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Instituto De Botânica CÁTIA TAKEUCHI Gaya Kunth (Malvoideae, Malvaceae): Filogenia e sua relação com gêneros afins e Revisão Taxonômica das espécies que ocorrem no Brasil Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de DOUTOR em BIODIVERSIDADE VEGETAL E MEIO AMBIENTE, na Área de Concentração de Plantas Vasculares em Análises Ambientais. SÃO PAULO 2015 CÁTIA TAKEUCHI Gaya Kunth (Malvoideae, Malvaceae): Filogenia e sua relação com gêneros afins e Revisão Taxonômica das espécies que ocorrem no Brasil Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de DOUTOR em BIODIVERSIDADE VEGETAL E MEIO AMBIENTE, na Área de Concentração de Plantas Vasculares em Análises Ambientais. ORIENTADORA: DRA. GERLENI LOPES ESTEVES Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pelo NÚCLEO DE BIBLIOTECA E MEMÓRIA Takeuchi, Cátia T136g Gaya Kunth (Malvoideae, Malvaceae): filogenia e sua relação com gêneros afins e revisão taxonômica das espécies que ocorrem no Brasil / Cátia Takeuchi -- São Paulo, 2015. 166 p. il. Tese (Doutorado) -- Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente, 2015 Bibliografia 1. Malvaceae. 2. Taxonomia. 3. Morfologia. I. Título CDU: 582.796 Aos meus pais, Huziko Takeuchi & Takashi Takeuchi, Às minhas avós Chiemi Kono (1913-2014) & Haguino Takeuchi (1920-2015), dedico Agradecimentos Primeiramente agradeço aos meus pais e à tia Ruth Morinaga por todo apoio e compreensão em todos os momentos da minha existência. A minha orientadora Dra. Gerleni L. Esteves pela dedicação durante anos a minha formação científica, especialmente no universo das Malváceas. Agradeço pelos dias que se dedicou intensamente a esta tese nesta orientação à longa distância. Minha gratidão à Dra. Mutue T. Fujii que me acolheu no Laboratório Molecular do Núcleo de Pesquisa de Ficologia e que tornou possível a execução do estudo filogenético integralmente no Instituto de Botânica. À Cecília H. Kano cujo auxílio foi essencial para o desenvolvimento da etapa laboratorial deste estudo, agradeço a atenção e companhia. Ao aluno de doutorado Me. Otávio L. Marques da Silva. Não tenho como agradecer a ajuda em vários momentos: na confecção dos mapas, nos programas de filogenia, na tradução do inglês e na formatação. Obrigada também pelas sugestões. Um amigo genuíno que admiro muito e que me trazia sempre o melhor bolo de leite ninho do universo! Ao “irmão malvólogo” Me. Victor M. Gonçalez pelos anos de convivência e amizade; agradeço a sua companhia nas viagens, a coleta de espécimes, fotos de Gaya e a confecção da capa desta tese. À “irmã malvóloga” Dra. Marília C. Duarte pelos conselhos, ajuda nos programas de filogenia e por servir de exemplo. À Dra. Jennifer Tate da Universidade de Massey (Nova Zelândia) pela colaboração valiosa. Ao Dr. Antônio Krapovickas do Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (Argentina) pelas discussões taxonômicas em Malvaceae e pelo churrasco oferecido. Ao Dr. Paulo Affonso por ter me transmitido os primeiros conhecimentos em Taxonomia Vegetal na iniciação científica. Sou grata pela orientação nobre e segura, pela sabedoria dos seus conselhos que busco seguir até os dias atuais. À Dra. Cintia V. da Silva pela amizade inestimável nestes doze anos de convivência, caronas, companhia nas coletas e disposição em ajudar nesta reta final! Agradeço a revisão e o carinho! À Comissão de Pós-graduação do Instituto de Botânica (Ibt), especialmente pela concessão da verba PROAP. Aos funcionários e estagiários da pós-graduação, especialmente à Marcinha e à Shirley por todo o auxílio prestado. A CAPES pela bolsa concedida. A todos os pesquisadores do Núcleo de Curadoria Herbário SP. Em especial à Dra. Maria Margarida R.F. de Melo pela sua humanidade única e afeto, contribuindo principalmente para a minha formação ética e nutricional. À Dra. Lúcia Rossi pelas manifestações constantes de apoio, interesse e auxílio. À Dra. Inês Cordeiro pela consideração e ajuda sempre oferecida; agradeço especialmente o uso da centrífuga e do computador, além dos seus doces diet que compartilhou comigo diversas vezes. Ao Dr. Fábio de Barros pela seriedade e contribuições em vários momentos como integrante da Comissão de Pós-graduação do Ibt, banca da aula de qualificação e do corpo editorial da Revista Hoehnea. À Dra. Maria Cândida H. Mamede pelos diversos e-mails enviados para os curadores dos herbários estrangeiros para obtenção de materiais de Gaya. Aos demais pesquisadores do Herbário SP pelo acolhimento durante todos estes anos: Dra. Cintia Kameyama, Dra. Maria das Graças L. Wanderley, Dra. Marie Sugiyama, Dra. Rosângela Simão-Bianchini, Dr. Sérgio Romaniuc e à Ma. Sônia Aragaki. Aos funcionários do Herbário SP: Ana Célia A. Calado, Claudinéia de Lourdes Ináceo, Marcela Silva e Evandro Fortes por todo o auxílio e carinho. Às alunas Rafaela Freitas, Fernanda S. Petrongari, Camila Araújo e Mayra Jamas, por tornarem os dias mais alegres. Aos alunos do Instituto de Botânica, especialmente: Me. Rodrigo S. Rodrigues por todo apoio, afeição e ajuda oferecida; Dr. Allan C. Pscheidt pelas dicas que foram compartilhadas no estudo filogenético e pela amizade durante estes doze anos; Adenilsa A.R. Lima, Me. Mayara Pastore e ao Dr. Marcos E. Lima, Yasmim Hirao, Gabriela C.G. de Oliveira, Ulisses G. Fernandes e Bárbara Puglia pelos momentos de escuta e convivência; Me. Aluísio F. Júnior pela companhia nas viagens, Me. Augusto F.N. Gonzaga por sempre me enviar artigos especializados e ao Rudolph Sartin pela concessão das fotos de Gaya guerkeana. Aos doutores Tarciso S. Filgueiras pela diagnose de Gaya xiquexiquensis, Mássimo G. Bovini e Cyl Farney do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro que me proporcionaram a viagem de coleta para Arraial do Cabo. Ao Dr. Allan Sciamarelli pela coleta em Dourados. À Dra. Kazue Kawakita pela acolhida em Maringá. Ao Prof. Dr. Arnildo Pott e aos funcionários da fazenda San Francisco pela ajuda prestada no trabalho de campo em Miranda. À banca da aula de qualificação pelas sugestões e críticas: Dr. Fábio de Barros, Dr. Fábio Pinheiro e Dra. Marília C. Duarte. Aos curadores dos herbários visitados pela recepção e envio dos materiais solicitados na forma de empréstimo ou doação, bem como pela autorização para a retirada de fragmentos de folhas para o estudo filogenético. Em especial à curadora Dra. Mercedes Arbo do herbário CTES que permitiu a minha permanência por um período prolongado. A todos que me acompanharam nas viagens de coleta: Me. Gisele da Silva, Dr. Rafael Louzada e Me. Érika M. Ramos. À aluna de mestrado da HUEFS, Me. Liziane V. Vasconcelos pelo apoio e acolhida em sua casa em Feira de Santana. Aos alunos de mestrado da UNEB (campus Paulo Afonso), especialmente à Fracislainy Pereira que me acolheram na cidade de uma forma muito especial. Ao Me. Danilo Marques pela hospedagem na Argentina. Por fim, a todos os meus familiares (incluindo os gatos) e amigos, especialmente à minha prima Namiyo Hashimoto, companheira das aventuras gastronômicas e culturais pela cidade. Índice ORGANIZAÇÃO DA TESE ................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUÇÃO GERAL ...................................................................................................................... 2 MALVOIDEAE BURNETT (1835) .......................................................................................................... 2 TRIBO MALVEAE ................................................................................................................................. 4 POSICIONAMENTO DE GAYA NA TRIBO MALVEAE ............................................................................... 9 HISTÓRIA TAXONÔMICA DE GAYA ..................................................................................................... 11 GAYA KUNTH ..................................................................................................................................... 13 OBJETIVOS ........................................................................................................................................ 23 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS ................................................................................................................ 24 ESTUDO FILOGENÉTICO ..................................................................................................................... 24 Amostragem.................................................................................................................................. 26 Extração do DNA, amplificação e sequenciamento ..................................................................... 26 Análises filogenéticas ................................................................................................................... 27 Mapeamento dos estados de caracteres morfológicos, polínicos e citogenéticos ......................... 28 ESTUDO TAXONÔMICO ...................................................................................................................... 30 BIBLIOGRAFIA ................................................................................................................................. 34 CAPÍTULO 1 – MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND CHARACTER EVOLUTION OF GAYA KUNTH AND RELATED GENERA (MALVOIDEAE, MALVACEAE) ......................... 45 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................
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