DOCSLIB.ORG

Dilbit from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dilbit from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Dilbit From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A dilbit is a bitumen diluted with one or more lighter petroleum products, typically natural-gas condensates such as naphtha. Diluting bitumen makes it much easier to transport, for example in pipelines. Per the Alberta Oil Sands Bitumen Valuation Methodology, "Dilbit Blends" means "Blends made from heavy crudes and/or bitumens and a diluent, usually natural-gas condensate, for the purpose of meeting pipeline viscosity and density specifications, where the density of the diluent included in the blend is less than 800 kg/m3."[1] If the diluent density is greater than or equal to 800 kg/m3, the diluent is typically synthetic crude and accordingly the blend is called synbit.[2] Contents 1 Reasons for dilution 2 Methods of dilution 3 Refinement process 3.1 Separation and oil spill risks 4 Alternatives to diluent 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Reasons for dilution Bitumen and heavy oils are often produced from remote deposits such as the Athabasca oil sands in Alberta, Canada and the Orinoco tar sands in Venezuela. Before 1980, most produced bitumen was transported by truck, but trucking is seasonally restricted and relatively inefficient and expensive compared to pipeline transport. However, bitumen in its undiluted state is too viscous and dense to be transported by pipeline. To create a fluid capable of transportation by pipeline, bitumen must be mixed with a fluid that has much lower viscosity and will keep bitumen from precipitating out of the mixture. By 1985 and demonstrating the effectiveness of dilbit, Alberta Energy Company was operating dual pipelines to transport diluent from Edmonton to Cold Lake and dilbit from Cold Lake to Edmonton.[3] Dilbit is now also transported by rail.[4] Methods of dilution The most common diluent used to dilute bitumen is natural gas condensate (NGC), especially the naphtha component.[5] Due to insufficient quantity of natural gas condensate in Alberta, bitumen shippers also use refined naptha and synthetic crude oil (SCO) as diluent, and import a considerable amount from the U.S.[6] Although SCO requires a higher volume percentage to achieve the same viscosity, at least one study found that SCO provides better blend stability than NGC.[7] Shippers dilute bitumen before shipment in order to meet viscosity and density requirements found in common carrier pipeline tariff rules. A National Energy Board study assumed a standard dilbit containing 33% condensate (resulting in product with "21.5 °API and sulphur content of 3.3 percent") and synbit containing 50% SCO.[8][9][10][11] By selecting different diluent types and blend ratios, bitumen shippers attempt to lower component costs, increase blend value, and maintain pipeline transportability. The blend ratio may consist of 25 to 55% diluent by volume, depending on characteristics of the bitumen and diluent, pipeline specifications, operating conditions, and refinery requirements.[3] Froth treatment which removes heavy constituents rather than adding lighter ones is another method.[12] Refinement process Diluent can be removed from dilbit by distillation and reused. Alternatively, the entire dilbit can be refined. Dilbit and synbit are typically processed by refineries as heavy or medium crudes, respectively.[8] As dilbit contains hydrocarbons at extreme ends of the viscosity range, the material can be more difficult to process than typical crude oil.[13] Separation and oil spill risks Unlike conventional crude, unstabilized dilbit floats briefly in water but heavier components sink as light components evaporate. The remaining bitumen can make cleaning up a dilbit spill more difficult than a conventional oil spill, particularly if dredging is considered too ecologically damaging.[14] During the Kalamazoo River oil spill, the heavier components sank to the bottom of the water column, making cleanup difficult.[15] Cleanup of the spill is still underway three years after the event, and officials at the Michigan Department of Natural Resources’ Fishery Division expect that it will "be many more years before the agency can measure the full impact on fish and other animals’ reproductive cycles."[16] However, studies show that dilbit does not increase the risk of corrosion occurring within a pipeline or otherwise increase the risk of a release occurring.[17][18][19][20] In 2013, opening on the Keystone XL pipeline proposal, the EPA recommended to the State Department that pipelines that carry dilbit (such as the proposed Keystone XL) should no longer be treated just like pipelines that carry any other oil. "We have learned from the 2010 Enbridge spill of oil sands crude in Michigan that spills of diluted bitumen (dilbit) may require different response actions or equipment from response actions for conventional oil spills. These spills can also have different impacts than spills of conventional oil. […] We recommend that the Final EIS more clearly acknowledge that in the event of a spill to water, it is possible that large portions of dilbit will sink and that submerged oil significantly changes spill response and impacts. We also recommend that the Final EIS include means to address the additional risks of releases that may be greater for spills of dilbit than other crudes. For example, in the Enbridge spill, the local health department issued voluntary evacuation notices based on the level of benzene measured in the air."[21] Alternatives to diluent Heated pipelines Constructing upgraders closer to production See also Canadian Centre for Energy Information History of the petroleum industry in Canada (oil sands and heavy oil) Syncrude Suncor CNRL Kalamazoo River oil spill References 1. Alberta Oil Sands Bitumen Valuation Methodology (http://www.capp.ca/getdoc.aspx?DocId=144465&DT=NTV) (PDF), 2008-9995, Calgary, Alberta: Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers, Dec 2008 2. Canada's Oil Sands: Opportunities and Challenges to 2015 (http://www.neb.gc.ca/clf- nsi/rnrgynfmtn/nrgyrprt/lsnd/pprtntsndchllngs20152004/pprtntsndchllngs20152004-eng.pdf) (PDF) (Energy Market Assessment). Calgary, Alberta: National Energy Board. May 2004. pp. 115–118. ISBN 0-662-36880-0. Retrieved 14 Mar 2012. Condensate: "A mixture comprised mainly of pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons recovered as a liquid from field separators, scrubbers or other gathering facilities or at the inlet of a natural gas processing plant before the gas is processed." Dilbit: "Bitumen that has been reduced in viscosity through addition of a diluent (or solvent) such as condensate or naphtha." Diluent: "Any lighter hydrocarbon, usually pentanes plus, added to heavy crude oil or bitumen in order to facilitate its transport on crude oil pipelines." Synbit: "A blend of bitumen and synthetic crude oil that has similar properties to medium sour crude." "Synthetic crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons generally similar to light sweet crude oil, derived by upgrading crude bitumen or heavy crude oil." 3. Walker, Ian C. (1998), Marketing Challenges for Canadian Bitumen (http://www.oildrop.org/Info/Centre/Lib/7thConf/19980101.pdf) (PDF), Tulsa, OK: International Centre for Heavy Hydrocarbons, p. 2 4. Harrison, Lynda (September 2011). "Riding the Rails, Oil companies climb aboard potential alternative to pipelines" (http://www.oilandgasinquirer.com/printer.asp?article=magazine%2F110912%2FMAG2011_SC0000.html). Oil & Gas Inquirer (Calgary, Alberta: JuneWarren-Nickle's Energy Group). Retrieved 14 Mar 2012. 5. "Altex model" (http://altex-energy.com/our_model.html). Altex Energy Ltd. Retrieved June 16, 2012. "On December 2, 2009, Purvin and Gertz reported that Alberta produces about 80,000 bbls/d of natural gasoline (primarily pentane and hexane) and another 65,000 bbls/d of Naphtha from its indigenous natural gas. These hydrocarbons have been added to bitumen (typically a 10-12 API product) to produce a pipelinable product called dilbit (19-21 API). In recent years the indigenous supply of natural gasoline not been sufficient to meet the demand. To meet bitumen producer’s requirements, about 40,000 bbls/d of natural gasoline has been imported into Alberta, primarily using rail road tank cars. The National Energy Board (“NEB”) tracks these volumes and in a recent publication shows that it expects the demand for natural gasoline to grow by about 27,000 bpd each year for the next ten years." 6. Ross, Elsie (13 Sep 2012). "New Diluent Sources Needed For Forecast Growth In Bitumen". The Daily Oil Bulletin (Junewarren-Nickle’s Energy Group). "Oilsands operators have been importing diluent since about 2004 as the required volumes of pentanes plus and condensate have significantly outpaced domestic production capacity, says the CERI study. In 2010, an estimated 260,000 bbls per day of diluent was required while total Canadian domestic production was about 160,000 bbls per day, indicating that close to 40 per cent (100,000 bbls per day) of the required diluent needed to be imported, says the study." 7. Rahimi, Parviz; Alem, Teclemariam (10 Feb 2010). Crude Oil Compatibility and Diluent Evaluation for Pipelining (http://geoscan.ess.nrcan.gc.ca/text/geoscan/fulltext/NCUT2009_Paper28.pdf) (PDF). Joint CCQTA/COQA meeting (New Orleans). Devon, Alberta: National Centre for Upgrading Technology. Retrieved 18 Jun 2011. 8. Canada's Oil Sands: Opportunities and Challenges to 2015 (http://www.neb.gc.ca/clf- nsi/rnrgynfmtn/nrgyrprt/lsnd/pprtntsndchllngs20152004/pprtntsndchllngs20152004-eng.pdf) (PDF) (Energy Market Assessment). Calgary, Alberta: National Energy Board. May 2004. ISBN 0-662-36880-0. Retrieved 14 Mar 2012. 9. Crude Oil Forecast, Markets and Pipeline Expansions (http://tothetarsands.ca/wp-content/uploads/2007/08/capp-2007- forecast.pdf) (PDF), Calgary, Alberta: Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers, June 2007, p. 5, retrieved 16 June 2012, "The DilBit blend is typically made up of three parts bitumen and one part condensate. SynBit blend is comprised of roughly fifty percent synthetic and fifty percent bitumen." 10. Segato, Randy, Quality Guidelines for Western Canadian Condensate (http://www.coqa-inc.org/Segato0608.pdf) (PDF), Calgary, Alberta: Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers, p.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Regulation of Access to Oil Pipelines 777
    REGULATION OF ACCESS TO OIL PIPELINES 777 THE NATIONAL ENERGY BOARD: REGULATION OF ACCESS TO OIL PIPELINES JENNIFER HOCKING* In the past few years, a number of long-distance oil pipelines have been proposed in Canada — Northern Gateway, the Trans Mountain Expansion, Keystone, and the Energy East Project. This article describes the criteria used by the National Energy Board in approving the allocation of capacity in oil pipelines to firm service contracts while requiring that a reasonable percentage of capacity is allocated for uncommitted volumes (common carriage). It explains the economic theory related to regulation of access to major oil pipelines. It reviews and analyzes relevant NEB decisions, which show that the NEB supports well- functioning competitive markets, but will exercise its discretion to resolve complaints where markets are not functioning properly. The article also explains the economic significance of the proposed long-distance oil pipelines to Canada and Alberta despite the current low price of crude oil. The article concludes with recommendations for a written NEB policy regarding access to capacity in oil pipelines. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. SIGNIFICANCE OF PROPOSED OIL PIPELINES TO THE CANADIAN ECONOMY ................................. 778 A. PIPELINES NEEDED DESPITE LOW PRICE OF OIL ............... 780 B. SHIPPING OF OIL BY RAIL ................................ 781 II. OIL PIPELINES AS COMMON CARRIERS ........................... 781 A. THE NATURE OF COMMON CARRIERS ....................... 781 B. COMMON CARRIAGE OBLIGATION SUBJECT TO REASONABLENESS TEST ............................... 783 C. WHY WERE OIL PIPELINES ORIGINALLY DESIGNATED AS COMMON CARRIERS? ................................. 784 III. MAJOR LONG-DISTANCE OIL PIPELINES TODAY ................... 785 A. ENBRIDGE PIPELINES .................................... 786 B. TRANS MOUNTAIN PIPELINE .............................. 787 C. SPECTRA ENERGY EXPRESS-PLATTE .......................
    [Show full text]
  • Suncor Q3 2020 Investor Relations Supplemental Information Package
    SUNCOR ENERGY Investor Information SUPPLEMENTAL Published October 28, 2020 SUNCOR ENERGY Table of Contents 1. Energy Sources 2. Processing, Infrastructure & Logistics 3. Consumer Channels 4. Sustainability 5. Technology Development 6. Integrated Model Calculation 7. Glossary SUNCOR ENERGY 2 SUNCOR ENERGY EnergyAppendix Sources 3 202003- 038 Oil Sands Energy Sources *All values net to Suncor In Situ Mining Firebag Base Plant 215,000 bpd capacity 350,000 bpd capacity Suncor WI 100% Suncor WI 100% 2,603 mmbbls 2P reserves1 1,350 mmbbls 2P reserves1 Note: Millennium and North Steepank Mines do not supply full 350,000 bpd of capacity as significant in-situ volumes are sent through Base Plant MacKay River Syncrude 38,000 bpd capacity Syncrude operated Suncor WI 100% 205,600 bpd net coking capacity 501 mmbbls 2P reserves1 Suncor WI 58.74% 1,217 mmbbls 2P reserves1 Future opportunities Fort Hills ES-SAGD Firebag Expansion Suncor operated Lewis (SU WI 100%) 105,000 bpd net capacity Meadow Creek (SU WI 75%) Suncor WI 54.11% 1,365 mmbbls 2P reserves1 First oil achieved in January 2018 SUNCOR ENERGY 1 See Slide Notes and Advisories. 4 1 Regional synergy opportunities for existing assets Crude logistics Upgrader feedstock optionality from multiple oil sands assets Crude feedstock optionality for Edmonton refinery Supply chain Sparing, warehousing & supply chain management Consolidation of regional contracts (lodging, busing, flights, etc.) Operational optimizations Unplanned outage impact mitigations In Situ Turnaround planning optimization Process
    [Show full text]
  • Characteristics of Oil Sands Products
    CHARACTERISTICS OF OIL SANDS PRODUCTS Heather D. Dettman Center for Spills in the Environment Oil Sands Products Training Portland, Maine December 4 & 5, 2012 2 Simplified —Oil Sands to Motor“ Value Chain Tailings Pipeline Transport Desalter Extraction Mining Pipeline Terminal Distillation W ater/Solids Primary Upgrading Removal Coking or Residue Performed at Upgraders DiluentAddition Hydrocracking Performed at Refineries In Situ Production Secondary Upgrading May be needed in future Catalytic Processing (Hydrogen) Refining Catalytic Processing (Hydrogen) Gasoline Diesel 3 Pipeline Definitions Transm ission Tailings Pipeline Transport Desalter Extraction Mining Pipeline Terminal Distillation Feeder W ater/Solids Primary Upgrading Removal Coking or Residue Performed at Upgraders DiluentAddition Hydrocracking Gathering Performed at Refineries In Situ Production Secondary Upgrading May be needed in future Catalytic Processing (Hydrogen) http://www.cepa.com /about-pipelines/types-of-pipelines Refining Catalytic Processing (Hydrogen) Gasoline Diesel 4 0hat Is Bitumen? ° Bitumen is the —extra heavy“ crude oil that remains after the biodegradation of oil in Northern Alberta ° Initial boiling point is 204°C/399.2°F ° Approximately 50wt% of the oil boils at temperatures below 524°C/975.2°F ° Biodegradation has resulted in organic acids being left behind in the oil ° Total acid number (TAN) is 3mg KOH/g which corresponds to an organic acid content of 3wt% in the oil ° Organic acid species in bitumen are relatively large molecules with 70wt% boiling
    [Show full text]
  • Suncor Energy – Financial Results Call Transcript 2018 Q3
    Suncor Energy Third Quarter 2018 Financial Results Call Suncor Third Quarter 2018 Financial Results Call Thursday, 1st November 2018 Thursday, 1st November 2018 Operator: Good day, ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to the Suncor Energy Third Quarter 2018 Financial Results Conference Call. (Operator Instructions) I would now like to introduce your host for today's conference, Mr. Trevor Bell, Vice President of Investor Relations. Sir, you may begin. Introduction Trevor Bell Vice President of Investor Relations, Suncor Energy Inc. Thank you, operator, and good morning. Welcome to Suncor Energy's Third Quarter Earnings Call. With me here in Calgary are Steve Williams, President and Chief Executive Officer; Mark Little, Chief Operating Officer; and Alister Cowan, Chief Financial Officer. Please note that today's comments contain forward-looking information. Actual results may differ materially from the expected results because of the various risk factors and assumptions that are described in our third quarter earnings release as well as in our current Annual Information Form, and both of those are available on SEDAR, EDGAR, and our website, suncor.com. Certain financial measures referred to in these comments are not prescribed by Canadian GAAP. For a description of these financial measures, please see our third quarter earnings release. Information on the impacts of foreign exchange, FIFO accounting and share-based compensation on our results can be found in our third quarter report to shareholders. Following formal remarks, we'll open the call to questions, first from members of the investment community, then if time permitting, to members of the media. Now I'll hand it over to Steve Williams for his comments.
    [Show full text]
  • Secure Fuels from Domestic Resources ______Profiles of Companies Engaged in Domestic Oil Shale and Tar Sands Resource and Technology Development
    5th Edition Secure Fuels from Domestic Resources ______________________________________________________________________________ Profiles of Companies Engaged in Domestic Oil Shale and Tar Sands Resource and Technology Development Prepared by INTEK, Inc. For the U.S. Department of Energy • Office of Petroleum Reserves Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves Fifth Edition: September 2011 Note to Readers Regarding the Revised Edition (September 2011) This report was originally prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy in June 2007. The report and its contents have since been revised and updated to reflect changes and progress that have occurred in the domestic oil shale and tar sands industries since the first release and to include profiles of additional companies engaged in oil shale and tar sands resource and technology development. Each of the companies profiled in the original report has been extended the opportunity to update its profile to reflect progress, current activities and future plans. Acknowledgements This report was prepared by INTEK, Inc. for the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Petroleum Reserves, Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves (DOE/NPOSR) as a part of the AOC Petroleum Support Services, LLC (AOC- PSS) Contract Number DE-FE0000175 (Task 30). Mr. Khosrow Biglarbigi of INTEK, Inc. served as the Project Manager. AOC-PSS and INTEK, Inc. wish to acknowledge the efforts of representatives of the companies that provided information, drafted revised or reviewed company profiles, or addressed technical issues associated with their companies, technologies, and project efforts. Special recognition is also due to those who directly performed the work on this report. Mr. Peter M. Crawford, Director at INTEK, Inc., served as the principal author of the report.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy East Pipeline Project
    WhenEnergy the pipeline East: spills... Previous ruptures along TransCanada’s Mainline – part of the planned Energy East pipeline project. Photos by the Transportation Safety Board of Canada. Cover photos Pipeline Investigation Report P09H0074 Top left: Aerial Photo of the Englehart Occurrence Site, from , Transportation Safety Board of Canada. Available at http://www.tsb. gc.ca/eng/rapports-reports/pipeline/2009/p09h0074/p09h0074.aspPipeline Investigation Report P11H0011 Top right: Downstream line-break section of Line 100-2, from , Transportation Safety Board of Canada. Available at http://www.tsb. gc.ca/eng/rapports-reports/pipeline/2011/p11h0011/p11h0011.aspPipeline Investigation Report P09H0083 Bottom: Aerial photo of the Marten River occurrence site, from , Transportation Safety Board of Canada. Available at http://www.tsb. gc.ca/eng/rapports-reports/pipeline/2009/p09h0083/p09h0083.aspEnergy East: When the pipeline spills... is published under the Creative Commons licence Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 4.0. Images used within this document remain copyrighted by their respective owners except where specifically indicated. Energy East: When the pipeline spills... TransCanada’s Energy East pipeline project would convertIt would an up be to the40-year-old largest oil natural pipeline gas inpipeline North to America, carry crude oil from Saskatchewan to Ontario, connecting it with new pipeline through Quebec and on to Saint John, New Brunswick. transporting 1.1 million barrelsif of oil every day. when where how much When it comes to pipelines, it is not a matter of a pipeline spills, it is a matter of , and it spills. NL AB SK MB Edmonton Hardisty Regina ON QC PE Winnipeg Thunder Bay Quebec City NB Montreal NS North Bay Saint John Ottawa Selective memory: TransCanada’s safety record.
    [Show full text]
  • Facts About Alberta's Oil Sands and Its Industry
    Facts about Alberta’s oil sands and its industry CONTENTS Oil Sands Discovery Centre Facts 1 Oil Sands Overview 3 Alberta’s Vast Resource The biggest known oil reserve in the world! 5 Geology Why does Alberta have oil sands? 7 Oil Sands 8 The Basics of Bitumen 10 Oil Sands Pioneers 12 Mighty Mining Machines 15 Cyrus the Bucketwheel Excavator 1303 20 Surface Mining Extraction 22 Upgrading 25 Pipelines 29 Environmental Protection 32 In situ Technology 36 Glossary 40 Oil Sands Projects in the Athabasca Oil Sands 44 Oil Sands Resources 48 OIL SANDS DISCOVERY CENTRE www.oilsandsdiscovery.com OIL SANDS DISCOVERY CENTRE FACTS Official Name Oil Sands Discovery Centre Vision Sharing the Oil Sands Experience Architects Wayne H. Wright Architects Ltd. Owner Government of Alberta Minister The Honourable Lindsay Blackett Minister of Culture and Community Spirit Location 7 hectares, at the corner of MacKenzie Boulevard and Highway 63 in Fort McMurray, Alberta Building Size Approximately 27,000 square feet, or 2,300 square metres Estimated Cost 9 million dollars Construction December 1983 – December 1984 Opening Date September 6, 1985 Updated Exhibit Gallery opened in September 2002 Facilities Dr. Karl A. Clark Exhibit Hall, administrative area, children’s activity/education centre, Robert Fitzsimmons Theatre, mini theatre, gift shop, meeting rooms, reference room, public washrooms, outdoor J. Howard Pew Industrial Equipment Garden, and Cyrus Bucketwheel Exhibit. Staffing Supervisor, Head of Marketing and Programs, Senior Interpreter, two full-time Interpreters, administrative support, receptionists/ cashiers, seasonal interpreters, and volunteers. Associated Projects Bitumount Historic Site Programs Oil Extraction demonstrations, Quest for Energy movie, Paydirt film, Historic Abasand Walking Tour (summer), special events, self-guided tours of the Exhibit Hall.
    [Show full text]
  • Suncor Energy – Annual Report 2005
    Suncor05ARcvr 3/8/06 1:33 PM Page 1 SUNCOR ENERGY INC. 2005 ANNUAL REPORT > growing strategically Suncor’s large resource base, growing production capacity and access to the North American energy market are the foundation of an integrated strategy aimed at driving profitable growth, a solid return on capital investment and strong returns for our shareholders. A staged approach to increasing our crude oil production capacity allows Suncor to better manage capital costs and incorporate new ideas and new technologies into our facilities. production 50,000 bpd 110,000 bpd (capacity) resources Third party bitumen 225,000 bpd Mining 260,000 bpd 350,000 bpd 500,000 bpd In-situ 500,000 – 550,000 bpd OUR PLANS TO GROW TO HALF A MILLION BARRELS PER DAY IN 2010 TO 2012* x Tower Natural gas Vacuum 1967 – Upgrader 1 1998 – Expand Upgrader 1, Vacuum Tower Future downstream integrat 2001 – Upgrader 2 Other customers 2005 – Expand Upgrader 2, 2008 – Further Expansion of Upgrader 2 2010-2012 – Upgrader 3 Denver refinery ion Sarnia refinery markets To provide greater North American markets reliability and flexibility to our feedstock supplies, we produce bitumen through our own mining and in-situ recovery technologies, and supplement that supply through innovative third-party agreements. Suncor takes an active role in connecting supply to consumer demand with a diverse portfolio of products, downstream assets and markets. Box 38, 112 – 4th Avenue S.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P 2V5 We produce conventional natural Our investments in renewable wind tel: (403) 269-8100 fax: (403) 269-6217 [email protected] www.suncor.com gas as a price hedge against the energy are a key part of Suncor’s cost of energy consumption.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of the Canadian Province of Alberta's Oil Sands
    Project Document A sub-national public-private strategic alliance for innovation and export development: the case of the Canadian province of Alberta’s oil sands Annette Hester Leah Lawrence Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) This background document was prepared by Annette Hester and Leah Lawrence, Consultants of the Division of International Trade and Integration, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), within the activities of the study “Public-private alliances for innovation and export upgrading“, coordinated by Robert Devlin and Graciela Moguillansky with the financial support of SEGIB, through the project “Alianzas público-privadas para la Innovación y el Desarrollo Exportador: Casos Exitosos Extraregionales y la Experiencia Latinoamericana”. Some of their preliminary findings were formerly presented at ECLAC, in Structural Change and Productivity Growth 20 Years later: Old Problems, New Opportunities, (LC/G.2367 (SES.32/3)), Santiago de Chile, 2008, chapter VI, pages 231 to 299.. The paper benefited from the support and comments of Inés Bustillo, Clement Bowman, and Eddy Isaacs, as well as the research assistance of Timmy Stuparyk and Michael Bagan. Annette Hester and Leah Lawrence are Calgary-based economists and writers. Ms. Hester is a research fellow with the Centre for International Governance Innovation in Waterloo, Canada and a Senior Associate with the Centre for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, DC. The views expressed in this document, which has been reproduced without formal editing, are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Organization. LC/W.292 Copyright © United Nations, April 2010. All rights reserved Printed in Santiago, Chile – United Nations ECLAC – Project Documents collection A sub-national public-private strategic alliance for innovation and export… Contents Abstract……………………..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Unconventional Oil Resources Exploitation: a Review
    Acta Montanistica Slovaca Volume 21 (2016), number 3, 247-257 Unconventional oil resources exploitation: A review Šárka Vilamová 1, Marian Piecha 2 and Zden ěk Pavelek 3 Unconventional crude oil sources are geographically extensive and include the tar sands of the Province of Alberta in Canada, the heavy oil belt of the Orinoco region of Venezuela and the oil shales of the United States, Brazil, India and Malagasy. High production costs and low oil prices have hitherto inhibited the inclusion of unconventional oil resources in the world oil resource figures. In the last decade, developing production technologies, coupled with the higher market value of oil, convert large quantities of unconventional oil into an effective resource. From the aspect of quantity and technological and economic recoverability are actually the most important tar sands. Tar sands can be recovered via surface mining or in-situ collection techniques. This is an up-stream part of exploitation process. Again, this is more expensive than lifting conventional petroleum, but for example, Canada's Athabasca (Alberta) Tar Sands is one example of unconventional reserve that can be economically recoverable with the largest surface mining machinery on the waste landscape with important local but also global environmental impacts. The similar technology of up-stream process concerns oil shales. The downstream part process of solid unconventional oil is an energetically difficult process of separation and refining with important increasing of additive carbon production and increasing of final product costs. In the region of Central Europe is estimated the mean volume of 168 million barrels of technically recoverable oil and natural gas liquids situated in Ordovician and Silurian age shales in the Polish- Ukrainian Foredeep basin of Poland.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Government Technical Report Properties, Composition And
    Federal Government Technical Report Properties, Composition and Marine Spill Behaviour, Fate and Transport of Two Diluted Bitumen Products from the Canadian Oil Sands Environment Canada Emergencies Science and Technology Fisheries and Oceans Canada Centre for Offshore Oil, Gas and Energy Research Natural Resources Canada CanmetENERGY November 30, 2013 ISBN 978-1-100-23004-7 Cat. No.: En84-96/2013E-PDF Information contained in this publication or product may be reproduced, in part or in whole, and by any means, for personal or public non-commercial purposes, without charge or further permission, unless otherwise specified. You are asked to: • Exercise due diligence in ensuring the accuracy of the materials reproduced; • Indicate both the complete title of the materials reproduced, as well as the author organization; and • Indicate that the reproduction is a copy of an official work that is published by the Government of Canada and that the reproduction has not been produced in affiliation with or with the endorsement of the Government of Canada. Commercial reproduction and distribution is prohibited except with written permission from the author. For more information, please contact Environment Canada's Inquiry Centre at 1-800-668-6767 (in Canada only) or 819-997-2800 or email to [email protected]. Cover Photos: © Author, Environment Canada © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of the Environment, 2013 Aussi disponible en français Table of Contents Executive Summary ...............................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Schedules to Practice Applicable to Automatic Balancing
    Schedule A To Practice Applicable to Automatic Balancing COMMODITIES INCLUDED IN THE AUTOMATIC BALANCING PRACTICE: Access Western Blend (AWB) Mixed Blend Sour (SO) Albian Muskeg River Heavy (AMH) Newgrade Synthetic Type X (NSX) Albion Heavy Synthetic (AHS) (1) Northern Canadian Sour (NCS) Albion Residual Blend (ARB) Pine Bend Buffer (PBB) Albion Vacuum Blend (AVB) Pine Bend Special (PBS) Bow River (BR) Platte Light Sweet (PS) Borealis Heavy Blend (BHB) (1) Premium Conventional Heavy (PCH) BP Sweet Synthetic Blend (BSS) Premium Newgrade Synthetic (NSA) BP Synthetic Heavy Blend (BSH) Premium Synthetic (PSY) (1) Canadian Blended Heavy (CBH) ∆ Light Sweet Platte (LS) Canadian Blended Dilbit (CBT) ∆ Sarnia Special (SSS) Caroline Condensate (CCA) Seal Heavy (SH) (1) Christina Lake Dilbit Blend (CDB) Shell Premium Synthetic (SPX) Canadian Heavy Sweet (CHS) Shell Synthetic Light (SSX) Canadian Heavy Tan (CHT) Southern Lights Mainline DLVRY (SLX) Canadian Heavy Synbit (CHY) Suncor C (OSC) CNRL Heavy Sour Synthetic Blend (CNH) Suncor Cracked C (OCC) CNRL Synthetic Custom Blend (CNC) Suncor H (OSH) Canadian Natural High Tan (CNX) Suncor N (OSN) Cold Lake (CL) (1) (4) Suncor D (OSD) Condensate Blend (CRW) (1) Surmont Heavy Dilbit (SHD) Conventional Heavy (CHV) (1) Surmont Mix A (SMA) Fort Hills Reduced Carbon Dilbit (FRB) Synbit Blend (SYB) General Sour – Platte (GS) Synthetic Sweet Blend (SYN) (1) Hanginstone Dilbit Blend (HDB) U.S. Heavy – Mokena (UVM) Hardisty Synthetic Crude (HSC) U.S. High Sweet – Clearbrook (UHC) (3) (1) Kearl Lake Dilbit (KDB) U.S. High Sour – Mokena (UOM) (3) Light Sour Blend (LSB) U.S. Sour – Clearbrook (UOC) Lloydminster Blend (LLB) U.S.
    [Show full text]