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Table of Contents AN ERUPTIVE HISTORY OF MADERAS VOLCANO USING NEW 40Ar/39Ar AGES AND GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSES By Lara N. Kapelanczyk A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (Geology) MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2011 Copyright © 2011 Lara N. Kapelanczyk UMI Number: 1505870 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent on the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI 1505870 Copyright 2012 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This edition of the work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346 This thesis, “An Eruptive History of Maderas Volcano Using New 40Ar/39Ar Ages and Geochemical Analyses,” is hereby approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN GEOLOGY. Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences Signatures: Thesis Advisor ___________________________________________ Dr. William I Rose Department Chair ___________________________________________ Dr. Wayne D. Pennington Date ___________________________________________ Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................................ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .........................................................................................................................xi ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................... xiii 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 1 2. GEOLOGIC SETTING ........................................................................................................................ 3 2.1. REGIONAL SETTING: CENTRAL AMERICA ......................................................................................... 3 2.2. REGIONAL SETTING: NICARAGUA .................................................................................................... 3 2.3. LOCAL SETTING: OMETEPE ............................................................................................................... 4 2.4. LOCAL SETTING: MADERAS VOLCANO ............................................................................................. 5 3. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................ 9 3.1. FIELD METHODS ............................................................................................................................... 9 3.2. THIN SECTIONS ................................................................................................................................. 9 3.3. GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS METHODS ................................................................................................ 9 40 39 3.4. AR/ AR METHODS ...................................................................................................................... 10 4. RESULTS ............................................................................................................................................. 13 4.1. PETROGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................ 13 4.1.1. Basalts .................................................................................................................................... 13 4.1.2. Basaltic Andesites .................................................................................................................. 13 4.1.3. Andesites and Dacites ............................................................................................................ 14 4.1.4. Comparison of Phenocryst Mineralogy ................................................................................. 14 4.2. GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS RESULTS ............................................................................................... 16 4.2.1. General Characteristics ......................................................................................................... 16 4.2.2. Bulk Composition of Ometepe lavas ...................................................................................... 17 4.2.3. Incompatible Elements ........................................................................................................... 19 4.2.4. Fenner Diagrams ................................................................................................................... 22 4.2.5. Analogy to paired volcanoes of Halsor and Rose (1988) ....................................................... 23 40 39 4.3. AR/ AR RESULTS ........................................................................................................................ 23 5. DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................................... 27 5.1. GEOLOGICAL MAP .......................................................................................................................... 27 5.1.1. Dominant structural feature: A cross-cutting graben ............................................................ 27 5.1.2. Existence of an older cone ..................................................................................................... 29 5.1.3. Alluvial Deposits .................................................................................................................... 29 5.1.4. Lava Flows ............................................................................................................................. 30 v 5.1.5. Central Crater and Vents ...................................................................................................... 31 5.2. GEOCHEMICAL DATA ..................................................................................................................... 33 40 39 5.3. AR/ AR AGE DATES ................................................................................................................... 35 5.3.1. Phases of volcanism .............................................................................................................. 35 5.3.2. Implications of ages for shorelines at Maderas and Concepción .......................................... 35 5.3.3. Comparison of age dates to other Central American volcanoes ........................................... 36 5.4. AN ERUPTIVE HISTORY OF MADERAS ............................................................................................. 38 5.5. IMPLICATIONS FOR GEOLOGIC HAZARDS ........................................................................................ 40 5.5.1. History of geologic hazards................................................................................................... 40 5.5.2. Implications for Future Hazards ........................................................................................... 43 6. FUTURE WORK ................................................................................................................................ 47 7. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................. 49 8 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................... 51 9 APPENDICES ..................................................................................................................................... 57 9.1 APPENDIX A: GEOCHEMICAL DATA ............................................................................................... 57 40 39 9.2 APPENDIX B: AR/ AR RESULTS.................................................................................................. 68 9.2.1 Sample MADERAS-002 ......................................................................................................... 68 9.2.2 Sample MADERAS-003 ......................................................................................................... 78 9.2.3 Sample MADERAS-004 ......................................................................................................... 88 9.2.4 Sample MADERAS-011 ......................................................................................................... 99 9.2.5 Sample MADERAS-013 ....................................................................................................... 109 vi List of Figures FIGURE 1.1: MAP OF CENTRAL AMERICA WITH INSET OF LAKE NICARAGUA AND OMETEPE.. ......................... 2 FIGURE 2.1: LOCATIONS OF TOWNS AND COMMUNITIES AROUND MADERAS AND EXTENT OF FORESTATION ON MADERAS.. ............................................................................................................................................. 6 40 39 FIGURE 3.1: AR/ AR AND GEOCHEMICAL SAMPLE LOCATIONS BY COLLECTOR AND ROCK TYPE BASED ON LE BAS ET AL. (1986).
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