From Field to Cup The Politics, Economies, and Ecologies of Sumatran Coffee 2015 Learning Cluster Proposal https://fromfieldtocup.wordpress.com/

Professor Shane J. Barter [email protected]

Coffee is the world’s most traded tropical agricultural commodity, its exports reaching $15.4 billion annually. It is primarily sold by developing countries to the developed world, although developing countries are also coffee consumers. Coffee has been a central component to colonial plantations, international trading regimes, revolutions, and world cultures. This said, the political, ecological, and economic impacts on coffee producers vary considerably. It is unclear who benefits from field to cup.

This Learning Cluster will explore the political and moral economies of coffee based on visits to coffee farms in Central Aceh, Sumatra, in Indonesia, a world leader in high-end Arabica coffees. Taking a multidisciplinary approach, students will learn about coffee cultures at home and abroad, diverse ways to serve coffee, the conditions on local farms, traditional and modern approaches to pest control and environmental management, how coffee exports may revive a post-conflict economy, relationships between growers and importers, shipping methods, and views of coffee in the West. Our primary concerns relate to the ethics of local and global economies. Does coffee represent opportunity or exploitation for Central Aceh’s farmers? Are coffee drinkers in rich countries exploiting the developing world? How can the international coffee trade be improved?

In addition to these primary concerns, this class will seek to tackle a range of questions from multiple disciplines: Historical: How does a country’s history affect contemporary production? How do legacies of colonial affect primary commodity production? To what extent are historical agricultural economies path-dependent? Sociological: What is coffee culture? How do Western coffee cultures vary, and how do they vary with coffee cultures in producing countries? How does Islam affect coffee consumption? Philosophical: Is the global coffee trade ethical? How do we develop a more just system? Ecological: How does coffee affect local environments, specifically rainforests and wildlife habitats? Which forms of coffee production are the least harmful? What are traditional forms of ecological management, and how do they compare with modern methods? What are some ways to improve upon local practices? Politics: Who controls the coffee trade—corporations, national governments, local leaders, or the producers? In Aceh, how can Gayo people protect their holdings from Acehnese provincial authorities? How does coffee production affect local landholding, and are small-holders competitive? Economic: What is Fair Trade and what are its challenges? Must primary commodity trades be exploitative? How can coffee exports help post-conflict development? How do global commodity chains connect field to cup? To what extent does the coffee trade help local society?

Assignments 20% Participation Ongoing This will be graded in terms of student contributions from the planning / proposal stage all the way to our return to SUA. It will take into account student contributions to the group, their attitudes, efforts to connect to local culture, willingness to help others, and other forms of initiative.

10% Support Project Ongoing Students will be divided into four teams tasked with a class project. One will create and update a class blog; one will contact US Customs and work with the instructor to prepare paperwork to import green coffee beans; one will contact travel and coffee magazines to look into sponsorship or an interest in an article on our class; and one will be in charge of presenting small gifts to meeting participants and sending thank you letters / photos upon our return. I have assigned the following tasks, but feel free to trade: Class Blog US Customs Media Gifts Ted Nguyen Manal Maaliki Julie Jackson Jack Evans Freddy Ishiyama Joan Chica Danny Smythe Minami Muraoka Miki Iwasawa Rayen Rooney Gabby Garfunkel Wei Hong Loh

10% Coffee Culture Presentation Saturday, 10 January Students will visit a unique coffee shop during the winter break, wherever they may find themselves, and analyze it. What do they serve, where do the beans come from, and how much do the servers and customers know about their products? Students will present a photo essay to class. Students will do a second, ungraded / informal presentation at Soka on their Singapore café experience.

10% Book Review Sunday, 11 January Students will write one 2-3 page review of a major book (instructor approval required) on some aspect of the politics, economics, or ecology of coffee. Remember, book reviews should not provide a wiki-style description, but instead offer a brief summary and then analyze what makes the book useful and / or is lacking. Students are recommended to select and order their book in the Fall, completing this before the beginning of class. The list of books students have selected is below: Book Book Joan Chica Coffee Culture Wei Hong Loh Fair Trade & A Global Commodity Jack Evans Global Coffee Economy Manal Maaliki Brewing Justice Gabby Garfunkel Uncommon Grounds Minami Muraoka Coffee & Community Freddy Ishiyama Coffee Crisis Ted Nguyen Tastes of Paradise Miki Iwasawa All About Coffee Rayen Rooney Open Coffee Politics Julie Jackson Coffee Paradox Danny Smythe Coffee: Comprehensive Guide

10% LC Fair Wednesday, 28 January Additional participation points for the home stretch! I want to impress the entire campus with how much we experienced and learned.

40% Research Essay Due Thursday, 29 January Write a 7-10 page research paper on some aspect of our class. Potential topics include: Economics: Fair trade, commodity chains, Indonesian political economy, post-conflict development, challenging dependency theories Politics: Plantation ownership and elections, provincial versus local control Philosophy: The ethics of global trade Environment: Deforestation, pest control, wildlife habitat Sociology: Western coffee cultures, local coffee cultures

Itinerary 04 Jan Shane: Victoria to Singapore Sunday  1910 Leave YYJ Westjet 3184 1942 Arrive YVR 05 JAN 0020 Leave YVR China Airlines 31 06 JAN 0820 Leave TPE China Airlines 753 1305 Arrive SIN

06 Jan Class: Los Angeles to Singapore Tuesday  1830 Leave Soka Supershuttle 2000 Arrive LAX 2305 Leave LAX China Airlines 7 0550 Arrive TPE 08 JAN 0820 Leave TPE China Airlines 753 1305 Arrive SIN

07 Jan Miki: Narita to Singapore Wednesday  0910 Leave NRT Korean Air 706 1150 Arrive ICN 1420 Leave ICN Korean Air 643 1955 Arrive SIN

07 Jan Minami: Osaka to Singapore Wednesday  0930 Leave KIX Korean Air 722 1130 Arrive ICN 1420 Leave ICN Korean Air 643 1955 Arrive SIN

Singapore: Quarters Hostel (Waterfront)  06-09 JAN Shane: Three Nights (single room) 07-09 JAN Miki & Minami: Two Nights (double room) 08-09 JAN Class: One Night (8 person dorm room and double room)

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09 Jan Singapore to Indonesia Friday  1040 Leave SIN Valuair 3k281 1105 Arrive KNO Drive to Aceh (it is really far) Stop en route at coffee shops for participant observation at Friday prayer  Two nights at Universitas al-Muslim, Bireuen 

10 Jan Classes (at Universitas al-Muslim) Saturday  Activity 1000 Traditional Acehnese Dances, welcome from University 1100 Activities with Professor Nurdin’s Students, tour Bireuen 

11 Jan Classes (at Universitas al-Muslim) Sunday  Session 01 Overview (informal discussion at Hostel Thursday evening)  Readings Wild, Antony. ―The Way We Live Now,‖ Coffee: A Dark History. New York: Norton, 2004; pp. 1-16. Session 02 Coffee Culture: Discussion and Presentations Readings Manzo, John. ―Coffee, Connoisseurship, and an Ethnomethodologically-Informed Sociology of Taste.‖ Human Studies 33:2-3 (2010); pp. 141-155. Tocancipá-Falla, Jairo. ―Cafés in Colombia: Socio-Political and Cultural Forms of Representation at the Turn of the Century.‖ International Social Science Journal 61:202 (2011); pp. 425-436. Bireuen to Bener Meriah En route: Coffee roasters, fields  3 Nights, Kubun Percobaan Gayo (Coffee Research Station), Bener Meriah 

12 Jan Visit Coffee Fields Monday  Coffee Institute of Aceh Visit Coffee Cooperative (Kooperasi Gayo Mandiri) Plant seedlings, visit local fields Session 02 Coffee Culture CTD: Discussion and Presentations

13 Jan Visit Coffee Fields Tuesday Visit coffee fields, meet owners and workers, families  0900 National varieties of coffee, planting coffee, coffee processing Session 03 History of Coffee in Indonesia and Acehnese context Readings Arditya, Andreas D. and Adisti Sukma Sawitri. ―Regarding the Beans: Third-Wave Coffee Hits Home.‖ The Jakarta Post (29 June 2014). McStocker, Robert. ―The Indonesian Coffee Industry.‖ Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 23:1 (April 1987); pp. 40-72. Neilson, Jeff. ―Global Private Regulation and Value-Chain Restructuring in Indonesian Smallholder Coffee Systems.‖ World Development 36:9 (2008); pp. 1607-1622. Rooseboom, Hans. ―The History of Coffee in Indonesia‖. Activity Book Review Presentations

14 Jan Visit Coffee Fields Wednesday Students will explore different grades and types of coffee  Meet Ibu Asnaini, activist (085262461413), Kampung Pegasih Kec. Pegasing Aceh Tengah Session 04 Coffee grades and types, civet coffee Readings Marcone, Massimo. ―Composition and Properties of Indonesian Palm Civet Coffee (Kopi Luwak) and

4 | P a g e Ethiopian Civet Coffee.‖ Food Research International 37 (2004); pp. 901-912. Bener Meriah to Bireuen En route: Coffee roasters, fields  Session 05 The Industry Readings Daviron, Benoit, and Stefano Ponte. ―Ch2 : What’s in a Cup? Coffee from Bean to Brew.‖ The Coffee Paradox: Global Markets, Commodity Trade, and the Elusive Promise of Development . London: Zed Books, 2005; pp. 50-82. 1 Night at Universitas al-Muslim, Bireuen 

15 Jan Takengon to Medan Thursday  En Route: Visit local coffee shops 1 Night, Marriott Medan 

16 Jan Medan to Singapore Friday  0900 Train to Medan Airport 0930 Arrive KNO 1145 Leave KNO Valuair 3k282 1325 Arrive SIN Singapore: Quarters Hostel (Waterfront)  1800 Class to Bugis Market 16-18 JAN Shane: Two Nights (single room) 16 JAN Miki & Minami: One Night (double room) 16-18 JAN Class: Two Nights (8 person dorm room and double room)

17 Jan Day in Singapore Saturday Mostly a free day in Singapore  Must visit a Singapore coffee shop, report back to class 

17 Jan Minami & Miki: Singapore to Japan Saturday  Minami 2230 Leave SIN Korean Air 644 0540 Arrive ICN 18 JAN Miki 0130 Leave SIN Korean Air 642 0840 Arrive ICN Minami 0900 Leave ICN Korean Air 723 1045 Arrive KIX Miki 1010 Leave ICN Korean Air 703 1230 Arrive NRT 19 JAN Miki 1850 Leave NRT SQ 12 1150 Arrive LAX Minami KIX to LAX TBD TBD

18 Jan Class: Singapore to Los Angeles Sunday  1405 Leave SIN China Airlines 754 1840 Arrive TPE 2350 Leave TPE China Airlines 8 1925 Arrive LAX 10 to Soka (Julie to home). Lotus Transportation (LO032482) Please call (888)LOTUS-40 or (888)568-8740 once you have picked up your baggage

19 Jan Rest! Monday 

5 | P a g e Classes: 0930-1230 MAA 303

20 Jan Coffee in Comparative Context Tuesday How does Aceh’s coffee production compare with other parts of the world?  Session 06 Readings Doutriaux, Sylvie, Charles Geisler, and Gerald Shively. ―Competing for Coffee Space: Development- Induced Displacement in the Central Highlands of Vietnam.‖ Rural Sociology 73:4 (2008); pp. 528-544. Eckert, Andres. ―Comparing Cofee Production in Cameroon and Tanganyika, C. 1900-1960s.‖ In William Gervase Clarence-Smith and Steven Topik, editors. The Global Coffee Economy in Africa, Asia, and Latin America 1500-1989. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003; pp. 286-311. Topik, Steven, John M. Talbot, and Mario Samper. ―Introduction: Globalization, Neoliberalism, and the Latin American Coffee Societies.‖ Latin American Perspectives 37:5 (2010); pp. 5-20.

21 Jan Coffee Ecology Wednesday Comparing methods of coffee production and their effects on the environment  Session 07 Readings Perfecto, Ivette, et al. ―Shaded Coffee and the Stability of Rainforest Margins in Northern Latin America.‖ In The Stability of Tropical Rainforest Margins. London: Springer, 2007; pp. 227-263. Philpott, Stacy M., et al. ―Biodiversity Conservation, Yield, and Alternative Products in Coffee Agroecosystems in Sumatra, Indonesia.‖ Biodiversity Conservation 17 (2007); pp. 1805-1820. Verbist, Bruno, Andree Eka Dinata Putra, and Suseno Budidarsono. ―Factors Driving Land Use Change: Effects on Watershed Functions in a Coffee Agroforestry System in Lampung, Sumatra.‖ Agricultural Systems 85 (2005); pp. 254-270.

22 Jan Coffee Economics Thursday 10am: Guest Steven Topik (UCI)  Session 08 Readings Fridell, Gavin. Fair Trade Coffee: The Prospects and Pitfalls of Market-Driven Social Justice. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007 (Chapters 1-2). Johannessen, Silje, and Harold Wilhite. ―Who Really Benefits from Fairtrade? An Analysis of Value Distribution in Fairtrade Coffee.‖ Globalizations 7:4 (2010); pp. 525-544. Topik, Steven and Mario Samper. ―The Latin American Coffee Commodity Chain: Brazil and Costa Rica.‖ In From Silver to Cocaine: Latin American Commodity Chains and the Building of the World Economy, 1500-2000. Duke University Press, 2006; pp. 118-146.

23 Jan Coffee Politics Friday Exploring the Local and Global Politics of Coffee  Session 09 Guest: Ben Briggs (owner, Hidden House Coffee) Readings Bates, Robert. Open-Economy Politics: The Political Economy of the World Coffee Trade. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998; chapters one and six. Activity Coffee Roasting at Hidden House Coffee (San Juan Capistrano) 

26 Jan Coffee: Ethics, Conclusions, and Implications Monday Does coffee production help or hurt the developing world?  Session 10 Course Evaluations, Papers, LC Fair Readings Multatuli (ED Dekker). Max Havelaar: Or the Coffee Auctions of the Dutch Trading Company (any edition, 1860); skim Neilson, Jeff and Felicity Shonk. ―Chained to Development? Livelihoods and Global Value Chains in the Coffee-Producing Toraja Region of Indonesia.‖ Australian Geographer 45:3 (2014); pp. 269-288. Singer, Peter. One World: The Ethics of Globalization, Chapter 3: ―One Economy‖. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002; pp. 51-105.

27 Jan Work Day Tuesday 

6 | P a g e 28 Jan LC Fair Wednesday  Video and map of our class activities Serve Aceh coffee, perhaps that we picked, at pour-over station

29 Jan Essay Due Thursday 

7 | P a g e Itinerary (yellow highlighting: Soka has reimbursed Shane) Budgeted Actual Difference Shuttle = 0 $401.30 +401.30 $124.30 for 9 to LAX, $182 return, $95 second trip LAX to SIN return x 13 = $15,000 $12,162.64 -2837.36 $1,246.05 Shane; $9,810 for 10 students; $546.30 Miki; $560.29 Minami Singapore Hostel x 13 = $1500 $1650 +150 Single room (5 days), Twin Room (3 days), Twin Room (3 days), 8 Person Dorm (3 days) 2 Days Facility Rental, Highlander Coffee = $250 0 -250 Singapore Transit x 13 = $275 $300 +25 $25 Shane, $22 / student $150 SIN to MED return x 13 = $2000 $1960.66 -39.44 $35 VISA, Indonesia x 12 = $325 $420 +95 Miscellaneous / Contingency = $1650 $200 -1450 Two internet flash drives and a SIM card (500,000rp), 113,000 (laundry), 50,000 (cable), banking fees Gifts from SUA ($19.33) Van Rental & Driver Indonesia x 7 days = $700 $700 1.2M per day for 14 person van, 8.4M Rp Gas and driver expenses = 0 $150 -150 09 JAN: 500,000 rp (250 x 2), 11 JAN: 250,000 rp, 14 JAN 200,000 rp, 15 JAN 500,000 rp, 500,000 tip Guides / Translators x 7 days = $800 $800 Ines: 4M rupiah, $350 preparing advance logistics (primarily bus) Nurdin: 5M, $400 for 5 days work plus advance logistics Coffee: Tours, sampling, purchase = $200 $75 -125 100,000 rp (11 JAN); 500,000 green beans (13 JAN); 90,000 coffee shop (13 JAN) 2 Nights Bireuen + 1 Night = $300 $700 -400 5.8M for two nights, 2.9M for one night 3 Nights Central Aceh = $1000 $400 +600 Rent four small houses (400,000 Rp per house per day), 3M Rp 1 Night Medan = 0 $500 -500 Paid rooms 5.2M Rp. Will need to pay for 2 extra beds and breakfast for those on points Medan Train 100,000 x13 = 0 $130 +130 Indonesian Exit Tax 200,000 x 13 = 0 $250 +250 Food = $2000 $1200 -800 Singapore: $600 06 JAN $30 (Shane, no receipts), 07 JAN $30 (no receipts), 08 JAN $470; 16 JAN $30; 17 JAN $70 Indonesia: 6,198,000 rp, $600 09 JAN: Lunch 630,000rp; coffee / snacks 107,000rp; dinner 221,000rp 958,000 10 JAN: Dinner 556,000rp, driver meals 40,000rp 596,000 11 JAN: Lunch 135,000rp; dinner 574,000rp 709,000 12 JAN: Breakfast and lunch 720,000rp; dinner 700,000rp 1,420,000 13 JAN: Breakfast & lunch 720,000; snacks 90,000rp; dinner 295,000rp 1,690,000 14 JAN: Breakfast 420,000rp; snacks 50,000rp (no receipt); lunch 305,000rp 775,000 15 JAN: Snacks 50,000rp 50,000 San Juan Capistrano = 0 $100 +100 TOTAL $26,000 $21,215 $4800 under

31 October: Requested $11,056.05 for 11 flights, reimbursed 19 November 31 October: Requested $3,067.25 for 2 flights and Medan flight, reimbursed 25 November 05 December: Requested $3650 for $400 (Visas), $300 (Shuttle), $1650 (Singapore hostel), $300 (Singapore transit), $1000 (local transport Indonesia, van and driver expenses) 10 December: Money transfer to Indonesia--$1068  11,923,900 Rp

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Books (potentially for review) Bacon, Christopher, et al (editors). Confronting the Coffee Crisis: Fair Trade, Sustainable Livelihoods, and Ecosystems in Mexico and Central America (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008) Bates, Robert. Open-Economy Politics: The Political Economy of the World Coffee Trade (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998) Clarence-Smith, William Gervase and Steven Topik, editors. The Global Coffee Economy in Africa, Asia, and Latin America 1500-1989 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003) Daviron, Benoit, and Stefano Ponte. The Coffee Paradox: Global Markets, Commodity Trade, and the Elusive Promise of Development (London: Zed Books, 2005). Fridell, Gavin. Coffee (London: Polity, 2014) Fridell, Gavin. Fair Trade Coffee: The Prospects and Pitfalls of Market-Driven Social Justice (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007) Heinrich, Jacob. Coffee: The Epic of a Commodity (1935, 1998 reprint) Jaffe, Daniel. Brewing Justice: Fair Trade Coffee, Sustainability, and Survival (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007) Lyon, Sarah. Coffee & Community: Maya Farmers and Fair-Trade Markets (Boulder: University of Colorado Press, 2011) *Multatuli (ED Dekker). Max Havelaar: Or the Coffee Auctions of the Dutch Trading Company (any edition, 1860) Schivelbusch, Wolfgang. Tastes of Paradise: A Social History of Spices, Stimulants, and Intoxicants (New York: Pantheon, 1992) Talbot, John M. Grounds for Agreement: The Political Economy of the Coffee Commodity Chain (Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004) Tucker, Catherine. Coffee Culture: Local Experiences, Global Connections (London: Routledge, 2011)

Articles and Manuscripts Crumley, Michele L. "The Price of Liberalization: Smallholder Coffee Producers in the Era of Globalization." Mediterranean Quarterly 24.3 (2013); pp. 102-128 Dicum, Gregory and Lina Luttinger. The Coffee Book: Anatomy of an Industry from Crop to the Last Drop (New York: New Press, 2006) Doutriaux, Sylvie, Charles Geisler, and Gerald Shively. ―Competing for Coffee Space: Development-Induced Displacement in the Central Highlands of Vietnam,‖ Rural Sociology 73:4 (2008); pp. 528-544 Hylander, Kristofer, et al. "Effects Of Coffee Management On Deforestation Rates And Forest Integrity." Conservation Biology 27.5 (2013); pp. 1031-1040 Johannessen, Silje, and Harold Wilhite. ―Who Really Benefits from Fairtrade? An Analysis of Value Distribution in Fairtrade Coffee,‖ Globalizations 7:4 (2010); pp. 525-544 Leclant, Jean. ―Coffee and Cafés in Paris: 1644–1693,‖ in Food and Drink in History, edited by Robert Forster and Orest Ranum. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979): pp. 86–97 McStocker, Robert. ―The Indonesian Coffee Industry,‖ Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 23:1 (1987); pp. 40-72 Manzo, John. ―Coffee, Connoisseurship, and an Ethnomethodologically-Informed Sociology of Taste,‖ Human Studies 33:2-3 (2010); pp. 141-155 Marcone, Massimo. ―Composition and Properties of Indonesian Palm Civet Coffee (Kopi Luwak) and Ethiopian Civet Coffee,‖ Food Research International 37 (2004); pp. 901-912 Neilson, Jeff. ―Global Private Regulation and Value-Chain Restructuring in Indonesian Smallholder Coffee Systems,‖ World Development 36:9 (2008); pp. 1607-1622 Neilson, Jeff. ―Institutions, the Governance of Quality and On-Farm Value Retention for Indonesian Specialty Coffee,‖ Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 28 (2007); pp. 188-204 Neilson, Jeff and Felicity Shonk. ―Chained to Development? Livelihoods and Global Value Chains in the Coffee- Producing Toraja Region of Indonesia,‖ Australian Geographer 45:3 (2014); pp. 269-288 Pendergrast, Mark. Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed OurWorld (New York: Basic Books, 2010) Perfecto, Ivette, et al. ―Shaded Coffee and the Stability of Rainforest Margins in Northern Latin America,‖ Environmental Science and Engineering (2007); pp. 225-261

9 | P a g e Philpott, Stacy M., et al. ―Biodiversity Conservation, Yield, and Alternative Products in Coffee Agroecosystems in Sumatra, Indonesia,‖ Biodiversity Conservation 17 (2007); pp. 1805-1820 Ponte, Stefano. ―The Latte Revolution? Regulation, Markets, and Consumption in the Global Coffee Chain,‖ World Development 30:7 (2002); pp. 1099-1122 Roseberry, William. ―The Rise of Yuppie Coffees and the Reimagination of Class in the United States,‖ American Anthropologist 98:4 (1996); pp. 762-775 Simandjuntak, Deasy. ―Milk Coffee at 10am: Encountering the State through Pilkada in North Sumatra,‖ in State of Authority: The State in Society in Indonesia, edited by Gerry van Klinken and Joshua Barker (Ithaca: Cornell Southeast Asia Program, 2009); pp. 73-94 Tocancipá-Falla, Jairo. ―Cafés in Colombia: Socio-Political and Cultural Forms of Representation at the Turn of the Century,‖ International Social Science Journal 61:202 (2011); pp. 425-436 Topik, Steven and Mario Samper. ―The Latin American Coffee Commodity Chain: Brazil and Costa Rica,‖ in From Silver to Cocaine: Latin American Commodity Chains and the Building of the World Economy, 1500-2000 (Duke University Press, 2006); 118-146 Verbist, Bruno, Andree Eka Dinata Putra, & Suseno Budidarsono. ―Factors Driving Land Use Change: Effects on Watershed Functions in a Coffee Agroforestry System in Lampung, Sumatra‖ Agricultural Systems 85 (2005); pp. 254-270. *Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History (New York: Norton 2004) Wild, Antony. The East India Company Book of Coffee (London: Harper Collins, 1994)

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