mound Tour Approach toward Understanding (by reservation) Organizer: Nicholas Herrmann and Molly 12:30-6:00 Zuckermann Blues Tour Introduction: Ralph Didlake (by reservation) 9:00 - Badon, Darcie C., Evidence of 12:30-6:30 11:00 Biological Resiliency in the Mississippi State Asylum* 9:00 - Banks, Petra, Anna Osterholtz, 11:00 Cranial Trauma in the Mississippi State Asylum Population* 9:00 - Cody, Sara, Reflecting on the Lived Reality 11:00 of Asylum Patients in the Industrializing American South: An Osteobiography of Burial 28 of the Mississippi State Lunatic Asylum * 9:00 - Harris, Stephen, Edward Henry, 11:00 Kermit Johnson, Travis Cureton, Edmond Boudreaux III Magnetic Gradiometer Survey at the Mississippi State Asylum Cemetery 9:00 - Herrmann, Nicholas, Amber 11:00 Plemon, Grant Harley, Molly Zuckerman, Willa Trask Data Integration of the Mississippi State Asylum Burial Sample and Archival Records

23 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019

24 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi

25 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019

26 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi

SC ARCHAEOLOGY PUBLIC OUTREACH DIVISION SCAPOD.ORG SHARE @SCAPOD #SEAC2019

THE HERITAGE TRUST EST. 1974 PROGRAM

Since 1974, SCDNR’s Heritage Trust Program has preserved and protected natural and cultural properties across South Carolina. Whether you are a S.C. resident or visiting our beautiful state, take the opportunity to explore our diverse preserves, learn about current research, and discover how you can get involved through internships, workshops and volunteering. heritagetrust.dnr.sc.gov 27 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019

The Louisiana Archaeological Society is proud to announce the publication of its annual bulletin, Louisiana Archaeology dedicated to the Monte Sano site (16EBR17).

This Monte Sano site consisted of two conical mounds and a midden near the edge of a Pleistocene terrace on Mississippi River in Baton Rouge, LA. Chemical plant construction destroyed the site in the spring of 1967. LSU’s Dr. William G. “Bill” Haag directed emergency salvage excavations with the assistance of James A. Ford, Carl Kuttruff, and others.

Radiocarbon dates and artifacts from Mound A indicate that this is the oldest known prehistoric mound in North America dating to the Middle Archaic. Without a report on the results of the 1967 work, the Monte Sano site has long been the source of speculation and controversy among archaeologists. The LAS hopes this publication will change that!

This bulletin and all other LAS publications will be on sale for the special conference price of $5.00 at SEAC in the vendors’ space. Look for the LAS logo!! https://www.laarchaeologicalsociety.org

28 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi Student Paper Competition Review Committee: Gregory Wilson, chair: Jon Marcoux, Melissa Baltus Zych

Azar, Madelaine ([email protected], University of North Carolina) [40] Making Heads or Tails: An Iconographic Analysis of Rim Effigy Bowls from the Central Mississippi River Valley

Barlow, Robert ([email protected], University of Wyoming) [23] Paleoindian and Early Archaic Response to the Younger Dryas in North Alabama: An Analysis of Variability in Resharpening of Hafted Bifaces

Grooms, Seth ([email protected], Washington University in St. Louis) [41] Mound Building at the Jaketown Site: Sacred Ballast on a Volatile Landscape

Lash, Heather ([email protected], Indiana University of Pennsylvania) [15] “Food Gives Me Substance, Food Gives Me Life:” Analysis of Subsistence Practices at the Fort Frederick Heritage Preserve (38BU102/136/1100), Beaufort, South Carolina

Olson, Kaelyn (Mississippi State University) [42] Context is Key: The Osteobiography of Burial Number 37, Mississippi State Lunatic Asylum Cemetery Project

Straub, Elizabeth ([email protected], University of Kentucky) [37] Kind of a Pig Deal: Analysis of a Mission Period Animal Burial

Wright, Kevin ([email protected], University of Oklahoma) [40] A Chemical and Petrographic Approach to Exploring Choctaw Coalescence

29 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 Abstracts of Symposia In Order of Presentation

[3] Backhoes & Trowels, Ancestor Idols and Murals: Some Contributions to Southeastern Archaeology by Jefferson Chapman and Friends Organizers: Larry Kimball, Thomas Whyte, and Clifford Boyd Jeff Chapman’s long career epitomizes what the Southeastern Archaeological Conference is all about: state-of- the art excavation and discovery; focused archaeological analysis; refinement of culture histories; integration of geological & archaeological sciences; elucidation of the entire breadth of native Southern adaptations; timely publication; public education & outreach; collaboration with the Cherokee; among other aspects of what we do as well-rounded Southeastern archaeologists. The papers presented in this symposium exemplify how Chapman’s ground-breaking projects continue to influence Southeastern archaeology in this regard. These include studies of: Archaic through Cherokee period archaeology; archaeobotany; zooarchaeology; geoarchaeology; archaeometry; and bioarchaeology.

[4] Recent Finds in Louisiana Archaeology Organizers: Valerie Feathers and Rachel Watson Archaeology in Louisiana is as complex as it is astounding. This session features topics spanning prehistoric, historic, and urban archaeology throughout the state. Innovative techniques such as LiDAR, magnetic susceptibility, magnetometry, and 3D technologies used in conjunction with traditional excavation methods and pedestrian survey provide new information on old finds. Presenters will highlight this new information, expand on past excavations, give updates on current projects, take a new look at old collections, and suggest future avenues of research in Louisiana Archaeology.

[5] Current African Diaspora Archaeology in the Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor Organizer: David Palmer The Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor was designated by the United States Congress in 2006 to recognize the unique African Diaspora cultures that developed, and persist, in this coastal swath extending from Pender County, North Carolina, to St. John’s County, Florida. Symposium participants will share updates on their research on African Diaspora sites in this region, whose former (and present) inhabitants may (or may not) refer to themselves as Gullah or Geechee. Participants will discuss the archaeological and anthropological significance of their findings, and also the significance and meaning for present-day descendants and other community members.

[12] Spelling It Out: Deciphering the Architectural Grammar(s) of Precolumbian Florida Organizers: Nathan Lawres and Jon Endonino The construction of mounded architecture is a Native American cultural tradition with deep historical roots in the southeastern United States, a tradition beginning in the Middle Archaic Period and continuing into the Protohistoric Period. While archaeologists recognize that there were consistently used organizational principles and site plans throughout the Southeast, there have been few discussions of architectural grammar(s). This is especially true for Florida. In this symposium, we seek to address this by examining monumental architecture and the arrangement of that architecture into formal plans in the differing cultural and temporal periods in what is now the State of Florida.

30 65th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi [13] Can We Save Them All? Adaptation and Mitigation Efforts for Heritage at Risk in the Southeast Organizers: Emily Murray, Meg Gaillard, Sarah Miller As climate change impacts like flooding, erosion, and storm events intensify throughout the southeastern United States, archaeologists and cultural resource managers are faced with tough decisions: adapt sites to withstand future impacts and environmental changes; mitigate the impacts and damages by recovering information and samples; or lose the resources altogether. Often, plans include all three strategies. With resources, funding, and time at a premium, heritage professionals are striving to develop short-term strategies for emergency response and long-term plans like site triage. This symposium features a selection of cases studies examining how these issues are being addressed.

[20] Current Research in Mississippi Archaeology: New and Ongoing Research Directions in Mississippi Archaeology Organizers: John Underwood and Meg Kassabaum The Mississippi Archaeological Association and the Mississippi Association of Professional Archaeologists actively support research of Mississippi’s diverse history and prehistory. This symposium brings together a collection of recent and ongoing archaeological research in Mississippi to celebrate and promote Mississippi’s archaeological heritage. The papers presented will explore Mississippi’s dynamic past ranging from the Early Archaic period to the turn of the twentieth century and span sites from virtually all the state’s physiographic regions.

[21] The Materiality of Colonial Encounter Organizers: Martha Zierden, Jon Marcoux, and Corey Heyward Careful consideration of the historical record, the cultural landscape, and archaeological materials can capture the diversity and complexity of the colonial experience in the southern British colonies. Despite attempts by those in power to fix social, cultural, and physical boundaries, these were usually temporary, negotiated, and renegotiated through daily practices. Archaeological materials, including locally-made pottery, beads, and items of personal adornment, serve as examples of how fluid social boundaries could be established, maintained, or broken down. The participants will discuss collaborative research from multiple sets of evidence and new discoveries in legacy collections following participation in two recent colonoware workshops.

[22] Put a Ring on It: Archaic to Mississippian Southeastern Arcuate Communities Organizers: Analise M. Hollingshead and Haley S. Messer Since the late 19th century, people have sought explanations for circular formations marking the Southeastern coastal landscape. Are there connections between these formations throughout time, or does each site offer a unique picture of the community who created and or occupied it? These arcuate formations could represent places of settlement, ceremony, monuments, feasting, households, or a combination; each one differing in activities that made them. Through different analyses and viewpoints, this session presents interpretations from the investigations of particularly unique types of shell and non-shell “ring communities” spanning the Late Archaic through Early Mississippian cultural periods.

31 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 [23] New Research and New Directions in Paleoindian Research in Southeastern North America: Papers in Honor of Charles M. Hubbert Organizer: J. Scott Jones Recent decades have witnessed revolutionary changes in our understanding of Southeastern prehistory. However, interpretations of the earliest people of the region developed many decades ago using data from areas outside of the Southeast persist. Due to the conservative nature of Paleoindian research, new perceptions of Paleoindian lifeways are slow to enter both the professional and public’s understanding of the earliest inhabitants of the Southeast. These papers represent new directions in research that advance our understanding of the Southeast’s earliest inhabitants. These papers are presented in honor of Charles M. Hubbert, whose efforts in Paleoindian research are considered influential and visionary.

[24] Human-Animal Interactions at a Mississippian Mound Site in Middle Tennessee Organizers: Tanya Peres and Benjamin Stewart A large faunal assemblage was recovered during salvage excavations at the Fewkes site (40WM1) in Middle Tennessee in the late 1990s. With little funding for analysis, the initial data collection of the assemblage was conducted during various zooarchaeology courses over a 15-year period. These data were then digitized and cleaned by FSU Anthropology graduate students. In this symposium, we present a history of excavations at Fewkes and in-depth analyses of human-animal interactions at this important Mississippian mound site in Middle Tennessee.

[31] Exploring Mississippian Landscape Modification and Identity Construction through Geophysics Organizers: Jacob Skousen and Christina Friberg The appearance of Mississippian communities, identities, and society coincides with the transformation of places and landscapes (e.g., building mounds, planning and constructing organized settlements, and modifying natural features). Unfortunately, understanding how places and landscapes are transformed on a large scale is a daunting task using traditional excavation techniques, but geophysical survey is a quick, cost-effective, and insightful way to address these issues. The goal of this symposium is to combine geophysical data with current theories of landscape, place, movement, phenomenology, and identity to address questions of Mississippian identity and being through the construction of places and landscapes.

[37] The Sapelo Papers Revisted: 40 Years of Continued Research on the Heart of the Golden Isles Organizers: Brandon Ritchison and Lindsey Cochran Research on Sapelo Island, Georgia, has proliferated since Lewis Larson’s initial archaeological program began in 1974. In the nearly 40 years since the publication of the Sapelo Papers in 1980, compiled to assist the creation of the State Historic Preservation Plan for the coastal region, research on Sapelo Island has continued to focus on many of the same sites, time periods, and topics, yet has been informed by new theory and methods. This session is dedicated to creating a retrospective and synthetic discussion of research that has been conducted over the last 40 years with a focus on future directions.

32 65th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi [38] Chickasaw Archaeological Research in the 21st Century: From Chikasha to Charity Hall Organizer: Matthew Rooney Archaeological research on Chickasaw-related sites and themes has blossomed in recent decades, in large part due to Chickasaw Nation’s engagement in research and heritage preservation efforts in its Homeland. Students, staff, and faculty from several regional universities have collaborated and performed research on sites ranging from the late Mississippian period right up until Indian Removal in the 1830s. It is time to appraise the successes and challenges of this growing endeavor, which has involved the direct participation of Chickasaw Nation members at each stage of the process. [42] Recent Investiagations at the Mississippi State Asylum Cemetery: An Interdisciplinary Approach toward Understanding Organizers: Nicholas Herrmann and Molly Zuckermann Investigations at the Mississippi State Asylum cemetery (1855-1935) represent a nexus for archaeological, bioarchaeological, historical, medical, and dendrochronological research in the state of Mississippi Similar to other asylum/poor house cemeteries across the US, the MSA cemetery provides an opportunity to combine historical records, medical history, hospital records, community knowledge, and bioarchaeological data to address questions concerning the lived experiences of the patients, employees and community surrounding the asylum. Recent excavations exhumed 66 burials and information from these individuals are combined with various sources to enrich our understanding of the MSA and provide information for the descendant community concerning their relatives.

33 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi Abstracts of Papers and Posters (presentations that will show photographs of human remains are marked with an *) (entries in Student Paper Competition are marked with **)

Adovasio, J. M. (see Freund, Kyle P.) Ahlstedt, Steve (see McKenna, Kathryn) Allen, E. Thurman (see Greenlee, Diana M.) Alt, Susan [31] Discussant Alt, Susan M. ([email protected], Indiana University Bloomington), Molly Mesner Bleyhl (Indiana University Bloomington), Caitlin Burkes Antoniuk (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), Adam Blake Coker (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), Sarah Schumacher (Indiana University Bloomington) [6] Little Houses on the Prairie: A Diachronic Aassessment of a Cahokian Farmstead In this paper we report on excavations during summer of 2019 at The Judy’s farmhouse site, a domestic habitation site in the Cahokian uplands which was in use from the Edelhardt through the Stirling phase. This occupation covers the period when Cahokia urbanized, rose to prominence and then began to decline. People- likely one family group, settled at the Judy’s farmhouse site, built a modest farmstead, and then seemingly stayed on and rebuilt through time. By tracking the changes in each rebuild period we offer a preliminary profile of one family’s response to the dynamic social, political and religious changes during Cahokia’s rise and decline. Alvey, Jeffrey (see Starnes, James) Anderson, David G. ([email protected], University of Tennessee) [13] Mitigating the Impact of Climate Change on the Archaeological Record: Reservoir Investigations Suggest How to Proceed Archaeological mitigation planning and fieldwork on an unprecedented scale will be necessary if we are to save what will be lost to climate change in the coming years. The approaches taken during the Russell Reservoir project serve as a model of what will be needed moving forward. Participating agencies and researchers made a conscious effort to examine the widest possible range of cultural resources, including studies of prehistoric and historical archaeology, domestic and industrial architecture, history, oral history, and paleoenvironments. Numerous technical and popular reports and were produced, and the collections were permanently curated and remain accessible to this day. Anderson, Derek T. (see Strawn, James L.) Anderson, Derek T. (see Larson, Kara) Anderson, Derek T. ([email protected], Mississippi State University), Kara Larson (Mississippi State University) [35] An Archaeological Faunal Database for Mississippi Mississippi has a rich faunal record, but there is currently no way to systematically search for occurrences of species in the past when conducting zooarchaeological analyses. This project compiles data from archaeological assemblages into a comprehensive statewide database that can be used to search for faunal remains across time and space. The initial data-gathering stage includes information from thousands of site and survey reports; later stages will include the analysis of unreported assemblages, and can also be expanded to include paleontological assemblages, historic (fur trade) reports, and modern biological surveys in order to reconstruct past environments and populations.

34 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 Andrews, Susan (Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions) [15] Brunsoni Iron Furnace: Industrial Slavery on the Periphery of the South The Brunsoni Furnace site (40SW219) is an iron blast furnace operated between 1829 and 1836 in Stewart County, Tennessee. Data recovery excavations at the site identified a range of furnace components as well as a supervisor’s office/house, a blacksmith area, and slave quarters. The African American contributions to the iron industry in Tennessee were significant but the lives of enslaved industrial laborers are not well understood. The archaeology and materials recovered at Brunsoni Furnace provides an opportunity to explore the similarities and differences between agricultural plantations and iron furnace operations in centralized organization, spatial layout, slave housing, and foodways. Anthony, Ron (see Zierden, Martha) Ashley, Keith ([email protected], University of North Florida) [12] Shields Mound and Mt. Royal: Monumental Architecture at Two St. Johns II Mound Complexes (ca. AD 900-1250) The Mill Cove Complex and Mt. Royal exhibit unparalleled evidence of contact and interactions between Florida and the early Mississippian world in terms of extralocal objects and materials. In addition, Mt. Royal and Shields Mound at Mill Cove display similar spatial configurations marked by a large mortuary mound linked to a pond/lake through a lengthy causeway banked by earthen berms. Such a blueprint lacks immediate antecedence along the lower St. Johns River. This paper compares the two mound complexes and considers the river’s ancient human past and the contemporary Mississippian world as potential contributors to this form of monumental landscape. Ayers-Rigsby, Sara (see Kangas, Rachael) Azar, Madelaine ([email protected], University of North Carolina) [40] Making Heads or Tails: An Iconographic Analysis of Rim Effigy Bowls from the Central Mississippi River Valley ** Ceramic rim effigy bowls are found throughout the Central Mississippi River Valley (CMV). Characterized by modeled head and tail adornos, these bowls depict a variety of characters inhabiting the Mississippian cosmos. However, CMV rim effigy bowl iconography has not previously been evaluated. Through a systematic review of the corpus, this study provides an iconographic model that links aspects of rim effigy bowl style and theme to cosmic referents and ritual practice. Specifically, these bowls may have acted as miniature models of the Mississippian cosmos that were produced and used by religious collectives-perhaps sodalities-throughout the region. Badon, Darcie C. ([email protected], Mississippi State University) [42] Evidence of Biological Resiliency in the Mississippi State Asylum * Using an osteobiographical approach, a comprehensive skeletal analysis of Burial 40, a probable female of older adult age from the Mississippi State Lunatic Asylum (MSLA), Jackson, MS (1855-1935), demonstrates how epidemiologic and environmental conditions in contemporary Mississippi and the MSLA likely negatively synergized with infectious disease. Pathologies exhibited by Burial 40 include porotic hyperostosis, hypoplastic enamel defects, abnormal bone loss at the hip and shoulder joints, vertebral porosity, and extensive nonspecific periosteal reactions. These are consistent with a diagnosis of falciparum malaria infection. Combined with Burial 40’s older age at death, these findings give insights into this individual’s biological resiliency. Bailey, Willaim (see Nelson, Erin S.) Baires, Sarah (see Baltus, Melissa)

35 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi Balco, William ([email protected], University of North Georgia), Amanda O’Connell (University of North Georgia) [39] 2019 Excavations at Rice Farm (9DW276), Dawson County, Georgia University of North Georgia’s 2019 Archaeological Field School explored several areas of 9DW276 (Rice Farm), a Middle and Late Woodland site located in north Georgia. These excavations targeted anomalies detected via ground penetrating radar (GPR). Twenty-seven 1-x-1-meter units were excavated at the site, identifying various components along the site’s periphery. Initial results are presented, contextualizing two midden areas containing dense concentrations of artifacts and one structure. Artifacts recovered suggest cultivation and/or land clearing as well as on-site feasting. An initial interpretation is presented as are plans for future research exploring the associated macro-and micro-botanical remains Baltus, Melissa ([email protected], University of Toledo), Sarah Baires (Eastern Connecticut State University) [31] Shaping Cahokia, Forming Cahokians: Geophysical Exploration of the Spring Lake Neighborhood Large scale excavations in the Greater Cahokia area have demonstrated that neighborhoods are locales of identity-creation through the dynamic physical interrelation between people, architecture, and the landscape (Betzenhauser and Pauketat 2019; Emerson et al. 2018). Using magnetometry to explore the Spring Lake Tract neighborhood at Cahokia, we demonstrate how intentional landscape modification via borrowing and infilling were centering practices in the formation, occupation, and abandonment of this neighborhood. The dynamics of this particular neighborhood are compared to others in the city to explore how identities were shaped as Cahokian with local variation. Banks, Petra ([email protected], Texas State University), Anna Osterholtz (Mississippi State University) [42] Cranial Trauma in the Mississippi State Asylum Population * This study examined the crania of 68 individuals who died while patients at the Mississippi State Asylum in the early 20th Century. Of 48 individuals with assessable preservation, 14 individuals experienced cranial trauma on or above the hat brim line, which is associated with a higher probability of interpersonal violence. In 6 of these cases, individuals had multiple trauma, indicative of possible recidivism. Five of the 6 were female. Although it is impossible to know by the data available whether these injuries occurred before or after admittance into the asylum, the data suggest possible similar etiologies for the injuries. Barbour, Terry ([email protected], University of Florida) [32] Entrepreneurs or Working Stiffs? : Initial Research on the Social Structuring of Raleigh Island Shell Rings A 10th -12th century shell ring complex has been discovered on Raleigh Island that will further our understanding of craft production at material source locations, and the attendant social structuring of those activities. Space on the western terminus of Raleigh Island is demarcated into no less than 37 shell rings clustered into four groups, with some reaching over 4m tall. Furthermore, excavations among these rings produced extensive evidence of shell bead making. In this presentation I outline our most recent excavations among one of these ring groups and provide an initial analysis of the ceramic assemblage recovered from those test units. Barbour, Terry (see Sassaman, Kenneth) Bardolph, Dana (see Wilson, Gregory) Bardolph, Dana (see Friberg, Christina)

36 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 Barlow, Robert ([email protected], University of Wyoming) [23] Paleoindian and Early Archaic Response to the Younger Dryas in North Alabama: An analysis of Variability in Resharpening of Hafted Bifaces ** This study is a collections-based project that employed 1,300 projectile points to investigate behavioral response to the Younger Dryas climatic event (12,900 to 11,700 BP) in north Alabama. I apply a modified version of the marginal value theorem to determine how changing resource structures caused changes in projectile point technology. I argue that changes in technology during the Younger Dryas were not conditioned by access or availability of lithic raw material. Instead, variation in projectile point size, resharpening, and discard are likely a response to changes in return rates from hunting and foraging. Barlow, Robert A. (see Carroll, Morgan A.) Barnes, Jodi A. [5] Discussant Barnes, Jodi A. ([email protected], Arkansas Archeological Survey) [34] Make No Bones about It: Kitchens, Foodways, and Public Archaeology in Arkansas Historic house sites with kitchens that functioned as cooking and dwelling spaces occupied by African American women are compelling places for archaeological research because comparisons between sites offer insight into how ethnicity, religion, access to butchers and local markets, and rural or urban location influenced the families’ foodways during similar time periods. This presentation provides an overview of the archaeological research and the ways it is incorporated into the Behind the Big House program, a collaborative project that examines Arkansas’s history of slavery and highlights the ways the influenced the history and culture of the Arkansas diet. Bartz, Emily ([email protected], University of Florida) [41] Appropriating the Dead, Encircling the Sacred: Suturing the Past to the Present at Archaic Stallings Island (9CB1), Middle Savannah River Late Archaic Stallings Island was occupied by two groups whose material culture and lifestyles point to distinct historical lineages, coinciding with Mill Branch culture of the middle Savannah River valley and Stallings culture of the Lower Savannah. Despite differences that indicate distinct histories, there are numerous shared cultural components that attests to longstanding interactions between the groups and their predecessors. Likely influenced by the significance Mill Branch groups attached to this place, Classic Stalling people transformed their landscape, reinforcing and supporting a genealogy based on a sense of long-term being in place through intermingling their dead with Mill Branch ancestors. Baumann, Timothy J. (see Davis, R. P. Stephen) Baumann, Timothy J. (see McKenna, Kathryn) Baumann, Timothy J. (University of Tennessee), Gary Crites (University of Tennessee), Peggy Humes (University of Tennessee), Tony Krus (University of South Dakota) [3] Full of Beans: The Story of the Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the Midsouth The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is the last domesticate adopted into Southeastern prehistoric foodways, but its time of arrival, path of introduction, and implication on the migration/interaction of people is not clearly understood. Twelve new directly-dated beans from Tennessee have this crop in the Midsouth by 1350 AD. This is during the last Little Ice Age with a drier and cooler climate that caused an increase in cultural stress. In response, large Mississippian communities in the Lower Ohio Valley adopted beans from Midwestern groups and then brought them south as they abandoned/dispersed this region, resulting in the Vacant Quarter. Beahm, Emily L. (see Colaninno-Meeks, Carol) Bean, Ethan (see Moore, Christopher R., IN) 37 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi Beck, Robin (see Rodning, Chris) Belcher, Megan ([email protected], University of Tennessee-Knoxville), Barbara J. Heath (University of Tennessee-Knoxville), Kandace D. Hollenbach (University of Tennessee-Knoxville) [15] A Taste of the Past: A Paleoethnobotanical Analysis of Foodways at the Coan Hall Site (44NB11) The Coan Hall site (44NB11) is a 17th-and 18th-century colonial site located in Northumberland County on Virginia’s Northern Neck. Excavations by the University of Tennessee have yielded several cultural features from different periods of occupation at the site. This paper explores the possible utilization of wild plants as a supplement to crop cultivation to understand potential diet and subsistent strategies present at the site. Paleoethnobotanical remains of wild plants found will be discussed, in addition to a review of edible wild plants from the region to gain a better understanding of the available plant resources for past inhabitants. Bender, Sarah (see Nelson, Erin S.) Bennett, Lianne ([email protected], Deland High School), Sarah Bennett (SEARCH) [34] New Smyrna Celebrates: Planning and Public Participation in Local Heritage New Smyrna Beach, Florida celebrated its 250th anniversary in 2018. New Smyrna contains archaeological evidence from the 18th-century to the 20th-century. The community, however, undervalues and underappreciates this heritage. In order to infuse heritage awareness and appreciation into the community, the authors developed three Archaeology Discovery Stations for the event. Stations corresponded with an archaeological site in New Smyrna from the 18th, 19th, or 20th-century. Visitors were invited to participate in activities that highlighted artifacts from each century. Eighteenth-century Smyrnea ceramics were mended. The 19th-century Old Fort was reconstructed. Twentieth-century games were played. The engaging, participatory activities were well received. Bennett, Lianne (see Bennett, Sarah) Bennett, Ryan ([email protected], University of West Georgia), Andrew Carter (University of West Georgia), Nathan Lawres (University of West Georgia) [25] Setting a Larger Standard: Waring Curation and Audience Beyond Georgia The Waring Laboratory’s curatorial program is well-known throughout the Southeast for its high operating standards. The Waring curation cycle exceeds federal standards, which provides the opportunity for external agencies to employ Waring personnel to revitalize collections not curated at the facility. Such curatorial projects have allowed the expansion of the Waring Laboratory to neighboring areas to include collaborations with agencies throughout the Southeast to represent a variety of temporal/cultural affiliations. To enhance the reach of this expansion, a shift towards digital collections and exhibits was implemented, allowing for broader access to archaeological materials in virtual contexts. Bennett, Sarah (see Bennett, Lianne) Bennett, Sarah ([email protected], SEARCH), Lianne Bennett (Deland High School) [34] New Smyrna Celebrates: Partnerships and Public Participation in Local Heritage New Smyrna Beach, Florida celebrated its 250th anniversary in 2018. In order to infuse heritage awareness and appreciation into the community, the authors developed three Archaeology Discovery Stations for the event. The stations were designed to integrate engaging, participatory archaeology activities into the 250th anniversary event and to reinvigorate partnerships between the New Smyrna Museum of History and Florida archaeologists. This paper evaluates and reflects upon three components of the stations: 1) the public archaeology content; 2) the public’s reaction to archaeological content; and 3) the status of partnerships between the New Smyrna Museum of History and local archaeologists. Bentley, Steve (see Greene, Taylor A.) Bergstrom, Velica (see Doucet, Julie)

38 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 Betsinger, Tracy K. (see Smith, Maria Ostendorf) Blaber, Thomas O. (see Musch, Abigail M.) Blair, Chris ([email protected], Environmental Research Group, LLC), Michael Creswell (Environmental Research Group, LLC) [39] Modeling Access to Water from Prehistoric Sites Through Least Cost Analyses: A Case Study from the Salt River Watershed, KY This study leverages Least Cost Analysis (LCA) tools to create cost distance to water values for prehistoric sites in the Salt River watershed, Kentucky. Common distance to water values do not consider difficulty to traverse terrain or seasonal runoff. By combining LCA analysis with the Strahler stream rank-order regime, this study considers the link between cost distance to water and site assemblages exploring the relationship between site activities and accessibility to water. LCA helps reveal site distributions dependent in part on water resource accessibility and explores implications for broader prehistoric settlement variability in the Salt River watershed. Blair, Elliot H. (see Carroll, Morgan A.) Blair, Elliot H. (see Torres Rios, Beatriz) Blake Coker, Adam (see Alt, Susan M.) Blalock, Caylen (see Nelson, Erin S.) Blanton, Dennis B. (see Torres Rios, Beatriz) Blitz, John ([email protected], University of Alabama), Jera Davis (New South Associates, Inc), Jessica Kowalski (University of Alabama) [31] Construction and Destruction at Early Moundville: Ground-Truthing Magnetic Anomalies in the Plaza A large-scale magnetic gradient survey and ground-truth excavation program have confirmed that numerous standing structures were present in Moundville’s plaza space. We discuss investigations in the plaza at centrally located Mound A, a place of early ceremonial importance, and plaza excavations near Mound P, which uncovered a large, special-purpose building that was razed and buried in a termination event. Initial plaza construction at Moundville removed or altered visible references closely identified with earlier peoples, events, and traditions, permitting a reimagined past to unify the builders with a remade collective identity as they formed a new social order ca. 1250 CE. Bloch, Lindsay ([email protected], Florida Museum of Natural History),Ann S. Cordell (Florida Museum of Natural History), Amanda Wagner-Pelkey (Florida Museum of Natural History) [17] New Tools for Archaeological Pottery Identification and Training Hands-on learning is a critical part of archaeological training; yet, some places lack the necessary resources or expertise. In the Ceramic Technology Laboratory (CTL) at the Florida Museum of Natural History, we continue to develop new tools for learning about the pottery of the southeastern US. Here, we present some of the digital tools that we have developed, including online type collections, printable 3D models, and how-to manuals for the training, analysis, and curation of pottery materials. We also showcase some of our hands-on materials for teaching about archaeological pottery at K-12 through graduate levels. Bonney, Rob (see Buchanan, Meghan) Botwick, Brad ([email protected], New South Associates, Inc.) [5] The Representation of Gullah Geechee Culture and Life at Historic Plantation Museums: A Task for Archaeology Historic plantation museums have come under criticism for their portrayal of enslaved Africans and people of African descent. Many of these properties are featured sites of Gullah Geechee culture and history. It is

39 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi reasonable to critique the lack of attention these places give to African Americans and to look for ways that Gullah Geechee culture and experiences can be incorporated into their historical presentations. Archaeology has countered inaccurate beliefs about African American life on and around plantations before and after Emancipation. This paper discusses the potential that archaeology has to illuminate Gullah Geechee life at historic plantation museums. Boudreaux, Tony ([email protected], University of Mississippi), Stephen Harris (University of Mississippi) [38] An Overview of Fieldwork at the Early Contact Period Stark Farm Site (22Ok778) The Black Prairie region of northeast Mississippi has been proposed as a possible location for the native polity of Chicasa, and recent research suggests it may be represented by a large cluster of Late Mississippian to Contact period sites around the town of Starkville. This paper synthesizes several seasons of fieldwork at one of these sites where a large assemblage of presumably Spanish metal has been found. Fieldwork indicates the presence of several widely spaced native houses and a densely occupied area that may have contained a public building. Boudreaux, Tony (see Harris, Stephen) Bourcy, Samuel (see Gollogly, Collin) Bourcy, Samuel (see Troutman, Michele) Bourcy, Samuel (see Galdun, Jaclyn) Bourcy, Samuel ([email protected], Binghamton University), Katherine Seeber (Binghamton University), Jeffery Pietras (Binghamton University), Matthew Sanger (Binghamton University) [22] Split Apart: Analysis of a Late Archaic Concreted Fire Pit Excavations at the Sea Pines Shell Ring revealed concreted fire pits within the plaza. Similar features have been reported at other Late Archaic shell rings but have never been studied in detail. Often assumed to be simple hearths, our studies demonstrate the feature formed in a single episode and contains numerous fragmented bones, shells, and other Late Archaic material culture. This pit, and the presence of similar pits at other rings, suggests an understudied aspect of shell ring life revolving around the use of large-scale fires, perhaps used for cooking large meals or perhaps for handling the dead. Bowne, Eric ([email protected], University of Central Arkansas) [7] Christian Priber Among the Overhill Cherokees: Reevaluating the Documentary Evidence Christian Priber, a European intellectual who lived among the Cherokees in the mid-eighteenth-century, is one of the most enigmatic figures in the annals of European-Native America diplomatic interrelations. Because of a dearth of sources, only a handful of scholars have attempted more than a cursory description of Priber. Each contributed important insights, but none provided a fully critical examination of the documents. Who wrote the pieces? When? What were the authors’ relationships with Priber? Did they influence each other’s accounts? What motivated them to write? What is the veracity of their claims? What can the documents tell us with certainty? Boyd, Cliff ([email protected], Radford University), Donna Boyd (Radford University) [11] Diachronic Change and Early European Contact in Southwest Virginia: The Shannon (44MY8) and Trigg (44MY3) Sites * Diachronic change in mortuary and sociopolitical organization, subsistence, and health are documented across a 400-year period in southwest Virginia through a comparison of the 13th century Shannon (44MY8) and 17th century Trigg (44MY3) sites, located 15 miles apart in Montgomery County, Virginia. Although continuity across this time period is noted (e.g., in subsistence), lower life expectancy and a more centralized

40 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 sociopolitical organization (as indicated by mortuary placement and grave good distribution) at the later Trigg site likely reflects evidence for the detrimental impact of initial European contact on indigenous southwest Virginia Native American populations, particularly the young. Boyd, Donna (see Boyd, Cliff) Boyer, Shana ([email protected], University of South Florida) [8] Privies as Portals: An Analysis of Ceramics from a Late 19th Century Household Privy in Ellenton, Florida The Gamble Plantation in Ellenton, Florida, has been part of the Florida Frontier since its establishment in 1844, with diverse owners and occupants, until its purchase and donation to the state in 1925. Excavations in 2018 identified a privy located just behind the kitchen of the mansion on the estate, dating to the late th19 / early 20th century, when Ellenton remained a small frontier town. This poster presents preliminary results of the analysis of ceramics from this feature, illuminating the everyday lives of people who called this land home. The materials offer insight into trade and consumption in Victorian Florida. Boyer, Willet ([email protected], Aucilla Research Institute) [7] Fort Walton Chronology and Culture in the Lowlands: New Data from Wakulla Springs, Florida and Related Sites The chronology of the Fort Walton culture has been debated since its recognition, and Fort Walton sites in the coastal regions are less well known than those in the “Red Hills” and the Apalachicola River valley. This paper will discuss the results of compositional analysis and OSL dating of ceramics from the cluster of Fort Walton sites located at Wakulla Springs, Florida, as well as others from the “Red Hills” region and the Aucilla River. These studies provide new data concerning late precontact and protohistoric Fort Walton culture in the coastal region, as well as avenues for future research. Bradbury, Andrew P. ([email protected], Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc.), Philip J. Carr (University of South Alabama) [3] Investigating Patterning in Early Archaic Lithic Assemblages from the St. Albans Site Viewing stone-tool data from the Early Archaic horizons at the St. Albans site (46KN27) using an organization of technology approach allows an examination of site use through time. Diversity and correspondence analyses indicate occupation intensity and site function changed over time. Specifically, the Charleston occupation clearly differs from subsequent occupations. Multiple uses are indicated during the Kirk occupations, while the St. Albans components are distinct from those previous. The two LeCroy components appear similar to each other, whereas the two Kanawha components represent different uses of the site. Additional insights are offered regarding site activities conducted and technological strategies employed. Brennan, Tamira (see Welch, Paul) Briggs, Rachel (see Rodning, Chris) Britt, Tad ([email protected], ), Samuel M. Huey (University of Louisiana at Lafayette), David Watt (Tulane University), Kory Konsoer (Louisiana State University), Mark Rees (University of Louisiana at Lafayette) [4] Archaeological and Geomorphic Assessment on Louisiana’s Gulf Coast: A Report on Recent Site Monitoring and Reconnaissance Archaeological sites and site distribution on Louisiana’s Gulf Coast have been studied for more than 60 years. Site destruction has accelerated during that time due to subsidence, shoreline erosion, and relative sea-level rise, exacerbated by anthropogenic alterations of the coastal landscape and environment. A multi-institutional consortium for Mississippi River Delta Archaeological Mitigation began site monitoring and reconnaissance in September of this year. Preliminary results of site monitoring and reconnaissance are presented in relation to the prioritization of sites for alternative mitigation.

41 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi Britt, Tad (see Watt, David) Brookes, Samuel O. [30] Discussant Brookes, Samuel O. (see Jones, Dennis) Brookes, Samuel O. (see Strawn, James L.) Brooks, Mark J. (see Moore, Christopher R., SC) Brown, Emmett ([email protected], North Wind Resource Consulting), Robyn Latham (North Wind Resource Consulting), Michael Miller (North Wind Resource Consulting) [20] Cooking in the Uplands: Fire Cracked Rock and the Geophyte Revolution in the Uplands of the Homochitto National Forest Landscape archaeology can provide information on site patterning, especially when large areas are available for survey. From 2018-2019, North Wind Resource Consulting conducted Phase I surveys on approximately 2000 acres in the Homochitto National Forest, Mississippi. While these surveys revealed a variety of site types, it was the identification of small, Fire Cracked Rock-rich, upland sites that stood out during the surveys. This paper will provide an overview of these upland sites and a discussion within the larger context of food preparation and hunter-gatherer archaeology in the Homochitto National Forest and the Pine Hills region of Mississippi. Brown, Ian W. ([email protected], Unniversity of Alabama) [6] The 25th Anniversary of the University of Alabama’s Bottle Creek Project Bottle Creek Site is a multi-mound site located in the heart of the Mobile-Tensaw Delta. The Gulf Coast Survey of the Alabama Museum of Natural History conducted three field seasons at Bottle Creek between 1991 and 1994; thus the quarter-century anniversary of its conclusion. Numerous works resulted from this research, as well as a successful National Historic Landmark nomination. This paper presents a history of the survey and excavations, including the people involved in the field and lab who are responsible for our current understanding of the role that Bottle Creek played in the growth and development of . Bubp, Rebecca (see May, Alan) Buchanan, Meghan ([email protected], Auburn University), Rob Bonney (Auburn University) [36] Two Newly Discovered Copper Arrow Symbol Badges from East Alabama: Old Collections, New Interpretations Copper arrow symbol badges (CASB) have been reported at Mississippian Period sites in the southeast. Attempts have been made over the years to create a number of different CASB typologies, but less has been written on the possible social, political, and religious connections between sites where CASB have been recovered. In this poster, we will discuss two unpublished CASB discovered in Auburn University collections from sites 1MC1 (Big Tallassee) and 1RU61 (Abercrombie). Additionally, we will summarize the current state of knowledge about these unique objects regarding their morphology, iconography, and geographic distribution as well as discuss sociopolitical implications. Burkes Antoniuk, Caitlin (see Alt, Susan M.) Butler, Brian (see Welch, Paul) Butler, Nic (see Zierden, Martha)

42 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 Capps, Matthew ([email protected], Wake Forest University), Eleanor Logan (Wake Forest University) [17] An Examination of the Temporal Trends and Impact of Mississippian Expansion on Piedmont Village Tradition Projectile Point Technology We compared Late Woodland projectile point types at two Piedmont Village Tradition communities in the Yadkin River Valley, Redtail (1285-1415 CE) and Porter (1400-1600 CE). Chronological and functional distinctiveness of the types found at PVT sites have not been studied extensively. Previous research demonstrated that types are morphologically distinct at Redtail. We measured point attributes from Porter and compared this data to results at Redtail. In addition to later occupation, Porter differs in having an influence from Mississippian communities and in utilizing distinct lithic resources. This allows us to examine temporal, material, and Mississippian influence on the PVT lithic industry. Carleton, Kenneth (Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians) [20] 1830 Choctaw House Sites and Individual Reservations Claimed Under Article 14 of the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, 1830: Geolocation Using Information from “The Evidence”, ca. 1886 Using information published as “The Evidence” of the court case Choctaw Nation vs. The United States, 1886, which includes information on Choctaw houses in September, 1830, recorded in depositions taken by the Choctaw Claims Commission, 1838-1845, the author used Google Earth to map the reported house locations. In all the locations of ca. 15,000 houses have been mapped. This information provides a quick Section 106 review tool and reveals spatial patterns of the Choctaw Nation in 1830. Carmody, Stephen (see Miller, D. Shane) Carnes-McNaughton, Linda ([email protected], Fort Bragg Cultural Resources Program) [11] Surviving Graduate School Whilst Digging Cisterns and Privies The early 1980s brought a new brand of archaeology to UT when Knoxville prepared to host the 1982 World’s Fair. As large reservoir projects were ending, new challenges took their place as historic Knoxville was being impacted by massive construction. It happened quickly, but Jeff Chapman and McClung Museum responded to citizen’s calls and complaints. These short-term, block by block projects took on an unexpected urgency. Chapman’s response proved creative as what began as salvage work evolved into broader research goals that continued. The results of five small urban archaeology projects demonstrate those nascent efforts to capture Knoxville’s historic resources. Carr, Philip J. (see Bradbury, Andrew P.) Carroll, Morgan A. ([email protected], University of Alabama), Robert A. Barlow (University of Wyoming), Jera R. Davis (New South Associates), Elliot H. Blair (University of Alabama) [16] A pXRF Analysis of Copper and Brass Artifacts from Law’s Site (1MS100), Pine Island, AL Law’s Site (1MS100), located on Pine Island, Alabama, is a multicomponent archaeological site consisting of Archaic, Woodland (Copena), and colonial-era occupations. Metal objects from both the Copena and colonial occupations are labeled as “copper” in the collections housed at the Office of Archaeological research at the University of Alabama. In this study we conducted a portable x-ray fluorescence spectrometry analysis of these “copper” artifacts from the site in order to distinguish items of American native copper, smelted copper, and brass. Items from each category were successfully identified using this method, allowing further analysis of the multicomponent occupation of this site. Carroll, Morgan A. (see Torres Rios, Beatriz) Carter, Andrew (see Bennett, Ryan) Carter, Andrew (see Oliveira, Bailey)

43 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi Carter-Davis, Cindy ([email protected], Carter-Davis Environmental Consulting, LLC) [20] Cultural Resources Investigation of the Graveline West Mounds Site, 22Ja729 In 2014, FEMA archaeologists conducted site testing on the Graveline West Mounds. The site encompasses two mounds, a which is the subject of this paper, and a smaller conical mound 36m northeast that was not investigated. Ceramic data such as the presence of Baytown Plain var. Fitler combined with soil strata indicate that Graveline West Mounds are coeval with the Graveline Mound, 22Ja503, listed on the National Register and owned by The Archaeological Conservancy. The 2014 investigation indicates that the two sites likely functioned as one mound center, and further research should focus on confirming that relationship Castleberry, Cala (see Kimball, Larry R.) Chamberlain, Elizabeth ([email protected], Vanderbilt University), Jayur Mehta (Florida State University), Tony Reimann (Wageningen University,), Jakob Wallinga (Wageningen University) [4] Life in the Sink: A Geoarchaeological Perspective on the Challenges and Trajectories of Mississippi Delta Communities Recent geochronology of the Mississippi Delta, coastal Louisiana, provides a high-resolution record of land growth, which facilitates the study of delta evolution and ancient settlement patterns. Our work focuses on two Late Holocene earthen mound complexes We use stratigraphy and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating to show that monuments were constructed several hundred years after land emerged from open water This multi-century pause allowed natural processes of overbank and crevasse splay deposition to elevate the land surface and reduce flood-risk prior to human occupation eW apply our findings to obtain new age constraints for at-risk and lost archaeological sites in the region. Chapman, Jefferson [11] Discussant Claassen, Cheryl ([email protected], Appalachian State University) [41] Rite of Mixcoatl: Archaic and Woodland Data The evidence for an ancient hunt god rite has been mustered for Archaic sites with group burials of 4 and 5 individuals, with torso-twisted individuals, with atlatls and with shell bead belts. Archaic blade caches will be considered in this paper and Woodland-era data suggesting this rite will be presented. Sites mentioned come from Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Texas. Clark, Emily ([email protected], Mississippi Department of Archives and History) [38] Searching for Chicasha: Analysis of Contact-era Settlements in Clay, Lowndes, and Oktibbeha Counties in Northeast Mississippi During the winter of 1540, the de Soto entrada overstayed its welcome in the polity of Chicasha. The ancestral Chickasaw forcefully removed them from the area, and 150 years passed until the next Europeans entered northeast Mississippi. Since then, archaeologists have searched for this elusive polity. Settlement data from Clay, Lowndes, and Oktibbeha counties were used to analyze how the people of northeast Mississippi engaged with their changing worlds, socially and physically. Criteria analyzed include the possible existence of discernible polities in the archaeological record, and how these polities changed in size, location, and dispersal due to geopolitical forces. Clark, Scott T. ([email protected], Georgia Southern University) [41] Terminal Late Woodland Subsistence Strategies in Coastal Georgia: Faunal Remains from Taylor Fish Camp (9GN12), St. Simons Island Taylor Fish Camp (9GN12) is a multicomponent site located inside Cannon’s Point Preserve on St. Simons Island, Georgia, where ceramics and radiocarbon testing indicate a significant Late oodlandW to Middle Mississippian period occupation. This paper presents the radiocarbon dates and results of faunal analysis from

44 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 multiple shell-midden proveniences deposited during the terminal Late Woodland period (ca. AD 700 to 1100). Analysis of invertebrates and vertebrates screened with 1/16-in mesh reveal high contributions from stout tagelus, ribbed mussel, and small estuarine fishes. Results are compared with other faunal assemblages from Cannon’s Point to discuss prehistoric subsistence strategies on the peninsula. Clay, R. Berle (see Greenlee, Diana M.) Cobb, Charlie (see Wallman, Diane) Cochran, Lindsey ([email protected], University of Georgia) [37] Coastal Slave Settlements as a Nexus of Atlantic World Landscapes: A Study of Wattle and Tabby Daub at Bush Camp Field and Behavior Plantation landscapes on the Georgia coast were created and maintained by plantation owners and enslaved peoples with influences from the broader Atlantic World. Archaeological and geophysical investigations at Bush Camp Field and Behavior settlements within the Sapelo Plantation show a connection between the geometry of settlement space and evidence of place-making with wattle and tabby daub slave cabins that are similar to those identified in Caribbean plantation contexts. The degree to which enslaved people could engage in reconfigurations of private places and spatial control of settlement spaces is reflected in the rigidity of the plantation landscape. Cochran, Linsdsey (see Robbins, Lori) Cody, Sara ([email protected], Mississippi State University) [42] Reflecting on the Lived Reality of Asylum Patients in the Industrializing American South: An Osteobiography of Burial 28 of the Mississippi State Lunatic Asylum Cemetery * This poster presents an osteobiography of Burial 28 of the Mississippi State Asylum, an individual recovered from the Mississippi State Lunatic Asylum (MSLA), Jackson, Mississippi (1855-1935). An osteological inventory and differential diagnosis of observed pathologies was performed on the remains. Findings were contextualized relative to historical evidence on the MSLA and contemporary Mississippi, and clinical evidence. Burial 28 represents a middle-aged female exhibiting nutritional and/or immunological stress and trauma on both tibiae. This osteobiography provides insights into the potential synergism between social identity and health status in producing lived realities and differential health outcomes for asylum patients of the MSLA. Colaninno-Meeks, Carol ([email protected], Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville), Shawn P. Lambert (Mississippi State University), Emily L. Beahm (Arkansas Archeological Survey), Carl G. Drexler (Arkansas Archeological Survey) [34] Implementing Recommendations to Develop Harassment and Assault Free Archaeological Field Schools Due to the nature and structure of field schools, enrolled students are particularly susceptible to harassment and assault. In 2018 the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) released recommendations to help prevent sexual harassment and assault of women in academia. Though these recommendations are specific to higher education and exclusive to women, some can be modified and applied to the context of archaeological field schools. We review the NASEM’s recommendations with particular attention to those applicable to the field school setting and provide suggestions for making field schools safer and more inclusive learning environments for all students. Colclasure, Cayla ([email protected], University of North Carolina) [15] Guale Foodways and Marine Invertebrates During the Mission-era on St. Catherines Island, Georgia This paper presents zooarchaeological and stable isotope analyses of shell midden matrix from Pueblo Santa Catalina de Guale on St. Catherines Island, Georgia. These data shed light on invertebrate animal use, season of capture, and habitat exploitation by inhabitants of the Pueblo Santa Catalina de Guale during the Mission-era (ca. AD 1565-1680). The summed Mission-era results are contrasted with similar data from 45 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi the Irene Period (AD 1300-1580) on St. Catherines to assess change and continuity in shellfishing practices. These findings are discussed in relation to Spanish missionization, population aggregation, and community organization. Cole, Mark ([email protected], Alabama Archaeological Society) [23] Early Paleoindian Settlement in Limestone and Madison Counties, Northern Alabama Early Paleoindians in North Alabama exploited resources using systematic techniques, yet the prediction of intact sites remains elusive. Analysis of the spatial distribution of fluted points, combined with raw material use, reveals that the densest sites focus on landforms that offer one or more secondary geographic features(resources). Findings suggest an affinity for drainage corridors with additional resources added during the foraging cycle, resulting in resource exploitation across watersheds in a circular pattern. It is hoped this study will assist in the early identification of intact sites for further research. Compton, J. Matthew (see Pavao-Zuckerman, Barnet) Connaway, John M. (see Jones, Dennis) Cook-Hale, Jessica (see Sanger, Matthew) Cordell, Ann S. (see Bloch, Lindsay) Costa, January (see May, Alan) Cranford, David J. (see Fitts, Mary Elizabeth) Cranford, David J. ([email protected], North Carolina Office of State Archaeology) [35] A New View of Southeastern Stone Fish Weirs Stone fish weirs are relatively common features in many southeastern waterways used both historically and prehistorically and these constructed stone alignments represent an often-overlooked component of the cultural landscape. Due to several factors they have received only intermittent archaeological attention and are rarely the subject of systematic survey. Relatively recent advances in the quality of satellite-base imagery, like GoogleEarth, have made the systematic identification and recording of fish weirs possible. I present initial findings of the North Carolina Fish Weir Archaeological Project that seeks to inventory and document these important cultural features across the southeast and within NC waterways specifically. Crewell, Michael (see Blair, Chris) Crites, Gary (see Baumann, Timothey J.) Crites, Gary (see Kimball, Larry R.) Cureton, Travis (see Harris, Stephen) Cyr, Howard (see Webster, Rebecca) Cyr, Howard J. (see Nelson, Erin S.) Dalan, Rinita A. (see Greenlee, Diana M.) Damour, Melanie ([email protected], U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management) [15] Out of Sight but Not Out of Mind: BOEM’s Recent Research on Deepwater Shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is responsible for oversight of conventional and renewable energy development and marine minerals extraction in Federal waters of the Outer Continental Shelf. During the past several decades, BOEM’s Environmental Studies Program primarily funded cultural resource management- focused research such as compiling a shipwreck database and revising geophysical survey guidelines. Recent BOEM research, however, has turned toward understanding how catastrophic events and natural phenomena

46 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 such as submarine mudslides impact historic shipwrecks. These studies have, in turn, led to exciting new lines of scientific inquiry, creating a nexus between microbial ecology, geology, geochemistry, and marine archaeology. Daniel Jr., I. Randolph ([email protected], East Carolina University) [17] Time, Typology, and Artifact Traditions in North Carolina Archaeology: A New Look at an Old Sequence Over 50 years have passed since publication of Formative Cultures of the Carolina Piedmont. While the point typology and associated cultural-historical sequence has largely stood the test of time, subsequent work in North Carolina and elsewhere suggests that some refinement to the Formative Cultures sequence is now warranted. This poster introduces new Paleoindian and Archaic point types into the sequence and traces ancestral-descendent communities of practice that are related to our current understanding of North Carolina prehistory. In the process, reconsideration is given to the “Coe axiom” and Coe’s ideas regarding cultural continuity and change based upon point types. Davidson, Matt (see Greene, Taylor A.) Davis, Benjamin [6] Inequality at the Austin Site: Early Mississippian Changing Use of Space in the Upper Yazoo Basin Region The transitional Early Mississippian Austin Site in the upper Yazoo Basin contains the remains of approximately 50 houses, two separate stockade post rows, a single mound, and numerous pit features. It was occupied during a period of transition toward a more institutionalized inequality. I am investigating this transition by creating and analyzing a site map in GIS of these culturally significant features and deposits. This paper will present the results of this work, displaying how an analysis of changing use of space through time provided evidence of increased inequality during the Early Mississippian at Austin. Davis, Jera R. (see Blitz, John) Davis, Jera R. (see Carroll, Morgan A.) Davis, Miranda (see Lowe, Regina) Davis, R. P. Stephen (University of North Carolina), Larry R. Kimball (Appalachian State University), Timothy J. Bauman (University of Tennessee), Lynne P. Sullivan (University of Tennessee) [3] Jefferson Chapman the Archaeologist and Museum Director This year, Jefferson Chapman retired from the University of Tennessee’s McClung Museum, culminating a half-century long, three-act career as a distinguished educator, archaeologist, and museum director. In this paper, we highlight Jeff’s development as a Southeastern archaeologist and consider his significant contributions as they relate to Middle Woodland studies, evaluating the Archaic cultural sequence through systematic excavation of deeply stratified sites, developing strategies for locating and excavating deeply stratified sites through the integration of geological and archaeological sciences, interpreting plant-based subsistence patterns during the Archaic period, and his co-direction of the final phases of field investigations within Tellico Reservoir. De Smet, Tim (see Rietmuller, Douglas) Dean, Jonathan (see Norman, Sean) Deere, Bobi ([email protected], University of Oklahoma) [40] Investigating the Use of Trance Inducing Pharmaceuticals in the Archaeological Record: A Survey of Methods Analyzing Tobacco, Yaopon, and Datura The use of nature’s pharmacopeia to support trance-like states is a ubiquitous behavior across the globe and spans all human existence. How is the use of trance inducing medicines from the archaeological record studied? Methods including iconography and residue analysis are explored including problematical issues of the lack of multiple lines of evidence or contamination. 47 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi Delahoussaye, Jim (see McGimsey, Chip) Derry, Linda (see Sipes, Eric D.) DeSanto, Carly (see Henry, Edward) Dietrich, Emma (see Murray, Emily) Dinkins, Gerry (see McKenna, Kathryn) Doherty, Raymond ([email protected], University of Mississippi) [38] From Pearlware to Tulip Poplar: Dating the Colbert-Walker Site Historical documents provide a detailed record of what happened at the Convention of Southern Tribes, when over 75 Chickasaw, Cherokee, and Choctaw headmen met to resolve the last unfinished business of the Creek War. President Madison called for the convention after the tribes protested Andrew Jackson’s unauthorized attempt to subsume millions of acres of their territory into the Creek Cession. Confidently establishing the location of this meeting, however, has been far from straightforward. This paper reviews how historical documents, archaeological evidence, and climate science come together to establish the Colbert- Walker Site (22Le1048) as the location of this historically significant event. Donathan, Gavin ([email protected], Binghamton University), Charlie Sheffer (N/A) [25] Digging into the Past with River Charlie: A Case Study for Why Archaeologists Should Work Closely with Private Collectors Diving into the mind and collection of one of Florida’s most eccentric lithic collectors offers opportunities to refine our understanding of Early Holocene stone tools as well as improve relations with local community members, including artifact collectors. Often fraught with aversion and cynicism, collectors and archaeologists rarely work together; yet studying large collections of whole or nearly whole stone tools provides unprecedented opportunities to build rich and otherwise inaccessible datasets that speak to wide- ranging aspects of archaeological concern. These new finds come from Clarence Simpsons excavation units at Hornsby Spring and from the upland portion of the Norden site. Donop, Mark (University of Florida) [36] A Weeden Island Cosmogram A “multi-compartment tray” found fragmented among sites along the Florida Gulf Coast embodies characteristics that suggest it served as a cosmogram during the Late Woodland period (ca. AD 500- 1000). The ceramic vessel was divided into four compartments around a central axis, a form similar to earlier cosmological designs that may have embodied the “four-ness” and quadripartite division of the world perceived by many Native Americans. The tray can be understood as a cosmological effigy that was intentionally “killed”, fragmented, and dispersed in an effort to enchain widespread cosmunities that gathered at mortuary mounds for ritual events predetermined by solar alignments. Doucet, Julie ([email protected], Louisiana Archaeological Society), Valerie Feathers (Louisiana Archaeological Society), Velicia Bergstrom (USDA Forest Service), Paul French (Department of the Navy) [4] Return to Lac St. Agnes Part 2 – Results of the 2017 Field Season and 2018 Public Workshops Volunteers from the Avoyelles Parish community, students from Louisiana State University, members of the Kisatchie National Forest, and members of the Louisiana Archaeological Society performed shovel tests and excavated two units at the Lac St. Agnes Site (16AV26), a multicomponent Woodland site, to locate and investigate anomalies discovered by Tulane in 2011. As part of a larger outreach component, members of the general public analyzed the artifacts through a series of professionally-led workshops. This paper discusses the results of the field season and the public workshops. Drexler, Carl G. (see Colaninno-Meeks, Carol)

48 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 Dubied, Morgane (see Selden, Robert Z.) Duke, C. Trevor ([email protected], University of Florida) [40] The Potter’s Body: Methods for Assessing Potting Skill and Specialization in the Lower Southeast Southeastern archaeologists have commonly used terminology like “well-made” or “crude” when ostensibly referencing skill level in pre-Columbian pottery manufacture. Such qualitative judgements are imprecise and can be misleading. I propose as a solution to this problem a series of metrics and value scores which evaluate the motor habits of social groups involved in Late Woodland and Mississippian pottery production in the Lower Southeast. The goal of this research is to empirically demonstrate that accurate assessments of potting skill can highlight how bodies and things were integral to the creation and reproduction of specific social categories in the past. Dumas, Ashley ([email protected], University of West Alabama), Steven Meredith (Cedars Consulting, LLC) [26] Site Distribution and Discovery in the Black Prairie of West Alabama The distinctive geology and biotic communities of the Black Prairie physiographic region of Mississippi were identified by Janet Rafferty (e.g., 1996, 2003) as creating possible prairie-specific settlement models for prehistoric peoples. These models remain to be adequately tested in the Alabama-portion of the prairie, where prairie geology and limited development have hindered archaeological surveys, resulting in misleading assumptions about settlement density and duration. We examine the current state of settlement models in the Alabama prairie and suggests effective methods for locating sites there. Dunbar, James S. (see Moore, Christopher R.) Dysart, John ([email protected], USDA Forest Service), Matthew LoBiondo (University of California Santa Barbara) [17] Pottery of the Ocala National Forest: A Preliminary Study The Ocala National Forest (ONF) is located in north-central Florida and encompasses approximately 400,000 acres People have continuously inhabited this area for roughly 13,500 yrbp and are attributed with the earliest pottery in the Southeast The main goal of National Forests of Florida archaeologists has been to protect cultural resources and facilitate collaboration with outside researchers This initial collaborative study focuses on a functional ceramic analysis of pottery assemblages held by the ONF Current research is attempting to create a baseline of vessel morphology for all pottery producing phases present within the ONF This research will provide a useful dataset Eastman, Jane ([email protected], Western Carolina University) [36] Considering the Location of Tali Tsisgwayahi, the Cullowhee Mound Site (31JK2) The Cherokee town, Tali Tsisgwayahi, and its mound was not built in the central Cullowhee Valley, but rather in a smaller side valley that is surrounded on three sides by hills. This poster discusses the town and mound location relative to the Cullowhee Valley, the Tuckasegee River, Cullowhee Creek, local springs and branches, and the surrounding hills and ridges. This landscape study considers both the practical and cosmological influences that may have determined where the mound and town were built. This setting will also be considered in the context of other Cherokee mounds and towns in Western North Carolina. Endonino, Jon C. ([email protected], Eastern Kentucky University) [12] Speaking With the Dead – An Architectural Grammar of Late Archaic Sand Mortuary Mounds A grammar for the construction of Late Archaic earthen mortuary mounds has been reconstructed through investigations at the Thornhill Lake Complex and other sites in the Middle St. Johns River Valley 5600-4700 cal BP. In this paper I outline the grammar guiding mortuary mound construction, tracing its development out of a well-established shell-mounding tradition, its transformation, and ultimate disappearance. To illustrate

49 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi this grammar a case study from the Tomoka Mound and Midden Complex is offered, demonstrating its application in a new location, and its eventual replacement by shell architecture with a ring-like morphology and a new grammar guiding construction. Ervin, Jason (see Turner, James) Esarey, Duane (see Wilson, Gregory) Esarey, Duane (see Friberg, Christina) Ethridge, Robbie ([email protected], University of Mississippi) [38] Chicaza’s Political Economy Network in the Late Mississippian World The pre-Columbian Mississippian world of the American South was composed of multiple large and small polities that, although independent, were connected through information flows, trade, marriage, war captives, slaves, warfare, diplomacy, and so on However, to date, the networks that bound these into a single, interactive “world” have not been adequately reconstructed or mapped Using the chronicles from the Hernando de Soto expedition while in the polity of Chicaza in present-day northeast Mississippi and recent archaeological finds from this region, this paper maps strands of the political economic network that bound Chicaza to the greater Mississippian world. Eubanks, Paul (see Laderoute, Madeline) Faulkner, Johnny (see Greene, Taylor A.) Feathers, James K. (see Moore, Christopher R.) Feathers, Valeria (see Doucet, Julie) Ferguson, Terry A ([email protected], Wofford College), Andrew Ivester (University of Sheffield), Christopher Moore (Savannah River Archaeological Research Program) [3] Geoarchaeological Investigations at the Foxwood Farm Site (38PN35) in the South Saluda Drainage of Northwestern South Carolina Foxwood Farm (38PN35) is a (5 m) sedimentary sequence at the confluence of the Oolenoy and South Saluda Rivers in northwestern South Carolina. Pleistocene (> 12.8ka) sediments, (>2.8m), are channel gravels, lateral accretion sands, and clays exhibiting a fining upward sequence from channel gravels and sands, to bar sands, then clays. Holocene alluvium (<2.8m) exhibit a well-defined series of discrete fluvial strata, primarily overbank sands indicating episodic deposition and erosion, separated by three buried A-horizons, with multiple cultural components spanning 11ka years. Anomalous peaks in PT and Pd at 2.8m indicate the onset of the Younger Dryas (~12.8ka). Ferree, Tyler ([email protected], University of California Santa Barbara), Gregory Wilson (University of California Santa Barbara) [40] Cooking up Coalescence: How Foodways Mediated Social Integration in the 14th Century Central Illinois River Valley This paper explores the dynamic intersection of warfare, culture contact, and abandonment in the 14th Central Illinois River Valley. Research at five village sites in the region have revealed a still poorly understood series of interactions among local Mississippians and migrant Bold Counselor groups from the northern Midwest. Basic questions still remain regarding the scale, duration, and political character of these interactions. However, new information derived from an ongoing ceramic analysis has revealed a dramatic shift in ceramic vessel forms and sizes that indicates commensal politics played an important role in the historical processes of coalescence in the region.

50 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 Fitts, Mary Elizabeth ([email protected], North Carolina Office of State Archaeology),David J. Cranford (North Carolina Office of State Archaeology) [21] Silver and Sealing Wax: Catawba Fashion and Ceramic Innovation ca. 1750-1820 British colonial policies were expressly conceived to erode Indigenous autonomy by delimiting Carolina Indian polities and integrating them into a broader colonial system. Native communities of the Catawba River valley established a confederation that fostered the development of intersectional identities, resulting in a Catawba Nation that accommodated the colonial desire for clearly demarcated Indigenous political entities in the diplomatic arena while sustaining practices of community and commerce that subverted this desire. We examine evidence of changing Catawba dress and pottery production to consider how these aspects of materiality played a role in the formation of Catawba subjectivities and identities. Flay, Jason (see Greene, Taylor A.) Flood, John (see Wilson, Jeremy) Flores, Alexandra ([email protected], University of Oklahoma) [26] A Multi-Sensor Geophysical Survey of the Brackett Site (34CK43) in Eastern Oklahoma This poster presents the preliminary results of a multi-sensor geophysical survey conducted at the Brackett site (34CK43) located in eastern Oklahoma. The Brackett site is a Harlan Phase (AD 1150-1250) Spiro-related mound site that was excavated by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) during the late 1930s. This project is the first geophysical survey that has been performed at Brackett, utilizing magnetometry, ground- penetrating radar, and electrical resistivity. These preliminary results reveal anomalies that are consistent with archaeological features typical of the Spiro region, as well as anomalies that are indicative of remnants from the WPA excavations. Flynt, Brian A. ([email protected], University of Southern Mississippi) [20] Using Sherd Size to Differentiate Adjacent and Peripheral Secondary Refuse Aggregates on an Antebellum Domestic Site in Mississippi’s Pine Hills Refuse disposal practices that took place in primary spaces resulted in differential distributions of artifacts within both adjacent and peripheral secondary refuse aggregates. Some archaeologists have casually observed evidence of past size-sorting among archaeological site assemblages, but studies of the phenomenon are rare. This paper examines historic size-sorting of ceramics among and within artifact clusters excavated on an antebellum site in Mississippi’s Pine Hills, and will show how the results from such a study can be used as evidence for inferring site structure. Fogel, Aaron (see Mehta, Jayur) Ford, Paige ([email protected], University of Oklahoma) [17] The Spaces Between: A Pilot Study in the Application of Social Networks Analysis (SNA) to Borderland Contexts Researchers have realized that the boundaries crafted around material culture and environment do not correspond to the ways peoples envision their personal and cultural worlds. Combined with more recent theories of subjectivity, globalization, and practice, anthropologists are rediscovering the complexity and multivocality of interstitial cultural space. This poster examines the Neosho peoples (AD 1400-1650) of northeastern Oklahoma, who lived in one of the most durable borderlands—the ecotone between the Eastern Woodlands and the Great Plains. This pilot study operationalizes a social network analysis which resituates Neosho peoples within a complex mosaic of cultural interaction that transcends historically constructed boundaries.

51 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi Fosaaen, Nathanael (University of Tennessee) [16] Soilwork: A Chemical Analysis of Feature Fill Recovered from Breckenridge Rockshelter Bulk Chemical analysis of feature fill is an important method in the assessment of feature function Previous studies have employed inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) in order to determine the chemical composition of various features at Dust Cave in Alabama (Homsey and Capo, 2006) This study uses Portable X-Ray fluorescence (pXRF) as a less expensive and labor-intensive alternative to ICP- AES, which yields comparable results when data are appropriately corrected via calibration to a recognized standard Soils from features at the Breckenridge Rockshelter site in Arkansas were analyzed alongside a column sample in an attempt to assess feature function. Foster, Thomas ([email protected], University Of Tulsa) [15] Apalachicola and the Evolution of Resilience Among a Native American Community This paper will develop a new model of southeastern Indian political and social organization that is born from resilience and risk management. These communities adapted various methods to deal with long term periods of extreme climatological fluctuations. Our research will show how subsistence strategies and collective action were developed to deal with rainfall extremes that spanned decades and low population densities. Social organization and roles within societies developed to distribute knowledge and responsibility throughout the society. Men and women’s roles and knowledge in the society developed as a distributed strategy that minimized risk and created resilience. Foster, II, H. Thomas (see Pavao-Zuckerman, Barnet) Frank, III, Joseph V. (see Riehm, Grace E.) French, Paul (see Doucet, Julie) Freund, Kyle P. ([email protected], Indian River State College), J.M. Adovasio (Senator John Heinz History Center), Allen Quinn (Allegheny GeoQuest), Frank J. Vento (Clarion University of Pennsylvania) [39] Preliminary Report on Phase I and II Excavations at the Sexton Site (8IR01822), Indian River County, Florida The Sexton Site (8IR01822) is situated on a slightly elevated limestone hammock in Indian River County, Florida. Extensive geophysical prospection, shovel probing, and subsequent block excavations revealed the presence of a midden with a possibly contiguous seasonal village or hamlet of probable Woodland age. The site was episodically visited/occupied into the Historic period. The results of the fieldwork are summarized and compared to other previously studied localities in the region, in turn highlighting how the Sexton Site can make an important contribution to understanding the prehistory of south Florida and beyond. Friberg, Christina (see Skousen, B. Jacob) Friberg, Christina ([email protected], Indiana University Bloomington), Gregory Wilson (University of California- Santa Barbara), Dana Bardolph (Northern Illinois University), Duane Esarey ( Museum), Jeremy Wilson (Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis) [31] The Geophysics of Community, Place, and Identity in the Early Mississippian Illinois River Valley In the 11th century Midwest and Midsouth, as Cahokia emerged, people throughout the region selectively adopted Mississippian ways of being. Recent research on identity construction in the early Mississippian- period Illinois River valley (IRV) focuses on enculturated aspects of identity (domestic practices and potting techniques) to highlight the complexity of this process. Magnetic gradiometry from four IRV sites targets public expressions of Mississippian identity such as site planning and special purpose architecture. Finally, a comparison of celestial alignments at IRV and Greater Cahokia settlements evaluates the nature of practices within these constructed Mississippian places and their implications for structuring social identities.

52 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 Fuselier, Adam ([email protected], USDA Forest Service) [30] The Freewoods Survey: An Ongoing Passport In Time (PIT) Project on the Homochitto National Forrest According to historic maps and other documentation, the Freewoods was a diverse early 19th century community in which Native Americans, African-Americans, and Whites intermarried each other and lived together in peace. Slavery was not allowed in Freewoods and there are documented accounts of the people of Freewoods fighting off the Ku Klux Klan. This presentation discusses the results of a NHPA Section 110 survey conducted in April 2018 and October 2019 located approximately 1.5 miles southwest of the community of Freewoods. It is expected that the result of this survey will increase our knowledge of human occupation in southwest Mississippi. Gaillard, Meg ([email protected], South Carolina Department of Natural Resources Heritage Trust) [13] Community Archaeology on a Heritage at Risk Site, Pockoy Island Shell Rings on Botany Bay Plantation Heritage Preserve, Charleston County, South Carolina Two Late Archaic period shell rings were discovered on LIDAR on Pockoy Island in 2017. Since then, the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources archaeology team has organized hundreds of visitors, community members, students and professional archaeologists in an intense excavation effort. Land loss on the windward side of Pockoy Island is occurring at an estimated rate of 15.5 m/year, and land loss to the marsh side is slowly increasing. Heritage at risk sites within tourism areas like Edisto Island pose interesting challenges. Archaeologists have an opportunity to merge rapid excavations with community archaeology. But how and why would you? Galdun, Jaclyn ([email protected], Binghamton University), Samuel Bourcy (Binghamton University), Matthew Sanger (Binghamton University) [17] Evaluation of Geophysical Methods of Pre-Contact and Historic Sites on Hilton Head Island, SC A team of researchers from Binghamton University conducted archaeological excavations at the center of Sea Pines Shell Ring on Hilton Head Island, SC in the summer of 2019. A total of 17 units were excavated down into the subsoil, identifying many features and recovering various types of artifacts including ceramics which are the second most numerous artifact class. The spatial distribution of the recovered ceramic artifacts will be determined based on decoration and temper primarily and will aid researchers in identifying activity areas that could potentially identify the function of the Sea Pines Shell Ring. Garcia, Renee (see Pavao-Zuckerman, Barnet) Garland, Carey J. (see Thompson, Victor D.) Gill, Jacquelyn (see Perrotti, Angelina) Gillam, J. Christopher (see Morrow, Juliet) Gillam, J. Christopher ([email protected], Winthrop University) [33] Half the Fun Was Getting Here: A Global Archaeological, Bio-Geographic and Genomic Perspective on the Peopling of the Southeast Recent hypotheses regarding the origins and timing of Pleistocene migrations into the Americas have radically altered archaeological perceptions of the “First Americans.” Key to these ideological changes are a growing body of site investigations of pre-Clovis contexts. In addition, new hypotheses regarding the cultural origins of these early peoples have rocked established archaeological conventions. This research explores the origins and pathways of Pleistocene migrations to Southeastern North America from an archaeological, bio- geographic and genomic perspective at continental scales-of-analysis for the Northern Hemisphere.

53 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi Gilleland, Sarah (Binghamton University) [35] Sedimentary Environmental DNA from Central Mississippi: Preliminary Analysis In the American Southeast, it has often been assumed that ancient DNA will not preserve due to highly variable weather, acidic soils, and fluctuations in temperature, which lead to the dissolution of materials that would generally preserve ancient DNA, such as bones or plant material. However, when these materials dissolve in acidic soils, the genetic signature of the remains can remain preserved in the sediments that they dissolved in. Sedimentary DNA was extracted from a site in central Mississippi and then analyzed for species- specific markers to identify prehistoric food remains. Gillespie, Leann (see Smith, Zachary) Gilmore, Zackary ([email protected], Rollins College) [14] The Central Florida Shell Mound Survey: Exploring a Heterotemporal Landscape Most of the dozens of pre-Columbian shell mounds along the upper St. Johns River and its tributaries have never been investigated by professional archaeologists. Although generally less conspicuous than their massive counterparts farther north, these sites were largely spared the severe effects of 19th-century shell mining, and many remain exceptionally well-preserved. This paper discusses the design, aims, and early results of the Central Florida Shell Mound Survey, a long-term research program intended to document the complex historical palimpsests presented by this mounded landscape and to illuminate its shifting cultural entanglements from the Middle Archaic to the present day. Gingerich, Joseph [33] Discussant Glass, Nicholas (see Puckett, Heather) Gollogly, Collin ([email protected], Binghamton University), Jeffrey Li (Binghamton University), Gabrielle Nagle (Binghamton University), Samuel Bourcy (Binghamton University), Matthew Sanger (Binghamton University) [9] A Shell Ring’s Purpose: A Spatial Analysis of a Possible Residental Structure Within the Sea Pines Shell Ring Archaeologists have long debated the role of shell rings and whether or not they were residential sites. Using a variety of studies including micro-artifact analysis, correlations of artifact density, and mapping soil stains within the plaza, we provide evidence of a possible semi-permanent structure within the interior of the Sea Pines Shell Ring. The presence of this structure and its associated activity areas strongly suggests that people lived in this shell ring year round, and that this site was a residential center during the late archaic period. Graham, Anna ([email protected], University of North Carolina), Ashley Peles (University of North Carolina), Vincas Steponaitis (University of North Carolina), John O’Hear (University of Mississippi) [20] Exploring Coles Creek Mound Site Activities Through Pit and Midden Features Ongoing excavations at Feltus, a Coles Creek period (AD 700-1100) mound center have revealed a cluster of large features in the plaza near Mound D. These features include silo-shaped pits up to 2 m deep and midden- filled depressions over 6 m in diameter. By combining stratigraphic and spatial data with analyses of the pottery, plants, and animal bones recovered from these features, we explore how they were formed and what they indicate about the activities that took place at this and other Coles Creek centers. Graham, Anna F. (see Spicola, Erin B.) Greene, Lance (Wright State University) [11] The Impact of Removal on Nineteenth-Century Eastern Cherokee Foodways The Cherokee Removal of 1838 included the forced emigration of roughly 2,500 Cherokees from the mountains of southwestern North Carolina. However, around 400 Cherokees there avoided Removal by fleeing into the mountains and hiding from the army. These families later returned to their homes and attempted to rebuild their communities. Archaeological excavations from mid-nineteenth century Cherokee 54 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 house sites in the region have recovered abundant faunal remains. These assemblages are used to identify variability in Cherokee foodways before and after Removal. The study reveals differences based on ethnicity and class, as well as changes wrought by the Removal. Greene, Taylor A. (University of Mississippi), Steve Bentley (Red River Museum), Matt Davidson (Daniel Boone National Forest), Johnny Faulkner (Red River Museum), Larry Meadows (Red River Museum), Eric Schlarb (Kentucky Archaeological Survey), Jason Flay (Acheulean Consulting) [25] The Bedrock Mortar Project: A Multi-Phased Public Archaeology Research Program The Bedrock Mortar Project (BRMP) is a multi-phased research program by a team of avocational, student and professional archaeologists from the Red River Museum, the Daniel Boone National Forest and the University of Kentucky The focus of the BRMP is systematic documentation of rockshelter sites containing bedrock mortar features located on public and private lands in eastern Kentucky The primary goals of the BRMP are to increase knowledge of the age, distribution and function of BRM sites, provide scientific training to non-professionals and to foster greater public awareness This poster presents preliminary results of the first phase of the BRMP. Greenlee, Diana M ([email protected], University of Louisiana at Monroe), Rinita A. Dalan (Minnesota State University Moorhead), E. Thurman Allen (Morehouse Parish Soil and Water Conservation District), Michael L. Hargrave (US Army Engineer Research and Development Center), R. Berle Clay (Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc.), George R. Holley (Minnesota State University-Moorhead) [4] Investigating the West Plaza Rise at the Poverty Point World Heritage Site (16WC5) The Poverty Point WHS is a monumental earthen complex constructed by hunter-fisher-gatherers 3,700- 3,100 years ago. This created landscape includes five earthen mounds (a sixth was added later), six enormous, concentric, semi-elliptical earthen ridges, and a large, nearly flat, interior plaza. We are investigating a little- known feature, the West Plaza Rise, measuring roughly 40×50 m and elevated about 1 m above the adjacent plaza. Magnetic gradiometry, downhole magnetic susceptibility, soil cores, and previous excavations provide data on its origins and its significance relative to other aspects of the site. Future research will also include a multichannel GPR survey of the area. Grooms, Seth ([email protected], Washington University in St. Louis) [41] Mound Building at the Jaketown Site: Sacred Ballast on a Volatile Landscape ** The presence of Poverty Point-era mounds is meaningful as it speaks to the revival of mound building in the Lower Mississippi Valley after a lengthy hiatus. The Poverty Point inhabitants of Jaketown built earthen mounds for the first time since the Middle Archaic period (8900-5800 cal yr BP) following a 1,200 year hiatus. Based on new findings, the Jaketown site in west-central Mississippi is among the earliest known Poverty Point sites and predates the type-site in northeast Louisiana by nearly 600 years, making the Poverty Point mounds at Jaketown among the earliest known post-Middle Archaic period mounds in the region. Haag, Crista (Arcadis), Scott Jones (Midsouth Cultural Resource Consultants) [23] A Comparison of Clovis Blade Assemblages from Sites in Kentucky and Tennessee This paper provides a comparison of the Clovis blade assemblage at the Carson-Conn-Short site in Tennessee with two Clovis blade assemblages from the and the Joe Priddy site in Kentucky. By examining the blade manufacturing sequences at these sites, along with the overall site assemblages and site settings, this paper discusses how Clovis blades fit into the overall technological organization of Paleoindian assemblages at these sites. It also provides an overview on possible Clovis blade site distribution within Kentucky and Tennessee. Hadden, Carla S. (see Reitz, Elizabeth)

55 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi Hadden, Carla S. ([email protected], University of Georgia), Margo Schwadron (National Park Service) [22] Shell Rings of the Ten Thousand Islands Region of Southwest Florida The Ten Thousand Islands region of southwest Florida contains extensive prehistoric shell-matrix sites, ranging from single small rings to massive multi-element “Shell Works” constructed out of oyster shell. Recurring forms such as rings, crescents, and arcuate-shaped sites suggest settlements were connected communities that shared similar hunter-fisher-gatherer life-ways. We explore the temporality and distribution of arcuate-shaped sites, and offer a settlement pattern model based on regionally specific ∆R values and a large number of AMS radiocarbon dates interpreted within a Bayesian chronological framework. Comparison of site forms demonstrates significant spatial, temporal and morphological changes over time. Halligan, Jessi ([email protected], Florida State University), Angelina Perrotti (Arkansas Tech University), Barbara Winsborough (independent consultant), Michael Waters (Texas A&M University) [23] Lessons from the Soil: Multiproxy Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions at Page-Ladson, Florida (8JE591) Spanning the Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene The Page-Ladson site (8JE591) contains over 4.5 m of well-preserved sediments spanning ca. 18,000- 7,000 cal BP within sinkhole margins drowned in the modern Aucilla River. These sediments contain multiple archaeological components, but our ongoing research has also allowed us to obtain a wealth of paleoenvironmental proxy data from numerous sources including sedimentology, isotopes, diatoms, pollen, and Sporormiella from sediment cores and excavation units, which, in combination with the more than 130 AMS radiocarbon dates obtained from the site, allow for very detailed discussion of local environmental fluctuations during the terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene. Hammerstedt, Scott ([email protected], University of Oklahoma), Patrick Livingood (University of Oklahoma), Jami Lockhart (Arkansas Archeological Survey), Tim Mulvihill (Arkansas Archeological Survey), Amanda Regnier (University of Oklahoma), George Sabo (Arkansas Archeological Survey), John Samuelsen (Arkansas Archeological Survey) [31] Identifying Social Landscapes at Spiro Through Geophysical Survey Multisensor geophysical survey and targeted excavations at Spiro have identified a large number of hastily erected buildings that were occupied for only a short time, perhaps as part of a pilgrimage to the site. In previous papers, we noted that these structures were aligned roughly in rows paralleling the orientation of the Craig mound. Here, we present a more complete map of temporary structures to attempt to discern the social processes that may have driven this alignment. Hanvey, Vanessa N. ([email protected], University of Kentucky) [14] Morphometric Analysis of Early Archaic Hafted Bifaces at the Canton Site (15TR1), Trigg County, Kentucky Intensively occupied during the Early and Middle Archaic periods, site 15TR1 has extensive lithic deposits that represent all stages of manufacture. As part of research that explores Early Archaic stone tool technology, morphometric analysis is applied to Kirk or Kirk-like tools. These tools make up 70% of the total hafted biface assemblage (n=455). Given the differences in morphology compared with diagnostic tools in neighboring assemblages, research questions focus on understanding the veracity of a new variety of Kirk identified at 15TR1. This paper presents analysis results and discusses how such an approach is useful when identified during these surveys. Given the density of identified burials and the probable extent of the cemetery an estimated 8,000 exploring communities of practice. Hargrave, Michael L. (see Greenlee, Diana M.) Harley, Grant (see Herrmann, Nicholas P.)

56 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 Harris, Norma ([email protected], LG2 Environmental Solutions) [37] More than a Century of Archaeology on Sapelo Island, Georgia: Mounds, Missions, Plantations and Post- Emancipation Research In the 1950s the owner of most of Sapelo, R.J. Reynolds, Jr., invited Antonio Waring and Lewis Larson to investigate the Archaic Shell Ring One visited in the 1890s by C.B. Moore. Larson’s fascination with the Georgia Coast continued throughout his career as state archaeologist. The first Sapelo Papers were written by students and edited by Larson with his contribution on the Spanish Mission Period, his favorite archaeological component on the coast. Research has evolved and proliferated since Larson, with many projects on the same sites he excavated. This paper will summarize earlier work and introduce current research on Sapelo. Harris, Stephen (see Boudreaux, Tony) Harris, Stephen ([email protected], Mr.), Edward Henry (Colorado State University), Jay K. Johnson (University of Mississippi), Travis Cureton (Logan Simpson), Tony Boudreaux (University of Mississippi) [42] Magnetic Gradiometer Survey at the Mississippi State Asylum Cemetery The first mental health facility in Mississippi was located on what is now the University of Mississippi Medical Center campus in Jackson, MS. Associated records indicate that as many as 9,000 people died while incarcerated at the hospital. The exact locations and extent of the unmarked burials is not known. Several magnetic gradiometer surveys were conducted by the University of Mississippi Center for Archaeological Research between 2012-2014. Approximately 817 potential grave anomalies were unmarked burials are likely present. Heath, Barbara (see Webster, Rebecca) Heath, Barbara J. (see Belcher, Megan) Heath, Barbara J. ([email protected], University of Tennessee), Rebecca J. Webster (University of Tennessee) [21] Pots, Pipes and People at Coan Hall Recent work at the Coan Hall Site on Virginia’s Northern Neck has uncovered a probable historic Algonquian palisade, pits filled from the mid-17th to the early 18th centuries, and the remains of an English manor house constructed circa 1650. Over 100 fragments of locally produced, hand-made coarse earthenware and more than 300 locally-made pipe fragments were recovered in association with these features. This paper will define their attributes and compare them with sites in the Colonial Encounters database in order to explore changing relationships between Indians, English, and African inhabitants at the site and in the broader region over time. Heckman, Benjamin J. ([email protected], Binghamton University), Wei Hao Ng (Binghamton University), Mark Richter (Binghamton University), Emily K. Sainz (Binghamton University), Paula Hertfelder (Binghamton University), Abbie Young (Binghamton University), Matthew C. Sanger (Binghamton University), Katherine Seeber (Binghamton University), Emily Roberts (Binghamton University) [26] Footprints in the Sand: A Geophysical Survey of Historic Mitchelville Mitchelville, located on Hilton Head, SC, was the first free Black town in the south, established in 1861 during the Civil War. Currently, only a small portion of Mitchelville remains archaeologically intact, preserved in the Historic Mitchelville Freedom Park (HMFP). The HMFP and local Gullah community are striving to locate the first Church constructed at Mitchelville. In the spring of 2018 we conducted a geophysical survey using both Magnetometry and Resistivity to locate any footprint of the church or surrounding activity areas. Although the structure was pier-based and ephemeral, a combination of instruments were able to capture several possible structures.

57 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi Heller, Nathanael ([email protected], R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc.) [4] New Orleans Ladies: How Archeology Helps Tell the Stories of Laura Livaudais and Hannah Ford One positive outcome from Hurricane Katrina has been an unprecedented amount of archeological investigation of urban New Orleans, largely the result of disaster recovery projects administered by FEMA. Among the past lives examined archeologically were those of two women who lived in New Orleans during the early twentieth century. One was Laura Livaudais, a young woman from a prominent French family who fell in with a gang of human traffickers. The other was Hannah Ford, an Irish widow whose husband was hanged for the murder of a police officer, who later became a beloved matron of a local school. Helms, Jessica (see Puckett, Heather) Hemming, C. Andrew (see Moore, Christopher R.) Henry, Edward (see Mehta, Jayur) Henry, Edward (Colorado State University), Greg Maggard (Oklahoma Department of Transportation), David Pollack (Kentucky Archaeological Survey), Carly DeSanto (Colorado State University) [39] What Can a Ditch Divulge? Landscape History and Social Change at Indian Old Fields and the Goff Circle, Clark County, Kentucky Landscape change and the transformation of social institutions are a primary focus of archaeologists. Fieldwork conducted in central Kentucky has generated new information concerning how local groups interacted with sacred spaces, such as earthen enclosures and burial mounds. Using geoarchaeological analyses and chronological modeling of the refilled ditch at Goff Circle, a Middle Woodland earthen enclosure, as well as later sites distributed across the Indian Old Fields landscape, the nature of interaction between these spaces and Middle Woodland and subsequent societies are explored. Once constructed, many sacred places remained important elements of the social landscape for more than 2,000 years. Henry, Edward (see Harris, Stephen) Herrmann, Edward (see Schurr, Mark) Herrmann, Nicholas P. ([email protected], Texas State University), Amber Plemon (Michigan State University), Grant Harley (University of Idaho), Molly K. Zuckerman (Mississippi State University), Willa Trask (Department of Defense) [42] Data Integration of the Mississippi State Asylum Burial Sample and Archival Records The Mississippi State Asylum (MSA) Cemetery sample offers an opportunity to assess institutional health patterns in post-reconstruction Mississippi. Although the burials (n=66) are unidentified, they are not unknown. Admission, discharge, and death certificate records provide a layered demographic picture of the asylum community. Employing dendrochronology, skeletal biology, and isotopic geochemistry we assess a single burial within a Disaster Victims Identification (DVI) model. Candidate patient lists are derived from the DVI model based on biological profile and isotopic and archaeological information. The candidate list is examined to provide a richer understanding of the health challenges likely facing this individual. Herrmann, Nicholas P. (see Zuckerman, Molly K.) Hertfelder, Paula (see Heckman, Benjamin J.) Heyward, Corey Ames ([email protected], Drayton Hall Preservation Trust), Jon Marcoux (Clemson University) [21] The Preliminary Identification of West African Rouletting in Colonoware Assemblages from Charleston, South Carolina Colonoware, a low-fired earthenware made by enslaved Africans and Native Americans, is a crucial source of information for exploring the formation and materiality of colonial identities. Despite its importance, it remains relatively enigmatic as a potting tradition. In this paper, we report on an assemblage of sherds from 58 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 two 18th century sites in Charleston decorated by “folded-strip rouletting.” Through comparison to published examples and experimental replication, we argue that this style of rouletting is related to contemporaneous West African potting traditions – making these sherds the first clear archaeological examples of an African potting tradition in the colonial United States. Hill, William ([email protected], Binghamton University) [7] The Use of Lithic Micro-Variables as a Means of Tracing the Impacts of the Indian Slave Trade Slight morphological variations in lithic tool waste products and production technique hold potential to inform on the unconscious habitual actions shared by artisans within a community of practice. Such micro- variables may intersect with the historical circumstances specific to Native American groups. Lithic tool replications have shown that microvariables vary predictably with the skill and savoir-faire of the artisan. In linking small scale material practices with larger sociohistorical analysis, comparative data from select Mississippian and Cherokee sites in the southeast highlight how changes in lithic tool production activities may have been transformed by the transatlantic deer skin and Indian slave trade. Hipskind, Scott (see Wilson, Jeremy) Hladik, Christine (see Thompson, Victor D.) Hodge, Shannon Chappell ([email protected], Middle Tennessee State University), Macie Orrand (Georgia State University) [6] Bioarchaeology at the Samburg / Effigy Rabbit Site (40OB6): Mississippian Trophy Taking and Small-Scale Violence * The Samburg Site (40OB6) is a small heavily-looted Mississippian stone-box cemetery site in Obion County, Tennessee, in the upper reaches of the Lower Mississippi River Valley. Paleopathological evidence indicates small-scale violence and trophy-taking, which fits well within the model of Mississippian raiding / warfare. In particular, individuals from this site exhibit scalping and ear trophy removal, a pattern recently identified in the middle Tennessee River Valley of North Alabama. This presentation positions the Samburg Site within the broader Mississippian of the region and compares the evidence for trophy-taking and violence to similar patterns elsewhere in the Mississippian Southeast. Hoksbergen, Ben ([email protected], University of Alabama-Huntsville) [23] The Potential for Intact Paleoindian Deposits in the Middle Tennessee Valley While renowned for its heavy concentration of Paleoindian sites, the Middle Tennessee Valley has largely been written off as being too deflated to contain significant intact deposits. Recent geomorphological data from north Alabama is helping to winnow down the depositional haystack to zero in on portions of landforms that are most likely to harbor intact strata from the end of the Pleistocene. A new look at old landforms suggests that the karst landscape of the Middle Tennessee Valley may yet hold some surprises, and that intact early cultural deposits can show up in some unexpected places, including heavily-cultivated uplands. Hollenbach, Kandace ([email protected], University of Tennessee-Knoxville) [3] Nuts, Seeds, and River Valleys: The Late Archaic/Early Woodland Transition in East Tennessee One of Jeff Chapman’s many significant contributions to southeastern archaeology was the systematic collection and analysis of plant remains from sites in the Tellico Project, providing one of the largest datasets in the eastern US and helping set the standard for the discipline. Here I compare the plant and feature assemblages from several Late Archaic and Early Woodland sites in upper East Tennessee, including the Tellico Project sites, Townsend, Nolichucky River, and Phipps Bend sites. I use these data to discuss the larger economic and social influences of the adoption of cultigens in the region. Hollenbach, Kandace D. (see Belcher, Megan) Holley, George R. (see Greenlee, Diana M.)

59 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi Hollingshead, Analise (see Skipton, Tara) Hollingshead, Analise ([email protected], National Park Service), Jeffrey Shanks (National Park Service) [22] Two Rings to Rule them All: Byrd Hammock (8Wa30) A Dual Ring Midden Complex in Northwest Florida The Byrd Hammock (8Wa30) site is a dual ring midden complex encompassing both Swift Creek and Weeden Island occupations located in northwest Florida. A parallel discussion on the patterns observed between Byrd Hammock and other dual ring midden complexes offers an interpretation on the people who occupied this site and the surrounding area, highlighting the lifeways for these people inhabiting northwest Florida between AD 200 and AD 900. Analysis of the features from Byrd Hammock reveal the need for a unique sampling strategy to truly understand Woodland ring middens in their entirety. Honerkamp, Nicholas (see Robbins, Lori) Honerkamp, Nicholas ([email protected], University of Tennessee) [37] Gullah Geechee Burial Practices at Behavior Cemetery, Sapelo Island: A Community-Based Archaeological Perspective This paper describes a successful partnership between Gullah Geechee residents living on Sapelo Island, Georgia, and University of Tennessee archaeologists. In particular, Island matriarch Cornelia Bailey requested that archaeological survey and testing occur at Behavior Cemetery to: (1) examine a small buried deposit of tabby plaster and oyster shell; (2) record the locations and information on all extant headstones and other Cemetery features; and (3) detect the presence of unmarked graves through the use of ground penetrating radar (GPR). This latter goal was occasioned by the increasingly common (and disturbing) presence of unmarked burials encountered during recent funeral ceremonies. Horsley, Timothy J. (see Kimball, Larry R.) Hougland, Daniel ([email protected], Florida State University) [35] Analysis and Ethnographic Discussion of Hook and Line Fishing Tackle Along the Aucilla River Archaeological evidence recovered from numerous submerged sinkhole sites demonstrates that pre-Contact Native Americans may have used hook and line fishing techniques throughout the Aucilla River. Mass capture techniques such as fish traps and nets have previously been documented for the Southeastern US, but individual fishing techniques are poorly-understood. This poster presentation will discuss potential small number capture methods using ethnographic case studies as well as analysis of archaeological evidence collected from sites along the Aucilla River in Florida as a precursor to experimental studies to replicate potential pre-Contact fishing techniques. Howell, Cameron ([email protected], ERM) [41] Earth Ovens in the Southeastern US: Social Dynamics of the Original Slow Cooker Earth ovens represent a cooking innovation that lasted from the Archaic into the Woodland period across the southeast. As distinctive facilities for cooking, these features represent activities that archaeologists can us as proxies to infer sedentism and social organization from nucleated families to aggregated groups. Earth ovens can provide this information by using ethnographic and ethnoarchaeological studies, and the physical metrics of the facilities. This paper employs a combined approach to help identify trends within the data that match with ethnographic inferences and provide a general guide for interpreting these facilities and their relationship to the groups that created them.

60 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 Hubbert, Charles [23] On Paleoindian and Early Archaic Settlement Locations on the Lowlands of the Middle Tennessee Valley: A Discussion Southeastern archaeologists know relatively little about the early human inhabitants of the interior southeast during Late Pleistocene /Early Holocene times. Important advances in that knowledge are now taking place with interested archaeologists in the southeast pooling their information in order to produce a regional overview. This contribution presents my interpretation of the distribution of early sites along the lowlands and floodplain of the Tennessee River in North Alabama. Huey, Samuel M. (see Watt, David) Huey, Samuel M. (see Britt, Tad) Humes, Peggy (see Baumann, Timothy J.) Hutson, Caleb (see Larson, Kara) Imbriolo, Theresa (see Rietmuller, Douglas) Iseminger, William ([email protected], Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site) [6] Cahokia-Style Engraved Stone Tablets The iconic Cahokia Birdman Tablet is well-known but there are numerous other examples of tablets. Only a few have graphics on one side and usually cross-hatching on the other. The majority have cross-hatching on one or both sides. This presentation will review 27 whole or partial tablets that have been identified thus far, their characteristics and proveniences, if known, and a discussion of possible functions. A search for other tablets continues in order to add to the database of these unique artifacts. Ivester, Andrew (see Ferguson, Terry A.) Jackson, Edwin [30] Discussant Jackson, H. Edwin (see Little, Keith J.) Jackson, Kendal (see Pluckhahn, Thomas) Jackson, Paul ([email protected], TerraXporations, Inc.), Katherine E. Seeber (Binghamton University), Kathryn McKenna (University of Tennessee-Knoxville) [4] Sweet Success or Bitter Disappoint: New Insights into St. James Parish Sugar Cane Production Since colonization took hold in St. James Parish, Louisiana, it has been a community dominated economically, socially, and politically by sugar cane production. The complex and difficult history of colonization, plantation labor, and post-bellum class poverty of the parish has been often simplified. Currently, the traditional sugar cane economy is being dismantled and replaced by massive chemical production plants. Though this process is changing the community, it is bringing new opportunities for archaeological discoveries. TerraX is currently conducting investigations that will bring to light the highly complex social and political landscapes of colonization, enslavement, and post-bellum in St. James Parish. Jackson, Stephen (see Perrotti, Angelina) James, Larry ([email protected], Brockington and Associates), Molly Van Ostran (Brockington and Associates) [8] The Data Recovery Investigation at Site 38DR250 in Dorchester County, South Carolina In 2007, Brockington and Associates, Inc completed a data recovery investigation at Site 38DR250 in Dorchester County, South Carolina Site 38DR250 is the remnants of Peter Haskins’ eighteenth century small farmstead settlement (1745-1776) comprised of a main house, kitchen, slave dwellings, and a large barn or

61 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi stable The discovery of the unusual eight-sided barn/stables exposed a direct connection with the Haskins’ tenure The Haskin family were raising (and likely selling) horses for nearby plantations surrounding the trading town of Dorchester, situated along the Ashley River. Jefferies, Richard W. ([email protected], University of Kentucky), Christopher Moore (University of Indianapolis), Elizabeth Straub (University of Kentucky), Tyler Stumpf (University of Kentucky) [37] The Sapelo Island Mission Period Archaeological Project: Fifteen Years of Spanish Mission Period Research on Sapelo Island, Georgia Beginning in 2004, field investigation conducted by University of Kentucky and University of Indianapolis archaeologists have focused on an area at the north end of Sapelo Island, the likely location of Mission San Joseph de Sapala. A combination of topographic mapping, shovel testing, unit excavation and a variety of geophysical prospection techniques have helped to identify the size, organization and character of the site’s Mission period community. This paper provides new insights on the settlement, subsistence, and technology of that 17th century Guale community and the nature of interaction between the town’s Spanish clerical and military personnel and the Guale. Jefferies, Richard W. (see Moore, Christopher R., IN) Jenkins, Jessica A. ([email protected], University of Florida),Ginessa J. Mahar (University of Florida) [14] Relating Shell Tool Type to Tool Use on Florida’s Northern Gulf Coast The relationship between tool type and function is of central concern in interpreting archaeological assemblages as these connections are used as indicators of specific activities. Studies focusing on tool assemblages from coastal Florida have hypothesized that gastropod shell hammers were used for processing oysters. At Shell Mound (8LV42), a Middle Woodland civic-ceremonial center on Florida’s northern Gulf Coast, roughly 1.2 billion oysters were deposited in about two centuries. Proxy evidence indicates that Shell Mound inhabitants were practicing oyster mariculture through culling and shelling. The relationship between shell hammers and oyster shell is examined by considering their covariation in multiple contexts. Jensen, Allison (see Perrotti, Angelina) Johnson, Hunter B. ([email protected], Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research) [23] Cottonfield Meditations: A Paper in honor of Charles M. Hubbert This paper discusses some of Charles Hubert’s contributions to Paleoindian archaeology. In particular, the paper revisits Paleoindian sites that Charles investigated or wrote about in Madison and Limestone counties Alabama. During his tenure as the base archaeologist at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama Charles investigated several sites in and around the arsenal. Rapid development in recent years in areas surrounding the arsenal has resulted in the destruction of numerous upland karst landforms that contained Paleoindian sites. This paper offers some alternative approaches for investigating some of these remaining sites before they are destroyed by further development. Johnson, Hunter B. (see Little, Keith J.) Johnson, Jay K. [38] Discussant Johnson, Jay K. (see Harris, Stephen) Jones, Dennis ([email protected], Louisiana Archaeological Society), Samuel O. Brookes (Louisiana Archaeological Society), John M. Connaway (Louisiana Archaeological Society) [4] Gone But Surely Not Forgotten: The Monte Sano Site (16EBR17) in Baton Rouge, LA In March of 1967, archaeologists directed by LSU’s Dr. William G Haag conducted salvage investigations at the Monte Sano site in Baton Rouge, LA. This site contained two conical mounds that were mechanically excavated before the site was leveled for the construction of an industrial plant. There was also a separate midden area that yielded artifacts from several periods of prehistoric occupation. These investigations

62 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 determined that the mounds had complex stratigraphy and that prehistoric construction of the mounds dated to the Middle Archaic period. Radiocarbon dates from Mound A indicate that it was/is the oldest known mound in North America. Jones, Eric E. (see Toombs, Garrett) Jones, Eric E. (see Walston, Alyssa) Jones, K. C. (see Williams, Mark) Jones, Scott (Media Prehistoria), Andrea Palmiotto (Indiana University of Pennsylvania), Karen Smith (South Carolina Department of Natural Resources Heritage Trust), Kiersten Weber (South Carolina Department of Natural Resources Heritage Trust) [9] Bone Debitage Associated with Tool Production: A Preliminary Assessment of the Late Archaic Pockoy Shell Ring 1 (38CH2533) Like any manufacturing process, bone tool production is represented by clear stages and diagnostic debris. However, archaeological research often emphasizes tool production in terms of the final product rather than the associated debitage. Consequently, identification of bone tool production sites is impeded. Characteristics of production areas are hypothesized based on experimental replications and archaeological literature, emphasizing bone debitage morphology, deer body part representation, and the number of bone tools. These traits are examined in a sample collected from Pockoy Shell Ring 1 (38CH2533), a Late Archaic site near Edisto, SC, to assess whether production may have occurred at this site. Jones, Scott (see Haag, Crista) Jones, Scott ([email protected], Midsouth Cultural Resource Consultants) [33] Towards a New Paradigm in Southeastern Paleoindian Archaeology The Southeastern Paleoindian archaeological record has been described as consisting of few true sites and scatters of isolated projectile points while Paleoindians rarely participated in the behaviors that produce sites. Despite extensive data to the opposite, this conception continues to be prevalent among the avocational and professional communities. In this paper, a compelling argument that the Southeastern Paleoindian archaeological record consists not only of true sites, but extensive complexes of sites, and that Paleoindian peoples participated in highly organized socioeconomic interactions. It is hoped that this paper will provide the foundation for a new paradigm in Southeastern Paleoindian archaeology. Joy, Brandy (University of South Carolina) [5] The Effects of Emancipation on the Foodways of South Carolina’s James Islanders Transformations in the foodways (diet, cuisine, acquisition, preparation, consumption, storage, and discard) of pre-and post-Emancipation Stono Plantation, James Island residents are compared in terms of material culture. Emphasis is placed upon protein sources, ceramics and glass wares, flatware, and food-procurement related objects such as fishing paraphernalia and cans. Comparisons and contrasts of the assemblages are discussed along with explanations and implications of findings. Joy, Shawn ([email protected], SEARCH Inc.) [23] Coastally Adapted: A Model for Eastern Coastal Paleoindian Sites In the Americas, archaeologists have identified only a handful of unequivocal coastal Paleoindian sites. This is due to sea-level rise since the LGM. These sites are on the West coast, where the sea-levels were less invasive. However, not a single coastal Paleoindian site has been identified on the Eastern coast. This research investigates global coastal Pleistocene hunter-gatherer sites in regions containing evidence of marine subsistence spanning 150,000 years in settings similar to those along the Atlantic Coast. Here, a model utilizing these data and anthropological uniformitarianism was developed as the proximity to the sea changed due to fluctuating sea-levels.

63 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi Judge, Christopher (University of South Carolina-Lancaster) [21] The Elusive Cheraw Indians The Cheraw Indians of the Carolinas were an important entity in the Colonial era. In this paper, I discuss an ethnohistoric process to identify the cultural affiliation of two individuals interred at the Johannes Kolb Site, in Darlington County, South Carolina. I trace the movement of the Cheraw across the Piedmont of North Carolina and ultimately to the Great Pee Dee River and beyond in an attempt to write a brief history for these two people that I believe are Cheraw. Kangas, Rachael ([email protected], Florida Public Archaeology Network), Sara Ayers-Rigsby (Florida Public Archaeology Network) [13] Adaptation and Mitigation for Submerged Historic Sites: Utilizing Citizen Science to Aid in Planning and Emergency Response Florida’s submerged historic resources are at increasing risk of climate change impacts. These sites require management decisions similar to terrestrial sites in terms of triage and mitigation planning, however they face unique threats and challenges. Differing climate change threats, such as direct impacts of ocean acidification, will disproportionately affect submerged resources, and challenges in management of these submerged sites due to lack of personnel and difficulty accessing sites make them more difficult to mitigate and monitor. This presentation discusses some of the unique threats submerged historic sites face and how citizen science can contribute to emergency response and long-term planning. Kassabaum, Megan ([email protected], University of Pennsylvania) [32] Will the Circle Be Unbroken? Investigating the “Ring Midden” at Feltus, Jefferson County, MS Excavations at Late Woodland sites in the Lower Mississippi Valley have uncovered evidence of ring middens. In the southern Lower Valley, these circular or parentheses-shaped zones of dense archaeological material often sit under later mound sites and have been interpreted as important to the establishment of formalized site plans. In this paper, I draw on surface-collected and excavated data to examine the arguments for and against the presence of a premound ring midden at Feltus. My analysis implies that the midden itself is less important to understanding and interpreting Feltus’s site layout than the plaza it enclosed. Kassabaum, Megan C. (see Spicola, Erin B.) Keel, Bennie [11] Discussant Keith, Scot ([email protected], New South Associates) [16] Tracking the Source of Miniature Quartz Crystals at Lithic Scatters in Northwest Georgia Very small quartz crystals have been found at several small lithic scatter sites in John’s Creek Valley in Floyd County, Georgia. Typically less than 0.25” in size, these crystals were found during intensive surface survey and likely would have not been recovered as a result of shovel testing. Previous investigations in the area have not reported such an occurrence, and relatively little is known regarding the specific geological source(s) of these quartz crystals in this area. This poster provides details on their archaeological context, explores the potential geological sources, and examines how they were deposited at these sites. Kelley, David [4] Discussant Kelly, John E. (see Stauffer, J. Grant) Khakzad, Sorna ([email protected], Univesrity of West Florida), Michael Thomin (University of West Florida) [34] Florida Panhandle Maritime National Heritage Area Florida Panhandle helped develop the United States’ national defense, industry, economy, and tourism into what it is today. The Florida Panhandle is rich with archaeological and cultural resources, many of which have already been recognized nationally, regionally and locally significant. However, these resources has not been 64 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 promoted in a cohesive manner. Through conducting a feasibility study for a National Heritage Area (NHA) designation, the University of West Florida and its partners demonstrate the archaeological and cultural resources that contribute to the nation’s heritage as a whole. This paper will explore the feasibility, challenges and benefits of creating a Panhandle NHA. Kiahtipes, Christopher (see Perrotti, Angelina) Kimball, Larry R. (see Davis, R. P. Stephen) Kimball, Larry R. (Appalachian State University), Alice P. Wright (Appalachian State University), Timothy J. Horsley (Northern Illinois University), Thomas R. Whyte (Appalachian State University), Gary Crites (McClung Museum), John Wolf (Western Carolina University), Cala Castleberry (Northern Arizona University), M. Scott Shumate (Biltmore Estate) [3] Biltmore Mound and Village The cultural context of the Biltmore Mound (31BN174) is a second example (after Garden Creek) of a persistent place in the Southern Appalachian Hopewellian ritual landscape. The associated assemblages reveal inter-group participation in rituals and other kinds of social interaction (feasting, exchange, etc.) involving people from far afield. These data derive largely from the mound. In order to begin to put the entire site into a cultural context, recent geophysical survey, excavation, radiocarbon dating, and analyses of the habitation area demonstrate that this place was utilized early on (if not before) in the creation of the Hopewellian mound. Kimbrough, Rhonda ([email protected], USDA Forest Service), Andres, Repp (USDA Forest Servoce), Kevin Gidusko (Paleowest Archaeology), Stephen Wise (National Park Service) [15] The Fort at Prospect Bluff: Archaeological Mitigation of Hurricane Damage to a Florida Maroon Site The Fort at Prospect Bluff, also known as the “Negro Fort”, is a symbol of slavery resistance, playing a major role in the quest for freedom in the Northwest Florida region during the early 1800s. In October, 2018, Category 5 Hurricane Michael left over 100 uprooted trees on Prospect Bluff which is located on the Apalachicola River within the Apalachicola National Forest. Although the site was damaged, clues to a better understanding of the maroon community were revealed. Fortuitously, the site was accepted by the National Park Service for inclusion into the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom (NTF) in November 2018 making it eligible for grants. The Forest Service partnered with the Southeast Archaeology Foundation to receive a $15,000 grant for archaeological mitigation provided by the Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH). Thus a devastating blow to a National Historic Landmark was transformed into a unique opportunity to gain knowledge. Mitigation methodology successfully integrated professionals and volunteers to retrieve data in a controlled manner. However, questions remain about distinguishing aboriginal ceramics from those of maroon manufacture. King, Adam ([email protected], South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology), Chester Walker (Archaeo-Geophysical Associates), Kent Reilly (Texas State University) [31] The Etowah Archaeo-Geophysical Survey: Creating Place and Identity through the Built Environment The Etowah Archaeo-Geophysical Survey was initiated to explore the Etowah site while minimizing impacts to an archaeological record that is sacred to the people. The EAS has generated a 100% gradiometer survey, collected limited ground-penetrating radar and resistivity data, and tested selected categories. In this paper we discuss what we have learned about how the built environment was used to create community and reinforce changing identities during the history of Etowah. Specifically, we will discuss how architecture was critical in creating Etowah’s first community and how the built environment was modified to create a sacred cosmogram during Etowah’s peak. King, Julia A. ([email protected], St. Mary’s College of Maryland) [21] On Native Displacement in the Lower Rappahannock River Valley The middle Rappahannock River valley (Virginia) served as a refuge for Native communities displaced from neighboring river drainages by an expanding English settlement. Documents suggest that these relocated 65 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi communities interacted in ways that reshaped Native tribal identities, with two groups coalescing by 1700: the Nanzatico and the Rappahannock. But what does the archaeological evidence suggest about these interactions and reforming communities and identities? This paper compares selected materials recovered from a number of early colonial Native settlements in the middle Rappahannock, finding considerable variability among assemblages. This variability is an important key to understanding Native responses in an occupied homeland. Kitteringham, Lia ([email protected], Appalachian State University), Alice Wright (Appalachian State University) [35] Cupules in Context: A Photogrammetric Method for Petroglyph Documentation from Western North Carolina Archaeologists, museums-based researchers, and heritage managers increasingly use 3-D photogrammetry to document the archaeological record and present such findings to diverse, dispersed audiences. In this poster, we present our photogrammetric methodology for recording a newly discovered rock art corridor along a tributary of the South Fork of the New River in western North Carolina. This approach (1) enables sustainable, lab-based study of sites that otherwise require time consuming and costly field expeditions; and (2) promises to enhance comparative rock art research and promote the dissemination of findings to myriad stakeholders while still preserving rock art sites and landscapes. Knight, Jr., Vernon J. (see Steponaitis, Vincas P.) Konsoer, Kory (see Britt, Tad) Kowalski, Jessica ([email protected], University of South Alabama), Erin Nelson (University of South Alabama) [20] Above and Below the Greenline: Variation in Late Mississippian Settlement Patterns in the Yazoo Basin of the Lower Mississippi Valley The Yazoo Basin of the Lower Mississippi Valley is colloquially split into the northern and southern portions, divided by a theoretical “greenline,” stretching east to west between Greenwood and Greenville, Mississippi. Although the physiographic differences between the Northern and Southern parts of the basin are subtle, differences in ancient settlement patterns and material culture are apparent, particularly during the Late Mississippi period. In this paper, we compare settlement patterns above and below the greenline, and offer some potential explanations, both environmental and cultural, for these differences. Kowlaski, Jessica (see Blitz, John) Krause, Richard ([email protected], Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research) [41] From Semantics to Kinship: The Imprint of Kinship on Archaeological Data Attempts to overcome the existential problems created by biological limitations on reproduction and rate of maturation segregate all human societies into care givers and their dependents. When these relations are assumed to be the consequences of biological continuity, they become the parent-child, husband-wife and sibling ties anthropologists identify as systems of kinship and marriage. Through a kinship based mode of production tools, skills and labor are deployed to wring energy from the natural world producing historically contingent social relations that through innovation and contact with others generate a morphogenetic history. I will use the central Tennessee Valley as my example. Kreiser, Kelsey ([email protected], Cardno), Eric Prendergast (Cardno) [8] Animals of Fort Brooke, Tampa, Florida The incessantly expanding landscape of downtown Tampa, FL continually reveals pockets of preserved Fort Brooke. Established in 1824, the Jacksonian-era US Army installation played an outsized role in the settler- colonial takeover of the peninsula. While there is much to learn from the artifacts relating to the myriad of people who moved in and out of the cantonment boundaries, recent excavations downtown uncovered

66 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 complete skeletal remains of horses and dogs. Preliminary studies of these faunal remains has produced information about the places of origin and the role these animals might have played in the world of Fort Brooke. Krus, Tony (see Baumann, Timothy J.) Lacefield, Eric (see McGimsey, Chip) Laderoute, Madeline ([email protected], Middle Tennessee State University), Paul Eubanks (Middle Tennessee State University), Kevin Smith (Middle Tennessee State University) [6] Healing, Tourism, and Portals to the Beneath World: A Summary of Middle Tennessee State University’s Recent Excavations at Castalian Springs (40SU14) in North-Central Tennessee Middle Tennessee is home to one of the densest concentrations of mineral springs in the southeastern United States. For thousands of years, these springs were important places on the landscape for both symbolic and practical reasons. From 2017 to 2019, Middle Tennessee State University hosted a series of summer archaeological field schools near several of these springs adjacent to the Castalian Springs Mound Site and the Wynnewood State Historic Site. In this paper, we provide an overview of our excavations and present some preliminary interpretations concerning the significance and use of these springs during the late prehistoric and historic periods. LaDu, Daniel ([email protected], University of Southern Mississippi) [20] Coles Creek Villages In 1948, Walter Taylor charged American archaeology with lavishing attention on the most impressive sites while overlooking the less conspicuous towns, villages, and hamlets. A century of excavation within the Lower Mississippi Valley has focused almost exclusively on mound and plaza centers; creating a sampling bias that distorts interpretations of prehistoric settlement patterns. This paper summarizes what we know about late Woodland villages in Mississippi and Louisiana, and outlines a research agenda intended to address this concern from multiple analytical scales. Accurately reconstructing the complete Coles Creek site-hierarchy has far-ranging implications, affecting how we interpret everything from subsistence-economics to worldview. Lambert, John (see Loebel, Thomas) Lambert, Shawn (Mississippi State University) [17] High Times in Prehistory: Evidence for Datura-Making in Central Arkansas River Valley This poster presents research to identify Datura residues (a flowering plant with hallucinogenic properties) in late prehistoric composite bottles from the Central Arkansas River Valley. The bottles are incredibly unique because ceramic disks with a series of concentric perforations were incorporated into the bottles at the juncture of the bottle neck with the globular portion of the body. The organic residue analysis revealed that these bottles contained high concentrations of Datura. The internal clay disks likely served as strainers or filters, separating the psychoactive properties from the Datura flower to create a powerful liquid concoction. Lambert, Shawn P. (see Colaninno-Meeks, Carol) Lankford, George E. (see Steponaitis, Vincas P.) Larson, Kara ([email protected], Mississippi State University), J. Nathan Shores (Mississippi State University), Caleb Hutson (Mississippi State University), Karen Y. Smith (South Carolina Department of Natural Resources), Derek T. Anderson (Mississippi State University), D. Shane Miller (Mississippi State University) [26] Surveying Shell Rings with Advanced Technology and Methodology: Initial Results from the 2019 Survey at Pockoy Island, South Carolina Aerial LIDAR scanning conducted by the NERRA in 2016 detected two shell rings on the coast and interior of Pockoy Island, South Carolina. Due to rapid coastal erosion and rising sea levels, the shell rings are at risk

67 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi of being destroyed in the near future. In 2019, a Mississippi State University survey field school in conjunction with the SCDNR conducted a phase one survey across the entirety of Pockoy Island to record additional sites and to delineate the boundaries of the shell rings. This poster provides a summary of the MSU survey project, along with the initial spatial distribution results. Larson, Kara (see Anderson, Derek T.) Lash, Heather ([email protected], Indiana University of Pennsylvania) [15] “Food Gives Me Substance, Food Gives Me Life:” Analysis of Subsistence Practices at the Fort Frederick Heritage Preserve (38BU102/136/1100), Beaufort, South Carolina ** The Fort Frederick Heritage Preserve in coastal SC includes two occupations—the British Fort context, 1726–1756, and the Antebellum context (Old Fort Plantation), 1785–1861. Faunal remains are used to infer details about the subsistence practices and lifestyles of the men stationed at the fort and the enslaved families from the plantation context. A total of 6,059 specimens, weighing 7,200.8 grams, and representing a minimum of 56 individuals (MNI) from both contexts were analyzed. The zooarchaeological data, including species frequency, body region representation, and cultural modification, provide an avenue to study different cultural groups occupying the same geographic location. Latham, Robyn (see Brown, Emmett) Latiolais, Noelle (see Lowe, Regina) Lawrence, Dawn ([email protected], National Park Service), Stephanie Sterling (National Park Service), Andrew McFeaters (National Park Service) [8] Digital Archeology in America’s Parks: Using Innovative Technologies to Record a Historic Cemetery at Natchez National Historical Park * The mission of the National Park Service (NPS) is to preserve unimpaired the natural and cultural resources and values of the national park system for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations. To uphold this mission, NPS archeologists apply innovative documentation technologies to preserve America’s cultural resources. In 2019, NPS archeologists from the Southeast Archeological Center used multiple digital methods to document a historic cemetery at Natchez National Historical Park. This poster demonstrates how supplementing traditional excavation documentation with ESRI story mapping, photogrammetry, and Faro scanning can benefit both archeological sites and the public at large. Lawres, Nathan ([email protected], University of West Georgia) [12] Setting Suns, Rising Moons, and Sited Places: The Cosmic Grammar of the Belle Glade Monumental Landscape The of South Florida is associated with a range of monumental architecture. While the architecture exhibits temporal variation, there is consistency in structural forms and how they are arrayed across the landscape. The grammar underlying Belle Glade monumentality is both multiscalar and ontological. At the site scale, architectural form is guided by the ontological principles of circularity and relatedness, with relations created by alignments to celestial events and other sites. At the landscape scale, how and where the architecture is emplaced is guided by similar principles, with architectural sites located relative to one another along celestial azimuths. Lawres, Nathan (see Bennett, Ryan) Lawres, Nathan (see Oliveira, Bailey)

68 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 Leard, Jonathan ([email protected], Mississippi Office of Geology),James Starnes (Mississippi Office of Geology) [14] The Import and Utilization of Kosciusko Orthoquartzite as Hammer Stones in the Quarrying of Tallahatta Orthoquartzite at Site 22Ne579 in Neshoba County, Mississippi Tallahatta Orthoquartzite was utilized throughout all prehistoric cultural periods and exhibits a wide geographic distribution. Sources of Tallahatta Orthoquartzite suitable for knapping are localized to outcrops in east-central Mississippi. Quarry site 22NE579 in Neshoba County is one such source identified by the Mississippi Office of Geology during surface mapping fieldwork. Kosciusko Orthoquartzite, mined in Attala County, was transported to quarry site 22NE579 to be utilized as hammer stones. Kosciusko Orthoquartzite was utilized exclusively at this site because of its superior durability when compared to Tallahatta Orthoquartzite, making it one of the few resources capable of efficiently mining Tallahatta Orthoquartzite. Ledford, Kelly (Florida Division of Historical Resources) [24] The Human and Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) Relationship at the Fewkes (40WM1) Site in Middle Tennessee Previous research on human and turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) relationships during the Mississippian period in Middle Tennessee suggested that turkeys may have been a managed resource as opposed to being hunted solely in the wild. Turkey remains at the Fewkes (40WM1) site have been identified in a variety of contexts dating from AD 1150-1450. The present research combines contextual, osteometric, and isotopic data to explore the ways in which people at Fewkes viewed and interacted with local turkey populations. The results can be interpreted as a preference for large male birds selected from a non-domesticated, but potentially managed, turkey population. Ledford Chase, Kelly (see Thompson, Rachel E.) Lee, Dayna (see Watt, David) LeFebrvre, Michelle (see Wallman, Diane) Li, Jeffrey (see Gollogly, Collin) Lieb, Brad ([email protected], Chickasaw Nation) [38] Archaeological Research in the Chickasaw Homeland: A History, 1885-2019 This paper explores the history of archaeological research in the Tupelo and Northeast Mississippi area from its published origins in 1885. Achievements, challenges, languished collections and new directions are discussed. Goals, themes, theories, and approaches that characterize past research are overviewed. Recent Chickasaw Nation leadership and partnerships have led to a renaissance of Chickasaw archaeology in the twenty-first century. Lipo, Carl (see Rietmuller, Douglas) Little, Keith J. (Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research), Hunter B. Johnson (Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research), Corin Pursell (Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research), H. Edwin Jackson (University of Southern Mississippi) [20] Mound Summit Architecture and Mound Construction Periodicity: Mound A Excavations at Winterville In March 2016, heavy rainfall resulted in a translational landslide, or slump, on the northeastern flank of Mound A at the (22WS500) in Washington County, Mississippi. Archaeological investigations were conducted in the area of the mass wasting impacts to assess the damage and examine the original structure and construction stages of the mound for purposes of guiding stabilization efforts and mitigating some of the losses resulting from both the natural calamity and imminent impacts related to the planned stabilization process. The study furnished an evidentiary basis for evaluations of mound summit architecture and the periodicity of mound construction. Livingood, Patrick (see Hammerstedt, Scott)

69 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi LoBiondo, Matthew ([email protected], University of California-Santa Barbara) [6] Etowah Beginnings: New Research on the Multi-ethnic Origins of Etowah Recent research has emphasized the role of culture-contact as a process through which originated. Indeed, this research suggests that Etowah’s Mississippian beginnings may have emerged out of poorly understood interactions among multiple ethnic groups. A new project addresses who and how groups interacted through the analysis of pottery assemblages recovered from dense middens located in borrow-pits at Etowah. These middens are thought to be associated with the founding of the site. Preliminary results reveal that most of the pottery from these contexts are from northwestern Georgia and eastern Tennessee. LoBiondo, Matthew (see Dysart, John) Lockhart, Jami (see Hammerstedt, Scott) Loebel, Thomas ([email protected], Illinois State Archaeological Survey), John Lambert (Illinois State Archaeological Survey) [33] The Secret Lives of Paleoindians: Regional Exchange and Social Networks in the Western Great Lakes For much of the history of Paleoindian studies poor organic preservation and overt focus on fluted point manufacture has led to a perception of a monolithic culture that had little to no social or ritual life. Here we examine local, regional, and extra-regional patterns of fluted point distribution and raw material use in the Western Great Lakes region to illustrate patterns of mobility, interaction, and exchange. We propose that St. Louis style Clovis points are style-rich geographic outliers, which move beyond normal patterns of raw material circulation and illuminate potential early Paleoindian social interactions and maintenance of large- scale social networks. Logan, Eleanor (see Capp, Matthew) Lopez, Andrea (Mississippi State University) [42] An Osteobiography of Burial 1 from the Mississippi State Lunatic Asylum of Jackson, Mississippi * Previous work on Burial 1, recovered from the cemetery of the Mississippi State Lunatic Asylum (MSLA), Jackson, MS (1855-1935), has found that it displays three traumatic lesions on the frontal bone of the cranium. The remains were further assessed for additional pathologies, revealing dental pathologies and porotic hyperostosis—possibly from nutritional deficiencies—along with estimated female sex and age-at-death of 18-35 years. Their osteobiography, combined with historical records for the MSLA and contemporaneous Mississippi, suggest that stress during growth, and poor water and food quality and exposure to violence during adulthood may have influenced Burial 1’s pathologies. Love, Sarah ([email protected], Georgia Department of Natural Resources) [37] The Impact of Archaeological Research on Land Management, Interpretation, and Visitorship to Sapelo Island, Georgia Since the acquisition of Sapelo Island in the late 1960s by the State of Georgia, the state has been responsible for the management of one of Georgia’s most treasured barrier islands. University partners of the Department of Natural Resources have provided decades of valuable information that have enriched the interpretation and understanding of the Georgia Coast. While this research is an asset to the archaeological community, the public benefits cannot be understated. This paper will provide a brief overview of archaeological research on Sapelo Island and the benefit to land management, interpretation, heritage tourism, and the local tourism economy. Lovingood, Tracy ([email protected], University of South Florida) [8] Overturning the Turnbull Settlement: Artifact Analysis of the Old Stone Wharf The Turnbull Settlement of New Smyrna Beach, Florida, was one of many short-lived attempts at British dominance in the new colony taken over from Spain. Dr. Turnbull of Scotland established the settlement as

70 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 a plantation in 1766, which subsequently failed in 1777. A wharf located in the center of the town served as the primary point for trade. This poster presents preliminary results of the analysis of artifacts recovered from the Old Stone Wharf, focusing primarily on ceramics. Some artifacts identified include items that predate the failed settlement, suggesting earlier occupation of the site, though other hypotheses merit exploration. Lowe, Kelsey (see Mehta, Jayur) Lowe, Lexie (see Rietmuller, Douglas) Lowe, Regina (University of Louisiana at Lafayette), Noelle Latiolais (University of Louisiana at Lafayette), Miranda Davis (University of Louisiana at Lafayette) [8] Nouvelle Acadie and Settler Reuse of Native American Mounds as Cemeteries Nouvelle Acadie represents the original homesites and gravesites of Acadian exiles who settled in South Louisiana in 1765. More than 200 Acadians arrived at Fausse Point and 39 died from epidemic disease within months. Twenty-one burials are associated with three family homesites on the Teche Ridge. Archaeological survey has revealed historic sites on lands owned by Acadians and non-Acadian French, as well as two abandoned family graveyards and several locations said to have unmarked graves. One of these is a Native American earthen mound site. We examine the hypothesis that settlers reused earthen mounds as cemeteries. Lulewicz, Isabelle (see Thompson, Victor D.) Lulewicz, Jacob ([email protected], Washington University in St. Louis), Victor Thompson (University of Georgia), James Wettstaed (USDA Forest Service), Mark Williams (University of Georgia) [7] Enduring Traditions and the Immateriality of Early Colonial Encounters in the Oconee Valley, Georgia De Soto’s expedition between 1539 and 1542 is notoriously regarded as a watershed moment for the collapse of Indigenous societies. The dominant archaeological narrative proposes that such extreme depopulation worked to destabilize Indigenous economies, politics, networks, and traditions. Through the integration of radiocarbon and archaeological data from the platform mound at Dyar (9Ge5) in central Georgia, we argue that grand narratives which highlight collapse, abandonment, and demise mischaracterize the immediate post- contact histories of the Oconee Valley. Bayesian modeling suggests that Indigenous traditions (especially those related to religion and ritual associated with platform mound use) persisted ca. 130 years after contact with Europeans. Maggard, Greg (see Henry, Edward) Mahar, Ginessa ([email protected], University of Florida) [22] Partnered Rings of the Middle Woodland: A Case from the Gulf Coast Arcuate settlements of the Southeastern US are often comprised of more than one ring-shaped formation. In the cases where such formations are contemporaneous (or at minimum sequentially associated) the relationships between the rings has been a primary focus of archaeological scholarship. Spatial association tends to be at the forefront of these treatments; formations that share the same real estate tend to be considered more closely related than those that may be separated by short distances. Here, the relationship between two contemporaneous Middle Woodland arcuate settlements of the North Florida coast is considered in spatial, temporal, formal, and historical context. Mahar, Ginessa J. (see Jenkins, Jessica A.) Malischke, LisaMarie ([email protected], Mercyhurst University) [34] Sherds, Shards, Skills & Sustainability Pedagogy: Fort Tombecbe (1SU7), Epes, Alabama, Viewed through Collection Processing and Curation This presentation explains the incorporation of the Fort Tombecbe artifact collection into several classes at Mercyhurst University. Pedagogical need for hands-on interaction with prehistoric, protohistoric, and historical materials is stressed. Discussion will cover the various course goals and skills achieved while students labored

71 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi to process the artifacts and curate the collection. The dual importance of this work is revealed through explorations of real-world skills acquisition and the teaching of sustainability ethics in light of the current curation crisis. Mann, Jason (see Smith, Zachary) Marcoux, Jon (see Zierden, Martha) Marcoux, Jon (see Heyward, Corey Ames) Marks, Ted (see Ostahowski, Brian) Marrinan, Rochelle ([email protected], Florida State University) [15] An Assessment of Mission-Period Research in Northwest Florida Two properties were purchased in 1983 that anchored Mission period (1633-1704) archaeological research in northwest Florida for the past 35 years. Mission San Luis de Talimali (8Le4), the Mission-period administrative center, and Mission San Pedro y San Pablo de Patale (8Le152), an outlying mission, have been focal points for researchers in mission-related studies since that time and led to investigations at other mission sites, the reexamination of previous mission excavations, and mission models. In this paper, I discuss what we have learned (and unlearned) about the Franciscan- mission system. Martin, Melinda A. ([email protected], University of Memphis) [40] Paths of the Afterlife: Investigating the Double-Legged Q Design on Mississippian Beakers Archaeologists generally envision the Double-Legged Q motif as a sun symbol, which occurs on Mississippian beakers from the Cahokia region. In this paper I suggest the motif represents the Path of Souls, identified by eastern North American indigenous people as the Milky Way. The Double-Legged Q motif may depict a map of the Path of Souls, along with how and when one could access this path. As this motif also occurs on a variety of later ceramic forms, in addition to other media, it may have been employed by religious sodalities for considerable time for political and religious purposes. Mateja, Cyndal ([email protected], University of West Florida) [40] Preliminary Observations on the Lead Glazed Coarse Earthenware from the Luna Settlement and Fleet Tristán de Luna y Arellano’s 1559-1561 expedition provides a unique opportunity to explore the life cycle of the lead glazed coarse earthenwares that were common in the sixteenth century and utilized by Luna’s military. The utilized sherds from the terrestrial site provides an interesting contrast to the pristine sherds found in underwater contexts on the associated Emanuel Point shipwrecks. This paper provides preliminary observations regarding the disconnect between the anticipated use as described by historic texts and the actual use displayed on sherds from the terrestrial site. May, Alan ([email protected], Schiele Museum of Natural History), Rebecca Bubp (Schiele Museum of Natural History), January Costa [8] Holly Bend, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina: Slave Labor and Early 19th Century Agricultural Production Recent excavations at this historic, National Register property have uncovered traces of associated plantation dependencies including possible slave quarters Robert Davidson, among the wealthiest planters in Mecklenburg County, was listed in the 1850 census as having 2,803 acres and 109 slaves One frame building in a deteriorated condition along with recovered domestic material culture is interpreted as having originally been built for field hands and house domestics Recovered ceramics are similar to those recovered around the main house Additionally, metal detection and subsequent testing uncovered the site of a forge and other outliers associated with the plantation workforce are described.

72 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 McCarty, Rita ([email protected], Mississippi Army National Guard) [20] Revisiting Notions of Significance in the Piney Woods, How “Lithic Scatters” Are Oftentimes More Than They Seem The most predominant site types identified in the Piney Woods are historic sites and lithic scatters. For years, these site types were listed as insignificant and thus, the Piney Woods was labeled as “devoid of a single significant site”. Beginning in the mid to late 90’s, a string of university, federal, and state agency funded surveys and excavations brought about an end to writing off large parcels of Piney Woods history and prehistory as insignificant. This paper reflects on the long and sometimes difficult struggle to record and save Piney Woods archaeology. McFeaters, Andrew (see Lawrence, Dawn) McGimsey, Chip (Louisiana Division of Archaeology), Rich Weinstein (Coastal Environments, Inc), Pete Willey (Chico State University), Doug Wells (Coastal Environments, Inc), Jim Delahoussaye (University of Louisiana at Lafayette), Eric Lacefield (Retired) [4] A New Look at a Forgotten Site – 16SB12 The Mulatto Bayou site, 16SB12, was first recorded in the 1930s. In the 1970s it was visited numerous times by avocational archaeologists and during a Corps of Engineers project. These efforts recovered a substantial ceramic collection and a series of human burials from the site surface. Despite this early interest, the site and collection lay forgotten for many years. Today the site is completely submerged but the collection is being reexamined. This paper presents the results of these analyses. The site provides significant information about the occupation of Louisiana’s Mississippi River Delta region, an area that is rapidly vanishing today. McKenna, Kathryn (see Jackson, Paul) McKenna, Kathryn ([email protected], University of Tennessee-Knoxville), Tim Baumann (University of Tennessee-Knoxville), Gerry Dinkins (University of Tennessee-Knoxville), Steve Ahlstedt [14] Check Out These Mussels: Gravel Hill Cave Site Mussel Analysis in Comparison to the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant Site The Gravel Hill Cave Site (40RE117), located along the Clinch River, was excavated by Bill Fischer in 1958 as a personal curiosity. The site contained a unique stratigraphy of mollusks comprised of over 50 species, indicating an extended period of occupation ranging from Late Archaic to Early Mississippian. This paper analyzes the site’s chronology of mollusks in comparison to 40RE108, an open-air site located downriver. The comparison of these sites and their similar abundance of freshwater mollusks species and various artifacts spanning several periods will contribute to a greater understanding of change over time in past occupation in East Tennessee. McMahon, Patricia ([email protected], New South Associates), Velma Thomas Fann (New South Associates) [5] Archaeology and Oral History of Needwood, a Gullah Geechee Community on Georgia’s Coast Former enslaved people from plantations in Glynn County, Georgia, took advantage of “first freedom” and created their own self-sustaining communities, including Needwood, located on US 17 between Darien and Brunswick. Needwood had a church and school, as well as a commercial center, consisting of three stores that operated during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century. New South Associates, on behalf of the Georgia Department of Transportation, excavated the location of one of these stores and interviewed former residents of the Needwood community, many of whom left in the 1960s. This paper presents the preliminary results from fieldwork and oral history interviews. Meadows, Larry (see Greene, Taylor A.) Mehta, Jayur (see Skipton, Tara)

73 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi Mehta, Jayur (see Ostahowski, Brian) Mehta, Jayur (see Chamberlain, Elizabeth) Mehta, Jayur ([email protected], Florida State University), Aaron Fogel (University of Queensland), Edward Henry (Colorado State University), Kelsey Lowe (University of Queensland) [31] Prospecting Landscape and Sensing Variation in Monuments, Community, and Experience at the Carson Mounds The Carson Mounds site is a 1.6 km long monumental landscape in Mississippi’s northern Yazoo Basin that was inhabited for over 400 years. Literature on mounds across the Mississippian world show they were built for many reasons, including as communal gathering places, elite domiciles, and ritual structures. We summarize data from sediment cores, down-hole magnetic susceptibility, and electrical resistivity tomography on multiple earthen mounds at Carson to identify side-wide variation in mound construction. The diverse ways mounds were built and used lead us to propose that such social differences reflect a material history produced from distinct and negotiated social experiences. Menz, Martin (see West, Shaun) Menz, Martin ([email protected], University of Michigan) [22] Late Woodland Demographics and Social Integration: The View from Old Creek Ring Midden (8WA90) Old Creek (8WA90) is the smallest Woodland Period ring midden documented in the St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge. Dating to the late eighth to ninth centuries, Old Creek represents the persistence of the ring midden as a form of community organization—albeit on a smaller scale—following the decline and abandonment of other ring midden sites in the area. In this paper, I will consider some of the demographic and social implications of ring midden size and how to interpret Old Creek in light of these. Meredith, Steven M. ([email protected], Cedars Consulting, LLC) [23] The Tallahatta Formation and the Paleoindian Landscape The Tallahatta Formation is found at the surface within the Gulf Coastal Plain in an arc beginning in Georgia, reaching across southern Alabama, and extending northward through east and north Mississippi. Knappable stone is found in this formation only in the central part of its surface expression, from present day Andalusia, Alabama, westward to Meridian, Mississippi. This paper explores the presence of Paleoindian sites found in this area, what stone tools found at these sites are made of, and how these might help us understand the early centuries of human settlement in the region. Meredith, Steven M. (see Dumas, Ashley) Meriwether, Abra (see Rodning, Chris) Mesner Bleyhl, Molly (see Alt, Susan M.) Messer, Haley ([email protected], National Park Service), Jeffrey Shanks (National Park Service) [22] Bilateral Asymmetry: Intra-site Sectionality and Solsticial Alignment in Northwest Florida Ring Middens Several Weeden Island ring midden/mound complexes in coastal northwest Florida exhibit singular linear divisions through the central plazas of their circular/semi-circular midden deposits. The axes of division at these sites tend to correspond with the location of the mound and the center of the plaza. Some evidence suggests that the alignments of these axes reflect solsticial patterns. Are the divided sides of these ring middens evidence of distinct sodalities, moieties, or clans with physically separate living areas within village sites? This paper discusses the possibility of socially structured habitation patterns and celestial site alignments at Late Woodland ring midden sites.

74 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 Miller, D. Shane (Mississippi State University), Stephen Carmody (Troy University) [3] What Happened at the End of the Early Archaic?: Examining Paleoindian and Archaic Subsistence Trajectories in the Mid-South Ever since Brown and Vierra (1983) asked “What Happened in the Middle Archaic?,” many have noted substantial changes in the archaeological record during mid-Holocene in Eastern North America. In this paper, we will utilize formal models derived from human behavioral ecology as a theoretical framework to interpret variation in paleobotanical, zooarchaeological, and stone tool assemblages from a sample of sites in the Mid- South from the Paleoindian through Archaic periods. In particular, we argue that the Early Archaic/Middle Archaic transition resembles a potential “tipping point” that may be the result of trends that have considerable time depth. Miller, D. Shane (see Strawn, James L.) Miller, D. Shane (see Larson, Kara) Miller, Michael (see Brown, Emmett) Miller, Sarah (see Murray, Emily) Miller-Beech, Patty (see Underwood, John) Mitchem, Jeffrey M. ([email protected], Arkansas Archeological Survey) [7] A Diachronic Perspective on the Hernando de Soto Expedition * Archaeological excavations in Florida and Arkansas have resulted in two “snapshots” of the Soto expedition, one in 1539-1540 and the other in 1541. Not only have these revealed the types of artifacts brought by the Spaniards, but they have also given insights into the nature of interaction between the Europeans and the Native inhabitants. The nature and results of these contacts varied considerably, affected by geography and differing sociocultural structures. The fact that the expedition was not resupplied by ships from Cuba also had a drastic effect on what is recovered from the more western sites. Moore, Christopher R. ([email protected], Savannah River Archaeological Research Program), Mark J. Brooks (Savannah River Archaeological Research Program), James S. Dunbar (Aucilla Research Institute), C. Andrew Hemmings (Aucilla Research Institute), James K. Feathers (University of Washington, Luminescence Dating Laboratory) [9] Geoarchaeological Investigations at Wakulla Springs, Florida Geoarchaeological investigations at Wakulla Springs included granulometry, geochemistry, and OSL dating for characterizing the sediments, interpreting site formation processes and archaeostratigraphy, and establishing a geochronology of buried archaeological deposits. Geochemistry of sediments was done to determine if a recently identified platinum anomaly is present at Wakulla Springs and can be used to precisely define the chronostratigraphic position of the Younger Dryas onset at 12,800 cal. BP. The presence of this anomaly will be useful for interpreting the relative age of Paleoindian artifacts, including artifacts of possible pre-and post- Clovis age. Moore, Christopher R. ([email protected], University of Indianapolis), Richard W. Jefferies (University of Kentucky), Ethan Bean (USACE) [37] Moving Beyond the Mission: Investigating the History of Site 9Mc501 and Its Role in the 17th Century Occupation of Sapelo Island, Georgia Throughout much of the Mission period, Guale people of the southern Georgia coast were distributed across the region’s large islands and along the many mainland rivers that empty into the coastal salt marshes. Beginning in the 1660s, however, threats of attack led to the consolidation of Guale communities, with at least four independent towns having been located on Sapelo Island for various periods of duration between 1660 and 1684. In this paper, we argue that Site 9Mc501 represents one of these displaced Guale communities and discuss future research at the site. 75 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi Moore, David (see Rodning, Chris) Moore, Christopher R. (Savannah River Archaeological Reserach Program) (see Ferguson, Terry A.) Moore, Christopher R. (University of Indianapolis) (see Jefferies, Richard W.) Morrow, Juliet ([email protected], Arkansas Archeological Survey), J. Christopher Gillam (Winthrop University), Sarah Stuckey (Arkansas Archeological Survey), Sean Roades (Harvard University) [33] Paleoindians in the Ozarks At the center of North America lies the Ozark dome, a megalithic source with the interior and edges of the dome providing thousands of kilometers of ecotone habitat for early foragers. Many well-known Paleoindian site assemblages are located near the edges of the region because they have been exposed by stream activity and agriculture. These significant sites, including Peterson, Big Eddy, Martens, Lincoln Hills, Mueller, Alley Mills, Sloan, and Olive Branch are highlighted in our synthesis of Paleoindian era occupations in the Ozarks. Mulvihill, Tim (see Hammerstedt, Scott) Muntz, Alice ([email protected], Environmental Resources Management) [40] Ritual Ceramic Deposition at the Millstone Bluff Site (11Pp3) This paper discusses an intra-site analysis of ceramics at Millstone Bluff (11Pp3) to determine whether any patterns of deposition emerge and their potential affiliations with ritual activity. Millstone Bluff is a Late Mississippian Period (ca. late AD 1200s to 1500) settlement in southern Illinois interpreted as a site of public ritual and unusual symbolic importance. Previous research has shown that attributes of ceramics from ritual and domestic sites in Late Mississippian southern Illinois are astoundingly similar overall. However, ceramics involved in ritual practices may be detected by examining ceramic distribution at the site scale. Murray, Emily ([email protected], Florida Public Archaeology Network),Sarah Miller (Florida Public Archaeology Network), Emma Dietrich (Florida Public Archaeology Network) [13] Conversations with the Community about Heritage at Risk: In Search of Qualitative Data As archaeologists develop formulas for site triage based on quantitative data like threat level and site significance, qualitative data like community significance or meaning can often be overlooked. To gather this type of information, FPAN launched a series of community workshops in Northeast Florida focusing on coastal heritage at risk, inspired by those held during the Scottish Universities Insight Institute’s Summer 2018 Learning from Loss Program. Each workshop posed questions to community members to get their input on coastal heritage, threats to resources and how to address these issues. This paper details preliminary findings from these workshops. Musch, Abigail M. ([email protected], American Museum of Natural History), Anna M. Semon (American Museum of Natural History), Thomas O. Blaber (American Museum of Natural History) [26] STP Surveys Shed Light on Landscape Use through time on St. Catherines Island, GA Between May 2017 and January 2019, American Museum of Natural History archaeologists conducted shovel test pit surveys in an effort to locate a 16th/17th century Spanish fort and early French settlement on a western portion of St. Catherines Island, Georgia. In total, 278 STPs were excavated, many prehistoric shell middens identified, and over 1,000 artifacts recovered. Few STPs contained historic material and most artifacts collected were prehistoric ceramics, spanning the Late Archaic to Mississippian periods. While no conclusive evidence of early European settlements was found, this project provides a greater understanding of landscape use of this area over time. Myrick, Robert (see Turner, James) Nagle, Gabrielle (see Gollogly, Collin) Nelson, Erin (see Kowalski, Jessica)

76 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 Nelson, Erin ([email protected], University of South Alabama), Howard J. Cyr (GeoArch Solutions, LLC), Emily J. Warner (University of South Alabama), Emily Overmyer (University of South Alabama), William Bailey (Poarch Band of Creek Indians; University of South Alabama), Sarah Bender (University of South Alabama), Caylen Blalock (University of South Alabama) [36] Recent Archaeological and Geoarchaeological Investigations at D’Olive Creek (1BA251) Geoarchaeology and excavation within the southeastern portion of the D’Olive Creek site (1BA251) indicate Native American occupation of the site was contemporaneous with extreme weather events. In portions of the site, thick deposits of wind-blown sand separate midden accumulations along the creek banks. This poster explores: (1) landscape change at D’Olive Creek resulting from extreme storm events, and (2) the ways in which Pensacola culture people interacted with the changing landscape at the site. Nelson, Ted Clay ([email protected], University of Alabama Museums) [8] Historic Archaeology of the Gorgas House, University of Alabama In 1999, excavations were conducted at the University of Alabama Gorgas House, a 19th century university building and residence. The Gorgas House is now a museum about the Gorgas family and university history. While multiple features were found, one area of interest is the foundations of an outbuilding behind the house that could be the remains of the separated kitchen and slave quarters, indicated by food debris and a blue glass bead. This poster presents the results of part of the excavations and a subsequent museum exhibit, a requirement for the newly formed museum studies certificate program. Ng, Wei Hao (see Heckman, Benjamin J.) Niu, Xutong (see Smith, Zachary) Norman, Sean ([email protected], Gulf Archaeology Research Institute), Jonathan Dean (Gulf Archaeology Research Institute) [14] Shell Middens of the Withlacoochee Estuary Located on Florida’s central Gulf coast, the Withlacoochee estuarine system is home to a dense assemblage of shell-bearing sites. Generally associated with the Woodland period, these sites have undergone little formal investigation. Centuries of erosion have destroyed many of the middens, while surge and sea level rise threaten the few remaining sites with substantial integrity. Recent excavations on two shells midden (8CI1319 and 8CI1325) provided insight into chronology, site formation, and subsistence. A sediment survey in the adjoining coastal marsh tracked soil loss and salt marsh formation further contextualizing prehistoric coastal life in the area. Nowak, Jesse ([email protected], University of Oklahoma Norman) [12] Sacred Landscapes of Gathered Earth and Water: Rethinking Fort Walton Monumentality in Northwest Florida Though mound-building during the Fort Walton period (A.D. 1050-1550) in Northwest Florida exhibits connections to architectural grammars seen in broader Mississippian traditions, continuity exists between earlier examples of monumental construction. Using insights from new mapping and LiDAR data, this work employs a landscape approach to contextualize large mound centers, such as Lake Jackson (8LE1), Block Stearns (8LE148), and Letchworth (8JE337) with their surroundings. By understanding how mounds related to unique natural features, such as lakes, springs, and sinkholes, we argue that ancient sacred landscapes were negotiated by people well into the Late Fort Walton period. O’Connell, Amanda (see Balco, William) O’Hear, John (see Graham, Anna)

77 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi Oliveira, Bailey ([email protected], University of West Georgia), Andrew Carter (University of West Georgia), Nathan Lawres (University of West Georgia) [25] “The future ain’t what it used to be”: The Waring Outreach Program and VR Educational Experiences The Waring Laboratory’s Education Program is dedicated to public outreach and archaeological education in west Georgia. The program has four components: a teaching trunk program, a public events program, a K-12 field trip program, and guided tours of the laboratory. We are currently expanding into the virtual realm. Using VR technology and the Google Expeditions application, we are developing highly portable, fully immersive educational experiences to bring archaeology to K-12 classrooms. These educational experiences are designed to meet Georgia Core Curriculum standards using archaeological topics, while the VR technology allows students to explore and experience archaeological sites from their classrooms. Olson, Kaelyn (Mississippi State University) [42] Context is Key: The Osteobiography of Burial Number 37, Mississippi State Lunatic Asylum Cemetery Project * An osteobiography was conducted on the remains of Burial Number 37 from the Mississippi State Lunatic Asylum (MSLA), (1855-1936), Jackson, Mississippi, in order to generate direct insights into patient lived experiences. The remains were inventoried using established standards. Multiple vertebral pathologies and increased vascularization on the left temporal were detected, which were interpreted using the Bioarchaeology of Care, for reconstructing disability and care giving. The care that this individual may have required is discussed relative to clinical information on pain in living cases of these pathologies, and the social context of labor and disability in contemporary Mississippi and the Mississippi Lunatic Asylum. Orrand, Marcie (see Hodge, Shannon Chappell) Ostahowski, Brian ([email protected], Gulf Communities Reserach Institute), Jayur Mehta (Florida State University), Ted Marks (New Orleans Center for the Creative Arts) [4] Investigations at the Adams Bay Site (16PL8), a Plaquemines Mound Complex Located in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana This paper provides an overview of the 2018 fieldwork investigations conducted at the Adams Bay site (16PL8) located in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana. This Plaquemines mound complex (AD 1200-1500) is situated on a subsiding and eroding marsh island that is actively being destroyed. An interdisciplinary team, including archaeologists, wetlands biologists, and high school students from the New Orleans Center for the Creative Arts, collected multiple lines of data on the site and the ecology of the marsh island to help develop protection/management recommendations for other coastal mound sites similarly threatened by coastal land loss. Osterholtz, Anna J. (see Banks, Petra) Osterholtz, Anna J. (see Zuckerman, Molly K.) O’Sullivan, Rebecca C. ([email protected], Florida Public Archaeology Network), Eric Prendergast (Cardno) [39] Towards Zion: In Search of Tampa’s First African American Cemetery In June of 2019, investigative reporting revealed Tampa’s first segregation-era African American burial ground, Zion Cemetery, might lie beneath a tangle of private property, roads, and public housing units just a few miles north of downtown. The cemetery, established in 1901, served a vital role for the local community for two decades, all the while experiencing systematic erasure from view. Through historic maps, archival research, remote sensing surveys, and community engagement, we are working to “re-place” this important example of Tampa’s African American history on the physical landscape it was erased from, and in the consciousness of the city’s residents.

78 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 Overmyer, Emily (see Nelson, Erin S.) Owenby, Gary ([email protected], Kennesaw State University) [16] A Petrographic Comparison of Swift Creek Ceramics in the Etowah River Valley Swift Creek pottery was tied to the Hopewell Interaction Sphere during the Middle Woodland (300 BC-AD 600) period with many sites east of the Mississippi River engaged in intensive interregional interaction. The purpose of this project is to conduct petrographic analysis on Swift Creek pottery to better understand how small villages interacted with the Leake Site, the preeminent site within the Etowah River Basin during the Woodland period. Petrographic analysis of pottery sherds collected during excavations at the Lower Dabbs Site located in Cartersville, Georgia will allow for comparative analysis of sherds from larger regional centers such as Leake. While we have a good knowledge base of how trade and exchange operated between large regional centers like Kolomoki and Leake, we do not yet understand how small villages, located within the political sphere of such large centers, were involved with the production and consumption of ceramics. It is hoped that such a study will complement what we already know about the stylistic nature of Swift Creek material. Palmer, David ([email protected], Coastal Carolina University) [5] The Brook Green Rice Plantation and Captive African Life: Archaeological Findings and Research Program Objectives Brook Green plantation was one of the largest rice plantations in the United States prior to the Civil War, but we as yet know little about the lives of the many Captive Africans who lived and labored there. This plantation was located on property that is now Brookgreen Gardens, an outdoor sculpture garden and educational non- profit near Pawley’s Island, South Carolina, and part of the Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor. The results of archaeological and related research begun in 2016 will be discussed, along with longer-term research program objectives. Palmiotto, Andrea (see Jones, Scott) Parbus, Brett ([email protected], University of Georgia) [9] The Response of Ancient Coastal Florida Populations to Major Storm Events Hurricanes present a serious adaptive challenge to ancient coastal populations, which may have resulted in modifications to their cultural behavior and adaptive strategies. This research project focuses on creating a chronology of storm periods for the Florida coast using particle size analysis of five lake bed sediment cores collected from coastal lakes and correlating the potential periods of storminess with a broad occupation chronology built from the existing radiocarbon record. Cross-analysis of these two chronologies is used to discuss potential abandonment periods as a response to the impacts of major storms. Parish, Ryan (see Sherman, Simon) Parish, Ryan ([email protected], University of Memphis), Samantha Robinson (University of Memphis) [23] Paleoindian Use of Sinkholes as Tool-stone Procurement Locales The study presents the hypothesis that sinkholes were primarily, but not exclusively, used as tool-stone procurement locales by terminal Pleistocene hunter-gatherers. The karst topography in southern Kentucky, northern Tennessee, and northern Alabama as well as other areas of the Southeast provided geologic ‘windows’ where chert blocks and nodules were readily exploited in the clay colluvium. A number of procurement sites in the Highland Rim of the Interior Low Plateau are examined as supporting evidence that climate change during the Pleistocene/Holocene transition altered the lithic landscape of hunter- gather groups. The shifting access to raw materials influenced Paleoindian resource use and technological organization.

79 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi Parker, Candace ([email protected], University of Oklahoma) [36] A Preliminary Analysis of Artifacts from 34LF33 – Troy Adams: A WPA-era Excavation of a Fourche Maline Mound This poster presents a preliminary examination of artifacts excavated at 34LF33 (Troy Adams) by the WPA during the summers of 1939 and 1940. This site, along with many sites in the Wister Valley in Eastern Oklahoma, are a part of the Fourche Maline (ca. 2300 – 1100 cal. BP). Fourche Maline sites are typically characterized by dense, dark-earth midden-mounds which contain thick, grog- tempered, flower pot-shaped pottery, variations of Gary projectile points, and a host of ground-stone objects. Preliminary analysis demonstrates that the Troy Adams site shares similar assemblage content and structure to other Fourche Maline mounds. Parker, Katherine ([email protected], University of Tennessee-Knoxville), Jordan Schaefer (University of Tennessee-Knoxville) [39] Mapping Moonshine in Hell Hole Swamp: Preliminary Modeling of Clandestine Liquor Distillation Sites in Coastal South Carolina Still sites have received limited archaeological attention under the assumption that they cannot contribute to significant research questions. However, several still sites related to clandestine commercial-scale production of liquor in the twentieth century were determined to be eligible for the National Register of Historic Places in 2015. These sites were identified in areas classified by traditional site predictive models as having low archaeological potential. Using this network of sites as a case study, this paper will examine preliminary attempts to predict additional still site locations in order to build a more robust data set for these historically under-investigated sites. Parsons, Alexandra L. (National Park Service) [7] The Totten Key Complex -A Site with Possible Ties to the Sixteenth Century Spanish Mission at Tequesta The Totten Key Complex (8DA3439) is located in southeast Florida in Biscayne National Park. Excavations by the National Park Service unearthed a surprising amount of early Spanish artifacts. The site represents approximately 900 years of Native American occupation from circa AD 750 to 1650. Native American ceramics recovered at the site testify to trade connections throughout the state of Florida. Early Spanish artifacts, including a silver rosary cross, may suggest direct ties with the Spanish mission at the nearby main village of Tequesta. The Spanish mission at Tequesta lasted from 1567 to early 1568. Patchen, Anna (see Rietmuller, Douglas) Patterson, Andrew ([email protected], University of Southern Mississippi) [40] Preliminary Ceramic Investigation at the Ebert-Canebrake Site (1MC25) The Ebert-Canebrake site (1MC25) on the Tallapoosa River in Alabama, was the site of many field seasons by Auburn University. The site was home to a Mississippian period village as well as a small Woodland component. My preliminary investigation of materials from several field seasons at the site has shown the presence of at least two distinct ceramic traditions that appear to be contemporaneous during the Mississippian period, one tempered with shell and the other with sand. Ceramics with these tempers are found in relatively equal amounts in the excavated areas and depths. Pavao-Zuckerman, Barnet ([email protected], University of Maryland), H. Thomas Foster, II (University of Tulsa), J. Matthew Compton (Georgia Southern University), Elizabeth J. Reitz (University of Georgia), Renee Garcia (Oklahoma State University) [21] Antlers in Disguise: Deciphering Bisected Antlers from Colonial Period Sites In 1564, LeMoyne illustrated Timucuan hunters using deer skins, with antlers, as hunting disguises. The illustration, and later engraving, is frequently used by archaeologists for its aesthetic value, but the recent discovery of fragments of bisected deer antlers from two colonial period sites reveals the illustration’s material 80 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 importance. We believe these artifacts, and others, are the remains of hunting decoys, similar to those drawn by LeMoyne. Their recovery suggests that hunting disguises were commonly used in the region well into the colonial period, and that many more examples of this practice may go unrecognized in repository and museum collections. Pavao-Zuckerman, Barnet (see Reitz, Elizabeth) Peles, Ashley (see Graham, Anna) Peres, Tanya (see Norman, Sean) Peres, Tanya (Florida State University) [24] Garden-Hunting and Food Sharing During the Mississippian Period in Middle Tennessee During the Mississippian period in Middle Tennessee people practiced a subsistence strategy that included farming, gathering, and hunting, which enabled communities to lessen the potential for food shortfalls and uncertainty. I examine the animal portion of the diet from Fewkes and two other Mississippian period sites located in Middle Tennessee to determine if increased attention to farming that coincided with population aggregation into villages and changes in sociopolitical structure resulted in a shift in other subsistence activities (i.e., hunting, fishing) and food sharing. Perrotti, Angelina ([email protected], Arkansas Tech University), John Williams (University of Wisconsin- Madison), James Russell (Brown University), Stephen Jackson (Southwest Climate Adaptation Science Center), Christopher Kiahtipes (University of South Florida), Jacquelyn Gill (University of Maine), Allison Jensen (University of Wisconsin-Madison) [9] Dung Fungal Spore Analyses from Eight Eastern US Sites Reveal Linkages Among Megaherbivores, Vegetation, and the First Americans Dung fungal spores are providing new insights into the interactions among Late Quaternary megaherbivore extinctions (LQEs), vegetation, and people. Few records exist, however, limiting assessments of spatiotemporal patterns in extinction signals and intersite variations in spore representation. Here we present new spore records from eight sites across the eastern US to explore the causes and effects of the LQEs, as they relate to the early migration of humans into North America. All spore records show signals of the LQEs, but the timing and manifestation varies among sites. Perrotti, Angelina (see Halligan, Jessi) Perry, Kirk [38] Discussant Pierson, Arielle M. (see Spicola, Erin B.) Pietras, Jeffery (see Bourcy, Samuel) Pigott, Michelle ([email protected], Tulane University) [17] Keeping a Clean House: Lithic Debitage Distribution and Analysis from a Late Mississippian House at Catawba Meadows (31BK18) The 2010 excavations at the Catawba Meadows site (31BK18) carefully exposed and excavated a residential house floor from a Late Mississippian period context, which facilitated an examination of interior residential practices in the Appalachian Foothills. As demonstrated in other excavations of Mississippian houses, floors tend to be swept clean of macroartifacts but still maintain microartifacts too small to be cleaned up and subsequently become trampled into the earthen floor. In targeting small lithic debitage, this study attempts to target indoor activity areas and better understand cleaning and abandonment practices in a Late Mississippian home. Pike, Matthew (see Wilson, Jeremy) Platt, Sarah (see Zierden, Martha)

81 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi Platt, Sarah ([email protected], Thomas Jefferson Foundation/The Digital Archaeological Archive of Comparative Slavery) [21] Before The Heyward-Washington House: Five Stories Under Enslavement From 87 Church Street, Charleston Reanalysis of legacy collections has revealed an archaeologically rich earlier occupation at The Heyward- Washington House, a historic home operated by The Charleston Museum. This occupation is marked by the residency of a white gunsmithing family and the men, women, and children they enslaved. The following paper will explore the material and social networks of interaction that unfolded at the property in the mid- eighteenth century through the narratives of five individuals enslaved on site, considering how decentering the focus of interpretation from the lives of white landowners complicates our understanding of elite urban sites and those who dwelled within them. Plemon, Amber (see Herrmann, Nicholas P.) Pluckhahn, Thomas (see West, Shaun) Pluckhahn, Thomas ([email protected], University of South Florida), Kendal Jackson (University of South Florida) [12] Ramping it Up: Searching for Grammar in the Woodland and Mississippian Architecture of the Central Gulf Coast Native communities of the central Gulf Coast of the Florida peninsula developed a vibrant tradition of mound building over the course of the Woodland and Mississippian periods, culminating in possibly the highest density of ramped platform mounds outside the Mississippi Valley. In a seminal paper, Luer and Almy (1981) partitioned a sample of the better-known mounds into three classes based on size and shape, identifying several “grammatical” principles. We revisit the mound architecture of the region, drawing additional insights from nearly 40 years of slow but steady archaeological research, as well as contemporary theoretical insights recognizing the interplay of traditions. Pollack, David (see Henry, Edward) Poplin, Eric ([email protected], Brockington and Associates, Inc.) [21] Altamaha Ceramics in the 17th and 18th centuries: Comparing Yamasee Indian Occupations in Coastal Georgia and Coastal South Carolina Altamaha series ceramics define archaeologically the 17th century Indian populations of the Georgia coast, including the Yamasee after the 1660s. The Altamaha series displays Late Mississippian/Lamar decorative motifs and their evolution into new motifs (e.g., filfot cross and line block decorations). Researchers of contemporary Southeastern societies note a shift in decorative modes from complicated to simple stamping. Comparisons of Altamaha ceramics from Guale/Yamasee sites in Georgia and Yamasee towns in South Carolina seek similar shifts in production modes and motifs and explore their reflection of Yamasee efforts to create and maintain identity among multiple societies of the Southern Atlantic Seaboard. Porter, Keri ([email protected], Mississippi State University), Molly K. Zuckerman (Mississippi State University) [42] Lived Experience in the Mississippi State Lunatic Asylum: An Osteobiography of Burial 8 * During operation, the Mississippi State Lunatic Asylum (MSLA) (1855-1935) in Jackson, Mississippi, featured varying levels of overcrowding, poor sanitation, and labor demands for patients. Osteobiographies of individuals from the MSLA can provide insights into the biosocial impacts of these conditions. An osteobiography of Burial 8, a well-preserved middle-adult of indeterminate sex revealed pathologies on the cranium, vertebrae, and upper limb elements. Differential diagnoses suggest chronic sinusitis, osteoarthritis, and trauma, potentially from a fall. These findings are interpreted in light of available historical information about patient experiences, demographics, living conditions, and labor patterns at the MSLA as well as contemporary Mississippi.

82 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 Porter Freeman, Mary (University of Georgia), Victor Thompson (University of Georgia), Bryan Tucker (Georgia Department of Natural Resources) [37] Recent Research at the Sapelo Shell Ring Complex In 2019, researchers returned to the Sapelo Island Shell Ring Complex, a large Late Archaic shell ring complex with three rings that dates from around 2500 to 1800 BC Additionally, there is a 17th century Guale presence in the vicinity associated with the Spanish mission occupation. Our work had four interrelated goals: 1) investigate how deposits within and along Ring II have been impacted by historic activities; 2) collect samples from features for dating and isotopic analysis; 3) evaluate the distribution of 17th century artifacts in the vicinity of Ring II; 4) train the students in archaeology and public outreach. Prendergast, Eric (see Kreiser, Kelsey) Prendergast, Eric (see O’Sullivan, Rebecca C.) Proctor, Kathryn ([email protected], University of Memphis) [16] Assessing the Use of Soil Phosphate Analysis as an Archaeological Prospection Tool at the Ames Site (40FY7), Fayette County Tennessee Archaeologists are increasingly integrating multiple survey techniques to reduce errors in attempts to locate archaeological deposits. This study assesses the utility of soil phosphate analysis as an archaeological prospecting tool at the Ames site (40FY7) in southwest Tennessee. When compared to magnetometry data over two areas with confirmed archaeological deposits, the spatial distribution of available phosphorus corresponds with archaeological activity at Ames. Further post hoc statistical analyses indicate significant differences in phosphorus values between areas with and without archaeological activity. This study demonstrates the utility of soil phosphate analysis as a tool for locating archaeological deposits at the Ames site. Puckett, Heather ([email protected], Dr.), Nicholas Glass (Alabama National Guard), Jessica Helms (Alabama National Guard) [8] The Terrain of Training: Camp McClellan, Alabama in the Great War The Alabama National Guard has been conducting research on the WWI era of Camp McClellan. Through archival research, integration of geographic information systems, ground penetrating radar and test excavation, evidence of the WWI training has been identified and preserved. Purcell, Gabrielle (University of North Carolina) [3] Sweet Potatoes on Cherokee Sites: A Closer Look Using SEM Analysis ** The known suite of European-introduced foods Cherokees adopted by the late-18th to early-19th centuries includes peaches, watermelons, cowpeas, and sweet potatoes. While Europeans documented sweet potatoes in Cherokee contexts, very little preserved macrobotanical evidence exists to indicate what types of roots/tubers Cherokees ate. Of those specimens identified as “tuber,” no research has confirmed their identification as Ipomoea batatas, as opposed to another type of root/tuber. In this paper, I discuss the results of SEM analysis on archaeobotanical samples identified as “tuber” from two Cherokee sites, and the implications it has on our understanding of tuber use in the archaeological record. Pursell, Corin (see Little, Keith J.) Quinn, Allen (see Freund, Kyle P.) Rainville, Charles (see Randall, Asa)

83 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi Rainville, Charles T. ([email protected], University of Oklahoma), Asa R. Randall (University of Oklahoma) [39] Construction of Place through the Articulation of Monuments: A Geophysical Investigation of a Woodland Period Post Mold Alignment in a Landscape of Mounds The landscape of the Silver Glen Springs Archaeological Complex has been extensively modified for at least 9000 years, including the construction of shell mounds and wooden post structures. During the summer of 2018, a joint University of Oklahoma and University of Florida field school conducted a multi- sensor investigation of the non-mounded areas, revealing an oval alignment of anomalies in the magnetic gradiometry data. Test unit excavations identified post-molds and deep pits, corroborating the geophysical data. This paper investigates the magnetic gradiometry, GPR, and test unit excavation data to suggest that the alignment adds another layer to this landscape of monuments. Randall, Asa ([email protected], University of Oklahoma), Charles Rainville (SEARCH, Inc.) [12] In the Middle Ground, the World is Never Done: A Compressed History of Terraforming Along the St. Johns River, Florida Over the course of 9000 years, inhabitants of the St. Johns River valley intensively terraformed the landscape through pits, posts, earth and shell mounds, ramps, and clear cutting. Far from evidencing a persistent grammar, these doings reveal ongoing efforts to situate persons amid historical tradition, the above and below cosmos, experiences of encounter, and planned futures. Excavations, remote sensing, and reconstructions of places render how the ongoing production of a middle ground was accomplished through ancient archaeologies, observations of water and sky, and the assembling of objects, persons, and pieces of ancient place. Randall, Asa R. (see Rainville, Charles T.) Rankin, Caitlin ([email protected], Washington University in St. Louis) [39] The North Plaza at Cahokia Mounds as a Water Shrine Cahokia Mounds has long been characterized by its wet, bottomland environment. Attempts to explain why this location was chosen have functionally justified Cahokia’s emergence in the bottomlands as an advantageous trade route and/or pilgrimage location; or cited its fertile soils and abundance of resources. Recently, there is a shift away from functional aspects of the landscape to the symbolic and ritual. I present a new localized paleoenvironment dataset which demonstrates the North Plaza was constructed in a wetland setting. The presence of a wetland mound and plaza ground is unprecedented and likely represents the construction of a watery symbolic space. Raymond, Tiffany (see Rietmuller, Douglas) Rees, James ([email protected], Arkansas Archaeological Society) [40] The Search for the Smoking Drum: Evidence for the Presence and Ceremonial Importance of Ceramic Vessel Drums in the Prehistoric Southeast Early historical accounts suggest that drums played an important role in the ceremonial life of the prehistoric Southeast. However because they were made in whole or in part of ephemeral materials, drums are virtually invisible in the archeological record. Interestingly, historical records, ethnographic information, and iconographic imagery from Spiro and other southeastern sites all definitely point to one particular form of ceramic vessel drum as being present in prehistoric times. This study focuses on how these drums fit into the cosmic symbolism of the Mississippian period and how they might be identified and distinguished from other similar vessel forms. Rees, Mark (see Britt, Tad) Rees, Mark (see Watt, David)

84 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 Reginelli, Anna ([email protected], Museum of the Mississippi Delta), James Starnes [9] Detailed Digital Elevation Geomorphological Reassessment of Choctaw Hill and the Implications for Paleoindian and Transitional Early Archaic Occupation Beyond the Western Braided Stream Into the Porter Bayou Meander Belt The interfluve between the Mississippi River and Porter Bayou meander belts in northwest Mississippi creates the headwater basin for the Bogue Philia River and focuses the watershed along the base of a North/ South trending erosional escarpment starting at the western edge of the Porter Bayou levee. Paleoindian and transitional Early Archaic component sites dot Porter Bayou’s natural levee remnants and splays along the escarpment overlooking the Bogue Philia basin. Detailed archaeological reconnaissance coupled with geomorphological recharacterization results in improved insight and cultural resource implications of the antiquity of the Porter Bayou underfit meander system in Mississippi’s western braided stream region. Regnier, Amanda (see Hammerstedt, Scott) Reilly, Kent (see King, Adam) Reimann, Tony (see Chamberlain, Elizabeth) Reitsema, Laurie (see Reitz, Elizabeth) Reitz, Elizabeth (see Pavao-Zuckerman, Barnet) Reitz, Elizabeth ([email protected], University of Georgia), Hayden R. Smith (College of Charleston), Martha A. Zierden (Charleston Museum), Carla S. Hadden (University of Georgia), Barnet Pavao- Zuckerman (University of Maryland), Laurie Reitsema (University of Georgia) [21] Landscape Consequences of Cattle and Slavery in the Carolina Lowcountry Late seventeenth-century cattle ranching and rice cultivation transformed the landscape and economy of the Carolina Lowcountry. Shortly after European-sponsored colonization began, free-range cattle and fires set to improve grazing lands caused environmental changes, displaced Native Americans, and degraded bottomland swamps and canebrakes. Isotopic ratios in faunal remains suggest cattle grazed in both inland and coastal locations. Many herders were Africans. Rice cultivation in small-stream or low-lying floodplains was added to the labor of enslaved workers running cattle in the region. Ultimately, European-sponsored colonialism transformed rice cultivation, like cattle ranching, into a plantation enterprise with lasting environmental consequences. Richter, Mark (see Heckman, Benjamin J.) Rick, Torben (see Thompson, Victor D.) Riehm, Grace E. ([email protected], University of North Carolina), Vincas P. Steponaitis (University of North Carolina), Joseph V. Frank, III (Independent Scholar) [36] Ethnohistoric and Archaeological Evidence on the Locations of the Natchez Villages Ethnohistoric sources from the 1720s describe the Natchez polity as consisting of six Native towns: Grand (or Valeur), Farine (or Canard), Pomme, Tioux, Grigra, and Jenzenaque (or Noyer). Recent re-examination of French colonial narratives and maps has greatly refined our understanding of where these towns were located on the present landscape. Here we examine the spatial distribution of known historic and protohistoric sites in the vicinity of modern Natchez, Mississippi, and compare these to the locations of the Native towns as derived from the documents.

85 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi Riethmuller, Douglas ([email protected], Binghamton University), Tiffany Raymond (Binghamton University), Theresa Imbriolo (Binghamton University), Lexie Lowe (Binghamton University), Anna Patchen (Binghamton University), Tim De Smet (Binghamton University), Carl Lipo (Binghamton University), Matthew Sanger (Binghamton University) [26] Mound Evidence: Results of Continued Remote Sensing on Mounds A, B, and Mound B Plaza at Poverty Point In 2019, Binghamton University conducted a geophysical survey at the Poverty Point World Heritage Site, Louisiana using magnetometry and ground penetrating radar. The work sought to expand the magnetic survey work previously conducted by Hargrave and Clay. The results of our survey reveal new details on the construction, use, and degradation of mounds A and B since their abandonment as well as added information about the newly identified ring feature in Mound B plaza. Overall, the project provides new information that helps explain the history of construction and the conditions leading to group-level cooperation to form this unique deposit. Riggs, Brett ([email protected], Western Carolina University) [11] Bell Rattle Rides Again! Jeff Chapman’s leadership of the Tellico Archaeological Project advanced archaeological understandings of the eastern Tennessee Valley by leaps and bounds, and with it, Jeff launched dozens of archaeological careers. He gave us the freedom to innovate, and gave us the reins to find and fill gaps in the archaeological record. For me, a foray to document the last Cherokee occupations of Tellico at the Bell Rattle Cabin site made all the difference. These investigations, built on interplay of the documentary and archaeological records of specific Cherokee families, laid a foundation for bridging divides between archaeological practice and contemporary indigenous communities. Ritchison, Brandon ([email protected], University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign) [37] Coastal Community Organization Over Four Millenia on Sapelo Island, Georgia Explicit models of intra-settlement organization are lacking for many site types and temporal periods on the Georgia Coast. In this paper, I present the results of an intensive shovel test survey of a complex, multi-component site on Sapelo Island, Georgia that includes significant occupations during each major archaeological time period. I outline what can be discerned from the results of this systematic survey regarding populations and community organization for non-shell ring Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippi period settlements. From this, I discuss future directions of research at the Kenan Field site and for the Georgia Coast based on these initial findings. Ritchison, Brandon T. (see Thompson, Victor D.) Roades, Sean (see Morrow, Juliet) Robbins, Lori ([email protected], University of Tennessee-Chattanooga), Nicholas Honerkamp (University of Tennessee-Chattanooga), Lindsey Cochran (University of Georgia) [15] A Comparison of Faunal Remains Associated with Three Residential Sites at Fort Frederica, Georgia Subsistence patterns of settlers on the Georgia coast provide a better understanding of everyday life on early British settlements. In this paper, we compare faunal assemblages from the William Forrester and Thomas Hird lots inside Fort Frederica and the likely homestead site of General outside of the fort. We discuss the degree of variation in British colonial provisional strategies, consumption patterns, food preparation techniques, and food storage methods between the residents living beyond and within the fort. This analysis ultimately attempts to correlate socio-economic status with observed subsistence patterns. Roberts, Emily (see Heckman, Benjamin J.)

86 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 Robinson, Samantha ([email protected], University of Memphis) [16] Compositions of Prehistoric Flint Deposits Along the Little River, Kentucky Can you differentiate chert deposits used by prehistoric people along the Little River, Kentucky? Potentially, this can be done by looking at the composition of rock samples to determine if there is a discernible difference between specific outcrops. If we can discriminate between different outcrops of chert then the information can be used to find the manufacturing origin of prehistoric stone tools. Source information about stone tools can help us track the movements of people and piece together social networks. Robinson, Samantha (see Parish, Ryan) Rodning, Chris ([email protected], Tulane University), David Moore (Warren Wilson College), Robin Beck (University of Michigan), Rachel Briggs (University of North Carolina), Abra Meriwether (Warren Wilson College) [36] Architecture of the Burke Phase: Late Mississippian and Protohistoric Structures in the Western North Carolina Piedmont The Upper Catawba Valley in western North Carolina is the setting for concentrations of Late Mississippian settlement and encounters between Mississippian groups and mid-sixteenth-century Spanish entradas. During the period of the Juan Pardo expeditions, native groups—including the town of —built houses for Pardo and his men. Architecture was therefore a material medium through which colonial encounters were manifested in the landscape. This poster considers Native American architecture in the upper Catawba Valley from periods before, during, and after the Pardo expeditions, and it compares these Mississippian architectural forms to those in other areas of the greater southern Appalachians. Rooney, Matthew ([email protected], Florida Museum of Natural History) [38] Cabins, Dishes, and Buttons: How Mixed-Ancestry Chickasaws Facilitated Education in Mission Schools Prior to Removal ** After the French and Indian Wars of 1763, British traders poured into the lands east of the Mississippi River, including North Mississippi where the Chickasaws lived. They ignored British prohibitions on trade, and many intermarriages occurred, resulting in a mixed-ancestry population that emerged as a new ruling class. It was these Chickasaws who, in the years leading up to removal, invited missionaries into their territory to build schools, including Charity Hall, which has just undergone its second summer of archaeological excavations. Materials recovered show that these affluent Chickasaws were able to supply their schools with the latest European commodities. Rothrock, Oscar (National Park Service) [8] Rosalie Cemetery * In the summer of 2019, a team of archeologists from the NPS, Southeast Archeological Center conducted archeological investigations at Fort Rosalie, Natchez, Mississippi to ascertain the presence of a possible cemetery based on two previously documented isolated burials. This project resulted in the identification of additional burials dating to the 19th century that are unassociated with the fort’s military occupation. Burials were wrapped with shrouds and interred in hexagonal coffins constructed with cut nails orientated east to west in supine positions. It is hypothesized that this cemetery represents a potter’s field for the community of Natchez. Ruhl, Donna L. ([email protected], Florida Museum of Natural History) [40] Acorns to Gourds: Plant Pottery Effigies, Animism and Husbandry Practices This paper addresses an understudied aspect of the archaeobotanical record beyond traditional subsistence practices -pottery plant effigies. The Thursby Mound in Volusia County, Florida affords a unique opportunity to address questions regarding plant animism and effigies which more commonly depict animal and human

87 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi figures. This provisional research offers some potential insights regarding plant husbandry practices, migration, trade and/or mobility in the greater Southeast and Circum-Caribbean via atypical pottery effigies of acorns, squash, gourds, and potentially other plant taxa. Russell, James (see Perrotti, Angelina) Russo, Michael ([email protected], National Park Service) [32] Laying Villages to Waste: Where Have all the Houses Gone in Woodland Ring Communities? Woodland ringed villages have now been investigated for 40 years, mostly under Phase I CRM surveys. Defined generally by the distribution of waste (midden), ring villages with evidence of houses or of any post structure are known at only four sites. If the house is the basic social unit of the village, and if rings are being vetted for consideration as villages, it would behoove archaeologists to begin asking when, where, and what houses were integrated into the ringed villages. I discuss the problems with postmold interpretations at ring sites, touching upon pareidolia, colluvium, and the Yanomami. Russo, Michael (see Saunders, Rebecca) Sabo, George (see Hammerstedt, Scott) Sainz, Emily K. (see Heckman, Benjamin J.) Sampson, Christina ([email protected]) [36] Late Pre-Columbian Subsistence at the Weeden Island site (8Pi1), Florida This study uses zooarchaeological and artifactual evidence of Safety Harbor foodways at the Weeden Island site (8Pi1) to assess intensification and collaborative labor practices. I show how late pre-Columbian subsistence emphasized cooperative and flexible approaches that could promote collaboration within the residential community. During the Safety Harbor period, these strategies drew on existing technologies and social configurations rather than intensifying foraging returns through specialization or by targeting new arrays of resources. New forms of complexity in the region may therefore have emerged from competition between residential communities. Samuelsen, John (see Hammerstedt, Scott) Sanger, Matthew (see Gollogly, Collin) Sanger, Matthew (see Troutman, Michele) Sanger, Matthew (see Galdun, Jaclyn) Sanger, Matthew (see Bourcy, Samuel) Sanger, Matthew (see Thompson, Victor D.) Sanger, Matthew ([email protected], Binghamton University), Jessica Cook-Hale (Emory University) [22] Shell Rings and the Occupation of Novel Territories: Examining Distribution of Middle and Late Archaic Sites in the Lower Southeast Distributional analysis of Middle and Late Archaic sites across the Lower Southeast demonstrates clear patterns. In some regions, Late Archaic sites are located close to Middle Archaic sites, suggesting continuous occupation. Elsewhere, sites from the two time periods are more distant, suggesting groups occupying new territories, and a significant proportion of Late Archaic shell rings are found within these newly occupied regions. We suggest Late Archaic shell rings were a means of occupying a novel landscape, defined both by the newly formed marshlands and an absence of prior human occupation. Sanger, Matthew (see Heckman, Benjamin J.) Sanger, Matthew (see Rietmuller, Douglas)

88 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 Sassaman, Kenneth [12] Discussant Sassaman, Kenneth ([email protected], University of Florida),Terry Barbour (University of Florida) [32] The Reincarnation of Shell Rings on the Northern Gulf Coast of Florida The Late Archaic tradition of coastal shell rings faded after about 3,000 years ago as alternatives to settlement and community gained traction. Along a stretch of the northern Gulf Coast of Florida arose novel circular arrangements of emplaced shell during the Middle Woodland and Mississippian periods. The former were places of world renewal and mortuary ritual, the latter domiciles of households engaged in the manufacture of shell beads. Coupled with high-resolution maps enabled by drone-mounted LiDAR, the results of recent and ongoing excavations at Lower Suwannee shell rings invite consideration of the historical connections among these discontinuous and diverse traditions. Saunders, Hunter ([email protected], University of Memphis) [9] Paleo Indian Utilization of Chert Along the Savannah River Allendale Chert outcrops can be characterized with the use of high-resolution provenance data. Chert sourcing is a viable technique for determining Paleo-Indian behavior in relation to the use and procurement of stone tools. Reflectance spectroscopy is a non-destructive method used in defining the source of chert artifacts. Two instruments are used in the study to quantify source variability of utilized chert. Multivariate statistics then characterize individual deposits, allowing a comparison of artifacts. Previous studies use qualitative visual techniques to identify sources inaccurately. The goal of this project is to determine if stone resources along the Savannah River can be differentiated. Saunders, Rebecca ([email protected], Louisiana State University), Michael Russo (National Park Service) [12] Grammar Bad, Ring Good? Refining Terms and Concepts for Florida’s Shell Ring Structures Although shell rings were recognized in Georgia and South Carolina early in the 20th century, Florida shell rings were (arguably) identified only three decades ago. They differ from their northern neighbors in shape and size. And they differ from other Florida ring structures containing shell, like water courts, Woodland ring middens, shell ridges, and shell mounds. However, currently we lack the vocabulary to rigorously describe and distinguish shell structures. We present an architectural grammar that describes and clarifies the distinction between shell rings and other shell works, and ask some, perhaps unanswerable, questions. Schaefer, Jordan (see Parker, Katherine) Schalles, John (see Thompson, Victor D.) Schlarb, Eric (see Greene, Taylor A.) Schleidt, Maria ([email protected], USDA Forest Service) [30] The Challenges of Meeting Section 106 Responsibilities When Combating Southern Pine Beetles in the National Forests in Mississippi Southern pine beetle outbreaks are natural phenomena in the southeastern United States, but the 2017-2019 outbreaks on the National Forests in Mississippi were unlike any witnessed by the Forest Service. Of the five pine-dominated national forests in Mississippi, the Bienville National Forest in east central Mississippi experienced the worst infestation. Meeting the agency’s responsibility under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act proved to be a challenge to say the least. This paper outlines the issues faced by the three year incident and how the Bienville National Forest worked to meet them. Schroedl, Gerald [11] Discussant

89 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi Schroll, Andrew G. ([email protected], Tulane University) [41] Early Poverty Point Technology in the Yazoo Basin, Mississippi This paper presents an early phase of Poverty Point micro-lithic technology at Jaketown that predates the construction of monumental architecture and appears less formal and standardized than typical micro-blade technology associated with Poverty Point. While this Jaketown industry differs from later Poverty Point manifestations, it is in association with diagnostic material culture such as PPOs and certain types of points. Furthermore, the technology incorporates exotic lithic material, a hallmark of . I suggest that this technology represents a nascent Poverty Point phase prior to the adoption of Poverty Point “high ceremonialism” associated with monumental architecture and lapidary production. Schultz, Julian ([email protected], University of Michigan), Tanya Peres (Florida State University) [14] The Woodland Period Use of Invertebrates at Mound Field (8Wa8), Florida Prehistoric inhabitants of the Florida Gulf Coast subsisted on a variety of maritime resources. Investigations at the Woodland Period ring-midden site Mound Field (8Wa8) yielded substantial subsistence data regarding the dietary practices of its prehistoric inhabitants and the construction of the ring-midden itself. These data show a heavy exploitation of the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) throughout much of the site’s occupation, followed by a steep decline in the taxon’s prevalence based on MNI percentages. This paper examines the factors that may have contributed to the drop-off, and the implications it may have had to the ongoing inhabitation of the site. Schumacher, Sarah (see Alt, Susan M.) Schurr, Mark ([email protected], University of Notre Dame), Edward Herrmann (Indiana University- Bloomington) [31] Mounds as Symbols of Horizontal Divisions: Mound C at the Angel Site (12VG1) Mississippian mounds are viewed in many ways, including as evidence for social hierarchy, the cyclical development of polities, and as stages for elites to play upon. While much has been made of the vertical significance of mounds (as markers of hierarchy), less consideration has been given to their horizontal significance (as markers of horizontal boundaries). We consider the changing uses of Mound C at the Angel site, as determined by geophysical surveys and solid earth cores, to examine how Mound C’s function as a marker of both horizontal and vertical divisions evolved over time, ending in a catastrophic alteration. Schwadron, Margo ([email protected], National Park Service) [12] “Palimpsestual” Complexities: Establishing an Architectural Grammar for Shell Work Landscapes, Ten Thousand Islands, Florida The prehistoric coastal foragers of the Ten Thousand Islands terraformed a landscape of shell works, ranging from small, architecturally simple to massive sites with complex, monumental architecture. Comparison of shell work forms demonstrates significant spatial, temporal and morphological relationships, suggesting settlements were articulated communities that shared an architectural grammar not unlike earthen constructed sites. While an architectural grammar for such as causeways, ditches, embankments, enclosures, fortifications, mounds and plazas is readily accepted for Southeastern sites, shell-constructed architecture is still contentiously debated. This paper explores the “Palimpsestual” complexities of shell work landscapes, and offers the first shell works architectural grammar. Schwadron, Margo (see Hadden, Carla S.) Seeber, Katherine (see Jackson, Paul)

90 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 Seeber, Katherine ([email protected], Historic Mitchelville Freedom Park) [5] Rooted in Water: Informing Archaeology at Historic Mitchelville Freedom Park with Gullah Oral History Mitchelville, located on Hilton Head, South Carolina, was the first free Black town in the south, establish in 1861. Since 2017, the Historic Mitchelville Freedom Park community archaeology program has been working to locate historic structures and educate the public about Mitchelville’s past. A key part of this program’s research design is using community-based research to incorporate local Gullah knowledge and ways of knowing into the research process. To do so, we have/are collecting oral histories. These oral collections are constantly informing our research practices and results as they continue to shift and grow our knowledge about Mitchelville. Seeber, Katherine (see Troutman, Michele) Seeber, Katherine (see Bourcy, Samuel) Seeber, Katherine (see Heckman, Benjamin J.) Selden, Robert Z. (Stephen F. Austin State University and Jean Monnet University), Michael J. Shott (University of Akron), Morgane Dubied (Université de Bourgogne) [35] Processing Matters: 3D Mesh Morphology Substantive advancements have been made toward automating the application of landmarks and semilandmarks. These approaches can aid in expediting the landmarking process, while simultaneously reducing landmarking errors and investigator bias. This study enlists a template-based approach to quantify deviations in mesh processing outputs using a Pontchartrain dart point from the collections of the National Forests and Grasslands in Texas, which was scanned and processed at multiple resolutions using microCT and laser scanners. Following data collection and output, meshes were processed using an automated and replicable workflow. A batch processing protocol was developed in Geomagic Design X and Control X to facilitate exploratory comparisons of the processed meshes, which indicated that the greatest changes to the meshes occurred along the lateral margins of the dart point. Results of the geometric morphometric study evince implications for processed meshes curated in digital repositories, making it clear that should investigators endeavor to incorporate curated meshes that they should begin with the unprocessed data, enlist uniform processing protocols across the sample, and comprehend the many vagaries of 3D data collection and processing across different modalities. Semon, Anna ([email protected], American Museum of Natural History) [34] Research Resources: Southeastern Archaeology Collections at the American Museum of Natural History The North American Archaeology Collection at the American Museum of Natural History contains numerous legacy collections including ones associated with 13 Southeastern states. The Southeastern collections include more than 20,000 catalog objects and several accessions that date back to 1869. In this presentation, I discuss the Southeastern collections based on state, material, and artifact type. In addition, I highlight several sites and larger accessions housed at the American Museum. This research relates to ongoing work by the North American Archaeology Lab to update database inventories, detect potential research projects, and identify objects for future 3-D modeling. Semon, Anna M. (see Thompson, Victor D.) Semon, Anna M. (see Musch, Abigail M.) Shanks, Jeffery (see Hollingshead, Analise) Shanks, Jeffrey ([email protected], National Park Service) [12] Mounds, Ring Middens, and the Architectural Grammar of Woodland Villages in Northwest Florida Recent investigations of Swift Creek and Weeden Island mound-midden complexes in Northwest Florida show that there were direct and/or indirect interactions among these Woodland sites. Geophysical and archaeological surveys of village sites and their associated mounds show the presence of a intraregional social 91 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi network with shared expressions of monumental structures and settlement patterning that underwent similar changes between the Middle and Late Woodland periods. One of the primary changes appears to be the introduction of new mortuary practices which can be identified in the subtle shifts in the shared architectural grammar of these sites across the region. Shanks, Jeffrey (see Messer, Haley) Sheffer, Charlie (see Donathan, Gavin) Sherman, Simon ([email protected], University of Memphis), Ryan Parish (University of Memphis) [16] Sourcing Bifaces from the Alexander Collection at Poverty Point (16WC5) using VNIR (Visible/Near Infrared Reflectance) and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Reflectance) Spectroscopy Poverty Point is a monumental earthwork center dating to the Late Archaic Period (ca. 3700-3100 Cal BP). The site is well known for a diverse collection of foreign lithic materials indicative of a wide-ranging acquisition network Among the extra-local items recovered from the site are lithic raw materials that were used for bifaces in the form of projectile points and/or knives (PP/Ks). Here, I determined the atomic and molecular composition of 847 bifaces from the Alexander Collection using Visible/Near-Infrared Reflectance (VNIR) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Reflectance (FTIR) spectroscopy. The combinedwavelength spectra datasets were compared to a raw material databases to determine the location of the formations from which the raw materials were obtained. The PP/K raw materials analyzed were sourced to formations stretching across the Southeast, Mid-South, and Mid-West. Sherwood, Sarah ([email protected], University of the South) [3] The Legacy of Prepared Clay Surfaces The excavations in the early 1970s were the first to identify and explore the significance of burned red clay deposits with textile impressions. In this paper, I revisit these intriguing features and discuss their subsequent identification in other sites in the Southeast. This paper will also look far beyond the American Southeast where prepared surfaces have been studied from the Mediterranean Upper Paleolithic to China’s Neolithic. Their similarities and study allow a closer look at these features in the Early Archaic Southeast and a consideration of their function across time and space. Shields, Brittney ([email protected], National Park Service) [8] The Skeletons of Natchez: A Case Study of Individuals Excavated from Fort Rosalie, Natchez, MS * In AD 1716 work began on a fort located along strategically important trade routes at Natchez, Mississippi. Christened Fort Rosalie, the site would be continuously occupied throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and has been the focus of multiple NPS excavations. This study presents the results of macroscopic and stable isotope analysis conducted on the remains of two individuals uncovered during the course of the excavations. These will be used to explore the geographic origins and lifeways of Natchez’s early 19th century inhabitants. Shores, J. Nathan (see Larson, Kara) Shott, Michael J. (see Selden, Robert Z.) Shumate, M. Scott (see Kimball, Larry R.) Sipes, Eric D. ([email protected], Alabama Historical Commission), Linda Derry (Alabama Historical Commission) [8] A Capitol Set in the Wilderness: Public Archaeology at Alabama’s First Statehouse In preparation for the state bicentennial, the Alabama Historical Commission has completed a three-year public archaeological investigation of Alabama’s first state house at Old Cahawba Archaeological Park in Dallas County, Alabama. In March 1819, Governor William Bibb posted an extremely detailed Request for

92 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 Proposals in regional newspapers. No drawings or detailed descriptions of the completed building have been found; however, historians have long assumed that this structure was a simple, rectangular, Federal-style structure typical of the frontier. Archaeological features found at the site do not conform to this simple vision of Alabama’s first state house. Skipton, Tara ([email protected], Florida State University), Analise Hollingshead (National Park Service), Jayur Mehta (Florida State University) [4] Not a Matter of If, but When: Effects of Sea Level Rise on Coastal Louisiana Due to the extensive emission of greenhouse gases, our planet is increasingly warming. As our glaciers melt, our coastlines move inland, threatening not only our modern resources, but also our cultural heritage. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts anywhere from 0.5 meters to 1.2 meters of sea level rise by 2100, but rising waters affect regions differently. Moving our efforts from the Big Bend area of Florida to the Mississippi River Delta, we show how coastal Louisiana’s archaeological and modern resources and coastal landscapes will be affected by local estimates of sea level rise. Skousen, B. Jacob ([email protected], Illinois State Archaeological Survey), Christina Friberg (Indiana University-Bloomington) [31] Investigating Mississippian Landscapes, Practice, and Identities Through Geophysics Research has shown that geophysical survey can effectively locate and document Mississippian sites and monuments. In this paper, we explore the ability of geophysical data to address issues of Mississippian identity formation and change. We contend that broad patterns in settlement organization as well as more subtle, small-scale details of domestic features, both of which are observable in geophysical data, can shed light on how community and kin-group identities were structured, performed, negotiated, and experienced. We discuss our preliminary thoughts on how archaeologists can approach these issues and outline potential shortcomings of using geophysical data alone in such inquiries. Smith, Hayden R. (see Reitz, Elizabeth) Smith, Karen (see Jones, Scott) Smith, Karen ([email protected], South Carolina Department of Natural Resources Heritage Trust Program), Sean Taylor (South Carolina Department of Natural Resources Heritage Trust Program) [22] Variability in Shell Ring Composition at Pockoy Island, Charleston County, South Carolina Variability in Late Archaic period shell ring composition often is discussed in terms of contrasts between shell-free and shell-bearing zones. Indeed, recent work has focused on intriguing deposits within shell-free ring interiors. Our work at Pockoy raises another point of contrast. At Pockoy Ring 1, deposits comprised of shellfish, pottery, and bone, though generally similar, vary greatly in specifics from one side of the shell- bearing ring to the other. This pattern suggests that the ring was not formed by a singular activity for a singular purpose, but rather represents the patchwork deposition of remains from different activities. Smith, Karen J. (see Thompson, Victor D.) Smith, Karen Y. (see Larson, Kara) Smith, Kevin (see Laderoute, Madeline) Smith, Maria Ostendorf ([email protected], Illinois State University), Tracy K. Betsinger (SUNY Oneonta) [11] Osteology as Archaeology: The Research Legacy of the McClung Museum Collections Pathological conditions observable on human skeletons moved from idiosyncratic diagnoses to meaningful problem-solving information in the late 1970’s. This new paradigm revolutionized how sample-based human health could be assessed to provide social, economic, cosmological, and community health information about past cultures. The paradigm coincided with the infusion of large osteological samples to the Frank H McClung

93 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi Museum from the last TVA Reservoir projects, adding to the substantial WPA era collections. Under the museum directorship of Jeff Chapman, surveys of skeletal health, many from sites not previously examined, generated much quality-of-life information that will influence future archaeological interpretation for many. Smith, Zachary ([email protected], Troy University), Jason Mann (Troy University), Xutong Niu (Troy University), Leann Gillespie (Troy University) [35] LASER method (LiDAR Based Archaeological Site Extraction and Recognition) Application to Natural Disaster Area Mitigation in the Talladega National Forest In March of 2018, a tornado passed through the Talladega National Forest and destroyed 5000 acres of timberland. The Forest Service needed to have the downed timber removed, however, Section 106 compliance had to be performed prior to the timber removal. Because of the extensive timber damage, it was deemed too dangerous to perform a traditional survey of the affected area. Therefore, the LASER method was applied to the survey area to find the locations which had the highest probability for cultural resources. This poster shows the results of the LASER survey and the discovery of over 50 sites. Sorresso, Domenique ([email protected], University of Florida) [38] Seeking Sources: A Provenance Study of Chickasaw Ceramics Using Thin-Section Petrography The structure of Mississippian exchange indicates that pottery was likely made locally, however, it is unclear whether this trend continued into the tumultuous post-contact periods at Chickasaw sites in Mississippi. This paper investigates the provenance of Chickasaw ceramics dating from before and after European contact and the utilization of local clay sources over time. Thin-section petrography has been used to compare sherds from three archaeological sites in northeastern Mississippi to raw clay from each site. This analysis also sheds light on whether inclusions previously determined to be added temper are naturally occurring in the clay. Sorset, Scott ([email protected], Bureau of Ocean Energy Management) [39] A Case for Photogrammetry in Marine Archaeological Site Investigations Advances in software and modern computing have made the ability to create highly accurate maps and models of deepwater shipwrecks a reality. The capacity to create scaled and measurable models restores one of the fundamental tenets of mapping sites in terrestrial archaeology, but in an environment that was previously restricted by cost, time, access, and accuracy. It is now possible to make quality maps and modeling for scientific use in the deep sea. This paper will explore the methods, software and equipment necessary to accomplish this work, provide examples of successful projects, and offer suggestions for the future. Spicola, Erin B. ([email protected], University of Pennsylvania), Arielle M. Pierson (University of Pennsylvania), Anna F. Graham (University of North Carolina), Megan C. Kassabaum (University of Pennsylvania) [30] Exploring Familiar Landscapes: From Discovery to Display in Wilkinson County Excavations in Wilkinson County from 2013–2018 revealed important aspects of both the past and present social landscape; during 2019, we undertook three projects that built on these observations. Analyses of materials from Smith Creek, a Woodland period site with a long history of occupation, exposed the persistent importance of the region, while excavations at Lessley, a Plaquemine site, further revealed the complex sociopolitical landscape that characterized the Late Woodland-Mississippian transition. Finally, opening an exhibit in the Wilkinson County Museum allowed us to (re)introduce local residents to these ancient landscapes by emphasizing the similarities in their use through time.

94 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 Starnes, James (see Reginelli, Anna) Starnes, James (see Leard, Jonathan) Starnes, James ([email protected], Mississippi Office of Geology),Jeffrey Alvey (Mississippi State University) [20] Geologic Inferences for Prehistoric Utilization of Ferrugenous Orthoquartzite and Trade Distribution Predominance of Tallahatta Orthoquartzite in Southeast Mississippi Tallahatta Quartzite, quarried and collected as float from east-central Mississippi, is the dominant high- quality lithic material on prehistoric sites in southeast Mississippi due to the lack of geologic resources in the region. Marginal-quality chert gravel derived from high terraces in south-central Mississippi and Piedmont- derived milky quartz gravel from south Alabama were other trade resources into southeast Mississippi region. Locally, southeast Mississippi ferrugenous orthoquartzites were quarried from stream terraces along the lower Chickasawhay River drainage. Extensive utilization of ferrugenous orthoquartzite in southeast Mississippi likely began among the first inhabitance and continued sporadically as higher-quality trade materials became more or less available Stauffer, J. Grant ([email protected], Washington University in St. Louis), John E. Kelly (Washington University in St. Louis) [36] Cahokia’s Hidden Landscape: Mounds and Landscape Modifications in Cahokia’s Ramey Field, Illinois This poster provides recently and previously collected geophysical survey data to reveal landscape modifications between the late Emergent Mississippian (AD 850-1050) and Early Mississippian (AD 1050- 1200) periods in Cahokia’s Ramey Field. Drawing from archived field records from Charles Bareis’ 1969 field school, geophysical results are tentatively compared with known stratigraphic contexts for interpretations about the site’s initial landscape characteristics in the area immediately east of . Identified anomalies indicate that several landscape modifications took place in the vicinity of Mound 17, including one or more previously unnumbered mound structures in the study area. Steen, Carl [5] Discussant Steere, Benjamin A. ([email protected], Western Carolina University) [34] The Nikwasi Mound: Preservation, Partnerships, and Sovereignty in the Cherokee Heartland of Western North Carolina The Nikwasi Mound (31MA2) in Franklin, North Carolina, was likely constructed during the Mississippian period and marks the location of a Cherokee mother town. In July 2019, ownership of the mound was transferred from the Town of Franklin to the Nikwasi Initiative, a non-profit organization with representatives from the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. Heated debates about the preservation of the mound played out in news reports and social media. In this paper, I summarize archaeological and historical information about Nikwasi and consider how the future preservation of the mound relates to broader issues of cultural heritage and tribal sovereignty. Steponaitis, Vincas (see Graham, Anna) Steponaitis, Vincas P. ([email protected], University of North Carolina), Vernon J. Knight, Jr. (University of Alabama), George E. Lankford (Lyon College) [6] A New Look at Effigy Pipes from the Trans-Mississippi South A stylistic and iconographic study of Mississippian effigy pipes from the Trans-Mississippi South has led us to identify at least five distinct styles, probably local to this area. Common themes include raptor over human, crouching human, and pot bearer. Although raptor-over-human representations are occasionally found in the related Bellaire style, they are much more frequent in this corpus and presumably relate to stories that were

95 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi particularly important here. Pipes depicting the pot-bearer theme also show an interesting pattern, with most examples from this area depicting a female figure, which contrasts with Bellaire pipes that usually show males in this role. Steponaitis, Vincas P. (see Riehm, Grace E.) Sterling, Stephanie (see Lawrence, Dawn) Stevens, Karen ([email protected], University of Kentucky) [14] Archaeological Investigations of Two Archaic Period Shell-Bearing Sites in the Lower Green River Archaeological Region, Kentucky Extensive research has been conducted at the “Shell Mound Archaic” sites located in the Middle Green River Archaeological Region of Kentucky, yet little work has been directed towards shell-bearing sites in the Lower Green River Archaeological Region. This paper provides an overview of recent excavations at two shell- bearing sites in Henderson County, Kentucky. Despite evidence of looting and landscape changes, both sites— one stratified, deep bluff-top site and one shallow floodplain site—provided intact deposits, which included mussel and gastropod shell. These sites will be discussed within the broader context of the Shell Mound Archaic of the Midsouth. Stewart, Ashley (University of Alabama) [6] Biodistance and Social Structure at the Perry Site (1LU25) This study uses metric and nonmetric dental data to perform biological distance analysis on the Mississippian portion of the Perry site. From these data, genetic relationships are gleaned and then compared to burial location as well as artifact distribution. The majority of Mississippian burials are divided into east and west halves, as are several key artifact groups, indicating the presence of a dual clan structure at Perry. While close genetic relations are not split along clan lines, some do cluster in and around small (likely domestic) structures which may have been sources of power for females in the community. Stewart, Benjamin ([email protected], Florida State University) [24] Mississippian Household Foodways in the Middle Cumberland River Region A Phase III data recovery project on the Fewkes site (40WM1) for the Tennessee Department of Transportation in 1998 recovered a large fauna assemblage, uncovered numerous features, and several structures. Data recovered provides a unique glimpse into Mississippian village life and foodways in the Middle Cumberland River region of Middle Tennessee. An assessment of household archaeology using secondary fauna data and spatial analyses was conducted to determine if there are discernable patterns and evidence of household diet, food preference, socio-political status, ritual, identity, provisioning, feasting, and meat sharing. Straub, Elizabeth (see Jefferies, Richard W.) Straub, Elizabeth ([email protected], University of Kentucky) [37] Kind of a Pig Deal: Analysis of a Mission Period Animal Burial ** During the excavation of a shell midden north of the Sapelo Island shell rings, we stumbled upon an articulated pig skeleton. Though it was not found in a mortuary context or with any burial goods, the pig seems to have been buried intentionally during the Spanish Mission Period. The burial pit was clearly visible and contained few artifacts, much like Early Archaic dog burials recorded elsewhere in the Eastern United States. Along with providing a detailed description of this unique burial, this paper explores the meaning of this interment through comparison with other North American animal burials.

96 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 Strawn, James L. (University of Georgia), D. Shane Miller (Mississippi State University), Derek T. Anderson (Mississippi State University), Samuel O. Brookes (Retired) [20] Renewed Investigations at the Hester Site (22MO569): A Geoarchaeological Analysis of the 2017 Excavations Initial investigations at the Hester site (22MO569) by Brookes (1979) revealed a stratified site containing pottery and stone tool artifacts representing the Late Paleoindian through Late Woodland periods in the southeastern United States. In 2017, fourteen 1x1-meter units were excavated at Hester to investigate the geoarchaeological context of the site. Analyses of artifacts and sediments recovered from a 3x2-meter locus during the 2017 excavations suggest that the site is in a stratified and near primary context. Here, we discuss the results of the analyses conducted following the 2017 excavations, which includes three new radiocarbon dates from the site. Stuckey, Sarah (see Morrow, Juliet) Stumpf, Tyler (see Jefferies, Richard W.) Stumpf, Tyler ([email protected], University of Kentucky) [37] Searching for Spanish Footprints: The Exploration of Architecture, Site Layout, and Community Organization at the Mission San Joseph de Sapala Over the past four years, the Sapelo Island Mission Period Archaeological Project (SIMPAP) has focused its research on identifying structural remains at the Mission San Joseph de Sapala in order to better understand how people living at the site organized their space. This paper focuses on discussion of the project’s utilization of GPR for the identification and subsequent excavation of structural remains, a retrospective on previous structural excavations at the site, a discussion of our current understanding of the spatial layout of the town, and future directions for continued exploration of spatial organization, architecture, and community layout. Sullivan, Lynne (University of Tennessee) [11] The McClung Museum of Natural History and Culture: The Cornerstone for Mississippian Research in East Tennessee The McClung Museum of Natural History and Culture is the go-to repository for research on Mississippian sites in East Tennessee. This review of past and current research regarding the Mississippian period in East Tennessee highlights the scope of information available at the Museum. Investigations in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by non-local institutions were followed by New Deal-era projects associated with TVA reservoir projects. The TVA projects enabled large-scale investigations of major sites by UT, and culminated with the Tellico Archaeological Project (1967-1982), for which Jefferson Chapman became the principal investigator, and subsequently the curator and museum director. Sullivan, Lynne P. (see Davis, R. P. Stephen) Summa, Clara ([email protected], Binghamton University) [9] The Ladson Rise Site (8JE602): An Analytical Study of Bone Tools and Their Usage The Aucilla River is home to numerous archaeological sites whose exceptional preservation offers a unique perspective on Florida’s early people. The 2018 excavation of the Ladson Rise site, a joint collaboration effort between the University of Georgia and the Aucilla Research Institute, yielded over 100 bone tools and bone tool fragments in just a single unit. This commonly understudied tool type provides the opportunity to better understand the people who made and used them. This research focuses on various analytical methods that can be utilized to study use-wear on bone tools. Taylor, Sean (see Smith, Karen)

97 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi Thacker, Paul ([email protected], Wake Forest University) [16] A Disquisition on Diagenesis: Improving Geologic Clay Sourcing Methodology for Pottery Provenance This poster details intra-formation variation in clay geochemistry in the Upper Yadkin Valley, a landscape with numerous clay deposits occurring in diverse fluvial, spring, and soil horizon contexts. While many elements and clay minerals co-vary in predictable relationships across horizons or formation beds, some elements are unexpectedly dynamic components of local diagenesis, a finding with important implications for the development of compositional sourcing methodologies. Historic anthropogenic processes such as extensive copper arsenate use in agricultural fields also significantly impact clay geochemistry. In conclusion, most clay sourcing studies assume an unwarranted degree of post-depositional stability within clay-rich geologic formations. Thomas, David Hurst (see Thompson, Victor D.) Thomas Fann, Velma (see McMahon, Patricia) Thomin, Michael (see Khakzad, Sorna) Thompson, Rachel E. ([email protected], Florida State Historic Preservation Office),Kelly Ledford (Florida State Historic Preservation Office) [34] File your Paperwork!: How Lack of Documentation Can Hinder Historic Preservation 67,000 historic resources in Florida lack formal National Register eligibility determinations due to insufficient information. Despite the plethora of archaeological work conducted each year, the Site File rarely receives updated documentation. Developers, government agencies, and historic preservationists are directed to the Site File for grant and permitting requirements. When proper documentation is not submitted, compliance regulators are forced to evaluate the potential impacts to these non-renewable resources with outdated and incomplete information. Using Florida as a case study, we illustrate the effects this has on cultural resources and propose clearer submission guidelines for Site File repositories. Thompson, Victor (see Lulewicz, Jacob) Thompson, Victor [12] Discussant Thompson, Victor D. ([email protected], University of Georgia), Torben Rick (Smithsonian Institution), Carey J. Garland (University of Georgia), Karen Y. Smith (South Carolina Department of Natural History), David Hurst Thomas (American Museum of Natural History), Mathew Sanger (Binghamton University), Bryan Tucker (Georgia Department of Natural History), Isabelle Lulewicz (University of Georgia), Anna M. Semon (American Museum of Natural History), John Schalles (Creighton University), Christine Hladik (University of Georgia), Brandon T. Ritchison (University of Illinois), [22] Ecosystem Stability, Proprietorship, and the Exploitation of Eastern Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) by Native Americans along the South Atlantic Coast of the United States The South Atlantic Coast is known for its impressive shell middens, especially its shell ring sites. One of the commonalities that shell rings have is that the primary shellfish exploited by the inhabitants was the eastern oyster. We explore patterns in oyster size from South Carolina and Georgia through time. We observed statistically significant differences in the size of oysters collected across sites. Regionally, there appears to be a non-random pattern in the mean oyster size exploited from sites situated from north to south. We interpret the observed variation to processes related to territoriality, fishing rights, and coastal environmental variability. Thompson, Victor D. (see Porter Freeman, Mary)

98 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 Toombs, Garrett ([email protected], Wake Forest University), Eric Jones (Wake Forest University) [17] A Study of Late Woodland Piedmont Village Tradition Lithic Economies through Experimental Replication of Triangular Projectile Points This study explores the lithic economy of Late Woodland Piedmont Village Tradition communities through examining attributes of rhyolite flakes from projectile point production at the Redtail (31YD173) site. We build on Andrefsky’s (1986) study of flake curvature through experimental replication of generalized triangular points and apply it to specific types found at Redtail. We examined over 300 flakes recovered from two loci and then produced and measured flakes from replica triangular points for comparison. Our results provide clues as to what stage of lithic reduction was occuring at Redtail and how the material was acquired and used. Torres Rios, Beatriz ([email protected], University of Alabama), Morgan Carroll (University of Alabama), Elliot H. Blair (University of Alabama), Dennis B. Blanton (James Madison University) [16] Early Glass Beads on the Georgia Coast -An Elemental Analysis of Beads from the Taylor Mound (9GN55), Kent Mound (9GN51), and Pine Harbor Site (9MC64) Glass trade beads are often the most abundant European trade items found at Native American sites in the colonial Southeast, and these objects have been utilized extensively and effectively as chronological markers based on stylistic criteria. In this study, we examine the elemental composition (using x-ray fluorescence spectrometry) of the bead assemblages from three early-colonial (16th and 17th centuries) sites on the Georgia Coast-Taylor Mound (9GN55), Kent Mound (9GN51), and Pine Harbor (9MC64). These elemental data provide important insights into the circulations of these objects in early colonial contexts on the Georgia coast. Townsend, Russell [11] Discussant Trask, Willa (see Herrmann, Nicholas P.) Treloar, Steven ([email protected], Louisiana State University) [4] The Tiger Bend Site (16EBR217): Expanding Discourse on Intraregional Variability within the Plaquemine Sociopolitical Landscape Phase II investigation at the Tiger Bend Site (16EBR217), a Plaquemine hamlet in East Baton Rouge Parish, suggests that the settlement is well situated to inform on community structuring during the local Medora Phase (A D 1300-1400). When juxtaposed with larger contemporary settlements such as the Kleinpeter Site (16EBR5), findings at 16EBR217 evince an opportunity to reconsider the intraregional variability of an ostensibly monolithic cultural material landscape. The author concludes, however, that while 16EBR217 is a robust laboratory for distilling the complex web of interaction that is , further investigation is necessary to reach a fruitful and informed interpretation. Troutman, Michele ([email protected], Binghamton University), Katherine Seeber (Binghamton University), Samuel Bourcy (Binghamton University), Matthew Sanger (Binghamton University) [9] Analysis of the Lithic Assemblage from Sea Pines Shell Ring The present study examines the Late Archaic lithic assemblage from the Sea Pines Shell Ring site located on Hilton Head Island, South Carolina from the 2016-2018 field seasons. The main research question asks what kind of lithic reduction was taking place on this site? Sullivan and Rozen’s (1985) typology is used along with an attribute analysis that examines raw material, cortex, weight, maximum dimensions of flakes and tools, platform preparation and flake terminations. In conclusion, the main reduction occurring at Sea Pines represents bifacial thinning and maintenance of stone tools with a soft hammer percussion.

99 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi Trubitt, Mary Beth ([email protected], Arkansas Archeological Survey) [25] Publishing in Southeastern Archaeology Southeastern Archaeology is completing its fourth year as a Taylor & Francis Group journal publication. This poster presents a graphical overview of the process from manuscript submission to published journal article, including a look at recent trends and anticipated changes. This provides an opportunity for discussion with the current editor, while encouraging SEAC members to access online articles ahead of print publication, and to submit manuscripts and register as peer reviewers through the electronic Editorial Manager system. Tucker, Bryan (see Thompson, Victor D.) Tucker, Bryan (see Porter Freeman, Mary) Turner, James ([email protected], Mississippi Department of Transportation), Liz Velasquez (Mississippi Department of Transportation), Robert Myrick (Mississippi Department of Transportation), Jason Ervin (Mississippi Department of Transportation) [30] Archaeology at the Mississippi Department of Transportation: Encouraging the Use of MDOT’s Curated Collections Since the late 1960’s, the Mississippi Department of Transportation (MDOT) has employed archaeologists to help the department avoid or mitigate the impacts of transportation infrastructure projects to cultural resources. The department maintains its own curation facilities, where an extensive collection of artifacts recovered during survey, testing and mitigation are stored. These curated collections offer excellent opportunities for those conducting research in Mississippi. This paper is intended to serve as a launching point in an effort to make the archaeological community aware of MDOT collections, and hopefully aid researchers in identifying and taking advantage of the opportunities those collections offer. Information on a sample of sites will be presented, and feedback will be sought on how MDOT can more effectively connect with the research community. Underwood, John ([email protected], U.S. Army Corps of Engineers), Patty Miller-Beech (Mississippi Department of Archives and History) [30] Market Choice: A Distributional Analysis of Manufactured Goods Across the Nineteenth-and Early Twentieth-Century Mississippi Delta In the Mississippi Delta, the most ubiquitous and pervasive type of site dates to the late nineteenth-through twentieth-century. Mostly found as surface scatters across plowed fields, their ubiquitous and pervasive nature, while often viewed as insignificant, is actually their greatest asset, as their wide distribution allows for large- scale analysis of material lifeways, to identify and explore connections between the people of the Delta and the wider South during a period of rapid industrialization and mass-production of consumer goods. This study attempts to identify trends in market access through the distributional analysis of marked goods from six Mississippi counties. Van Ostran, Molly (see James, Larry) Velasquez, Liz (see Turner, James) Vento, Frank J. (see Freund, Kyle P.) Wagner-Pelkey, Amanda (see Bloch, Lindsay) Walker, Cameron (University of Maryland-College Park) [24] Observing the Presence of Canine at the Fewkes Site (40WM1) Looking at the identified canine in the observed faunal assemblage at the Fewkes site (40WM1), the focus of this paper was on observing the presence of canine in this site’s features. Attention was placed on what possible social factors this association could indicate. The analysis of the faunal material was furthered through the use of ethnographic and ethnohistoric sources, and through comparing the Fewkes assemblage

100 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 to previous research. Questions relating to consumption, social status, and feasting were considered while analyzing and interpreting the faunal material. Discussion is also placed on sample bias, and the reinterpretation of ‘legacy data.’ Walker, Chester (see King, Adam) Wallinga, Jakob (see Chamberlain, Elizabeth) Wallis, Neill ([email protected], Florida Museum of Natural History) [12] Cosmic Landmarks in the Siting of Woodland Civic-Ceremonial Centers Constructed monuments at Woodland multi-mound sites in northern Florida are aligned to solstice events. In addition, site locations are nearly always associated with natural features of the landscape such as streams, lakes, terraces and dunes that also have solstice alignments. A survey of solstice alignments among anthropogenic and natural features across the region reveals a widespread architectural grammar that was shaped by commonly shared principles of geomancy. These patterns and correspondences have significant implications for understanding the periodicity of gathering events and the relationships of communities to the cosmos and to one another. Wallman, Diane ([email protected], University of South Florida), Michelle LeFebvre (Florida Museum of Natural History), Charlie Cobb (Florida Museum of Natural History) [38] The Anatomy of a Pit: Patterns of Animal Use from the Late Mississippian to Historic Chickasaw Period in Mississippi On the Black Prairie of Mississippi, archaeologists investigating the transition from the Late Mississippian to the historic Chickasaw period have identified diverse assemblages of faunal remains in large pits, often interpreted as daub quarries. In this paper, we provide an overview of faunal use during this transition on the Black Prairie, with a focus on the Stark Farm and Daub Ridge sites. Through this review, we aim to evaluate whether these pits reflect special use deposits, and to establish if changes in fauna occurred with the shift in settlement away from river valleys, or the rise of the deerskin trade. Walton, Alyssa ([email protected], Wake Forest University), Eric E. Jones (Wake Forest University) [17] Examining Late Woodland Piedmont Village Tradition Social Interactions Through Ceramic Analysis This project compares ceramic attributes among six Piedmont Village Tradition sites in the upper Yadkin River Valley, 1200-1500 CE. We use these data to examine potential social interactions among these communities, and the relationship between two loci at the Redtail site. 350 sherds were classified based on attribute combinations and compared using Brainard Robinson Coefficient analysis. The two Redtail loci looked most similar suggesting a strong connection between dispersed areas of activity. Patterns of similarity among the other sites are not based solely on geographic proximity and may correspond to women’s interaction networks or women’s movement on the landscape. Ward, Grace M. V. ([email protected], Washington University in St. Louis) [41] People and Plants at Jaketown: A Case Study of Poverty Point-era Landscape Management The people who built earthworks at Jaketown and Poverty Point during the terminal Late Archaic lived and labored in a complex floodplain ecosystem. The past two seasons of excavation at Jaketown, located in west- central Mississippi, yielded data that illuminate the site’s social and ecological landscape. This presentation reports results of preliminary paleoethnobotanical analysis, focusing on markers of human engagement with herbaceous floodplain pioneers such as chenopod, and perennials, including pecan and persimmon. The contexts sampled indicate patterns of earthen construction and flooding, offering insight into the relationship between social and environmental history and plant life at Late Archaic Jaketown. Warner, Emily J. (see Nelson, Erin S.) Waters, Michael (see Halligan, Jessi)

101 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi Watt, David (see Britt, Tad) Watt, David ([email protected], Tulane University), Tad Britt (National Park Service), Samuel Huey (ELOS), Dayna Lee (Earth Search), Mark Rees (University of Louisiana at Lafayette) [13] From MRGO to MRDAM: Can Archaeologists Mitigate Engineered Disaster on Louisiana’s Gulf Coast? Anthropogenic, engineered disasters in the Mississippi River Delta have overwhelmed conventional resource management. The Mississippi River – Gulf Outlet (MRGO) epitomizes the devastating impacts of Anthropogenic coastal erosion, subsidence, and sea-level rise that are rapidly obliterating the archaeological record of human habitation on Louisiana’s Gulf Coast A multi-institutional consortium for Mississippi River Delta Archaeological Mitigation offers strategies and methods to stem the ongoing loss of archaeological data and cultural heritage. Data recovery, salvage, site triage, regional sampling, mitigation banking, and creative mitigation represent alternative measures to be pursued in consultation and partnership with Native American tribes and coastal communities. Watts Malouchos, Elizabeth ([email protected], Indiana University) [31] Remotely Sensing Angel Communities: Exploring Vernacular Landscapes and Communal Identities in the Angel Hinterlands Deviating from traditional top-down models of Mississippian social integration, this research investigates community-making through the vernacular built environment and everyday material practices. Recent gradiometry surveys and subsequent ground-truthing excavations at the Stephan-Steinkamp site, part of the Angel polity in southwestern Indiana, demonstrate that communal identities in the Angel countryside were not forged through a centralized prestige economy or the distribution of symbolically charged wealth items. Rather, communities in the Angel region were created through the manipulation of vernacular architecture, curation of lithic tools, and entanglements with cosmological and ancestral landscapes. Webb, Dan ([email protected], Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research) [3] A Multi-proxy Analysis of Curated Soil and Sediment Columns from the Patrick Site (40MR40) The University of Tennessee’s 1972-1975 excavations at the Patrick site (40MR40) in East Tennessee, identified subsurface features and stratified cultural deposits spanning the Archaic to Mississippian periods. This paper presents the findings of a recent analysis of sediments, plant remains, and microartifacts identified in two stratigraphic column samples collected from the upper two meters of the site. Constrained by twelve radiocarbon dates, the resulting dataset depicts a gradually aggrading landform that became increasingly stable during the Late Archaic to Early Woodland transition circa. 3000 cal. BP, signaling what may have been an optimal setting for horticulturalists and foragers alike. Weber, Kiersten (see Jones, Scott) Webster, Rebecca ([email protected], University of Tennessee-Knoxville), Howard Cyr (University of Tennessee-Knoxville), Barbara Heath (University of Tennessee-Knoxville) [21] Analysis of Geomorphological Change to Understand a Persistent Place In the summer of 2018, archaeologists collected 15 sediment core samples from temporally diagnostic features at Coan Hall, a site of early colonial encounter in the Potomac River Valley. Two of the authors ran the cores through a particle size analyzer (PSA) to assess past geomorphological processes tied to land use. This paper will compare the results gathered from the PSA analysis to the artifacts recovered from related features in order to understand the changing cultural and physical landscapes at Coan Hall over the course of the 17th century, and the merits of performing PSA analyses when discussing persistent places. Webster, Rebecca J. (see Heath, Barbara J.) Weinstein, Rich (see McGimsey, Chip)

102 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 Welch, Paul ([email protected], Southern Illinois University), Brian Butler (Southern Illinois University), Tamira Brennan (Southern Illinois University) [36] Small Diameter Coring of Mounds at Kincaid Fewer than half of the nearly 30 mounds at Kincaid have been explored through excavation. To gain knowledge about others, we extracted small-diameter (Oakfield) cores from 13 previously unexplored mounds. Despite the difficulties of interpreting such extremely limited exposures of mound stratigraphy, we confirmed that most are of Mississippian age, one likely of historic origin, and one so badly disturbed that age is indeterminate. We also found that several mounds have multiple construction episodes, and obtained a Late Kincaid radiocarbon age estimate from one burned structure in Mxo6. Wells, Doug (see McGimsey, Chip) West, Shaun ([email protected], TerraX), Martin Menz (University of Michigan), Thomas Pluckhahn (University of South Florida) [22] One Ring to Rule Them All: Spatial Patterning within the Circular Village at Kolomoki (9ER1) Swift Creek and Weeden Island ring middens are typically interpreted as village refuse, though beyond their circular layouts, the internal organization of these settlements often remain elusive. At Kolomoki, a ring- shaped village and mound complex in southwestern Georgia, site-wide systematic testing revealed several areas with concentrations of various classes of material culture. Based on this spatial data and the results from our excavations at the site, we propose that the constituent social groups that inhabited Kolomoki’s village were divided into discrete occupational clusters, some the size of entire ring villages found elsewhere in the region during this time. Wettstaed, James (see Lulewicz, Jacob) White, Andrew ([email protected], University of South Carolina) [33] The Size and Structure of Eastern Paleoindian Social Groupings: What We Do and Do Not Know Social groupings such as families, foraging groups, and bands comprised the building blocks of the Paleoindian societies of eastern North America. Our inferences about the characteristics of those social groupings are based on a combination of ethnographic, modelling, and archaeological data. This paper will synthesize those data and attempt to summarize what we do and do not know about the size and composition of eastern Paleoindian social groupings and how those groups articulated with one another to form larger societies. White, Nancy ([email protected], University of South Florida) [6] Middle Woodland and Fort Walton at Richardson’s Hammock Burial Mound (8Gu10), Northwest Florida Richardson’s Hammock is a large-gastropod shell midden on St. Joseph Bay with Woodland and Fort Walton components and a burial mound; looted collections are now available for study. One that C. B. Moore missed, the mound contained both Swift Creek and early Weeden Island ceramics, typical for Middle Woodland in the Apalachicola-lower Chattahoochee region, and intrusive later Fort Walton burials with pottery, a copper (plate?) fragment, and a carved-shell “spaghetti-style” gorget. A shell pin and beads, ground-stone celts, and other objects could be from either time period. Other Middle Woodland burial mounds in the region were reused by Mississippian peoples. Whyte, Thomas R. ([email protected], Appalachian State University) [3] How Ancient Lithic Scavenging Influences Models of Settlement, Mobility, and Exchange in the Appalachian Summit Humans had scavenged and reused or recycled lithic artifacts throughout precontact times in the Appalachian Summit. Archaeologists undoubtedly have mistakenly used scavenged and geographically relocated artifacts of earlier types, such as fluted points, to estimate ages of site occupation. Exogenous lithic materials observed

103 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi among artifacts that may have been made on scavenged items are erroneously interpreted as evidence of long distance exchange or migration to source areas. Lithic scavenging must be considered, regardless of geography, when constructing models of precontact human settlement, mobility, and exchange. Whyte, Thomas R. (see Kimball, Larry R.) Willey, Pete (see McGimsey, Chip) Williams, John (see Perrotti, Angelina) Williams, Mark (see Lulewicz, Jacob) Williams, Mark ([email protected], University of Georgia), K. C. Jones (University of Georgia) [7] Hitchcock’s Guide to Native Round House Construction Our interest in Late Mississippian round structures (domestic and ceremonial) in Georgia’s Oconee Valley has led us to examine the 1841-42 ethnographic work by General Ethan Allen Hitchcock in Oklahoma. Hitchcock, a lifelong diarist, has been extensively quoted by archaeologists and ethnographers since the discovery of his diaries in the early 1920s. We summarize Hitchcock’s life and the discovery and curation of his diaries. Having now examined his original diary drawings, we provide new perspectives on the mistaken impressions of John Swanton and Grant Foreman with respect to the construction of the Tukabatchee Council House near Wetumka, Oklahoma. Wilson, David ([email protected], Florida State University) [23] Ashes to Ashes, Tusk to Tusk: Stable Isotope Analysis of Megafaunal Materials from the Page-Ladson Paleoindian Site (8JE591) Excavations at Page-Ladson (8JE591) have recovered zooarchaeological artifacts of megafauna species including Pleistocene camel and mastodon dating to ca. 14,550 cal. years BP. Tusk and tooth samples from these individuals have been subject to Carbon and Oxygen stable isotope analysis to determine individual diet and water consumption. The preliminary data indicates a possible seasonal water/food resource rotation and differences in food consumption between the species. The findings provide additional insight to the seasonal availability of these species on the landscape for human exploitation, as well as the seasonal availability of floral and water resources on the landscape during the Pleistocene. Wilson, Gregory ([email protected], University of California-Santa Barbara), Dana Bardolph (Northern Illinois University), Duane Esarey (Illinois State Museum) [6] Religion, Culture Contact, and Mississippian Beginnings in the Illinois Valley Remote sensing and two years of excavation at the Fandel site, near Upper Peoria Lake in west central Illinois, is shedding new light on the complicated history of population movement and culture contact that fueled the origins of Mississippian society in the and the Illinois River Valley. This ongoing research has revealed construction and use of early Mississippian platform mounds, elaborate ceremonial buildings, and rituals central to Cahokia’s mid-11th century urban intensification, and its simultaneous integration with outlying contributory groups at strategic points across the upper Mississippi River basin. Wilson, Gregory (see Friberg, Christina) Wilson, Gregory (see Ferree, Tyler) Wilson, Jeremy (see Friberg, Christina)

104 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 62, 2019 Wilson, Jeremy ([email protected], Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis), John Flood (Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis), Scott Hipskind (Cardno), Matthew Pike (Purdue University) [31] Sensing Mississippians: Geophysics, Built Landscapes, and Community Organization in the Central Illinois River Valley Since 2011, our research team has conducted geophysical investigations at three larger Mississippian Period communities in the southern half of the central Illinois River valley in west-central Illinois. Our objectives at Lawrenz Gun Club, Walsh, and Star Bridge have been to assess site integrity, prospect sub-surface deposits for future archaeological investigations, and examine the internal structure of these communities. Our results, which chronologically span the founding, flourishment, and fleeting days of the Mississippian Period in the region, highlight the impacts of the religious, socio-political, and demographic processes on settlement patterns, community composition, and landscape modifications. Winsboro, Barbara (see Halligan, Jessi) Wolf, John (see Kimball, Larry R.) Woodyard, Lynsey ([email protected], Mississippi State University) [42] How Osteobiographical Study Helps Shed Light on the Lived Experience of Burial 53 from the Mississippi State Lunatic Asylum Cemetery * An osteobiography was completed to gain understanding about the lived experience and health status of an individual, Burial 53, associated with the Mississippi State Lunatic Asylum (MSLA)(1855-1935) in Jackson, Mississippi. Pathological assessment revealed both active and healed bone pathologies, including an active infectious process in the oral cavity that may have contributed to death. Specifically, this infection suggests that the individual’s immune system was likely vulnerable to other infections prior to death. These pathologies may also have impacted the individual’s antemortem quality of life, which is interpreted relative to available historical information on health in the MSLA and contemporary Mississippi. Woolsey, Emily ([email protected], University of Memphis) [26] Revisiting the Geography of the Pinson, Johnston, and Elijah Bray Sites within the South Fork Forked Deer River Drainage Through GIS Until recently, the research application of GIS at has been limited to understanding the spatial nature of remotely sensed prehistoric features and the numerous earthworks’ relation to one another. Pinson Mounds, the largest Middle Woodland ceremonial site in the United States, houses the second largest surviving platform mound in the nation, and is accompanied by two contemporary satellite sites with both platform and conical mounds of their own. With over a thousand miles of the South Fork Forked Deer River drainage, this preliminary study seeks to understand the geographic appeal of Pinson as a ceremonial center through spatial analysis utilizing GIS applications. Wright, Alice (see Kitteringham, Lia) Wright, Alice P. (see Kimball, Larry R.) Wright, Kevin ([email protected], University of Oklahoma) [40] A Chemical and Petrographic Approach to Exploring Choctaw Coalescence ** This paper presents the results of a study examining Choctaw coalescence in East-Central Mississippi. Ceramic artifacts from two 18th century Choctaw sites (22KE630 & 22KE718) were subjected to compositional analyses and a chaîne opérataire approach was employed to identify ceramic communities of practice. Compositional analyses used in this study included x-ray fluorescence (XRF), ceramic petrography, and Laser Ablated Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). A blend of experimental and indigenous archaeology was also used to construct a series of more holistic interpretations about Choctaw coalescence and identity formation. 105 76th Annual Meeting, Jackson, Mississippi Yarbrough, Nicholas ([email protected], Florida State University and the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research) [35] The Wakulla River: An Archaeological Review Humans have utilized the Wakulla River in North Florida and its associated karst depressions for millennia, with recorded sites spanning Florida’s entire known culture history. The Wakulla is adjacent to the Aucilla River, with its numerous preserved inundated terrestrial sites, and is similarly situated on the Wakulla Karst Plain, but little professional research has been conducted in this river. A preliminary review of the artifacts currently housed in the State Bureau of Archaeological Research’s Collections Facility focusing upon the diagnostic artifacts found in, and immediately adjacent to, the Wakulla River will inform upcoming investigations into the River’s submerged contexts. Young, Abbie (see Heckman, Benjamin J.) Zierden, Martha ([email protected], Charleston Museum), Ron Anthony (Charleston Museum), Nic Butler (Charleston County Public Library), Sarah Platt (Syracuse University), Jon Marcoux (Clemson University) [21] The Royal Armorer, Visiting Indian Delegations, and Colonoware at the Heyward-Washington House: Tales from a Legacy Collection The ca. 1772 Heyward-Washington house is the first house museum in Charleston, South Carolina (1929) and site of the first controlled urban archaeological investigation (1975-1977). The site produced assemblages from the gunsmithing operations of John Milner Sr. and his son (1730-1768), as well as later materials. It is now The Charleston Museum’s largest legacy collection and subject of dissertation research. Reexamination of the colonoware assemblage by four archaeologists and one historian has produced surprising data on colonial Charleston, and the people who occupied 87 Church Street. This paper describes the pottery assemblage and why it differs from other urban sites. Zierden, Martha A. (see Reitz, Elizabeth) Zuckerman, Molly K. (see Herrmann, Nicholas P.) Zuckerman, Molly K. (see Porter, Keri) Zuckerman, Molly K. ([email protected], Mississippi State University), Anna J. Osterholtz (Mississippi State University), Nicholas P. Herrmann (Texas State University) [42] Current Bioarchaeological Knowledge and Potential Directions for Future Research at the Cemetery of the Mississippi State Lunatic Asylum * Bioarchaeological analyses of skeletal material (N=66) recovered from the cemetery of the Mississippi State Lunatic Asylum (MSLA)(1855-1935) in Jackson. have generated diverse findings. These include direct insights into patterns of disease exposure, demographics, and biosocial lived experiences (e.g., trauma, nutrition, experiences of chronic physiological stress, oral health) of patients there as well as the populations of contemporary Mississippi from which they came. Here, we characterize the current state of bioarchaeological knowledge of the MSLA, contextualize this within available historical evidence, and outline potential future work for the site and the assemblage, while acknowledging the potential limitations of such endeavors.

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