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Archaeological Evidence for Stages of Manufacture of Olivella Shell Beads in California

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Archaeological Evidence for Stages of Manufacture of Olivella Shell Beads in California Joumal of Califomia and Great Basin Anthropology Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 29-39(1991). Archaeological Evidence for Stages of Manufacture of Olivella Shell Beads in California LESLIE L. HARTZELL, Dept. of Anthropology, Univ. of California, Davis, CA 95616. WiIT H few exceptions, archaeologists in broken Haliotis shell fragments; and a small California and the Great Basin have overlooked number of incomplete, partially drilled shell a useful source of information available through beads. The following analysis of shell refuse the analysis of shell bead production refuse at from the Davis site reconstructs a method for prehistoric sites. It is analogous to earlier bead manufacture not recorded in the ethno­ treatments of lithic debitage that saw little value graphic literature. in detailed studies of waste accumulated during SHELL BEAD DATING tool manufacture. The detailed study of shell bead production refuse enhances the ability of Classification of shell beads into categories archaeologists to determine when and where by shape, size, and style has been and continues particular bead types were manufactured. As to be a common analytical technique used by discussed below, since the dating of bead and California and Great Basin archaeologists. The ornament types is far from conclusive, such seminal description of this classification was studies will help refine the chronology. Lillard, Heizer, and Fenenga's (1939) Olivella Furthermore, analysis of shell detritus from shell bead typology. Subsequent studies essen­ archaeological contexts greatly expands on the tially expanded and modified this basic morpho­ few ethnographic cases and replication studies logical typology. available that describe shell bead and ornament Initially, each bead type was dated relatively manufacture techniques (Merriam MS; Barrett by crude burial lot seriations or associations and Gifford 1933; Barrett 1952; Hampson 1975; (Gifford 1947; Beardsley 1948; Bennyhoff and King 1978; Macko 1984). Heizer 1958). During the late 1950s R. F. The excavation of the Davis site (CA-Nap- Heizer organized projects to retrieve carbon 539), an inland site excavated in 1980 by the samples from previously excavated burial University of California, Davis, yielded a large locations that had formed the basis of the quantity of coastal shell species, the nearest established seriations. According to J. A. sources of which are the Bolinas and Bodega Bennyhoff (personal communication 1990), bays (McLean 1978). The project was directed Heizer attempted to correlate the radiocarbon by Charles Slaymaker. Although the site dates obtained from these samples with specific contains multiple components, predominately it burials and/or associated artifactual assemblages. represents an early Phase I Late Period In this way, Heizer sought to date the occupation occupation (approximately A.D. 700-1000). The of each site or burial location to check the diverse shell assemblage from the Davis site earlier seriations. Given the methods, as includes whole Olivella biplicata shell; finished described by Bennyhoff (who was a participant bead forms of Olivella, Saxidomus, and Tressus; on at least one of these radiocarbon sample- 30 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY collection projects), it is appropriate to argue In descending order of abundance, the that the radiocarbon dates obtained from these coastal shell present at the site consisted of sites must be applied with caution. Olivella biplicata, Saxidomus, Tressus, and Recently, Bennyhoff and Hughes (1987) Haliotis. Olivella shell fragments were found compiled the most comprehensive Olivella bead throughout all excavated units and were highly typology yet in their publication "Shell Bead and visible during the initial surface collection ofthe Ornament Exchange Networks Between Cali­ site as well. The bulk of the shell detritus fornia and the Western Great Basin." They (2,165 fragments) is of Olivella (Table 1). The distinguished and classified bead and ornament term detritus is used here to mean fragments of types on the basis of critical measurements as shell with no evidence of shaping, incising, well as on gross shape and more precise stylistic and/or drilling; it is the material that was criteria. The basic premise is that, by using discarded during bead production. Two coastal metric criteria to distinguish types, researchers saltwater clam species, Tressus nuttali and should be able to assign shell beads and Saxidomus nuttali, also are present in the ornaments to a chronological series in a assemblage as beads (n = 30), bead fragments replicable and objective manner, thus reducing (n = 17), and bead blanks (n = 3), totaling 50 the subjective assessments so rampant in the identifiable specimens. Clam disk beads were past. Where possible, Bennyhoff and Hughes concentrated in the upper 20 to 30-cm. level. In (1987) incorporated radiocarbon dates to contrast, only seven Haliotis beads and pendants establish the temporal duration of specific bead were recovered from units 1, 3, and 30, and types. Unfortunately, few reliable dates are ranged in depth from 100 to 170 cm., inclusive. available, leaving the temporal significance of No Haliotis manufacturing detritus was identi­ many of the bead types poorly substantiated, and fied. The following discussion focuses on the pointing to the need for studies well beyond manufacture of Olivella beads as documented by analyses of finished beads in burial contexts. the abundance of Olivella detritus at the site. SITE DESCRIPTION ANALYSIS OF OLIVELLA REMAINS The Davis site is located approximately 50 The distribution and concentration of all miles inland from the Pacific coast (Fig. 1). Olivella shell beads and refuse indicate both The site is situated adjacent to Rattlesnake vertical and horizontal stratification (Table 1). Creek, a small stream whose watershed drains Eighty-six percent of the Olivella shell bead into the northern end of Berryessa Valley. production detritus was recovered from the Large ethnohistoric Patwin villages were southern portion of the site in units 1, 30, and recorded by Kroeber (1932) throughout Berry­ 31 (Table 1 and Fig. 2). essa Valley, principally along the major Bead types were identified using metric and watercourses of I*utah Creek and Eticuera Creek. morphological criteria defined by Bennyhoff and The Davis site consists of a large midden Hughes (1987). That is, beads were oriented deposit with an extent of over 32 x 40 m. and a according to their designation of "standard maximum depth of approximately 2 m. (Fig. 2). orientation" with ' 'spire up and the canal down'' Of the 10 1 X 2-m. units excavated, five were (Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987:87), Measure­ centrally located on the main rise of the midden ments were taken on diameter, length, width, (Fig. 2). Units were excavated in arbitrary 10- thickness, curvature, and perforation diameter, cm. levels with extensive recording of artifacts depending on the overall shape of the object. and features in situ. Beads were assigned to a type if they met the OLIVELLA SHELL BEAD MANUFACTURE IN CALIFORNIA 31 • Archaeological sites located before •i^^* • dam construction ^t'""^^ 4 mi. Fig. 1. Map showing location ofthe Davis site (CA-Nap-539) in relation to sites in Berryessa Valley. 32 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY The Davis Site CA-Nap-539 I Contour Interval = 0.25 m. North meters Fig. 2. Map of the Davis site with excavation units. criteria listed in Bennyhoff and Hughes' (1987) (80%) are of a single type of Olivella bead typology for size (including all measurements (Table 2). The predominant bead type was listed above) and overall morphological char­ identified as Mia Normal Sequin (Fig. 3). acteristics. If the type did not match each of the Bennyhoff and Hughes (1987:140) described key measurements, another type was sought until these as rectangular beads with ventral face a match was made. For the most part, this was grinding and central perforation. They are a straightforward process. considered to be a chronological marker for Following Bennyhoff and Hughes' (1987) early Phase I between A.D. 700 and 1000. typology, 13 Olivella bead types were identified Figure 4 illustrates both the ventral and at the Davis site representing late Middle Period dorsal view of the Olivella biplicata shell. The (ca. 200 B.C. to A.D. 700) through Phase II Mia Normal Sequin was removed from the (A.D. 1500 to ca. 1880) bead types. It was dorsal section of the Olivella shell. Discarded clear, however, that the majority of the beads shell fragments would consist of all other OLIVELLA SHELL BEAD MANUFACTURE IN CALIFORNIA 33 Table 1 OLIVELLA DETRITUS FROM THE DAVIS SITE Depth (cm.) Unit 1 Unit 30 Unit 31 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 29 Unit 2 Totals 0-10 3 18 10 2 2 3 1 39 10-20 9 15 6 13 20 21 0 84 20-30 1 25 3 19 12 15 2 77 30-40 23 26 1 14 1 21 86 40-50 20 20 10 14 10 17 91 50-60 36 43 3 9 4 16 111 60-70 31 85 13 10 12 16 167 70-80 35 80 97 8 9 229 80-90 28 115 16 4 3 166 90-100 40 54 5 3 102 100-110 48 184 11 1 244 110-120 60 121 3 184 120-130 103 129 5 237 130-140 86 106 192 140-150 48 23 71 150-160 57 9 66 160-170 18 18 No loc. 1 I Totals 647 1,053 159 117 77 109 2,165 Table 2 OLIVELLA ORNAMENTS FROM THE DAVIS SITE Chronology' Temporal periods' Class* Bead name Numl Any period A1/B2 Spire-lopped/End Ground 27 Gl Tiny Saucer 1 A.D. 1500-ca. 1880 Pro tohistoric-Historic Hla Ground Disk 1 E2a Full Lipped 4 Ela Round Thin Lipped 2 ca. A.D. 700-1500 Late Prehistoric Kl Cupped 1 M2c Narrow Pendant 2 M2a Normal Pendant 4 Mlc Narrow Sequin 6 Mia Normal Sequin 281 ca.
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