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A Sociological Study of the Choctaw Indians in Mississippi. Charles Madden Tolbert Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College

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A Sociological Study of the Choctaw Indians in Mississippi. Charles Madden Tolbert Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1958 A Sociological Study of the Choctaw Indians in Mississippi. Charles Madden Tolbert Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Tolbert, Charles Madden, "A Sociological Study of the Choctaw Indians in Mississippi." (1958). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 475. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/475 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE CHOCTAW INDIANS IN MZSSISSIFPI A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In The Department of Sociology by Charles Madden Tolbert B. A., Mississippi College, I9U6 M. A*, University of North Carolina, 1954 June, 1958 ACKNOWLEDGMENT The vriter is indebted to many for assistance and encouragement, not only in connection with this study, but throughout his graduate training. The vriter is particularly grateful to his adviser, Professor Vernon J. Parenton, whose counsel and constructive criticism have been most beneficial. The writer is also deeply appreciative of the guid­ ance and intellectual stimulation he received from his other teachers in the Sociology Department: Professors Alvln L. Bertrand, Rudolf Heberle, Homer L. Hitt, Roland 3. Pellegrin, and Paul H. Price. Pro­ fessor William G. Haag gave the writer an orientation in anthropology. Sincere appreciation is due the people about whom this study is concerned. In particular the writer wishes to thank Mr. Paul Vance, Superintendent of the Choctaw Indian Agency, and Mr. Joe Chltto, President of the Tribal Council of the Mississippi Band of Choctaws. For permission to quote extended passages from their publica­ tions, the writer wishes to thank the following: The Editor, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science; The Editor, The American Journal of Sociology; Harper and Brothers; Alfred A. Knopf; The Viking Press, and Rinehart and Company, Inc. Those who have been most understanding during the strains ac­ companying four years of graduate study are the writer's wife, Jean, and son, Charles II. To them he owes much gratitude for their patience and encouragement. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF FIGURES xi ABSTRACT xll CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 Significance of the Study • 1 A Note on Sociology and Anthropology. ••••••• 3 Review of the Literature •• 9 Frame of Reference ••••••• 12 Techniques Used in Collecting Data 20 Participant Observation • 20 Unstructured Interviews • 2h Historical Documents, •••••••••••••• 2$ Plan of the Study . • • 26 II. HISTORICAL SKETCH * 28 Relations with Europeans. • • 28 Early Relations with the United States. • 31 Treaty of 1786 32 Treaty of 1801 37 Treaty of 1802 38 Treaty of l8o£ 1*2 Treaty of 1816 h$ ill CHAPTER PAGE Treaty of 1820 U5 III. HISTORICAL SKETCH (CONTIN(JED) 52 Removal ••••• 52 Those Who Remained 68 Involvement in the Civil War 68 Allotment of Indian Lands •• 70 Indian Agency Established . 73 IV. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS 76 Growth and Distribution .76 Residence 81 Composition .83 Race. 83 Age 87 Sex 9k Vital Processes • • •••••••••••95 Fertility 96 Crude Birth Rate • .96 Specific Birth Rate 97 Fertility Ratio 100 Mortality . • • . 101 Crude Death Rate • 101 Age-specific Death Rate . • .102 Migration 10li The Removals 10U IT CHAPTER PAGE Current Migration 107 The Future. • 107 V. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION HO Social Stratification 112 Indian Society 113 Class Before Removal • 113 Contemporary Stratification •• 116 The Indian in the Larger Society 125 Indians and whites. 125 Indians and Negroes 128 Social Mobility 129 Indian Society. •••• 129 The Larger Society 131 Leadership 133 White Leaders 133 The Indian Agency 135 Native Beginnings 137 VI. THE FAMILY 140 Kinship lltO Descent Pattern I*t0 Moieties and Clans 1^4- Marriage. • • 1^5 Traditional Ceremony IU5 Current Practices Ik6 v CHAPTER PAGE Marital Status 151 Primary Family Relationships 152 Division of Labor 152 Care of the Young 156 VII. EDUCATION 160 Pre-Columbian Education • 160 Mission Schools 162 Eliot I6I4- Mayhew •••••• 16k Tucker 166 County Public Schools 167 Federal Schools 170 Curriculum • 172 Intelligence and Achievement of Students 173 Extra-curricular Activities •»... 176 Enrollment 177 Contemporary Developments 180 The High School Problem 180 Beginnings in Higher Education . • 165 The First College Graduates 166 The Standing Pine Community 166 VIII. RELIGION 190 Primitive Beliefs and Practices 191 A Supreme Deity .•••• 191 Origins 193 vl CHAPTER PAGE Men With Occult Powers. • • • • 195 Death 197 Future Life 200 Introduction of the White Man's Religion 201 Revived Efforts 203 Catholics 203 Protestants 20k Religious Developments Since 1900 207 The New Choctaw Baptist Association 208 Relations with Other Baptist Groups 212 Renewed Catholic Activity 21^ Recent Methodist Activity 215 Leadership in the Churches 216 Preponderance of Baptists ..... 219 IX. ECONOMIC LIFE 225 A Tradition of Farming 225 Early Agriculture ^ 225 Economic Disorganization 227 Sharecroppers ...... 228 Reservation Established ........ 230 Present Economic Condition 232 Occupational Characteristics. • • . • 232 Income 237 Relocation • 2U0 vil CHAPTER PAGE Objectives 2i*0 The Choctaw Program ••••• ••... 2^2 Effectiveness of the Program 2^5 X. SUMMARY, DISCUSSION, AND CONCLUSIONS 2*t9 Summary 2^9 Discussion 254 Conclusions ••• 263 BIBLIOGRAPHY 266 APPENDIX 280 VITA 26% vili LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE I. Population of Whites, Negroes and Indians by Residence, Mississippi, 1950 8k II. Population of Mississippi, by Race, I83O-1950. ..... 88 III. Population of Selected Counties in Mississippi, by Race, 1950 90 IV. Fertility Measurements of Mississippi Indians and Selected Populations 98 V. Age Specific Death Rates for Mississippi Indians and Selected Populations, 1951 • • • • • 103 VI. The Number of Indians Removed from Mississippi to Indian Territory, 1831-1903 106 VII. Ratio of the Percentage Distribution of Arrests to Percentage Distribution of Population by Race, Neshoba County, Mississippi, 1956 123 VIII. Type of Marriage Recorded for 318 Indian Families, Choctaw Agency Area, Mississippi, 1957 150 XIX. Percentage Distribution of Males and Females Ik Years Old and Over by Marital Status, Mississippi Indians and Selected Populations, 1950 153 X. Indian Schools in Mississippi, 1957 171 XI. Total Enrollment and Average Daily Attendance of the Seven Indian Schools in Mississippi, 1920-21 ix TABLE PAGE Through 1955-56 178 XII. Choctaw Churches in Mississippi, 1957 221 XIII. Percentage Occupational Classification of Employed Mississippi Indian Males, United States Indian Males, and All United States Males, Ik Years Old and Over, 1950 23lf XIV. Percentage Distribution of Mississippi Indian, United States Indian, and Total United States Population with Income, Ik Years Old and Over, 19^9 239 XV. Mississippi Choctaw Relocations, By Community of Origin and City of Destination, Fiscal Year, 1957 2k6 XVI. Population and Voting Registration by Race, Two Indian Agency Area Counties, Mississippi, July 1, 1957 262 x LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. Mississippi Choctaw Indian Reservation, 1957 21 2. Boundary of the Choctaw Nation as it was Defined in the Treaty of 1786, with Indications of Land Ceded in Later Treaties 35 3* Distribution of the Indian Population by Counties, Mississippi, 1950 82 k. Racial Composition, Population of Mississippi, 1950 ... 86 5. Rate of Growth of Population, by Race, Mississippi, 1830-1950 89 6. Comparisons of Age-Sex Distributions of Mississippi Indians with Those of the Total United States Indians and the White Population of Mississippi, 1950 92 7* Comparisons of Age-Sex Distributions of Mississippi Tndlans with Those of the Nonwhite and Total Populations of Mississippi, 1950 93 xi ABSTRACT The primary objective of this study is to analyze social rela­ tionships in a tri-racial setting with particular emphasis on the Choctaw Indians living in Mississippi* A secondary objective is concerned with tracing the social history of the Mississippi Choc- taws since 1830. The theoretical framework of the study involves the use of the situational approach. Emphasis is placed on stereotypes and their place in defining situations. Stereotypes which have pre­ vailed at various periods in history of Indian-white relations are recorded. On the basis of these stereotypes situations are de­ fined* The resulting patterns of behavior are evidence of the theory of the self-fulfilling prophecy. The study is threaded together with a description of the changes which have taken place among the Choctaws in historical times* The Choctaw Indians living in four counties (designated the agency area) in Mississippi are the object of study* Data presented are from three sources: participant observation, unstructured inter­ views, and historical documents. With background information pro­ vided by a historical sketch and an analysis of demographic data, the investigation of social organization is undertaken* Special atten­ tion is given to major institutional
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