CHAPTER 1945–Present I?7
Following World War II, the nations of Asia worked to win political and economic independence. Their efforts were compli- cated by Cold War tensions, religious and ethnic conflicts, and struggles for politi- cal power. Despite these obstacles, some nations achieved great success in building strong, vibrant economies, and improved the lives of people throughout the region.
>;C;Æ In the years after World War II, many Asian nations looked for ways to build their economic and political strength. In this chapter you will examine how these nations worked toward economic development and how some achieved economic success.
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August 1947 May 1954 April 1975 India is partitioned. Vietminh defeat Mao Zedong leads China North Vietnam wins Æ French at Dien 1949–1976 the Vietnam War. Bien Phu.
rzuv rzwv rzyv Æ May 14, 1948 1954 1961 1979 Sandinista Israel declares its Gamal Abdel Nasser The Soviet Union sends the rebels win control statehood. seizes power in Egypt. first human into outer space. of Nicaragua.
906 CHAPTER 30 History's Impact video program Watch the video to understand the impact of Vietnam’s location.
Reading like a Historian This photograph was taken during China’s Cultural June 1989 Revolution of the late 1960s, an effort by Chinese Chinese troops attack 1997 leaders to rid the nation of its old ways. The Chinese pro-democracy A financial crisis slows characters on the large signs translate as “Long live demonstrators in growth in the Pacific Rim. the proletariat’s [workers’] great cultural revolution.” Tiananmen Square. Analyzing Visuals How do you think a large public s{{v rally like this might have helped the Chinese govern- 1993 Apartheid March 2003 ment maintain power and minimize dissent? officially ends in A U.S.-led force See Skills Handbook, p. H26 South Africa. invades Iraq.
ASIA 907 GEOGRAPHY Starting Points
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After World War II, 1. Identify Which Asian nations were independence movements grew stronger in the controlled by other countries in 1945? Listen to History European colonies scattered throughout Asia. In 2. Predict What might happen to these Go online to listen to an the years to come, these colonies would win their nations after they gain independence? explanation of the starting independence and face the challenge of building points for this chapter. stable governments, economies, and societies. go.hrw.com Keyword: SHL ASA
908 CHAPTER 30 SECTION EKJ>Æ I?7Æ7 Take notes BEFORE YOU READ about the MAIN IDEA READING FOCUS KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE events in India and Pakistan that followed India gained its indepen- 1. What events led to indepen- Muhammad Ali Jinnah partition. dence from Great Britain, dence and conflict in India? partition but the region entered 2. What happened to India Jawaharlal Nehru Partition an era of conflict and after the nation won its Indira Gandhi challenges. independence? Pervez Musharraf 3. What challenges face the countries of South Asia? What is the price of indepen- People are scrambling for trains or trying to find other dence? It is the summer of 1947, and forms of transportation. They’re deciding what personal more than 10 million Indians are on the belongings they can take to their new country and what move across the British colony of India. The British Parlia- they must leave behind. Most Hindus and Sikhs opt for ment has just passed an act dividing India into two inde- India, while most Muslims choose Pakistan. As their paths pendent nations—Hindu India and Islamic Pakistan. People cross, violence erupts—hundreds of thousands of people have one month to decide which country to live in and to are dying. travel to their new home. Indians have finally won their independence from Great Britain. But peace will have to wait. "/BUJPO 5PSO"QBSU Millions traveled across the Indian subcontinent on overcrowded trains. ASIA 909 RELIGIOUS GROUPS IN INDIA and increasing Indian nationalism helped con- AND PAKISTAN, 1947 vince the British that maintaining control of India was too costly. When the war ended, the British began making plans to leave India. "'()"/*45"/ ,"4).*3 $)*/" *3"/ -BIPSF "NSJUTBS 5*#&5 Religious Conflict and Partition India 8&45 #)65"/ 1",*45"/ 4*,,*. had long had two main religious groups: Hin- /&1"- 3 /FX ( T B dus and Muslims. In 1940 India was home to V %FMIJ O E H O F * T 3 )ZEFSBCBE about 255 million Hindus and 92 million Mus- ,BSBDIJ %IBLB lims. Smaller numbers of Indians were Sikhs */%*" $BMDVUUB SEEKS "SBCJBO4FB ( ), Christians, or Buddhists. As hopes for #63." ¡/ &"45 Indian independence rose, so did religious ten- 1",*45"/ sions. Some Muslims, fearing that an indepen- #PNCBZ .BJOMZ#VEEIJTU dent democratic India would be dominated by )ZEFSBCBE .BJOMZ)JOEV #BZPG#FOHBM India’s large Hindu population, believed that .BJOMZ.VTMJN Indian Muslims needed a separate nation in .BJOMZ4JLI .BESBT order to protect their rights. ¡/ Muhammad Ali Jinnah led the Muslim ¡& League, an organization that worked for the ¡& $&:-0/ interests of India’s Muslims. In 1940 the Mus- INTERPRETING MAPS .JMFT lim League formally called for a partition, or ,JMPNFUFST division, of India and the creation of separate 1. Place Many residents of Pakistan were "MCFSTFRVBMBSFBQSPKFDUJPO members of what religious group? Muslim and Hindu countries. Gandhi strongly opposed the division of India, but there was 2. Location Where did many Hindus live? little he could do to prevent it. As violence between Muslims and Hindus increased during the early 1940s, British lead- Independence and Conflict ers came to believe that partition was the best way to ensure a safe and stable region. They Great Britain had controlled India for nearly decided to divide India into separate Hindu two hundred years, but by the early 1900s the and Muslim nations. British control of the region was starting to Great Britain formally ended its colonial weaken. At the same time, religious tensions rule of India in August 1947 and two new were pulling India apart. nations were created: Muslim East and West Pakistan and Hindu India. Jawaharlal Nehru Indian Nationalism Grows A movement (juh-WAH-huhr-lahl NAY-roo), who would be for independence in India gained strength India’s first prime minister, spoke on the eve throughout the early 1900s. By the mid-1930s of independence. the Indian National Congress and Mohandas Gandhi had won some self-rule for Indians. HISTORY’S VOICES When World War II began, the British “It is a fateful moment for us in India, for all Asia informed India that Indians would have to fight and for the world. A new star rises, the star of for the Allies. Furious at being forced to partici- freedom in the East, a new hope comes into being, pate in a war for democracy while being denied a vision long cherished materializes.” their own independence, the Indian National —Jawaharlal Nehru, speech, August 14, 1947 Congress refused to support the war effort. Instead, Gandhi began the so-called “Quit India” Violence after Partition The division of campaign. This effort was a nonviolent protest India into two nations also divided the reli- that aimed to drive the British from India. gious groups that lived in India. Most of the The British immediately imprisoned Gan- residents of Pakistan were Muslims and many dhi and thousands of Congress officials. These in India were Hindu, but followers of other reli- actions increased anti-British feelings, and gions lived in each new country as well. As a riots erupted throughout India. The violence result, millions of people on each side of the bor- 910 CHAPTER 30 der decided to move. Muslims in India moved India after Independence to Pakistan. Hindus and Sikhs in Pakistan left for India. As millions of people crossed the sub- India became the world’s largest democracy continent, violence between different religious when the nation won its independence in 1947. groups flared. Over a million people died. In the years after independence, India faced Gandhi himself was a victim of the blood- many challenges. shed. In January 1948 he was shot and killed Prime Minister Jawa- by a fellow Hindu who blamed Gandhi for the India under Nehru harlal Nehru led India through the difficult partition of India and believed that Gandhi had early years of independence. Nehru empha- sacrificed Hindu interests to protect Muslims. sized the need for unity and economic and social War over Kashmir Complicating rela- reforms, as well as a respect for democratic ide- tions between India and Pakistan was the fact als. He worked to increase the legal rights of that not all border issues had been settled at women, to improve the lives of the poor, and partition. One major point of conflict was the to prevent discrimination based on caste, or region of Kashmir, near the northern border inherited status. Under Nehru’s leadership, ACADEMIC of India and Pakistan. Soon after partition, India utilized modern science and technology VOCABULARY India and Pakistan began to fight over control to improve its industry and agriculture. Dur- utilize to make use of of Kashmir. This continued until a cease-fire ing the Cold War, India played an important in 1949 divided the region into two parts, one role in the formation of the nonaligned move- controlled by India and the other by Pakistan. ment when it chose to focus on economic devel- Later, China claimed control of part of Kash- opment instead of taking sides in the conflict. mir as well. Kashmir was the site of frequent Nehru died in 1964. Two years conflicts between India and Pakistan in the After Nehru later his daughter, Indira Gandhi, was elected years after partition. prime minister. Her rise to power showed Identify Cause and Effect that the role of women in Indian society had How did India’s independence lead to conflict? improved in the years after independence. ?DA?D= E:7O .JMFT ,BTINJSSFHJPO >;ÆED ASIA 911 EHB: ;B?=?EDI Some Hindu tem- through a process called reincarnation. ples are covered The nature of the person’s new life will with intricate ?D:K?IC carvings. Hinduism is one of the world’s oldest be shaped by his or her karma, the sum religions. It is the largest religion in effect of his or her deeds and actions India today and the third largest in the during the past life. For Hindus, the world. ultimate goal of existence is moksha, or escape from the cycle of death and Origins of Hinduism Unlike other rebirth and a reunion with Brahman. religions, Hinduism has no single founder. Instead, it evolved gradually Hinduism Today Hinduism is prac- over thousands of years and was influ- ticed primarily in India, where it origi- enced by the cultures and traditions of nated. Based on many sacred texts and many peoples. practices, Hinduism often combines Hinduism teaches that everything new ideas with existing practices. In in the world is a reflection of Brahman, part because of the religion’s many a single universal spirit. Most Hindus influences, the practice of Hin- believe that various aspects of Brah- duism varies widely, with cer- )*/%64#:$06/53: man, called devas, are active in the tain beliefs and customs more common in some regions than 0UIFS world and help keep order in nature. NJMMJPO Hindus believe that the universe and others. Hinduism is composed everyone in it are part of a continual of countless sects, with no gov- pattern of birth, death, and rebirth. erning organization. After death, they believe that the *OEJB Summarize What are the NJMMJPO atman, or soul, will be released from the major beliefs of Hinduism? body and later reborn in another body 4PVSDF5IF8PSME'BDUCPPL Indira Gandhi served four terms as prime Modern India In the 1990s India under- minister. One challenge she faced was from a took some reforms that have led to significant Sikh independence movement in the Indian economic gains. For example, the government state of Punjab. In 1984 a small group of mili- loosened its controls on many industries and tant Sikhs occupied the Golden Temple, the reduced its trade barriers, which helped encour- holiest shrine of the Sikh religion, in Amritsar, age the growth of new businesses. Although India. Gandhi ordered Indian troops to drive most Indians still work in agriculture, service the militants out of the temple. When the industries, particularly information technol- troops attacked the shrine, hundreds of people ogy and the customer-service industry, have were killed, including many who had nothing expanded rapidly. In recent years, the Indian to do with the temple’s occupation. The attack economy has grown at a remarkable rate. damaged the temple and Sikh holy scriptures. The strong economy has brought prosperity The violent attack on the temple out- to only a minority of the country’s 1.1 billion raged many Sikhs—including Sikhs who had people. Millions of Indians live in poverty in not supported the militants. In October 1984 crowded cities such as Mumbai and Kolkata. A Indira Gandhi’s Sikh bodyguards assassinated variety of charity groups work to provide food, her. This killing touched off a wave of anti-Sikh clothing, and medical aid to India’s poor. One violence in India that left thousands dead. of the best-known groups is the Missionaries of The events of 1984 remain a bitter subject Charity, founded in Kolkata by Roman Catho- today. The incidents greatly harmed relations lic nun Mother Teresa. between India’s Sikh minority and the Indian Summarize How did India government. change after winning its independence? 912 CHAPTER 30 Challenges in South Asia test, Pakistan tested its own nuclear bomb. The threat of nuclear war has kept tensions high. The history of other nations in South Asia has been as turbulent as that of India. Today, those Ethnic and Religious Tensions The nations face a range of challenges. region continues to experience powerful divi- sions and conflict based on religious and ethnic Civil War in Pakistan When Pakistan was differences. Much of this stems from the long- created in 1947 it had two parts—West Pakistan standing hostility between Hindus and Mus- and East Pakistan. The areas were separated lims, which continues to cause conflict between by over 1,000 miles and by deep differences in India and Pakistan. READING language, religion, and culture. In addition, the Ethnic fighting also plagues India’s neigh- SKILLS west, though smaller in population, controlled bor, Sri Lanka. This island nation, formerly Identifying the country’s government. Government poli- known as Ceylon, was a British colony until Problems and cies and spending favored the west while the winning independence in the late 1940s. Since Solutions What east remained desperately poor. problem does Sri the 1980s, fighting between the Buddhist Sin- Lanka face? In 1971 East Pakistan decided to seek inde- halese majority, which holds most political pendence. The Pakistani government responded power, and the Hindu Tamil minority has killed with armed force, and in the civil war that fol- tens of thousands. Religious tension has inten- lowed, many thousands of people died. After sified this struggle between ethnic groups. India sent troops to support East Pakistan, Pakistan was forced to accept the independence Identify Supporting of the East—now called Bangladesh. Details What challenges do the nations of South Asia face today? Troubles in Bangladesh Bangladesh faced very difficult times after the civil war. The nation is one of the poorest and most densely go.hrw.com Online Quiz populated countries in the world. Much of SECTION ASSESSMENT Keyword: SHL ASA HP Bangladesh is just a few feet above sea level, and devastating floods and storms have often Reviewing Key Terms and People swept across the country, killing many people 1. a. Recall Why did the Muslim League propose the partition of India? and leading to widespread famine. The nation b. Explain How has the dispute over Kashmir affected the relationship has seen a series of governments since inde- between India and Pakistan? pendence, but in recent years Bangladesh has c. Make Judgments Do you believe that the partition was the best way attempted to build a stable democracy. to ensure a safe and stable region, given the events that followed? 2. a. Recall What important events took place in India in 1984? Instability in Pakistan Pakistan has also b. Summarize What political, economic, and social changes took place in faced instability in the years since the civil India after independence? war. Ethnic and religious conflicts have been 3. a. Describe Why did East Pakistan seek independence in 1971? common, including disagreements about the b. Explain How have ethnic and religious tensions affected South Asia? role of Islam in government. A series of leaders Critical Thinking have taken power, some through election and some through military coups, as when General 4. Identify Supporting Details Use your notes on the section and a graphic organizer like the one below to compare and contrast the events Pervez Musharraf took power in 1999 by over- that followed partition in India and Pakistan. throwing the elected government. Musharraf’s government has worked with the United States to fight al Qaeda and the Taliban in neighbor- ing Afghanistan. Nuclear Weapons Even in the best of times, relations between India and Pakistan have 5. Exposition Write an outline for a brief television news report on the been tense, with war a near-constant threat. history of India and Pakistan since the partition in 1947. Be sure to This tension is one reason that India’s test- include details from the section in your outline. ing of a nuclear weapon in 1974 caused alarm around the world. In 1998, after another Indian ASIA 913 SECTION D:;F;D:;D9;ÆJHK==B;IÆ ?DÆEKJ>;7IJÆ I?7 EFORE OU EAD Take B Y R notes MAIN IDEA READING FOCUS KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE about the struggles for independence and Long under colonial domina- 1. How did independence come Vietminh the political changes tion, many Southeast Asian to Southeast Asia? Ho Chi Minh in Southeast Asia nations achieved indepen- domino theory 2. What were the main causes after World War II. dence in the postwar years. of the Vietnam War? Vietcong The transition, however, was Sukarno Vietnam 3. How has Southeast Asia not always a smooth one. Suharto changed in recent decades? Indonesia Khmer Rouge Cambodia Pol Pot Other Aung San Suu Kyi Nations Æ Æ How did the French lose a war with one bad decision? After World War II the French struggled to regain control of their colonies in Southeast Asia. In Vietnam, French troops fought a guerrilla group, known as the Viet- minh, that sought to win Vietnam’s independence. French leaders decided to build a new military base at Dien Bien Phu (DYEN BYEN FOO) to help defeat the Vietminh. It was a ter- rible decision. The French base was located at the bottom of a bowl- shaped valley. When the Vietminh cut off all the roads lead- ing to the area, the fort could be supplied only from the air. Still, French leaders were unconcerned, believing the Viet- minh were too weak to defeat them. When the Vietminh attacked Dien Bien Phu in March 1954, they quickly overwhelmed the French defenses above the valley. Then the Vietminh began to pound the French base below with powerful artillery fire. Under constant bom- bardment, the French were unable to fly supply aircraft in or out of Dien Bien Phu. Heavy monsoon rains added to their misery. By early May, the French were completely defeated and were forced to surrender to the Vietminh. French con- trol of Southeast Asia had come to an end. French troops parachute into Dien Bien Phu. 914 CHAPTER 30 ¡& 3BOHPPO troops towin Vietnamese independence. The group knownasthe they achieved independence. InIndochina, a Malaya, forexample, foughttheBritishbefore came onlywithstruggle. Communistrebelsin trol ofBurmain1948. ippines in1946, whiletheBritishgave upcon- for example, grantedindependencetothePhil- nial presenceintheregion. The UnitedStates, ended, somenationsdecidedtoendtheircolo- powers.and American WhenWorld WarII tion helpedweakenthegripofEuropean colonies.occupa- Southeast Asian This these known asFrench Indochina. and CambodiawerepartofaFrench colony The modern-day countriesof Vietnam, Laos, now knownasIndonesiawas aDutch colony. control oftheUnitedStates, whilethecountry by theBritish. The Philippineswas underthe and Malaya (nowMalaysia) werecontrolled example, Burma(nowknownasMyanmar) was controlledbymajorcolonialpowers. For Before World War IImuch ofSoutheast Asia Southeast Asia Independence in S */%*"/ 0$&"/ ¡&RVBUPS OUTHEAST #63." ,VBMB-VNQVS In othercases, however, independence During thewar, theJapanese occupied #BOHLPL $".#0%*" 7JFOUJBOF 1IOPN1FOI 5)"*-"/% -"04 ."-":4*" 4*/("103& A )BOPJ /035)7*&5/". SIA, 1965 4BJHPO +BLBSUB Vietminh 7*&5/". 4065) #36/&* #PSOFP 6, */%0/&4*" $IJOB 4PVUI foughtFrench 4FB +BWB4FB ¡& .BOJMB &"455*.03 10356("- 1)*-*11*/&4 ,JMPNFUFST .JMFT .JMMFSDZMJOESJDBMQSPKFDUJPO leader ofthe Vietminh, did SoutheastAsiannationsachieveindependence? Communists completecontrol of Vietnam. ers didnotwant togiveHoChiMinhandthe the spreadofcommunism, the Western pow- War tensionsofthemid-1950s. Worried about ment for Vietnam. The talksreflectedtheCold met inSwitzerlandtoestablishapeaceagree- States, theSovietUnion, andothernations resentatives fromFrance, Vietnam, theUnited Planning Vietnam’s Future would onlybeachieved after yearsofwar. Minh’s dreamofaunited, independent Vietnam conflict in Vietnam was farfromover. HoChi The fightingwithFrance had ended, butthe The VietnamWar china cametoanend. defeated France, and French controlofIndo- After yearsoffighting, the Vietminh finally Vietnam, nottheexpansionofcommunism. major goal, however, was independencefor effort fromChinaandtheSovietUnion. His Communist. Hereceivedassistanceinhis ¡& 1"$*'*$ 0$&"/ ¡/ ¡/ ¡& aeGeneralizations Make %BUFPGJOEFQFOEFODF *OEFQFOEFOUOBUJPO 'PSNFS64DPMPOZ 'PSNFS1PSUVHVFTFDPMPOZ 'PSNFS%VUDIDPMPOZ 'PSNFS'SFODIDPMPOZ 'PSNFS#SJUJTIDPMPOZ ¡/ ¡/ independence by1965? Place independence afterWorld War II. Many coloniesinSoutheastAsiawontheir Ho ChiMinh What former colonies had gained their What formercolonieshadgainedtheir I In 1954rep- NTERPRETING , was a How How M APS ASIA 915 Interactive THE VIETNAM WAR, Thus, Vietnam was divided temporarily into 1964–1975 northern and southern halves. The Commu- nists would control the north. According to the $)*/" ) agreement, in 1956 Vietnamese voters would PO H 3 choose a government for a reunited Vietnam. FE )P$IJ.JOI5SBJM %JFO#JFO The United States feared that Communists 1IV 3 "SFBTVOEFS7JFUDPOH DPOUSPM +BOVBSZ would take control of South Vietnam. U.S. pres- )BOPJ )BJQIPOH 9BN/VB .BKPS64BJSTUSJLFT ident Dwight Eisenhower warned that if Viet- ¡/ -"04 /035) .BKPSBSFBTPGUIF 5FU0GGFOTJWF nam fell to communism, other Southeast Asian 7*&5/". (VMG .BKPS64CBTFT countries would quickly follow. This belief that 7JOI PG 7JFOUJBOF . 5POLJO communism would spread to other countries F L P O H was called the domino theory. %FNJMJUBSJ[FE;POF %.; 3 J W F S Fighting Begins The United States sup- ,IF )VF 4BOI %B/BOH ported South Vietnam to keep it from being 5)"*-"/% taken over by the North. South Vietnam’s .Z-BJ ¡/ leader, Ngo Dinh Diem (NGOH DIN dee-EM), pre- vented the 1956 election and made enemies 1MFJLV with his corrupt, brutal rule. By the late 1950s 4065) 7*&5/". many of Diem’s enemies had formed a group $".#0%*" called the Vietcong, a term meaning “Vietnam- /IB5SBOH ese Communist.” Not all Vietcong were Commu- 1IOPN (VMGPG 1FOI %B-BU 7JOI$BN nists, but they shared the goal of overthrowing 5IBJMBOE 3BOI 5BO4PO/IVU #JFO)PB ¡& Diem’s government and reuniting Vietnam. 4BJHPO ,PNQPOH4PN Soon, North Vietnamese forces entered South 7VOH5BV ¡/ Vietnam to fight alongside the Vietcong. $BO5IP 4PVUI$IJOB4FB .JMFT Fighting Escalates As Vietcong influence ,JMPNFUFST spread, the United States increased its aid to -BNCFSUDPOGPSNBMDPOJDQSPKFDUJPO South Vietnam. The United States also sent go.hrw.com thousands of military advisers to help South Interactive Map Vietnamese forces. INTERPRETING MAPS Keyword: SHL ASA In August 1964 U.S. president Lyndon B. Place How much of South Vietnam did the Vietcong Johnson informed Congress that two U.S. Navy control by January 1973? ships sailing off North Vietnam’s coast had been the victims of an unprovoked attack by North Vietnamese gunboats. It was true that one U.S. FACES OF HISTORY ship had been fired upon by North Vietnamese Born in the colony of who believed the ship had attacked them the French Indochina, Ho previous day, but the second attack seems to Æ Chi Minh began to have been a misunderstanding. Johnson did >?Æ ?D> fight for Vietnamese not mention the full facts, and Congress passed 1890–1969 independence when he the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. This resolution moved to France during gave Johnson the power to expand U.S. involve- World War I. He was inspired by U.S. president Woodrow Wilson’s Four- ment without a formal declaration of war. As a teen Points, which called for allowing all people to decide how they result, the American military presence in Viet- want to be governed. nam grew quickly, with hundreds of thousands When world leaders met in Paris to negotiate the post-World War I of combat troops sent to the region. peace treaty, Ho Chi Minh sent them a petition demanding Vietnam’s The increased U.S. involvement forced North independence, but received no response. He soon began to use Com- Vietnam and the Vietcong to change their mili- munist ideas in his struggle for independence, believing that peasants tary strategy in South Vietnam. Rather than would play a key role in the fight for an independent Vietnam. pressing for a quick victory, they focused on out- Find the Main Idea How did the Fourteen Points affect Ho Chi Minh? lasting their enemies. 916 CHAPTER 30 COUNTERPOINTS MEÆ?;MIÆED >;ÆEC?DEÆ>;EHO President Dwight Eisenhower and many other U.S. Robert McNamara was the U.S. secretary of defense leaders believed that if one nation fell to communism, during the first part of the Vietnam War. At the time, others might quickly follow. he believed in the domino theory, but he later came to regret the U.S. actions in Southeast Asia. “You have a row of dominoes set up, you knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is the “I am certain we exaggerated the threat. Had we certainty that it will go over very quickly. So you could never intervened, I now doubt that the dom- have the beginning of a disintegration that would have inoes would have fallen; I doubt that all of the most profound influences . . . Asia, after Asia would have fallen under Communist all, has already lost some 450 millions of control. I doubt that the security of the her peoples to the Communist dictator- West would have been materially ship, and we simply can’t afford greater and adversely affected had we not losses.” intervened . . . That was our major error.” Dwight Eisenhower Robert McNamara —April 7, 1954 —April 16, 1996 A?BBI INVESTIGATING HISTORY Infer Do you think world events that took place after Eisenhower spoke had any effect on McNamara’s opinion? Why or why not? Tet: A Turning Point In 1968 the North withdrew its military support. Without that Vietnamese army and the Vietcong carried out support, the South quickly lost ground. In April a daring strike against cities and other tar- 1975 North Vietnamese tanks rolled into Sai- gets across South Vietnam. Because the attack gon, South Vietnam’s capital, ending the war. began on the Vietnamese New Year, called Tet, it came to be called the Tet Offensive. After the War Vietnam was reunited offi- The offensive was a military setback for the cially in 1976, but the nation faced major prob- Vietcong, but it still delivered a heavy political lems. Millions of Vietnamese had died or been blow to the U.S. and South Vietnamese effort. made homeless during the war, and the Viet- American leaders had claimed that victory in namese economy was severely crippled. Vietnam was close at hand, but the Tet Offen- Vietnam abandoned its Soviet-style sive dramatically showed this was not the case. planned economy in the mid-1980s and Thus, the attacks greatly weakened American adopted economic reforms, which resulted in public support for the war. slow but largely steady economic growth. In 1995 the United States formally recognized After the Tet Offensive, the war expanded In the fall of 2006 into Laos and Cambodia, Vietnam’s neighbors, the united Vietnam, and soon after, the two Vietnam was where the North Vietnamese had built a sup- nations agreed to improve their trade relation- working to join the World Trade Or- ply network known as the Ho Chi Minh Trail. ship. Although Vietnam has undergone many economic reforms since the war ended, politi- ganization, an act U.S. efforts to destroy the trail largely failed. that would open As more American soldiers were killed or cal reforms have been slower to arrive. Today, up the country to wounded in the conflict, the American public’s Vietnam remains a Communist nation. more foreign trade and investment. opposition to the war grew. After long nego- Summarize Summarize the tiations, the United States reached a peace course of the Vietnam War. agreement with North Vietnam in 1973 and ASIA 917 EHB: ;B?=?EDI This large Buddhism is based on the teachings bronze statue K::>?IC of the Buddha. A key aspect of Bud- of the Buddha in Hong Kong Buddhism is one of the most common dhism is the search for enlightenment, attracts many religions in Southeast Asia. Many of or the understanding of the true nature visitors. the people of Vietnam, Cambodia, and of reality. Buddhists seek to lead virtu- Laos are Buddhists. ous, moral lives, and attempt to purify their minds in order to reach nirvana, or Origins of Buddhism The religion a state of perfect peace. and philosophy of Buddhism developed from the teachings of a man named Buddhism Today Some 350–400 Siddhartha Gautama, a Hindu who million people in the world are Bud- was born in India around 563 BC. As dhists. Buddhists live on every conti- a young man, Siddhartha spent years nent, but the majority of the wandering throughout India, search- religion’s followers are in "5$$()343 "9 #/5.429 ing for answers to his questions about Asia. Buddhism is a powerful the meaning of human life. After much religious, political, and cul- #HINA MILLION meditation he found the answers he tural force in many parts of had been looking for. From that point the world today. *APAN MILLION on, he was known as the Buddha, or Today, two major branches the “Enlightened One.” The Buddha of Buddhism exist: Theraveda 4HAILAND MILLION spent the rest of his life traveling across and Mahayana. Mahayana is the larger branch. -YANMAR MILLION northern India, teaching people his "URMA ideas. By the time of his death around Summarize How did Bud- 6IETNAM MILLION 483 BC, the Buddha’s teachings were dhism develop? spreading rapidly. "UDDHIST 0OPULATION IN MILLIONS 3OURCE 53 $EPARTMENT OF 3TATE Changes in Southeast Asia Sukarno initially tried to stay out of the Cold War, he later adopted policies that allied Indo- Some of the political and social forces that tore nesia with the Soviet Union and supported the apart Vietnam were also at work elsewhere in growth of Indonesia’s Communist party. At the the region. During the years after World War same time, Sukarno’s economic policies pushed II, other nations in Southeast Asia struggled to the nation close to bankruptcy. build stable, independent countries. In 1965 a group of army officers and Com- munists tried to seize power in a coup d’état. Indonesia The nation now known as Indo- The head of the army, General Suharto, fought nesia consists of over 13,000 islands spread back. In the struggle for power that followed across the Indian and Pacific oceans. Before the attempted coup, hundreds of thousands of being taken over by Japan in World War II, Communists and alleged Communists were Indonesia had been a Dutch colony known as murdered. When the struggle ended, Suharto the Dutch East Indies. When the Dutch tried took control of the country. to regain control after the war, they faced an Suharto ruled Indonesia for many years. independence movement led by Sukarno. After His authoritarian regime was corrupt, but several years of fighting, Indonesia won its under his rule the Indonesian economy revived. independence in 1949. By the 1980s, however, some Indonesians had Sukarno became Indonesia’s first president started to turn against him, resenting his cor- and eventually moved to take greater con- ruption and his use of power. When the Indone- trol of the government, replacing the elected sian economy collapsed in 1997, protests and parliament with his supporters. Although riots broke out; and Suharto stepped down the 918 CHAPTER 30 following year. In subsequent years, a series of as Pol Pot led Khmer Rouge guerrillas in a democratic governments worked to rebuild the civil war that raged in Cambodia throughout nation’s economy. the 1980s. In 1993 the United Nations helped Today, Indonesia has the fourth-largest organize an election, and today Cambodia is population in the world and is home to over 300 a constitutional monarchy with a democrati- ethnic groups. Most Indonesians are Muslims, cally elected parliament. The nation is slowly but a large Christian minority exists, as well as rebuilding itself after many years of war. Hindus and Buddhists. At times, this diversity In 2006 Cambodia has led to conflict. On the island of Sulawesi, Myanmar Burma, which is now known as approved the for example, thousands of Indonesians died in Myanmar, won independence from Great Brit- selection of 30 ain in 1948. The new nation faced many difficul- judges to preside fighting between Christians and Muslims. In over genocide ties, including a weak central government and the early 2000s, Muslim radicals were linked trials for sur- to several terrorist attacks in Indonesia. severe ethnic tensions. A military dictatorship viving Khmer The nation was faced with a new challenge seized power in the 1960s, and the military still Rouge leaders. in 2004 when a devastating tsunami struck controls Myanmar today. An opponent of the Indonesia and other parts of Southeast Asia, government, Aung San Suu Kyi (AWNG SAHN SOO killing over 225,000 people and causing wide- CHEE), won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991 for spread destruction. her efforts to promote democracy in Myanmar. Yet the government has held her in prison or East Timor In 1975 Indonesia seized control under house arrest for much of the time since of East Timor, a former Portuguese colony that the late 1980s. had declared its independence just days before. Make Generalizations How For nearly three decades, East Timorese fought have nations in Southeast Asia changed? against the Indonesian invasion. Over 100,000 people died. In 2002 East Timor finally won its independence. go.hrw.com SECTION ASSESSMENT Online Quiz Cambodia Cambodia endured years of strug- Keyword: SHL ASA HP gle after it won independence from France in Reviewing Key Terms and People 1953. In 1975 a Communist group called the 1. a. Identify Who were the Vietminh and Ho Chi Minh? Khmer Rouge (kuh-MER roozh) gained control of b. Contrast How did colonies in Southeast Asia achieve independence the country. Led by Pol Pot, the Khmer Rouge in different ways? established a Communist government and 2. a. Define Define the following terms: domino theory, Vietcong renamed the country Democratic Kampuchea b. Analyze How did the Tet Offensive affect the Vietnam War? (cam-pooh-CHEE-uh). c. Evaluate How do you think U.S. belief in the domino theory affected The Khmer Rouge also began a radical American involvement in the Vietnam War? program to rebuild Cambodian society. The 3. a. Recall What did the Khmer Rouge do in Cambodia? goal was to create a country in which nearly b. Summarize Summarize the events in Indonesia after World War II. everyone would work as a simple peasant. The Critical Thinking Khmer Rouge believed that in order to achieve this goal, all the influences of urban life and 4. Compare and Contrast Use your notes and a graphic organizer like the modern civilization had to be destroyed. one below to answer the following questions: In what ways were postwar events in Vietnam similar to events in other nations in Southeast Asia? The Khmer Rouge set about their task with How were they different? tremendous brutality. All opposition—real or imagined—was destroyed. Anyone who showed Similarities Differences any sign of having been educated was killed, and many others were worked or starved to death. At least 1.5 million Cambodians died— out of a population of 7 million. Growing conflict between the Khmer Rouge and Vietnam soon turned into war. Vietnam 5. Narration Write a one-paragraph encyclopedia entry on the life of Ho invaded Cambodia, forcing Pol Pot from power Chi Minh. Include the main events of his life in chronological order. in 1979. Peace did not come quickly, however, ASIA 919 SECTION ECCKD?IJÆ>?D7 BEFORE YOU READ Take notes about MAIN IDEA READING FOCUS KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE the changes that have taken place in China China has undergone many 1. How did the Communists Great Leap Forward since World War II. changes since becoming a take over China? Cultural Revolution Communist nation in 1949. 2. What were the main events Red Guards Takeover Today, after making many that took place in China Gang of Four market reforms, China has a Deng Xiaoping under Mao’s leadership? Under Mao rapidly growing economy. Tiananmen Square Massacre 3. How did China change in the years after Mao’s death? After Mao Did everyone in China have a little red book? In 1960s-era Com- Æ Æ munist China, the color red symbolized the Communist revolution that had swept over the nation two decades earlier. Red was everywhere in China—on post- Æ ers, banners, and flags—but it may have been most visible on the pocket-sized red books that nearly all Chinese people carried with them. This so-called “Little Red Book,” or Quota- tions From Chairman Mao, was a collection of Mao Zedong’s writings and political ideas. Originally published to shape Chinese soldiers’ political beliefs, by the late 1960s the book was enormously popular among the public. The adoration of Mao’s words extended to Mao himself. In newspapers, photographs, and propaganda posters, the Chinese government actively encouraged virtual worship of Mao, showing him as a larger-than-life, godlike figure. It was expected that a Chinese home would have an official portrait or bust of Mao displayed in a prominent location. In fact, the failure to possess a book of Mao’s writings or a portrait of the leader was often interpreted as a sign that a person was anti-Mao or anti-Communist and could lead to punishment. In one case, a man was jailed for seven years for accidentally breaking a bust of Mao. Having a “Little Red Book,” then, was a way to demonstrate loyalty to the Com- munist leader—and to provide protection against being accused of disloyalty. Communists Take Over China During World War II the Chinese Communists and the nationalist Guomindang had agreed to put aside their differences in order to fight the Japanese invaders. Chinese soldiers recite passages from Once the war ended with Japan’s defeat, however, the Mao’s writings. civil war resumed. 920 CHAPTER 30 Although the Guomindang forces outnum- FACES OF HISTORY bered Mao’s Communists, the Communists As a teenager, Mao had wide support among China’s peasants, Zedong was forced to who made up the vast majority of the nation’s Æ work full-time on his population. Rural Chinese peasants had long ;:ED= family’s farm. Rebelling been oppressed by brutal landlords and high 1893–1976 against his parents, Mao taxes, as well as by the policies of Jiang Jieshi’s left home to continue corrupt government. Because the Communists his education and by 1918 was working as a librarian’s assistant at promised to take land from the landlords and Beijing University, where he was first introduced to Marxist theory. distribute it to the peasants, public support for Mao joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1921 and soon after the Communists was widespread. realized the potential power of China’s rural peasants. Mao believed By 1949 the Communists had driven the that, unlike the Bolshevik revolution in Russia, which depended on Guomindang almost entirely from China, urban workers, China’s hundreds of millions of peasants would be with Guomindang control limited to a few the revolutionaries. It was Mao’s strategy of guerrilla warfare in rural small areas on the mainland and several China that would eventually lead to Communist victory. islands, including Taiwan. On October 1 Mao Summarize How did Mao believe that China differed from Russia? Zedong stood before a huge crowd in Beijing and announced the formation of the People’s Republic of China. China faced many difficulties, including a eracy rates and public health, and Chinese life crippled economy and the lack of a functional expectancy increased sharply over the next government. Some countries that opposed com- few decades. munism, such as the United States, refused to These improvements came at a cost, how- recognize Mao, claiming that Jiang’s govern- ever. To consolidate Communist control over ment on Taiwan was China’s true government. China, the government soon began to elimi- But Mao was in power to stay. nate the so-called “enemies of the state” who had spoken out against the government’s poli- Summarize Why did peas- cies. Many thousands of Chinese—including ants support the Communist takeover of China? public officials, business leaders, artists, and writers—were killed or sent to labor camps in China under Mao the early years of Communist rule. Having defeated the Guomindang, Mao set The Great Leap Forward The Soviet about building a Communist China. His first Union provided much financial support and concern was rebuilding a country that had other aid to China in its first years as a Com- been torn apart by years of civil war. munist nation. China modeled many of its new political, economic, and military policies on the ACADEMIC Rebuilding China Communist ideology Soviet system. During the 1950s, however, ter- VOCABULARY shaped the new government’s efforts to change ritorial disputes and differences in ideology ideology a system China’s political and economic systems. The slowly pushed China away from its Soviet ally. of ideas, often political government discouraged the practice of reli- In a break from Soviet-style economic plan- gion and, as Communist leaders had promised ning, in 1958 Mao announced a program, the peasants during the civil war, seized the prop- Great Leap Forward, designed to increase Chi- erty of rural landowners and redistributed it na’s industrial and agricultural output. The among the peasants. China soon put in place plan created thousands of communes, or col- Soviet-style five-year plans for industrial lectively owned farms, of about 20,000 people development. The first plan, completed in 1957, each. Each commune was to produce food and succeeded in doubling China’s small industrial to have its own small-scale industry. output. Indeed, the early efforts to build the The plan was a disaster. The small com- Chinese economy were remarkably success- mune factories failed to produce the quantity or ful at improving the economy and reducing quality of goods that China needed, and a com- rural poverty, and they had much public sup- bination of poor weather and farmers’ neglect port. Mao’s policies led to improvements in lit- led to sharp drops in agricultural production. ASIA 921 As a result, famine spread throughout rural to end communism and bring back China’s old China. Tens of millions of Chinese starved to ways. death between 1959 and 1961. Mao shut down China’s schools and encour- The failure of the Great Leap Forward led aged militant high school and college students to criticism of Mao by many people, including known as Red Guards to carry out the work of Soviet leaders. The Soviet criticism, and the the Cultural Revolution by criticizing intel- withdrawal of Soviet industrial aid in 1960, lectuals and traditional values. But Mao soon helped widen the rift between the two Com- lost control of the movement. The Red Guards munist nations. By the early 1960s relations traveled through China’s cities and villages, between the two countries had broken down looking for possible offenders and torturing completely. Communist China found itself vir- or killing people they believed to be politically tually isolated in the world community. corrupt. They murdered hundreds of thousands of people. By the late 1960s China was on the The Cultural Revolution In the mid-1960s verge of civil war before Mao managed to regain Mao tried to regain some of the power and control and break up the Red Guards. ACADEMIC prestige he had lost after the Great Leap For- Although the Cultural Revolution reestab- VOCABULARY ward. He initiated a new movement called the lished Mao’s dominance in China, it caused initiate to begin Cultural Revolution, which sought to rid China terrible destruction in Chinese society. In many of its old ways and create a society in which areas, civil authority collapsed, while economic peasants and physical labor were the ideal. activity fell off sharply. This campaign of social change meant elimi- nating intellectuals such as teachers, skilled Analyze How did life in workers, and artists, who Mao feared wanted China change under Mao? DAY 1 HISTORY CLOSE-UP Tiananmen Square, 1989 More than 1 million pro-democracy protestors occupied Beijing’s Tiananmen Square in the spring of 1989. At first, Chinese leaders tolerated the demonstration, but as the protest grew larger they decided to crack down. In the evening hours of June 3, the government sent tanks and troops into the square to crush the protestors, killing hundreds. TIANANMEN SQUARE ;IPOHTIBO 1BSL 5JBOBONFO (BUF 5*"/"/.&/ 426"3& (SFBU )BMM .POVNFOUUPUIF PGUIF 1FPQMFT)FSPFT1FP SPFT 1FPQMF $IJOFTF /BUJPOBM .VTFVN May 13 After the death of a reform- .BP;FEPOH ist Chinese political leader, students Skills .BVTPMFVN FOCUS INTERPRETING VISUALS gather in Tiananmen Square to call for democratic reform. Infer Why did Chinese leaders crack down on the demonstrations in Tiananmen Square? 922 China After Mao called the Four Modernizations after the four READING economic areas it sought to modernize: agri- SKILLS Mao Zedong died in 1976. Though Mao was a culture, industry, science and technology, and Identifying revered figure in China, his death was followed Problems and national defense. The plan gave businesses Solutions How by a retreat from many of his policies. new freedom to make economic decisions. did Deng try to solve China’s Reforms Begin China began to end its iso- Tiananmen Square Inspired by the move- economic lation from the rest of the world in the early ment toward economic freedom, many Chinese problems? 1970s. U.S. president Richard Nixon ended demanded more political freedom. In the spring decades of U.S. hostility toward the nation by of 1989, as democratic reforms were sweeping visiting China in 1972 and meeting with Mao, through Eastern Europe, more than 1 million who by that time was in poor health. pro-democracy protestors occupied Beijing’s During the last years of Mao’s life, much of Tiananmen (tee-AN-uhn-men) Square. the power in China was wielded by a group of China’s leaders became increasingly impa- four people known as the Gang of Four. This tient with the protests. After repeatedly asking group, which included Mao’s wife, Jiang Qing the protestors to leave the square, they finally (jee-AHNG ching), was responsible for many of responded with force. Tanks and troops moved the worst features of the Cultural Revolution. into the square in June 1989, killing many pro- After Mao’s death, more moderate leaders testors in the Tiananmen Square Massacre. True imprisoned the Gang of Four. freedom had not yet arrived in China. Deng Xiaoping (DUHNG SHOW-ping) eventu- ally became China’s leader and helped put China Today China’s economy has grown in place far-reaching market reforms in the rapidly as market reforms have continued. Chinese economy. Deng’s reform plan was DAY 18 DAY 22 DAY 24 May 30 Near the official portrait of June 3 Chinese soldiers move into June 5 In this famous image from Mao Zedong, students build a large Tiananmen Square to force out the the events at Tiananmen Square, an statue that comes to be known as the protestors. Hundreds of protestors unarmed man faces down a line of “Goddess of Democracy.” are killed. Chinese tanks. 923 PRIMARY SOURCES Today, China’s economy is the second largest in the world, behind only the United States. As the economy has improved, so has the stan- 9EDEC?9Æ; go.hrw.com SECTION ASSESSMENT Online Quiz Keyword: SHL ASA HP Reviewing Key Terms and People Critical Thinking 1. a. Describe What happened in China after the end of World 4. Identify Cause and Effect Use your notes on the section and War II? a graphic organizer like the one below to describe the effects b. Explain Why did most Chinese peasants support the of the events listed. Communists? Mao Takes Power 2. a. Identify Summarize the following events: Great Leap Great Leap Forward Forward, Cultural Revolution b. Explain Why did the Cultural Revolution lead to such Cultural Revolution chaos and disorder in China? Mao Dies c. Evaluate Evaluate the successes and failures of Commu- nist China under Mao Zedong. 3. a. Recall Summarize the challenges that China faces today. b. Contrast Contrast Chinese leaders’ willingness to make 5. Persuasion Write a brief speech that a protestor might have economic reforms with their willingness to make democratic given in Tiananmen Square in May 1989 about the need for reforms. democratic reform in China. 924 CHAPTER 30 SECTION >;Æ?I;ÆE<Æ79? Take BEFORE YOU READ notes on MAIN IDEA READING FOCUS KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE the causes and effects of Asian economic The nations of the Asian 1. How did Japan change Ferdinand Marcos growth. Pacific Rim underwent during the postwar years? Corazon Aquino remarkable economic 2. How did the nations of the Kim Il Sung Causes growth in the years after Pacific Rim change after Kim Jong Il World War II, but significant World War II? Asian Tigers Growth challenges remain. 3. How did the Asian Tigers develop? Effects Æ Æ Three weeping Japanese girls react to Emperor Hirohito’s announcement that Japan had surrendered to end World War II. What happens after an emperor Indeed, much would change in Japan in the years after surrenders? To the Japanese people, the war. Emperor Hirohito would remain on his throne, but Emperor Hirohito was more than an he would lose his authority and his divine status as a living emperor. To them, he was a living god and the latest in a god. Japan’s economy, government, and many of its basic line of divine rulers that stretched back hundreds of years. institutions would be rebuilt under U.S. occupation and con- Japanese citizens had never heard Hirohito’s voice— trol, and Japanese society would undergo many changes. until August 14, 1945. Speaking over the radio following Yet while the changes ahead, as Hirohito had predicted, the devastating atomic bomb attacks on Hiroshima and would be difficult and painful, Japan’s rapid recovery from Nagasaki, Hirohito informed his stunned subjects that World the war would become one of history’s great success stories. War II was over. “The hardships and sufferings to which our The nation had lost the war, but in the space of a few short nation is to be subjected hereafter will be certainly great,” years, Japan would become one of the world’s leading eco- he warned. nomic powers. ASIA 925 Postwar Japan Japan, which went into effect in 1947. The new constitution gave far more power to the Japa- Japan suffered terrible destruction during nese people than the previous constitution had, World War II. After the war, the nation needed establishing a parliamentary democracy and to rebuild its government and economy. giving all Japanese adults the right to vote for Japan’s Diet, or parliament. The emperor was After World War American Occupation no longer a sacred being but was now simply II, U.S. troops occupied Japan, and American a symbol of the state. The constitution placed general Douglas MacArthur took control of the great emphasis on the importance of human Allied efforts to rebuild the nation. The rebuild- rights and greatly expanded Japanese citizens’ ing process had three basic steps: demilitariz- civil rights, including the rights of freedom of ing Japan, building a democratic government, speech, assembly, and religion. The constitu- and establishing an economy that could sup- tion forbade Japan from building a military port a peaceful and democratic Japan. capable of attacking other countries. MacArthur’s first job was to demilitarize The new constitution also guaranteed the Nationalist Japan. He removed all wartime political, mili- Japanese leaders right to organize political parties, which led to tary, and business leaders from power. Many have expressed the formation of countless new parties, both were tried as war criminals. MacArthur also a desire to revise small and large. The most important new the constitution to dismantled the armed forces and shut down party was the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), give the military Japan’s military industries. a generally conservative party with a pro-U.S. more power. The second step, building a democratic gov- foreign policy that dominated Japanese poli- ernment, began with a new constitution for tics after the party’s formation in 1955. Reading like a Historian 0DDVQBUJPOPG+BQBO The ultimate objective of the United Nations [in] Analyzing Primary Sources After World War II, American Japan is to foster conditions which will give the troops occupied Japan under the command of General greatest possible assurance that Japan will not Douglas MacArthur. MacArthur’s main tasks were to demili- again become a menace to the peace and security tarize Japan, to establish a new, democratic national govern- of the world and will permit her eventual admis- ment, and to create a successful economy. This document sion as a responsible and peaceful member of the is an excerpt from the official orders given to MacArthur family of nations . . . concerning the occupation of Japan. As you read the selection, consider these factors: By appropriate means you will make clear to all levels of the Japanese population the fact of their • the point of view of the authors • the words used to describe Japan, and what the choice of defeat. They must be made to realize that their words suggests about Allied views of Japan suffering and defeat have been brought upon them by the lawless and irresponsible aggres- sion of Japan, and that only when militarism A?BBI has been eliminated . . . will Japan be admitted READING LIKE A HISTORIAN to the family of nations. —Joint Chiefs of Staff Instructions to 1. Point of View Who or what do the authors blame General Douglas MacArthur, 1945 for the war? 2. Words What does the “family of nations” metaphor suggest about how the authors viewed Japan’s role in the world? In this “family,” who is the child and who is the parent? See Skills Handbook,p.H25 926 CHAPTER 30 The third step, rebuilding the Japanese economy, led MacArthur to make many eco- nomic changes. For example, he sought to break up the large organizations known as zaibatsu that had dominated Japanese indus- try. He also established a land reform program that gave farmland to farmers who had previ- ously rented their land. Economic Recovery U.S. economic aid flowed freely, but perhaps the biggest boost to the Japanese economy came with the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950. During the conflict, Japan served as a key source of supplies for the U.S. and UN forces fighting in nearby Korea. After World War II, the Japanese economy came to rely heavily on After the Korean War, Japan built its econ- automobile production and electronics and computer technology. omy around foreign trade and the production of consumer goods. Japan constructed modern factories and quickly rebuilt its heavy industry, including steel and automobile manufacturing. The strong Japanese work ethic and good rela- The Pacific Rim tions between management and labor contrib- The Pacific Rim refers to the countries that uted to the industrial growth, and exports rose border or are located in the Pacific Ocean. Like quickly. In the 1970s Japan began to focus on Japan, other nations in the Asian Pacific Rim electronics and computer technology and soon worked to build their economies and support became a world leader in those areas. the growth of democracy after World War II. Even compared to the postwar growth of most western democracies, Japan’s success was The Philippines The Philippines, a group stunning. The U.S. occupation of Japan ended of islands in Southeast Asia, won indepen- in 1952; by 1968, Japan had the world’s sec- dence from U.S. control in 1946. The nation ond-largest economy. Despite some problems established a democratic government and kept in recent years, including a recession in the close ties to the United States. By the early 1980s, Japan is still a major economic power. 1970s, however, President Ferdinand Marcos had become an authoritarian dictator. Marcos Social Changes The postwar economic imposed martial law, arrested his opponents, growth led to an improved standard of liv- and stole millions of dollars from the nation. ing for Japanese workers and brought many As public opposition to Marcos increased in other social changes to Japan. The new urban the early 1980s, one of his chief rivals, Benigno industries attracted workers from agriculture Aquino, was assassinated. This killing, which and small businesses, and the population of many thought Marcos had ordered, led to anti- Japan’s cities grew rapidly. In the late 1800s government riots across the Philippines. Facing only 15 percent of all Japanese lived in urban international pressure, Marcos allowed elec- areas; by 1970, more than 80 percent did so. tions in 1986. Voters elected Corazon Aquino, Japanese culture and family life changed Aquino’s widow, as the nation’s new president. as well. In the postwar years, many Japanese Under Corazon Aquino and later leaders, young people adopted American customs, the Philippines struggled to return to democ- music, movies, and food. Gender roles changed racy, as well as to build the nation’s economy. as more women began attending high school Although the economy began to improve in and college and won new social and legal free- the 1990s, many Filipinos still live in poverty. doms. At the same time, the importance of the Other challenges include groups of separatist extended family began to decline. Communist and Muslim rebels who have used guerrilla warfare and terrorist attacks in their Summarize How did Japan fights to establish independent states. change in the postwar years? ASIA 927 &$0/0.*$(3085)*/"4*" o 4PVUI,PSFB 5BJXBO (%1 JOCJMMJPOTPG64 4JOHBQPSF Singapore A former British colony, this small city-state is the busiest port in South- A?BBI east Asia and is a world leader in INTERPRETING GRAPHS trade, industry, and banking. Compare and Contrast How did the economies of South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore change between 1986 and North Korea and South Korea Korea, 2004? Was this a time of constant on China’s northeastern border, remained a economic growth for all three countries? divided nation after the end of the Korean War in 1953. In North Korea, Communist dictator Kim Il Sung formed a government based on the the adoption of a more democratic constitution. Soviet model, with the state controlling much South Korea has tried to improve its relation- of the economy and most spending devoted to ship with the North in recent years, but North heavy industry and the military. With Soviet Korea’s possession and testing of nuclear weap- and Chinese aid, North Korea made significant ons has led to more tension in the region. gains; but poverty and food shortages spread across the nation as foreign aid decreased. Taiwan The Guomindang nationalists settled When Kim Il Sung died in 1994, his son, on the island of Taiwan after they were driven Kim Jong Il, took power. Under Kim Jong Il’s from mainland China by the Communists in rule, the North Korean economy has continued 1949. With economic and military aid from to deteriorate. Despite its economic problems, the United States, Taiwan was able to build the North has funded an expansion of its mili- a successful economy based on international tary programs. In 2006 North Korea tested a trade and the production of consumer goods. nuclear weapon for the first time. The Guomindang ruled Taiwan under martial South Korea followed a different path. With law until the 1980s, when they ended martial the help of heavy U.S. economic aid, Syngman law and allowed other political parties to form. Rhee and other leaders built up the nation’s This movement toward democracy continued industries, emphasizing foreign trade and the in later years. Today, China views Taiwan as production of consumer goods. Despite much an integral part of China and insists that the economic success, South Koreans had little two areas will eventually be reunited. Taiwan, freedom or political stability, and repeated however, resists this pressure from China. uprisings and military coups replaced one Summarize How did most of authoritarian government with another. the Pacific Rim nations move toward democracy? Reform finally began in the late 1980s with 928 CHAPTER 30 The Asian Tigers An Economic Crisis The economies of READING Japan and the Asian Tigers suffered a shock SKILLS While Japan was building one of the world’s when a severe financial crisis hit the region Identifying strongest economies in the years after World Problems and in 1997. The crisis was in many ways a result Solutions What War II, other Asian nations were also making of the region’s great success. The decades of problem did the great economic gains. Because of their economic superior performance had led many foreign Asian Tigers face in success, South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and companies to invest heavily in the region’s 1997? Singapore became known as the Asian Tigers. economies, and a lack of government regula- tion allowed Asian Tiger banks to borrow far Spectacular Growth The Asian Pacific Rim more money than they needed. entered the 1960s as a largely poor and under- The crisis began when banks began to fail developed region. Over the next few decades, in Thailand. The financial panic quickly spread however, the Asian Tiger economies performed through the region: foreign investors sold their spectacularly, with average growth far higher holdings, stock and real estate prices collapsed, than that of similar economies in Latin Amer- currencies lost value, and the region was over- ica or Africa. whelmed by debts that it could not pay. The col- To achieve these results, these countries lapse undid years of progress. followed a pattern similar to the one used by postwar Japan. For example, they generally An Asian Century Over the following provided ample education and training for decade, the region began to recover from the their citizens, which helped produce the skilled economic disaster, and nations like Indonesia, workforce necessary for industrial expansion. Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines began The nations also received large amounts of eco- to emerge as economic powers. The great suc- nomic aid from the United States during the cess of many Asian economies had many observ- early stages of the Cold War and further ben- ers celebrating a so-called Asian miracle. Some efited from their access to the major shipping predicted that the 2000s would be an “Asian routes of the Pacific Ocean. century” in which Asia would surpass Europe As in Japan, the Asian Tigers focused on and North America as the dominant economic growth through exports of consumer goods, region in the world. primarily to the United States. Low costs for labor and production, as well as a loyal, dedi- Find the Main Idea How cated workforce, allowed them to make low-cost did the Asian Tigers follow Japan’s model of economic products that could sell in the United States. growth? go.hrw.com SECTION ASSESSMENT Online Quiz Keyword: SHL ASA HP Reviewing Key Terms and People Critical Thinking 1. a. Recall What role did the United States play in postwar 4. Compare Use your notes on the section and a graphic Japan? organizer like the one below to compare economic changes b. Summarize Why did Japan make such an impressive in Japan and the Asian Tigers. economic recovery after World War II? c. Make Judgments In your opinion, did Japan’s government, Japan Asian Tigers economy, or society change the most in the years after World War II? Why do you think so? 2. a. Recall Summarize the political changes in the Philippines after the nation won its independence. b. Compare and Contrast Compare and contrast the 5. Exposition Write a brief paragraph that explains how and development of North Korea and South Korea after the why Japan changed in the years after World War II. Be sure Korean War. to mention changes in Japan’s government, economy, and 3. a. Identify What are the Asian Tigers? society. Use details from the section to support your b. Make Generalizations Describe the basic features of conclusions. the Asian Tigers and their approach to economic growth. ASIA 929 CHAPTER E9KC;DJÅ7I;:ÆDL;IJ?=7J?ED 5IF$VMUVSBM3FWPMVUJPO Historical Context The documents below provide information about China’s Cultural Revolution, the movement during the 1960s that sought to rid China of its old ways and create a society in which peasants and physical labor were the ideal. Task Examine the selections and answer the questions that follow. After you have studied the documents, you will be asked to write an essay about the Cultural Revo- lution. You will need to use evidence from these selections and from the chapter to support the position you take in your essay. , Mao and the Army The poster at right was cre- artist unknown, 1969 ated during 1969, at the height of the Cultural Revolution. It shows Mao watching over a group of Chinese soldiers, most of whom are holding a copy of the so-called “Little Red Book”—a collection of Mao’s writings and political ideas. The Chinese characters at the bot- tom of the poster translate as “The Chinese People’s Libera- tion Army is the great school of The Chinese People’s Liberation Army is the Great School of Mao Zedong Thought Mao Zedong thought.” The Song of Ox-Ghosts and Snake-Demons This song was composed by a Chinese student and I am an ox-ghost and snake-demon. quickly spread throughout the country during the I am an ox-ghost and snake-demon. Cultural Revolution. The Red Guards punished cer- I am guilty. I am guilty. tain teachers in part by forcing the teachers to sing I committed crimes against the people, this song several times a day. If the singing was unsat- So the people take me as the object of the dictatorship. isfactory, the teachers would be beaten or otherwise I have to lower my head and admit to my guilt. punished. I must be obedient. I am not allowed to speak or act incorrectly. If I speak or act incorrectly, May you beat me and smash me, Beat me and smash me. 930 CHAPTER 30 Violence Against Teachers The Cultural Revolution’s Goals This excerpt from a 1996 paper written by historian The document below is from a June 7, 1966, edito- Youqin Wang describes the violence against teachers rial in the People’s Liberation Army Daily, the offi- that was common during the Cultural Revolution. cial newspaper of the Chinese military. In the afternoon of August 5, 1966, some tenth grade The current great socialist cultural revolution is a great students at the Girls Middle School attached to Beijing revolution to sweep away all monsters and a great Teachers University started [beating] . . . a group com- revolution that remoulds the ideology of people and prised of three vice principals and two deans . . . Many touches their souls. What weapon should be used to students came to join them. The students . . . forced them sweep away all monsters? What ideology should be to kneel on the ground, hit them with nail-spiked clubs, applied to arm people’s minds and remould their souls? scalded them with boiling water, and so on. After three The most powerful ideological weapon, the only one, is hours of torture, the first vice principal, Bian Zhongyun, lost the great Mao Tse-tung’s thought . . . consciousness and was put into a garbage cart. Two hours later she was sent to the hospital across the street. There, In this great, stormy cultural revolution, the masses of she was later found to have been dead for some time . . . workers, peasants and soldiers are playing the role of the main force—this is the result of their efforts in cre- In most cases, beatings were a collective activity, con- atively studying and applying Mao Tse-tung’s thought ducted not by single students but by a group of Red and arming their ideology with it . . . Guards. A group of Red Guards acted together, inciting each other and encouraging hostilities. Sometimes, a Chairman Mao is the radiant sun lighting our minds. beating happened in front of hundreds of people . . . Bian Mao Tse-tung’s thought is our lifeline. Those who Zhongyun, the first victim of the violence of 1966, died oppose Mao Tse-tung’s thought, no matter when they after being beaten by many students. During the several do so and what kind of “authorities” they are, will be hours of torture, no one at this school of more than 1,600 denounced by the entire Party and the whole nation. students tried to dissuade the beaters from these inhu- man actions . . . There was no sense of guilt, but rather an excited, giddy atmosphere. A?BBI READING LIKE A HISTORIAN DOCUMENT 1 DOCUMENT 4 a. Describe How is Mao depicted in this poster? a. Identify What are the goals of the Cultural Revolution? b. Infer According to this poster, what is the military’s role b. Interpret How will the “weapon” described here help win during the Cultural Revolution? the Revolution? DOCUMENT 2 a. Recall What are singers of this song allegedly guilty of? b. Explain Why did Red Guards believe that the singers How did the reality of the Cultural Revolution differ from were guilty of these actions? the government’s claims about the Revolution? Using the DOCUMENT 3 documents above and information from the chapter, form a. Identify Main Ideas What does the author of this a thesis that explains your position. Then write a short document say that Red Guards did to teachers? essay to support your position. b. Compare and Contrast How does this description of the Cultural Revolution differ from that shown in Document 1? See Skills Handbook, pp. H25, H26, H33 ASIA 931 CHAPTER >7FJ;HÆ;L?;M VISUAL STUDY GUIDE The Rise of Modern China D:;F;D:;D9;Æ?DÆ I?7 • Communists led by Mao Zedong defeat the nationalist Guomindang and take power in China • The postwar years saw many struggles for in 1949. independence in Asia. Some were peaceful, but others were violent conflicts. • The Philippines gains independence from the United States in 1946. • China’s government puts in place Soviet-style five • India and Pakistan gain independence from year plans for industrial development, successfully Great Britain after the 1947 partition of India. improving the economy and reducing rural poverty. • Burma (Myanmar) gains independence from Great Britain in 1948. • Indonesia wins independence from the Netherlands in 1949 after years of fighting. • France is forced out of Indochina in the early • Mao announces the Great Leap Forward, a plan 1950s, leading to independence for Cambodia, designed to increase China’s agricultural and industrial Laos, and Vietnam. output. The plan fails, and tens of millions starve. • Bangladesh wins independence after a civil war with Pakistan in 1971. • East Timor wins independence from Indonesia in 2002. • Mao launches the Cultural Revolution to rid China of its old ways, eliminating intellectuals. Red Guards attack people they believe to be politically corrupt. 79? Review Key Terms and People 5. Chinese leader who put in place market reforms Identify the correct term or person from the chapter 6. group that used violence to destroy the influences that best fits each of the following descriptions. of modern civilization in Cambodia 1. leader of the Vietminh in the Vietnam War 7. authoritarian dictator of the Philippines 2. disastrous plan to increase China’s industrial and 8. division of India into two independent nations agricultural output 9. Pacific Rim nations with great economic success 3. authoritarian general who ruled Indonesia for 10. a system of ideas, often political many years 11. belief that communism would quickly spread to 4. first prime minister of India other countries 932 CHAPTER 30 History's Impact video program Review the video to answer the closing question: What role did North and South Vietnam’s location have on the domino theory? Comprehension and Critical Thinking Analyzing Primary Sources SECTION 1 (pp. 909–913) Reading Like a Historian The passage below is an 12. a. Recall How did India and Pakistan gain their excerpt from an editorial in a Chinese newspaper written during the Cultural Revolution. independence? b. Summarize Summarize the changes in India “Every sentence by Chairman Mao is the truth, and carries more weight than ten thousand ordinary sentences. As the and Pakistan after partition. Chinese people master Mao Tse-Tung’s thought, China will be c. Make Judgments Given the events that fol- prosperous and ever-victorious.” lowed, do you believe Great Britain’s decision to –People’s Liberation Army Daily Editorial, June 7, 1966 partition India was wise? Why or why not? SECTION 2 (pp. 914–919) 17. Explain How does the writer feel about Mao Zedong? 13. a. Recall Why did the United States become involved in the Vietnam War? 18. Draw Conclusions How did beliefs like that expressed in this document lead to violence during b. Compare and Contrast Compare and contrast the Cultural Revolution? the political changes in Indonesia and Cambodia go.hrw.com in the years after World War II. Practice Online c. Make Judgments Why do you think some coun- Using the Internet Keyword: SHL ASA tries in Southeast Asia had difficulty building 19. China and India are the world’s two most popu- stable, independent nations? lous countries, and both have an enormous—and growing—influence on the world economy. Using SECTION 3 (pp. 920–924) the keyword above, research how the Chinese 14. a. Identify What were the Great Leap Forward and Indian economies have developed over the and the Cultural Revolution? past several decades. Then write a report about b. Make Generalizations In what ways did China these economies and their influence on the world. change after Mao Zedong’s death? Include details about how the economies have c. Evaluate Do Mao’s positive contributions to Chi- developed and how government leaders are trying na’s development outweigh the negative aspects of to shape the economies in the future. his years in power? Why or why not? SECTION 4 (pp. 925–929) 15. a. Describe How did Japan’s government and Think about the following issue: economy change after World War II? b. Summarize Summarize the history of the Phil- The years after World War II saw independence ippines after the nation gained its independence. movements spread across Asia. Many former c. Evaluate Evaluate the economic successes and colonies gained their independence—some failures of Pacific Rim nations. peacefully, but others through armed conflict. After independence, some nations turned toward democracy, but others were led by Reading Skills authoritarian regimes or Communist Identifying Problems and Solutions Read the pas- governments. sage below, which comes from Section 1 of this chapter. Then answer the question that follows. 20. Assignment: Why did some Asian nations become democratic while others were led by dictators or “The violence and increasing Indian nationalism helped con- vince the British that maintaining control of India was too Communist governments? Write a short essay in costly. When the war ended, the British began making plans which you develop a position on this issue. Support to leave India.” your point of view with reasoning and examples 16. What problem did British leaders face in India? from your reading. What was their solution to this problem? ASIA 933