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JAIST Repository https://dspace.jaist.ac.jp/ 先端大規模技術開発における継続的イノベーション創 Title 発の必要条件 －スーパーコンピュータ開発のケース スタディ－ Author(s) 西田, 政人 Citation Issue Date 2012-03 Type Thesis or Dissertation Text version author URL http://hdl.handle.net/10119/10485 Rights Description Supervisor:井川康夫教授, 知識科学研究科, 修士 Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 修 士 論 文 先端大規模技術開発における継続的イノベーション創発の必要条件 －スーパーコンピュータ開発のケーススタディ－ 指導教員 井川 康夫 教授 北陸先端科学技術大学院大学 知識科学研究科 知識科学専攻 1050507 西田 政人 審査委員： 知識 井川 康夫 教授（主査） 知識 小坂 満隆 教授 知識 梅本 勝博 教授 知識 神田 陽治 教授 2012 年 2 月 Copyright Ⓒ 2012 by Masato Nishida 目次 第１章 序章 ······················································································· 1 1.1 研究の背景 ················································································ 1 1.1.1 日本のスーパーコンピュータ開発の現状 ··································· 1 1.1.2 先端大規模技術開発 ······························································ 4 1.1.3 スーパーコンピュータ開発の特徴 ············································ 5 1.2 研究目的とリサーチクエスチョン ················································· 9 1.2.1 研究の目的 ·········································································· 9 1.2.2 リサーチクエスチョン ··························································· 9 1.3 研究の意義と特長 ····································································· 10 1.3.1 研究の学術的意味 ······························································· 10 1.3.2 研究の実務的意義 ······························································· 10 1.3.3 研究の社会的意義 ······························································· 10 1.3.4 研究の特長 ········································································ 11 1.4 研究の方法 ·············································································· 11 1.5 論文の構成 ·············································································· 12 第２章 先行文献レビュー ··································································· 13 2.1 はじめに ·············································································· 13 2.2 イノベーションモデル···························································· 13 2.2.1 ラディカルイノベーション ················································ 13 2.2.2 アーキテクチャル・イノベーション ···································· 14 2.2.3 ドミナントデザイン ························································· 15 2.3 オープンイノベーション ························································ 17 2.3.1 オーブンイノベーション ··················································· 17 2.4 ユーザイノベーション···························································· 18 2.4.1 リードユーザ ·································································· 18 i 2.4.2 イノベーションのジレンマ ················································ 19 2.5 イノベーションマネジメント ·················································· 20 2.5.1 テクノロジマッピング ······················································ 20 2.5.2 イノベーションアーキテクチャ ·········································· 20 2.6 ナショナルイノベーションシステム ········································· 21 2.6.1 日本の先端技術開発推進政策 ············································· 21 2.6.2 米国の先端技術開発推進政策 ············································· 22 2.7 まとめ ················································································· 22 第３章 スーパーコンピュータとイノベーション ····································· 23 3.1 はじめに ·············································································· 23 3.2 スーパーコンピュータ開発の歴史 ············································ 23 3.2.1 スーパーコンピュータ開発の黎明期 ···································· 23 3.2.2 日本のスーパーコンピュータ開発 ······································· 24 3.2.3 米国のスーパーコンピュータ開発 ······································· 24 3.3 スーパーコンピュータ市場 ····················································· 25 3.4 スパコン開発における、イノベーションの形態 ·························· 26 3.4.1 ドミナントデザイン ······················································· 27 3.4.2 イノベーションマネジメント ··········································· 29 3.4.3 オープンイノベーション ················································· 30 3.4.4 ユーザイノベーション ···················································· 32 3.4.5 ナショナルイノベーションシステム ·································· 33 3.5 まとめ ················································································· 37 第４章 Top500 によるデータ分析 ························································ 38 4.1 はじめに ·············································································· 38 4.2 TOP500 Supercomputer Site ·················································· 38 4.2.1 Top500 Project ································································ 38 4.2.2 Top500 のデータ分析の意義 ·············································· 39 4.3 対象企業の選定 ····································································· 39 ii 4.3.1 スーパーコンピュータメーカー ·········································· 39 4.3.2 調査対象企業 ·································································· 42 4.3.3 PC クラスタを除く理由 ···················································· 43 4.4 データの分析方法 ·································································· 46 4.4.1 データ整理方法 ······························································· 46 4.4.2 システム数推移 ······························································· 47 4.4.3 合計性能推移 ·································································· 48 4.5 各社データ分析結果 ······························································· 49 4.5.1 6 社の全体的傾向 ····························································· 49 4.5.2 IBM ·············································································· 52 4.5.3 CRAY ············································································ 55 4.5.4 SGI ··············································································· 58 4.5.5 富士通 ··········································································· 60 4.5.6 日立 ·············································································· 62 4.5.7 NEC ············································································· 64 4.6 まとめ ················································································· 66 第５章 イノベーション発生状況分析 ···················································· 68 5.1 はじめに ··············································································· 68 5.2 各社開発状況分析 ··································································· 69 5.2.1 IBM ··············································································· 69 5.2.2 CRAY ············································································· 74 5.2.3 SGI ················································································ 78 5.2.4 富士通 ············································································· 80 5.2.5 日立 ················································································ 83 5.2.6 NEC ··············································································· 85 5.3 まとめ ·················································································· 87 5.3.1 米国メーカーまとめ··························································· 87 5.3.2 日本メーカーまとめ··························································· 89 5.3.3 日米メーカー比較 ······························································ 91 iii 第６章 継続的イノベーション創発要因 ··············································· 92 6.1 はじめに ··············································································· 92 6.2 ラディカルイノベーションの創発要因 ········································· 92 6.2.1 ３つのイノベーションとイノベーションマネジメント ·············· 92 6.2.2 製品ラインとラディカルイノベーション ································ 95 6.2.3 オープンイノベーションとラディカルイノベーション ·············· 96 6.2.4 クローズドイノベーションとラディカルイノベーション ··········· 97 6.2.5 ユーザイノベーションとラディカルイノベーション ················· 97 6.2.6 国のプログラムとラディカルリードユーザ ····························· 99 6.2.7 ユーザ・コミュニティとユーザイノベーション ······················· 98 6.3 イノベーションの継続性 ························································· 101 6.3.1 継続性とオープンイノベーション ······································· 101 6.3.2 継続性とクローズドイノベーション ···································· 102 6.3.3 継続性とユーザイノベーション ·········································· 102 6.3.4 継続性とイノベーションマネジメント ································· 103 6.3.5 継続性とナショナルイノベーションシステム ························ 103 6.4 まとめ ················································································· 105 第７章 結論 ················································································· 106 7.1 はじめに ············································································· 106 7.2 発見事項 ············································································· 106 7.3 理論モデル ·········································································· 109 7.4 研究の含意 ··········································································· 110 7.4.1 理論的含意 ······································································ 110 7.4.2 実務的含意 ······································································ 110 7.5 将来研究への示唆 ·································································· 111 参考文献 ······················································································· 112 謝辞 ······························································································· 115 iv 図 目 次 1-1 スーパーコンピュータ Top500 にみる製造国別性能シェア ·················· 2 1-2 スーパーコンピュータ Top500 にみる製造国別エントリーシステム数 ··· 3 1-3 TOP サイトの性能向上実績 ··························································· 6 1-4 マイクロプロセッサのトランジスタ集積度 ······································· 7 1-5 マイクロプロセッサのクロック周波数と浮動小数点演算性能 ·············· 7 2-1 技術進歩の S 字曲線··································································· 14 2-2 Henderson&Clark モデル ···························································