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IMMIGRATION LAW REPORTER Fourth Series/Quatri`Eme S´Erie Recueil De Jurisprudence En Droit De L’Immigration VOLUME 18 (Cited 18 Imm

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IMMIGRATION LAW REPORTER Fourth Series/Quatri`Eme S´Erie Recueil De Jurisprudence En Droit De L’Immigration VOLUME 18 (Cited 18 Imm IMMIGRATION LAW REPORTER Fourth Series/Quatri`eme s´erie Recueil de jurisprudence en droit de l’immigration VOLUME 18 (Cited 18 Imm. L.R. (4th)) EDITORS-IN-CHIEF/REDACTEURS´ EN CHEF Cecil L. Rotenberg, Q.C. Mario D. Bellissimo, LL.B. Barrister & Solicitor Bellissimo Law Group Don Mills, Ontario Toronto, Ontario Certified Specialist Certified Specialist ASSOCIATE EDITOR/REDACTEUR´ ADJOINT Randolph Hahn, D.PHIL.(OXON), LL.B. Guberman, Garson Toronto, Ontario Certified Specialist CARSWELL EDITORIAL STAFF/REDACTION´ DE CARSWELL Cheryl L. McPherson, B.A.(HONS.) Director, Primary Content Operations Directrice des activit´es li´ees au contenu principal Andre Popadynec, B.A.(HONS.), LL.B. Product Development Manager Nicole Ross, B.A., LL.B. Andrea Andrulis, B.A., LL.B., LL.M. Supervisor, Legal Writing (Acting) Supervisor, Legal Writing Peter Bondy, B.A.(HONS.), LL.B. Heather Stone, B.A., LL.B. Lead Legal Writer Lead Legal Writer Rachel Bernstein, B.A.(HONS.), J.D. Peggy Gibbons, B.A.(HONS.), LL.B. Legal Writer Senior Legal Writer Jim Fitch, B.A., LL.B. Stephanie Hanna, B.A., M.A., LL.B. Senior Legal Writer Senior Legal Writer Mark Koskie, B.A.(HONS.), M.A., LL.B. Amanda Stewart, B.A.(HONS.), LL.B. Legal Writer Senior Legal Writer Martin-Fran¸cois Parent, LL.B., LL.M., Heather Niziol, B.A. DEA (PARIS II) Content Editor Bilingual Legal Writer IMMIGRATION LAW REPORTER, a national series of topical law reports, Recueil de jurisprudence en droit de l’immigration, une s´erie nationale de is published twelve times per year. Subscription rate $398 per bound volume recueils de jurisprudence sp´ecialis´ee, est publi´e 12 fois par anne´e. including parts. Indexed: Carswell’s Index to Canadian Legal Literature. L’abonnement est de 398 $ par volume reli´e incluant les fascicules. Indexa- tion : Index a` la documentation juridique au Canada de Carswell. Editorial Offices are also located at the following address: 430 rue St. Pierre, Le bureau de la r´edaction est situ´e a` Montr´eal — 430, rue St. Pierre, Mon- Montr´eal, Qu´ebec, H2Y 2M5. tr´eal, Qu´ebec, H2Y 2M5. ________ ________ © 2013 Thomson Reuters Canada Limited © 2013 Thomson Reuters Canada Limit´ee NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER: All rights reserved. No part of this publica- MISE EN GARDE ET AVIS D’EXONERATION´ DE RESPON- tion may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any SABILITE´ : Tous droits r´eserv´es. Il est interdit de reproduire, m´emoriser sur form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or un syst`eme d’extraction de donn´ees ou de transmettre, sous quelque forme ou otherwise, without the prior written consent of the publisher (Carswell). par quelque moyen que ce soit, electronique´ ou m´ecanique, photocopie, enre- gistrement ou autre, tout ou partie de la pr´esente publication, a` moins d’en avoir pr´ealablement obtenu l’autorisation ecrite´ de l’´editeur, Carswell. 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This sonnes ayant particip´e a` son elaboration´ n’assument quelque responsabilit´e publication is provided on the understanding and basis that none of Carswell, que ce soit relativement a` l’exactitude ou au caract`ere actuel de son contenu the author/s or other persons involved in the creation of this publication shall ou au r´esultat de toute action prise sur la foi de l’information qu’elle be responsible for the accuracy or currency of the contents, or for the results renferme, ou ne peuvent etreˆ tenus responsables de toute erreur qui pourrait of any action taken on the basis of the information contained in this publica- s’y etreˆ gliss´ee ou de toute omission. tion, or for any errors or omissions contained herein. La participation d’une personne a` la pr´esente publication ne peut en aucun cas etreˆ consid´er´ee comme constituant la formulation, par celle-ci, d’un avis No one involved in this publication is attempting herein to render legal, ac- juridique ou comptable ou de tout autre avis professionnel. Si vous avez counting, or other professional advice. If legal advice or other expert assis- besoin d’un avis juridique ou d’un autre avis professionnel, vous devez tance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. retenir les services d’un avocat ou d’un autre professionnel. Les analyses The analysis contained herein should in no way be construed as being either comprises dans les pr´esentes ne doivent etreˆ interpr´et´ees d’aucune fa¸con official or unofficial policy of any governmental body. comme etant´ des politiques officielles ou non officielles de quelque organ- isme gouvernemental que ce soit. 8 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of 8 Le papier utilis´e dans cette publication satisfait aux exigences minimales American National Standard for Information Sciences — Permanence of Pa- de l’American National Standard for Information Sciences — Permanence of per for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. ISSN 0835-3808 ISBN 978-0-7798-4662-7 Printed in Canada by Thomson Reuters CARSWELL, A DIVISION OF THOMSON REUTERS CANADA LIMITED One Corporate Plaza Customer Relations 2075 Kennedy Road Toronto 1-416-609-3800 Toronto, Ontario Elsewhere in Canada/U.S. 1-800-387-5164 M1T 3V4 Fax 1-416-298-5082 www.carswell.com Contact www.carswell.com/contact Ezokola c. Canada 175 [Indexed as: Ezokola c. Canada (Ministre de la Citoyennet´e & de l’Immigration)] Rachidi Ekanza Ezokola, Appellant and Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, Respondent and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Amnesty International, Canadian Centre for International Justice, International Human Rights Program at the University of Toronto Faculty of Law, Canadian Council for Refugees, Canadian Civil Liberties Association and Canadian Association of Refugee Lawyers, Interveners Supreme Court of Canada Docket: 34470 2013 SCC 40 McLachlin C.J.C., LeBel, Fish, Abella, Rothstein, Cromwell, Moldaver, Karakatsanis, Wagner JJ. Heard: January 17, 2013 Judgment: July 19, 2013 Immigration and citizenship –––– Refugee protection — Elements of pro- tected refugee status — Grounds — Political opinion — Miscellaneous –––– Refugee claimant was government minister in home country of Democratic Re- public of Congo (“DRC”) — Claimant was assigned to post at United Nations in New York — Claimant’s application for refugee status was dismissed — Immi- gration and Refugee Board found government of DRC was involved in crimes against humanity during period claimant worked for government — Board found claimant had knowledge of crimes and was therefore complicit, notwith- standing his lack of personal involvement and known opposition to govern- ment — Claimant’s application for judicial review was granted — Application judge found that, although claimant had knowledge of crimes, he was not com- plicit to level that would disqualify him from entering Canada — On appeal by Minister of Citizenship and Immigration appellate court determined that appro- priate test to be applied was whether or not claimant had “personal and knowing participation” in crimes committed — Matter was remitted to differently consti- tuted panel of board — Claimant further appealed — Appeal allowed — Con- cept of complicity had been overextended in Canada — Refugee claimants were not to be excluded from refugee protection under art. 1F(a) of United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 for complicity in interna- tional crimes unless claimant voluntarily made knowing and significant contri- bution to crime or criminal purpose of group — Contribution-based test for complicity to be applied which would require voluntary, knowing, and signifi- cant contribution to crime
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