Amenaza Volcánica Del Área De Managua Y Sus Alrededores (Nicaragua)”

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Amenaza Volcánica Del Área De Managua Y Sus Alrededores (Nicaragua)” Parte II.3: Amenaza volcánica 127 Parte II.3 Guía técnica de la elaboración del mapa de “Amenaza volcánica del área de Managua y sus alrededores (Nicaragua)” 128 Parte II.3: Amenaza volcánica Índice 1 Resumen.......................................................................................................................130 2 Lista de figuras y tablas...............................................................................................131 3 Introducción.................................................................................................................132 4 Objetivos.......................................................................................................................132 5 Metodología.................................................................................................................133 5.1 Recopilación de los datos y análisis de los peligros volcánicos existentes............133 5.1.1 Complejo Masaya.............................................................................................133 5.1.1.1 Flujos de lava..............................................................................................134 5.1.1.2 Caída de tefra..............................................................................................134 5.1.1.3 Flujos piroclásticos y Oleadas piroclásticas...............................................135 5.1.1.4 Flujos de lodo y detritos (lahares)..............................................................135 5.1.1.5 Emanaciones de gas....................................................................................136 5.1.1.6 Creación de centros de erupciones menores...............................................136 5.1.2 Volcán Apoyeque.............................................................................................137 5.1.2.1 Flujos piroclásticos y oleadas piroclásticas................................................137 5.1.2.2 Caída de tefra..............................................................................................137 5.1.2.3 Flujos de lava..............................................................................................138 5.1.2.4 Flujos de lodo y detritos (lahares)...............................................................138 5.1.3 Volcán Apoyo...................................................................................................138 5.1.3.1 Caída de tefra..............................................................................................138 5.1.4 Cadena volcánica Nejapa-Miraflores...............................................................139 5.1.4.1 Caída de tefra y flujos de lava....................................................................139 5.1.4.2 Centros de erupciones menores..................................................................140 5.1.5 Estructuras tectónicas........................................................................................140 5.1.6 Sismicidad.........................................................................................................141 5.2 Reconstrucción de la historia eruptiva para los principales centros de erupción.................................................................................................142 5.3 Evaluación del nivel de la peligrosidad y extensión espacial de los productos esperados durante erupciones futuras.....................................................144 5.3.1 Complejo Masaya.............................................................................................144 5.3.1.1 Flujos de lava y centros de erupciones menores.........................................144 5.3.1.2 Caída de tefra..............................................................................................144 5.3.1.3 Flujos piroclásticos y Oleadas piroclásticos...............................................145 5.3.1.4 Flujos de lodo y detritos (lahares)...............................................................145 5.3.1.5 Emanaciones de gas....................................................................................145 Parte II.3: Amenaza volcánica 129 5.3.2 Volcán Apoyeque..............................................................................................146 5.3.2.1 Flujos de lava..............................................................................................146 5.3.2.2 Flujos piroclásticos y oleadaspiroclásticas.................................................146 5.3.2.3 Caída de tefra..............................................................................................146 5.3.2.4 Flujos de lodo y detritos (lahares)..............................................................147 5.3.3 Volcán Apoyo...................................................................................................147 5.3.3.1 Caída de tefra..............................................................................................147 5.3.4 Cadena volcánica Nejapa-Miraflores...............................................................147 5.3.4.1 Centros eruptivos menores y caída de tefra................................................147 5.4 Definición de la amenaza relativa...........................................................................148 5.5 Asignación de la amenaza relativa..........................................................................149 6 Integración en el SIG...................................................................................................150 7 Composición y contenido del mapa amenaza volcánica..............................................151 7.1 Leyenda...................................................................................................................151 7.2 Glosario de los términos relacionados con las amenazas volcánicas.....................151 7.3 Mapa de relieve.......................................................................................................152 7.4 Mapa de Ubicación, Área de Estudio y mapa índice de hojas cartográficas 1:50,000.............................................................................................153 7.5 Figura “Actividad volcánica principal en la región Managua durante los últimos 35,000 años”.........................................................................................153 7.6 Figura “Frecuencia de la dirección y velocidad del viento alrededor del volcán Masaya”.................................................................................................154 8 Conclusiones................................................................................................................154 9 Referencias...................................................................................................................155 Anexos.............................................................................................................................157 130 Parte II.3: Amenaza volcánica 1 Resumen En este informe se proporcionan las informaciones acerca de la elaboración del mapa de amenaza volcánica 1:100,000. El reporte provee informaciones básicas de la metodología aplicada y explica los diferentes pasos en la elaboración del mapa, comenzando desde la recopilación y digitalización de los datos hasta la interpretación de la amenaza volcánica. Se ha agregado un catálogo de las capas digitales elaboradas en ArcGIS 8.3 así como una bibliografía de las fuentes usadas. Los resultados del estudio están presentados de forma grafica en el mapa “Amenaza volcánica a escala 1:100,000”. Parte II.3: Amenaza volcánica 131 2 Lista de figuras y tablas Figuras Figura 1: Distribución de los Flujos de lava emitidos por el Masaya (derecho abajo). Figura 2: Isopacas digitalizadas de las secuencias Fontana y San Judas mostrando distribución espacial y espesor de las capas, dadas en cm (según Williams, 1983). Figura 3: Isopacas digitalizadas de la secuencia El Retiro, mostrando distribución espacial y espesor de las capas, dadas en cm (Williams, 1983). Figura 4: Digitalización de la zona afectada y concentración de dióxido de azufre (SO2) en la atmósfera medido en un período entre 1998 y 1999. El Llano de Pacaya, limitado por la línea roja, muestra los mayores daños (según Delmelle, et al., 2002). Figura 5: Isopacas digitalizadas de las unidades pómez caída principal (PCP) y pómez Xiloá mostrando distribución espacial y espesor de las capas, dadas en cm (según Bice , 1980). Figura 6: Isopacas digitalizadas de la unidad pómez de Apoyo mostrando distribución espacial y espesor de las capas dadas en cm (según Sussman, 1985). Figura 7: Isopacas digitalizadas de la unidad “Middle Lake Asososca Tefra” mostrando distribución espacial y espesor de las capas, dadas en cm (según Weiß, 2003). Figura 8: Mapa de las estructuras principales de la cadena volcánica Nejapa-Miraflores (modificado de Bice, 1980). Figura 9: Clasificación de la amenaza relativa. Figura 10: Mapa de relieve. Figura 11: Mapa de ubicación y Área de estudio y mapa índice de hojas cartográficas. Figura 12: Actividad volcánica principal en la región Managua durante los últimos 35,000 años. Figura 13: Frecuencia de la dirección y velocidad del viento alrededor del volcán Masaya. Figura 14: Mapa de Amenaza Volcánica de escala 1: 100,000. Figura 15: Presentación de los datos usados en la evaluación de la amenaza volcánica. Tablas Tabla 1: Compilación de la historia eruptiva de los 4 centros volcánicos Tabla 2: Asignación de la amenaza relativa a los diferentes productos volcánicos emitidos. Tabla 3: Lista de las
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