1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 9997 Among the stipulations laid down in 3. Not to permit the formation or resi­ The Soviet Government, however, re­ an exchange of official letters. which re­ dence on its territority of any organiza­ jected the protest 2 days later, stating it tion or group-and to prevent the activity "cannot take UPon itself and has not sulted in establishment of diplomatic on its territory of any organization or group, relations was one which banned sub­ or of respresentatives or officials of any or­ taken upon itself obligations of any kind versive activity, including propaganda, ganization or group-which makes claim to with regard to the Communist Interna­ by the Communist government or its be the Government of, or makes attempt tional." agents in this country. upon the territorial integrity of, the United Of course, this was just as phony as Foreign Commissar Maxim Litvinov States, its territories or possessions; not to present-day Russian arguments. In form, subsidize, support or permit on its ter­ just a few years, Earl Browder told an stated it would be the "fixed policy of the ritory military organization or groups :tiaving Government of the Union of Soviet So­ investigation conducted by the State of the aim of armed struggle against the United New York, June 30, 1938, that "the cialist Republics" to refrain from "any States, its territories or possessions, and to agitation or propaganda" aimed at the prevent any recruiting on behalf of such or­ Communist Party of the United States very type of revolution they have been ganizations and groups. is part and parcel of the Communist In­ trying to encourage in this country ever 4. Not to permit the formation or resi­ ternational in Moscow." dence on its territory of any organization or Ever since recognition was granted since. group-and to prevent the activity on its the Soviet Communist regime in Russia, The actual wording of the guarantee territory of any organization or group, or of that Government has used its Embassy­ from Litvinov was: representatives or officials of any organiza­ and through the years the embassies of To refrain, and to restrain all per­ tion or group-which has as an aim the those nations which are held by mili­ sons in Government service and all organi­ overthrow or the preparation for the over­ zations of the Government or under its throw of, or the bringing about by force of tary force as Russian colonies-as the direct or indirect control, including or­ a change in, the political or social order of base of espionage and propaganda ef­ ganizations in receipt of any financial as­ the whole or any part of the United States, forts in this country. The situation is sistance from it, from any act overt or its territories or possessions. true today as the Russian Embassy in covert liable in any way whatsoever to particular sends out frequent mass mail­ injure the tranquillity, prosperity, order, or It did not take the Communists long to ings of Communist propaganda to librar­ security of the whole or any part of the violate this fixed policy. In 1935 the ies, businessmen, government officials, United States, its territories or possessions, United States protested to the Soviet the press and other individuals and in­ and, in particular, from any act tending to Government against violation of the stitutions. incite or encourage armed intervention, or antipropaganda pledge in the recogni­ any agitation or propaganda having as an Based on a broken agreement, car­ tion agreements. The protest was based ried out with a subsidy from the Ameri­ aim, the violation of the territorial integrity upon statements made by American of the United States, its territories or pos­ can taxpayer, this propaganda effort by sessions, or the bringing about by force of Communist delegates to the Seventh the Russians is one sided and constant. a change in the political or social order of World Congress of the Comintern relat­ Only the line is changed to keep up with the whole or any part of the United States, ing to Communist subversive activities the twists and turns of official Soviet its territories or possessions. in the United States. policy.

SENATE MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT­ MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE APPROVAL OF BILLS AND JOINT A message from the House of Repre­ FRIDAY, JUNE 8, 1962 RESOLUTIONS sentatives, by Mr. Bartlett, one of its Messages in writing from the Presi­ reading clerks, announced that the The Senate met at 12 o'clock meridian, dent of the United States were com­ House had passed a bill (H.R. 5532) to and was called to order by the Vice Pres­ municated to the Senate by Mr. Miller, amend the Armed Services Procurement ident. one of his secretaries, and he announced Act of 1947, in which it requested the The Chaplain, Rev. Frederick Brown that on May 31, 1962, the President had concurrence of the Senate. Harris, D.D., offered the following approved and signed the following acts prayer: and joint resolutions: HOUSE BILL REFERRED Our Father, God, midst all the busy S. 1915. An act for the -relief of Orsolina The bill (H.R. 5532) to amend the shuttles of legislation, as here in this Cianflone Iallonardo, Mrs. Chow Chui Ha, and Giuseppe Aniello; Armed Services Procurement Act of 1947, Chamber is woven the fabric of law and S. 2270. An act to amend section 105 of was read twice by its title and referred order, nourishing and shielding the life title 28, United States Code, so as to transfer to the Committee on Armed Services. of our democracy, may we not be so certain counties from the Western Division enmeshed in the immediate mechanics of the Western District of Missouri to the of our tasks as to lose sight of the total St. Joseph Division of such district, and for LIMITATION OF DEBATE DURING pattern shown only in the mount of other purposes; MORNING HOUR vision. S. 2806. An act to amend the act entitled Pausing in this temple of a people's "An act to provide better facilities for the On request of Mr. MANSFIELD, and by hope and prayer, we would not catalog enforcement of the customs and immigration unanimous consent, statements during laws," to increase the amounts authorized the morning hour were ordered limited the sins of others. We come not to exult to be expended; to 3 minutes. that we are not as other men; but, rath­ S.J. Res. 129. Joint resolution authorizing er, confessing our own sins, we would the Secretary of the Air Force to admit a cit­ pray for Thy forgiveness and Thy cleans­ izen of the Kingdom of Thailand to the U.S. LEAVE OF ABSENCE ing. we would be the kind of persons Air Force Academy; and to whom Thou canst trust Thy ageless S.J. Res. 175. Joint resolution authorizing Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I purposes to our willing and eager hands. the Secretary of the Navy to receive for in­ ask unanimous consent that the senior We ask only for light enough for the struction at the U.S. Naval Academy at An­ Senator from New Mexico [Mr. CHAVEZ] next step, courage enough to face the napolis two citizens and subjects of the be granted an official leave of absence present duty, and truth enough for to­ Kingdom of Belgium. from the Senate, due to official business. day's decisions, as into Thy hands we The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob­ jection, it is so ordered. commit our ways. EXECUTIVE MESSAGES REFERRED We ask it in the dear Redeemer's name. Amen. As in executive session, The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the COMMITTEE MEETING DURING Senate messages from the President of SENATE SESSION THE JOURNAL the United States submitting sundry On request of Mr. MANSFIELD, and by On request of Mr. MANSFIELD, and by -nominations, which were referred to the unanimous consent, the Small Business unanimous consent, the reading of the appropriate committees. Subcommittee of the Banking and Cur­ Journal of the proceedings of Thursday, (For nominations this day received, rency Committee was authorized to meet June 7, 1962, was dispensed with. see the end of Senate proceedings.) during the session of the Senate today. 9998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 8 EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. investment of the war risk insurance fund ployment has reached · astronomical The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the in securities of, or gtiaranteed by, the United States (Rept. No. 1577}. level~and in view of increasing labor­ Senate the following letters, which were saving mechanization, the outlook is referred as indicated: bleak. New jobs can only be provided if there is a demand for the output they AMENDMENT OF WATERSHED PROTECTION AND BILLS INTRODUCED FLOOD PREVENTION Acr Bills were introduced. read the first produce. Thus, in order to make a A letter from the Secretary of Agricul­ time-, and, by unanimous consent, the frontal attack on the unemployment ture~ transmitting a. draft of proposed legis­ second time, and referred as follows: problem, we must find new and greater lation to amend the Watershed Protection markets for American manufactured and Flood Prevention Act, as amended (with By Mr. MANSFIELD: goods. S. 3388. A bill for the relief of Evelyn M. an accompanying paper) ; to the Committee DeJesus; to the Committee on the Judiciary. A third and interrelated area of our on Agriculture and Forestry. By Mr. ENGLE: economy would similarly benefit from an REPORT ON REVIEW OF POLICIES AND PRO­ S. 3389. A bill to promote the foreign com­ increase in exports. Our great manu­ CEDURES FOR THE USE OF EXCESS STOCKPILED merce of the United States through the use facturing plants are working at far under MATERIALS BY FEDERAL GOVERNMENT of mobile trade fairs; to the Committee on full capacity. As I stated a moment ago AGENCIES Qommerce. this is partly due to the partial satura~ A letter from the Comptroller General of ( See the remarks of Mr. ENGLE when he the United States, transmitting, pursuant to introduced the above bill, which appear tion of domestic markets. Yet, there are law, a report on the review of policies and under a separate heading.) untapped markets abroad for many of procedures for the use of excess stockpiled the products of these semi-idle indus­ materials by Federal Government agencies, tries. The creation of an oversea de­ Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization (suc­ CONCURRENT RESOLUTION mand would serve as the needed stimulus ceeded by Office of Emergency Planning) , CAPTIVE NATIONS RESOLUTION to increase production, spur new capital Executive Office of the President, dated May investment, reduce unemployment--in 1962 (with an accompanying report); to the Mr. HRUSKA submitted a concurrent short, give a shot in the arm to our entire Committee on Government Operations. resolution

1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· SENATE 10001 Third clarinet: Charlotte Einarson (fresh­ cancer, heart disease, or stroke--may choice of physicians or other personnel or man, Darlene Winegar: (freshman), Kathy necessitate 2 or 3 months of il).tensive facilities by the individual, without the ex­ Smith (freshman), Betty Arnold (fresh­ care. ercise of any Federal supervision or control man), Rosemary Boyd (sophomore), and Who pays these huge bills for those al­ over the practice of medicine by any doctor, Darlene Smith (freshman). or even the manner in which medical serv­ Alto clarinet: Carold Rude (sophomore). ready retired? The individual himself, ices are provided by any hospital.'" Bass clarinet: Tom Morales (freshman). for as long as his resources last, or his Dr. Spock also addresses himself to the Bassoon: Charlotte Battin (sophomore). insurance company. But statistics show AMA charge that the plan w0uld destroy the Alto saxophones: Larry Cada (junior) and this accounts for slightly less than half doctor-patient relationship. David Spencer (freshman). the total expense incurred by persons To the contrary, Dr. Spock says, it will Tenoi: saxophones: Ken Whelan (senior) over 65. The rest must be met by rela­ improve and strengthen it. He said: and Bob Kloetzke (freshman). tives or by the State. I wonder how long "Take the case of an aged person who no Baritone saxophone: Bob Bigham (senior). longer has to fear that he will become a French horns: Jay Cook (sophomore), we shall tolerate this financial threat to hospital charity case. He will go to his Mike Darling (freshman), and Bruce Mc­ three generations, this constant increase doctor more readily at the first signs of ill­ Intyre (freshman). in welfare costs, when there is at hand a ness. If his doctor recommends hospitaliza­ First trumpets: Dennis Kimzey (senior) mechanism whereby a worker could ob­ tion, he will not be embarrassed because of and John Blinn (senior). tain health coverage, not only for his the lack of money. And, if he goes to his Second trumpets: Bill Marratt (sopho­ own retirement, but, in the overwhelm­ own doctor's hospital, he can feel confident more) and Ray Callaghan (freshman). ing majority of cases, for his aged par­ that he will have -the continuous supervi­ Third trumpets: Bill McLain (freshman) sion of his own physician, whose bills he and Tom Carlson (sophomore) . ents, as well. will pay himself." First trombones: Bradley Kenfield (sopho­ Mr. President, my State of Oregon is The principal question we have concern­ more) and Larry Luce (sophomore) . unusually fortunate in the number of its ing the King-Anderson proposal is whether Second trombones: James Loy (freshman) older citizens who have earned the right it goes far enough. It does not cover every­ and Bob Jones (freshman). to some protection in their later years, one--just those eligible for social security Third trombone: Doren Renfrow (fresh­ through their contributions to either so­ benefits. And it does not cover all costs. man). cial security or railroad retirement. If Here, briefly, is what the benefits would Baritones: Dick Fulton (junior), David we enact the King-Anderson bill in this include: Leitz (sophomore), and Don Gochanour . Hospitalization for up to 90 days for each (freshman) . Congress, 92.4 percent of all elderly Ore­ illness, with the patient paying the first $10 String bass: Douglas Kenfield (freshman). gonians-nearly all who are not now per day for the first 9 days. Tubas: Larry McMillan (senior), Bob receiving medical care through Federal Nursing home services up to 180 days after Miles (junior), and Fred Forkin (freshman). employee retirement, veteran, or other transfer from a hospital. Tympani and bells: Jane Smith (junior) public programs--would be covered when Outpatient hospital diagnostic services, and Dixie Whelan (freshman) . it went into effect. with the patient paying the first $20 for Percussion: Pat Murphy (senior), Jim As the editorial to which I referred each diagnostic study. Coulson (junior), Jim Grist (junior), Mike Home health services up to 240 visits in earlier quite properly points out, the one year; includes intermittent nursing care Hoffman (freshman), and Mike Krall (fresh­ King-Anderson bill is far from all-inclu­ man). and therapy as ordered by physician. Musicale cochairmen: Larry Cada, con­ sive. But for a vast majority of our citi­ Drugs as needed when in the hospital or struction; Bob Bigham, decorations; Patsi zens it would place the burden of the nursing home. Morris, publicity; Sharon Kelly, refresh­ heaviest medical costs where it properly Doctors' bills only if they are those of ments. · belongs-namely, under a system of pre­ specialists in radiology, pathology, physical Programs: Courtesy of Band Mother's paid, contributory social insurance. This medicine and anesthesiology if they are part Club. of the hospital bill. should enable us, through the expansion Despite its drawbacks and shortcomings, of the Kerr-Mills program, now so woe­ the King-Anderson proposal, in combination fully inadequate in my State, or by other ENDORSEMENT OF THE KING-AN­ with the various existing welfare medical as­ means, to cover the individuals and needs sistance programs, comes closer to a prac­ DERSON BILL FOR MEDICAL not provided for in the present bill. tical approach to this problem than any­ CARE Mr. President, I ask that the editorial thing so far proposed. Mrs. NEUBERGER. Mr. President, entitled "Medical Care Bill," from the There is also mounting evidence that a 19 substantial majority of Americans who have on April 19 of this year one of the fine April issue of the Medford, Oreg., thought about it have come to a similar newspapers in my State, the Medford Mail Tribune, be printed at this point conclusion. The Gallup poll indicates this. Mail Tribune, published an editorial ad­ in the RECORD. ' Congressmen's mail also indicates a wide­ vocating the passage of the King-Ander­ There being no objection, the editorial spread and vigorous interest in the proposal. son bill. The editorial quotes at length was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Observers in Washington are of the opin­ from the author of our perennial medi­ as follows: ion that once the King-Anderson bill is al­ cal bestseller, Dr. Benjamin Spock. MEDICAL CARE BILL lowed on the floor of the House, it will pass. The problem is in the Ways and Dr. Spock won fame as a pediatrician. Is the proposal for medical care for the Means Committee which is divided 10 to But as a pediatrician he has gone into aged, financed through social security, "so­ 10, with 5 "doubtful" members holding people's homes and has seen the shatter­ cialized medicine," as the American Medical the key to passage. Senate approval is con­ ing effects which the burden of an aged Association keeps trying to insist? sidered likely. parent's medical costs may have on a Not in the view of one of the Nation's To us, the single most convincing advan­ married couple struggling to provide the best known doctors. He is Dr. Benjamin tage of the King-Anderson proposal is that Spock, author of "Baby and Child Care," it would be administered through the long­ best possible start in life for a growing which has assisted so many young mothers tested mechanism of the social security sys­ family. in the care of their offspring. tem, the same system which also was at­ Should such a couple exhaust their sav­ Dr. Spock is a strong supporter of the tacked as socialism when it was first ings, mortgage their home, and dip into King-Anderson bill, which would utilize the adopted. the money put away for the higher edu­ social security system to provide some care To older person-some of them-it would cation of a bright child? Or should they for older. people. be assurance that they would be protected let. an ailing father or mother suffer the And, in answering whether or not it is against massive medical bills. Eventually, as "socialized medicine," Dr. Spock has this social security is extended, it would cover added misfortune of becoming a public to say: an estimated 95 percent of the population charge? "Socialized medicine is a system under aged 65 or over. Mr. President, social security pay­ which the Government pays for and manages To younger people, it would give similar ments to our fast-growing numbers ·of all the health care for all the people, doc­ assurance about their old age, and also guard retired persons have barely kept pace tors' salaries as well as hospital costs. The against the threat of excessive medical pay­ with the ordinary expenses of daily life. President's program applies only to those who ments on behalf of parents or grandparents. But hospital . costs have soared far be­ are 65 and over. It pays hospital and nurs­ It would be paid for during an individual's yond them-from $9 a day in 1947 to $33 ing home bills only. It does not pay the working life through his own contributions now in my own State. private doctor's bill. It guarantees the right (about $1 per month for an average work­ of the individual to choose his own doctor er) and those of his employer. The average annuitant's monthly and his own hospital. The United States is far behind many check is $75, or enough to support him in "The King-Anderson bill clearly states that other nations in the attention it has given a general hospital for a few hours more the health insurance plan will be carried out to the medical welfare of its citizens. Pres­ than 2 days. But the dread diseases- 'without interfering in any way with the free sure is mounting for some kind of program, 10002 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 8 either in place of or in addition to the Kerr­ porting President Kennedy's health care for of Appeals for the District of Columbia Mills bill, which has not been adopted by the aged program tied to social security. Circuit has reversed the contempt of all the States, has had wltie variations in With the exception of a few snide remarks, Congress conviction of Austin J. Tobin, application, and which is too generous to both pickets and rally goers were fairly polite so.me, to penurious to others. and orderly. One woman from the rally the executive director of the New York The King-Anderson b1ll (S. 909 and H.R. group, moved by her emotions, however, Por,t Authority. 4222) is the best answer now in sight. walked from 'the auditorium toward an The unanimous decision of the court It should be adopted by Congress this elderly woman picket, and said, "You Com­ vindicates the refusal of Mr. Tobin to session, and if you agree. we suggest you munist." She turned and walked back furnish to a House committee documents let your Congressman (Dr. EDWIN R. DURNO) inside. relating exclusively to the internal ad­ and Senators (1"fAURINE NEUBERGER and The placard-carrying object of this com­ ministration of the authority, Mr. WAYNE MORSE) know abotJt it.-E.A. ment was taken back. "Did she mean me?" she asked in astonishment. Tobin's position was backed by the Gov­ Inside, to the smooth strains of Sheldon ernors of both New York and New Jersey ANTIMEDICARE RALLY AT PORT­ Brooks' orchestra, and the smooth elocution and by every living former Governor of LAND, OREG. of Harry von Zell, radio and TV personality, these States under whom the port au­ the rather large crowd, obviously partisan, thority has operated. The court's opin­ Mrs. NEUBERGER. Mr. President, in ate up 2½ hours of the program, which in­ ion contains important guidelines as to contrast to the article I have just now cluded doctors, the wife of a physician, an the power of Congress over bi-State submitted, which supports the adminis­ eld~rly woman who had broken her hip, her agencies created by congressionally ap­ tration's bill on medical care, I wish to daughter who had been a lifelong invalid, proved compacts. call the attention of my colleagues to a an insurance executive, a Hood River farmer, a registered nurse, and entertainment by Red The pity of this case is that it had to straightforward report of a meeting Dunning and the Shrine Chanters. be prosecuted in the :first place. For held recently in my home city of Port­ Principal speaker was JAMES B. UTT, Re­ one thing, efforts to accommodate the land, Oreg., by a group which does not publican Congressman, from Orange County, committee had not been exhausted when support the President's program for Calif., and a member of the House Ways and it was decided to order a criminal con­ medical care. I thought it was interest­ Means Committee, who predicted the com­ tempt citation of Mr. Tobin. For an­ ing to note the tactics which were used mittee never will let the King-Anderson bill other, as the court's opinion points out, by the Multnomah County Medical So­ out of committee for action on the floor of Mr. Tobin "is no criminal, and no one ciety in presenting its honest viewpoint Congress. UTT said: "To say that I am opposed to the seriously considers him one." This in opposition. King-Anderson bill is putting it rather would be true even if his conviction had The group at the rally held at the lightly. I have been referred to as a con­ been sustained. civic auditorium contained one woman servative, an extremist, a Fascist and a I have advocated for many years a who moved from her place in the audi­ Neanderthal man. I am a little bit right of civil procedure for alleged contempt torium area toward a woman who was McKinley and a little bit left of Alfred the cases. This procedure would spare wit­ picketing outside the building and was Great. I am opposed to the welfare state, nesses in Mr. Tobin's predicament the supporting President Kennedy's health I say to the medical prof.ession, 'You can­ ignominy of a criminal indictment, and care for the aged program, and called not remain an island in a welfare state.' " UTT said the public's mail, heavy on the at the same time would serve much more her a Communist. Then she turned and subject of medicare, has been running "more effectively the real interests of all con­ walked back inside. than 10 to l" against the Kennedy proposal. gressional committees. Under my pro­ The feature of the evening seemed to The King-Anderson bill would increase posal, whenever any privilege against be the appearance of a former radio and social security payments and would provide answering a committee's question or pro­ television personality by the name of for hospital payments in part. It would not ducing requested documents was raised, Harry von Zell, who is described in the pay doctors' bills. the issue could be presented immedi­ article as a "sidekick of Eddie Cantor ately to a district judge, The judge and George Burns." MEDICARE OPPOSED BECAUSE OF TREND TOWARD could then rule as to the propriety of As my colleagues will note when they SOCIALISM (By Charlie Hanna) the request, and could order the witness read the article, which I hope to have to respond if he determined that the printed in the RECORD, the statement Close brushes with communism in the early 19SO's is the reason Harry von Zell emceed committee's inquiry was proper. If he made by Mr. von Zell, who was spon­ the "rally for realism in medical care" Mon­ held against the committee, that could sored by the medical society, has nothing day night. be the end of the matter. In no case to d.> with the proposed medical-care For the past year, he told reporters, he'd would the witness have to be cited for program. Instead, in his statement he spoken to groups "like this rally" because criminal contempt, indicted by a grand referred to the John Birch Society as a of his concern over the Communist threat jury, tried by a petit jury, and subjected "patriotic, well-motivated group," al­ internally. to bail, like a gangster-even though his though he stated that he disagrees with The radio and TV performer, who for years only offense might be a sincere disagree­ its line of approach to the solution of played straight man for comedians Cantor and Burns, spoke in length and earnest about ment as to the legality of the commit­ problems. The article states that "he "disunity, chaos, and confusion" created in tee's interrogation. At the same time, called for a more informed public, for this country to the benefit of communism. if the witness was wrong, and if the Political 'middle-of-the-roaders to get He called for a more informed public, for committee was right, the judge could off their heads,' and for President Ken­ political "middle-of-the-roaders to get off direct the witness to answer or to pro­ nedy to ask for a vote of confidence from their heads," and for President Kennedy to duce without delay, and could invoke the people." ask for a vote of confidence from the people. summary civil-contempt procedures to Mr. President, I hope the Multnomah Von Zell said the medical society paid the enforce his order. That would mean expenses of his Portland trip, but that he County Medical Society, which is said to charges no fee for this type of appearance. that the committee would get the infor­ have paid Mr. von Zell's way to come to He claims no allegiance to any political ma~ion it needed when it was timely, the area and lend his support to the op­ group with exception of the American Edu­ rather than win a hollow victory long position to President Kennedy's medical cation League, for which he serves as a mem­ after the issue had become academic. care program, will feel that it got its ber of the board. The league was founded in The VICE PRESIDENT. The time money's worth. 1927, he said. Its purpose is to promote available to the Senator from New York, I ask unanimous consent that two Americanism. under the 3-minute limitation, has ex­ Asked his opinion of the John Birch soci­ pired. articles be printed in the body of the ety, von Zell commented he considered it RECORD. a "patriotic, well-motivated group" whose Mr. KEATING. Mr. President, I ask There being no objection, the articles line of approach to solution of problems he unanimous consent that I may proceed were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, disagrees with. for 1 more minute. .as follows: The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob­ jection? Without objection, it is so MEDICARE FOES RALLY U.S. COURT OF APPEALS DECISION (By Jack Roberts) ordered; and the Senator from New York REVERSING CONVICTION OF AUS­ is recognized for 1 additional minute. Rain failed to dampen the spirits of a TIN J. TOBIN FOR CONTEMPT OF crowd at an antimedicare rally at the civic Mr. KEATING. Mr~ President, both auditorium Monday night-n,or did it keep CONGRESS , the court of appeals, in reversing Mr. away some 50 pickets who walked ln front Mr. KEATING. Mr. President, in a Tobin's conviction, and the district ~ourt, · of the big meeting place, carrying signs, sup- very significant decision the U.S. Court in upholding the committee's position, 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 10003 deplored the fact that criminal proceed­ repeal" its resolutions of approval. Over the the chairman of the subcommittee. There­ ings were brought. I have been encour­ years, the port authority has been remark­ after, the subcommittee recommended to the ably successful in achieving its goals. As full committee that appellant be cited by aged by these views to renew my efforts of 1969, it had investments of nearly $1 bil­ the House for contempt. This recommen­ to obtain the endorsement of the De­ lion and gross annual operating revenue in dation was adopted by the Judiciary Com­ partment of Justice for my civil con­ excess of $100 million. mittee, two members dissenting, and sub­ tempt bill-S. 2074-which has been In February of 1960, the Judiciary Com­ sequently by the House itself. Charged by pending in the Senate Committee on the mittee initiated an investigation of the information, appellant waived his right to Judiciary for almost a year. The De­ authority on an informal basis. The au­ jury trial and was convicted of contempt partment's views on this measure were thority cooperated with the committee in­ of Congress by District Judge Youngdahl.3 vestigators except as to disclosing certain Appellant advances several arguments in requested many months ago by the com­ documents alleged to relate exclusively to support of the position that his conviction • mittee. Perhaps this latest example of the internal administration of the authority. cannot stand. For present purposes, to the inappropriateness of criminal pro­ After this refusal events moved swiftly to illustrate the constitutional issues we would cedures in such cases will induce the a climax. · have to decide in order to affirm the convic­ Department to give its backing to a On June 1, 1960, the chairman of the com­ tion, we list but two of his arguments: measure along the lines of my proposal. mittee obtained from the House subpena 1. That Congress does not have the power, Mr. President, I know that the Court's power in connection with matters "involv­ under the compact clause of the Constitu­ ing the activities and operations of inter­ tion, to "alter, amend or repeal" its consent opinion will be of interest to many Mem­ state compacts." What little floor discussion to an interstate compact, which was the bers of the Senate; therefore, I ask there was preceding this grant of subpena stated purpose of the subcommittee's in­ unanimous consent that it be printed at power was not very enlightening; it certainly vestigation. this point in the RECORD. provided no lucid analysis of what was soon 2. That "the subpena issued by the sub­ There being no objection, the opinion to follow. On June 8, 1960, Subcommittee committee, demanding documents relating was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, No. 6 of the Ju(il.iciary Committee instituted to the internal administration of the port as follows: a formal inquiry into the authority. authority which the Governors of New York Appellant conferred with the board of and New Jersey ordered appellant not to AUSTIN J. TOBIN, APPELLANT, V. UNITED commissioners of the authority, as well as produce [was] an unconstitutional invasion STATES OF .AMERICA, APPELLEE-NO. 16604 witn the Governors of both New York and of powers reserved to the States under the ( Appeal from the U.S. District Court for the New Jersey, and the consensus of their 10th amendment to the Constitution." District of Columbia-Decided June 7, 1962) opinion was that the investigation being Because of the view we take of this case, Mr. Thomas E. Dewey, with whom Messrs. attempted was too broad to be valid. The appellant's first contention demands some Everett I. Willis, Lino A. Graglia and Sidney subcommitte was informed of their objec­ elaboration. In granting its consent Con­ Goldstein were on the brief, for appellant. tions and the reasons therefor. Discounting gress can attach certain binding conditions, Mr. William Hitz, assistant U.S. attorney, these objections, the subcommittee issued not only to its consent to the admission of with whom Messrs. David C. Acheson, U.S. the subpena in question. Appellant re­ a new State into the Union,4 but also to its attorney, and Nathan J. Paulson, assistant quested postponement of the return date consent to the formation of an interstate U.S. attorney, were on the brief, for appellee. of the subpena in order to give the Gov­ compact.6 However, the vital condition Mr. Charles T. Duncan, principal assistant ernors an opportunity to meet with the precedent to the validity of any such at­ U.S. attorney, also entered an appearance for subcommittee and discuss their objections tached condition is that it be constitutional. appellee. but the subcommittee refused the post­ If Congress does not have the power under Mr. Daniel M. Cohen, of the bar of the ponement. the Constitution, then it cannot confer Court of Appeals of New York, pro hac vice, After being denied the opportunity to such power upon itself by way of a legislative by special leave of court, with whom Mr. appear before the subcommittee, the Gov­ flat imposed as a condition to the granting Jerome M. Alper was on the brief, for the ernors wrote identical letters to their respec­ of its consent.0 State of New York, as amicus curiae, urging tive representatives on the board of com­ In the present case, therefore, Congress reversal. missioners of the authority, instructing express reservation of the right "to alter, Mr. Theodore I. Botter, of the bar of the them to direct appellant not to comply with amend or repeal" its initial consent to the Supreme Court of New Jersey, pro hac vice, the subpena. The board of commissioners creation of the authority is meaningless by special leave of court, for the State of so directed appellant on June 27, 1960. Two unless Congress has the power under the New Jersey as amicus curiae. Mr. William days later, on June 29, 1960, the subcommit­ Constitution "to alter, amend or repeal" its F. Tompkins was on the brief for the State tee met to receive the return of the subpena. consent to an interstate compact. The com­ of New Jersey, as amicus curiae, urging It was against this background that ap­ pact clause of the Constitution does not reversal. pellant refused to comply with the demands specifically confer such power upon Con­ Mr. J. Raymond Clark, filed a brief on of the subpena 2 and was ruled in default by gress. No case has been cited to us, nor behalf of the New York Chamber of Com­ have we been able to find any case through our own research, holding that Congress has merce, as amicus curiae, urging reversal. 2 Mr. Jerome M. Alper filed a brief on behalf Appellant's refusal to comply with the such constitutional power. Nor do we find as of the State of Delaware, as amicus curiae, subpe~a was only partial. The subpena any to the contrary. Since no such power urging reversal. issued is reported here in its entirety, the appears expressly in the compact clause, any Mr. Jerome M. Alper filed a brief on behalf bracketed portions representing those docu­ holding that it exists and that Congress of the State of Alabama, et al., as amici ments actually produced, the unbracketed possesses it must be predicated on the con­ curiae, urging reversal. · portions representing those that were re­ clusion that it exists as an implied power. Before Wilbur K. Miller, chief judge, and fused: We have addressed ourselves at some Danaher and Bastian, circuit judges. "(1) [All bylaws, organization manuals, length to this issue in order to show the Bastian, circuit judge: rules and regulations;] gravity of passing upon even only one of Austin J. Tobin, the executive director of "(2) [Annual financial reports;] internal the constitutional questions posed by this the Port of New York Authority, was charged financial reports, including budgetary analy­ case. Moreover, in view of appellant's argu­ by information and convicted in the district ses, postclosing trial balances, and internal ment that the plenary powers specified in court of criminal contempt of Congress, un­ audits; and management and financial re­ and by the Constitution are more than suf­ der 2 U.S.C. 192, for refusing to produce ports prepared by outside consultants; ficient to enable Congress to protect, super­ certain documents called for by a subpena "(3) All agenda [and minutes] of meet­ vise and preserve all Federal interests af­ issued by Subcommittee No. 5 of the Com­ ings of the board of commissioners and of its fected by the existence of interstate com­ mittee on the Judiciary of the U.S. House of committees; all reports to the commisisoners pacts, we are even less inclined to reach Representatives. by members of the executive staff; the constitutional issues involved here. We The Port of New York Authority is a bi­ "(4) All communications in the files of state agency established in 1921 and 1922 by the Port of New York Authority and in the "(d) the policies of the authority with compacts between the States of New York files of any of its officers or employees in­ respect to the development of rail transpor­ and New Jersey to provide for the efficient cluding correspondence, interoffice and other tation." administration of the New York Harbor, memorandums and reports relating to: The demands of the subpoena encom­ which is divided geographically between the "(a) the negotiation, execution and per­ passed the period from January 1, 1946, to two States. Pursuant to the compact clause formance of construction contracts; nego­ June 15, 1960. of the Constitution,1 Congress consented to tiation, execution and performance of 3 For a scholarly analysis of the factual the compacts but expressly retained, among insurance contracts, policies and arrange­ setting of this case, we refer to the detailed other matters, "the right to alter, amend, or ments; and negotiation, execution and per­ delineation found in the opinion of District formance of public relations contracts, poli­ Judge Youngdahl, 195 F. supp. 588 (1961). 1 Art. I, sec. 10-3, of the Constitution reads cies and arrangements; ' United States v. Sandoval (231 U.S. 28 in pertinent part: "No State shall, without "(b) the acquisition, transfer and leasing (1913)). . the Consent of Congress • • • enter into of real estate; 6 Petty v. Tennessee-Missouri Bridge Com­ any Agreement or Compact with another "(c) the negotiation and issuance of reve­ mission (359 U.S. 275 (1959)). State." nue bonds; °Cf.Coyle v. Smith (221 U.S. 559 (1911) ). 10004 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 8 have no way of knowing what ramifications Lest this distinction be lOdked upon a11 ity over 19 subjects~ including "interstate would result from a holding that Congress nothing more than a quibble, a mere aca­ compacts generally." 60 Stat. 812, 826-827; has the implied constitutional power "to demic distinction of a nicety too refined to rule XI (1). .In 1959 the committee was alter, amend or repeal" its consent to an be noticed outside an ivory tower, it must given subpena power to conduct "full and interstate compact. Certainly, in view of the be remembered that this case comes to us complete investigations and studies relating number and variety of interstate compacts by way of a criminal conviction.7 It must to [certain stated matters) coming within in effect today, such a holding would stir be borne in mind, therefore, that appellant the jurisdiction of the committee." H. Res. up an air of uncertainty in those areas of is entitled to all of the safeguards which our .27, 86th Congress, 1st session ( 1959) . As our national life presently affected by the system of criminal jurisprudence assures this last grant of authority did not encompass existence of these compacts. No doubt the him, not the least of which is that he not be interstate compacts, it was amended on June suspicion of even potential impermanency convicted in a general rush to vindicate mat­ 1, 1960, to include "the activities and op­ • would be damaging to the very concept of ters actually collateral to the crime for which erations of interstate compacts." H. Res. interstate compacts. he stands accused. Indeed, the present case 530, 86th Congress, 2d session (19,60). Put­ Appeliant argues that congressional con­ is a classic example of how this very danger ting these resolutions of authority together, sent becomes irrevocable once it is given arises. we find that the committee was given juris­ under the compact clause since Congress Appellant is no criminal and no one r.erl­ diction over "interstate compacts generally," thereby removes the constitutional ban ously considers him one. He stands before and the power "to conduct full and complete against the formation of interstate com­ us convicted of crime merely because no investigations and studies relating to • • • pacts and thus, to that extent, restores the method has been provided for testing the the activities and operations of interstate States to the inherent sovereignty they en­ merits of his contentions save that of a compacts." joyed prior to the adoption of the Consti­ prosecution for contempt of Congress. It The authority thus granted to the commit­ tution. This does not mean that once con­ is truly unfortunate that his choice was tee is couched in general terms. In the gressional consent is obtained the particular so restricted as to the presentation of his present case, the committee stretched these compact becomes a law unto itself, immune case, for it places us in the posture of being general terms in order to justify about as by reason of its autonomy from future con­ asked to answer broad ques1;ions of civil law specific an investigation of the Port of New gressional supervision. It simply means that within the framework of reviewing a crimi­ York Authority as can be envisaged. We the States are restored to that much of their nal conviction. Undoubtedly the questions are inclined to believe the House did not original sovereignty as would permit them presented to us properly demand resolution, intend these general terms to be stretched to enter into compacts with each other. .but we should not and cannot permit 'this quite· so far. While it is true that the Ju­ To this extent, and to this extent alone, does appeal for answers to blind us to our duty diciary Committee for many years did have congressional consent restore them to sov­ of administering criminal justice according specific jurisdiction over "interstate compacts ereignty-sovereign in the narrow sense of to traditional concepts. It must be remem­ generally," its traditional activity with re­ being free to conclude an interstate com­ bered that what we decide in this case will spect to this jurisdiction was entirely foreign pact, not sovereign in the broad sense of be preceqent for another, and far 1too often to an investigation of the kind and scope being free of the Constitution. has the rashness of today begotten the re­ attempted here. So in this respect the pres­ Accordingly, if a particular compact hap­ grets of tomorrow to induce us to tread un­ ent case ls the antithesis of the Supreme pens to be operational in nature (as exem­ sanctioned byways of criminal adjudication Court's decision in Barenblatt,8 where the plified by the compact creating the author­ merely because the setting of a partic' ..lar particular committee's authorization was ity) as opposed to one static in nature (as .appeal suggests the expediency of such a · found in the long history of congressional exemplified by an agreement to settle a dis­ course. In short, we decide this case as we acquiescence in that committee's work. puted boundary line, an act which neces­ would any other criminal appeal. It is with In the present case, the very fact that Con­ sarily dies at the moment of its birth), these considerations in mind, therefore, that gress had never before attempted such an ex­ Congress is not without power to control we approach the disposition of the present pansive investigation of an interstate com­ the conduct of the former. Under our sys­ controversy. pact agency-an investigation, by · its very tem of government the Constitution is para­ A contempt of Congress prosecution is nature, sure to provoke the serious and diffi­ mount, and the Constitution gives to Con­ not the most practical method of inducing cult constitutional questions involved here-­ gress certain plenary powers, as for example courts to answer broad questions broadly, leads to the conclusion that if Congress had, those in the field of interstate commerce and Especially is this so when the answers sought intended the Judiciary Committee to conduc1 that of national defense. With the choice necessarily demand far-reaching constit"..l­ such a novel investigation it would hav~ of acting pursuant to any or all of these tional adjudications. To avoid such con­ spelled ·out this intention in words more ex­ plenary powers continuously available to it, stitutional holdings is our duty, particularly plicit than the general terms found in the Congress has at its disposal abundant au­ in the area of the right of Congress to in­ authorizing resolutions under considera­ thority to supervise and regulate the activ­ form itself (United States v. Rumley, 345 tion.0 In any event, general terms are usually U.S. 41 (1953)). Consequently, when Con­ susceptible of differing interpretations. And ities of operational compacts in such a way gress authorizes a committee to conduct as to insure that no violence is done by so, in view of the fact that we consider it these compacts to more compelling Federal an investigation, the courts have adopted our duty to avoid, if possible, constitutional the policy of construing such resolutions of adjudication, we read these authorizing res­ concerns. authority narrowly, in order to obviate the Appellant argues, in short, that Congress olutions to mean that the Judiciary Com­ necessity of passing on serious constitutional mittee was empowered to conduct an inves­ can adequately protect every interest that questions (Watkins v. United States, 354 needs such protection because of the exist­ tigation calling for documents relating to U.S. 1"78 (1957); Brewster v. United States, actual "activities and operations" of the ence of an operational compact without, in 103 U.S. App. D.C. 147, 255 F. 2d 899, cert. doing so, being forced to the extremity of authority rather than for all of the admin­ denied, '358 U.S. 842 (1958)). istrative communications, internal memo­ rescinding its consent under the compact Accordingly, the first issue we must decide clause, an action which appellant contends randums, and other intra-authority docu­ is whether Congress gave the Judiciary Com­ ments demanded by the subpena ~n question Congress has no constitutional power to mittee of the House (and therefore its Sub­ perform. (Brewster v. United States, supra. Cf. United committee No. 5) authority sufficient to per­ States v. Rumley, supra. And see United Appellant's assertion in this respect is not mit the subcommittee to conduct the sweep­ unpersuasive, since a holding that Congress States v. Kamin, 136 F. Supp. 791 (Mass. ing investigation undertaken in the instant 1956)). Therefore, we think the subcom- has the constitutional power to "alter, amend case. The authority pointed to aS' validating or repeal" its consent under the compact the present investigation was conferred by 8 clause can hardly be stated as a proposition Barenblatt v. United States (360 U.S. 109 the House upon the Judiciary Committee in ~ (1959)). of universal applicability. A line mark,ing piecemeal fashion: · 9 the boundary between two States, initially In arriving at our conclusion in this re­ The Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 spect, we have been particularly impressed drawn by such States acting pursuant to an granted to the Judiciary Committee author- interstate compact, could hardly be erased by the absence of any truly enlightening or at some later date by Congress' enactment informative floor discussion in Congress at of hindsight legislation purporting to repeal 7 Regardless of what Congress might have the time the instant authority was sought its consent to the compact by which such · done or how Congress might have ap- by and granted to the Judiciary Committee boundary was initially determined (see . proached the instant problem, we are bound concerning the use in depth that was ex­ the discussion in Hinderlider v. LaPlata River by what Congress in fr.ct did do. Since the pected to be made of it. This want of ex­ Co., 304 U.S. 92 (1938) and cases cited jurisdiction of the subcommittee that issued planation is especially striking in light of therein). the subpena in question ,is derived from the the fact that no such massive investigation of In other words, appellant seeks to distin­ compact clause, and since the stated pur­ a compact agency had ever been initiated guish the ways in which congressional con­ pose of the subcommittee's investigation was by Congress before. We think the respect to determine whether Congress should "alter, , trol over an operational compact may be to which Congress is legitimately entitled · amend, or repeal" its consent to the compacts supports the conclusion that it would not properly exercised: he argues that control that established the authority, the distinc­ signal its approval of a decision of such mag­ undertaken pursuant to the plenary powers tion under discussion not only is not a play nitude in the delicate area of Federal-State is licit, whereas control attempted in the on words-it is an essential dividing line be­ relationship without a clearer expression sense of withdrawing consent under the com­ tween appellant's guilt or innocence of of its understanding of what it was doing pact clause is illicit. criminal conduct. than is reflected by the instant case. 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 10005 mittee's investigative authority, as thus con­ Texas and other States working in co­ helping to see that improvements are strued, was exhausted by the information operation with the administration's authorized as fast as possible. actually tendered by appellant in compliance well-directed "Visit U.S.A." program is I ask unanimous consent to have with the subpena, for such information ade­ quately disclosed all that the authority had certain to result in a vast improvement printed in the RECORD the following edi­ done in the area,,s under inquiry. The in­ in the relationship between the United torial from the Dallas Times Herald of formation refused to the subcommittee re­ States and other countries. The po­ June 5, 1962, entitled "Jaycees Take on lated only to the why of authority activity tential for stepped-up tourist visits to a Big · Project in Pushing Trinity Canal and, consequently, was outside the scope the United States by people from other Plan." of the subcommittee's authority to investi­ countries is virtually untapped and un­ There being no objection, the edi­ gate.10 limited, both in the areas of our good torial was ordered to be printed in the We feel inclined to add a few words in neighbor policy and our need for an im­ RECORD, as follows: conclusion. If Congress should adopt a resolution which in express terms author­ proved economy. JAYCEES TAKE ON A BIG PROJECT IN PUSHING izes and empowers the committee and its Mexico, Central and South America TRINITY CANAL PLAN duly authorized subcommittee to initiate have been sending more and more of The Trinity River represents a great po­ an investigation of the Port of New York their people to the United States, a move tential economic benefit for Dallas and a Authority as deep and as penetrating as the which is to be encouraged by civic and great part of the Southwest. one attempted here, a challenge o: the con­ business interests, and by all levels of For many years advocates have urged its gressional power so to provide would of government. canalization in order to make barge trans­ course present constitutional issues which portation available for north Texas. There we should have to meet and decide. There­ This administration, by its "Visit were many difficulties in the way. Some fore, we emphasize that all we are saying U.S.A." program under the leadership of already have been removed. Others remain, here is that a due regard for the responsibil­ Secretary of Commerce Hodges and Voit but more persons are convinced that they ity of administering justice prompts us to Gilmore, Director of U.S. Travel Service, too can be removed to make the canaliza­ avoid serious constitutional adjudications and by working in close harmony with tion a reality. until such time as Congress clearly manifests the individual States, have shown its Into this situation the Dallas Junior its intention of putting such a decisional recognition of the need for bringing Chamber of Commerce has moved. burden upon us. An 80-man committee of Jaycees has just Especially do we say this in view of the more people here to see how we live and launched a 3-week campaign to raise $102,000 unusual nature ·of the present case, where to enjoy our hospitality. for cost-benefit studies of the Trinity. Some we are asked to decide essentially civil and To show something of the potential of 600 civic and business leaders will be asked jurisdictional issues at the same time that tourist trade-not only to my own State to underwrite the Trinity Improvement we establish criminal precedent. The con­ of Texas but to all the other States-I Association's studies to show Congress that flicting duality inherent in a request of this ask unanimous consent to have printed the canalization will pay for itself. nature is not particularly conducive to the in the RECORD the following editorial The Trinity barge canal, a longtime dream giving of any satisfactory answer, no matter for Dallas, is a worthwhile project. what the answer should prove to be. Should from the Houston Chronicle of June 5, In undertaking to push this project this controversy be resumed, it is hoped that 1962, entitled "Our Latin Visitors." through bringing about a congressional Congress will first give sympathetic consid­ There being no objection, the editorial understanding of its importance, the Jaycees eration to Judge Youngdahl's eloquent plea: was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, are making a real contribution to their "During the House debate on the con­ as follows: community, their State, and their Nation. tempt citation, the committe inserted in the OUR LA.TIN VISITORS We are convinced the Trinity project,. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD a memo·randum pur­ which includes a great many other things porting to show that declaratory judgment A favorable indication of the success of besides navigation, is sound. procedures were not an available means for our good neighbor policy toward Latin America and, at the same time, a good push We are convinced also that the energy procuring judicial resolution of the basic and enthusiasm the Jaycees are bringing issues in dispute in this case. Although for its future, is the increasing rate at which our neighbors from the south are acquaint­ to its support will be highly beneficial to this question ls not before the court, it does the river development program. feel that if contempt is, indeed, the only ing themselves with the United States. As existing method, Congress should consider each year passes, more residents of Latin America are becoming tourists to our shores. creating a method of allowing these issues to UNIVERSAL INTERNATIONAL PIC­ be settled by declaratory judgment. Even Air ·travelers alone visiting this country from though it may be constitutional to put a Mexico, Central and South America in­ TURES CELEBRATES 50TH YEAR man to guessing how a court will rule on dif­ creased 13.5 percent in 1961. Mr. ENGLE. Mr. President, today This marked a jump from 233,898 in 1960 ficult questions like _those raised in good Universal International Pictures cele­ faith in this suit, what ls constitutional is to 265,537 last year. One country alone not necessarily most desirable. Especially failed to show an increase over this period­ brates its 50th anniversary. It is the where the contest is between different gov­ Venezuela with a drop of 9.6 percent. Mex­ first of Hollywood's major film producing ernmental units, the representative of one ico provided the biggest share of the increase companies to reach the half-century unit in conflict with another should not with 93,577 visitors last year compared with mark. have to risk Jail to vindicate his constitu­ 79,401 the previous year. Nor does this fig­ Fifty years ago Carl Laemmle, a Ger­ ency's rights. Moreover, to raise these is­ ure include the thousands who drive across man immigrant, set up a modest cinema sues in the context of a contempt case is to the border each month from Mexico to visit shop in a community of 5,000 people that force the courts to decide many questions Texas and points north. that are not really relevant to the underly­ called itself Hollywood. He named his ing problem of accommodating the interest little enterprise the Universal Film of two sovereigns" (195 F. Supp. at 616-17). DALLAS JAYCEES PUSH TRINITY Manufacturing Co. and began at once to Reversed. RIVER PROJECT produce pictures. Before he was fully settled in his quarters they were already Mr. YARBOROUGH. Mr. President, inadequate. The operations today of MORE VISITORS COMING FROM the Trinity River Valley project im­ Universal Pictures are manifold and di­ LATIN AMERICA UNDER VISIT­ provement program for conversion of the verse and they have spread to the four U.S.A. POLICY stream into a barge canal from the Texas corners of the globe. Mr. YARBOROUGH. Mr. President, gulf coast to Fort Worth is of unlimited Universal Pictures has a proud history the coordinated and intensified efforts of importance to strengthening the econ­ to look back on. The great productions omy of the State of Texas. that have come out of its studios are too io That the power of a subcommittee hav­ The Dallas Junior Chamber of Com­ ing general jurisdiction over a subject must numerous to be listed here. .I cannot nonetheless be specifically spelled out in merce, in recognition of the need of this fail, however, to mention such endurable particular instances has been made abun­ project, has set up a large committee to masterpieces as "All Quiet on the West­ dantly clear in many expressions by the raise funds in the true spirit of free ern Front," "Hunchback of Notre Dame," Supreme Court. The contempt of Congress enterprise for cost-benefit studies of the and "Phantom of the Opera." Through cases, in whatever posture the problem be Trinity. the years Universal has continued to give posed, underscore this thought. [See for Advancement of the Trinity River Val­ us great films. "Spartacus" is just one example Russell v. United States, and re­ ley project-a goal of farsighted Texans lated cases, decided by the Supreme Court example of its fine productions. May 21, 1962.) Basically the proposition may for some 30 years-is a golden oppor­ The most dynamic aspect of Uni­ be simply stated. There can be no "con­ tunity which must not be overlooked. versal's activities lies in the distribution structive" offenses. United_States v. Resnick, I intend to do everything possible to of its films and newsreels around the 299 U.S. 207, 210 (1936). advance this project in Congress by world. There is, I believe, no better way 10006 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 8. to get people in foreign lands to like us tial not only to the West, but to the The Chief Clerk proceeded to call the than to get them to understand us~ entire Nation. Hundreds of communi­ roll. Nothing does this more effectively than ties in the United States have sub­ Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I the. motion picture. For many years standard water supplies. ask unanimous consent that the order Universal has done its share in creating I am aware that the Eisenhower ad­ for the quorum call be rescinded. in countries abroad a better understand­ ministration ,opposed increasing Federal The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob­ ing of Americans and the American way funds for water pollution control, even jection, it is so ordered. of life. on the present formula which requires The clerk will call the first bill on the ''We are servants of the public." This at least 70-percent payment from local calendar, under the unanimous-consent is the underlying philosophy of Uni­ funds. But I am also aware that there agreement. versal's president, Milton Rackmil, and are several Republicans who do not agree it is shared by his whole organization. with him on this question. TRANSPORTATION OF MAIL BY In Universal we have another example to And since the amendments to the Wa­ prove that in war and in peace the mo­ ter Pollution Control Act passed the Sen­ HIGHWAY POST OFFICE SERVICE tion picture industry is a moving force ate last year on a voice vote, I am sur­ The bill California I want to extend my warmest conservationist, Laurance Rockefeller, greetings and best wishes in the years brother of the Governor of New York. ON THIRD AND FOURTH CLASS ahead. Several Republican Members of Congress MAIL served on the Commission. The bill ." as to make the bill read: THE TEXAS & PACIFIC RAILWAY Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of VINCENT EDWARD HUGHES co. America in Congress assembled, That, for the The bill (H.R. 6330) for the relief of The bill (S. 3025) to supplement cer­ purposes of f!ections 101(~) (27) (A) and 206 of the Immigration and Nationality Act Tasia Vincent Edward Hughes, his wif~, Car­ tain provisions of Federal law incor­ Demetropoulou (Dimitropoulos) shall be held mel Philomena Hughes, and their alien porating the Texas & Pacific Railway and considered to be the natural-born alien children was considered, ordered to a Co., in order to give certain additional minor child of Mr. and Mrs. James Demos, third reading, read the third time, and authority to such company, was consid­ citizens of the United States: Provided, That passed. ered, ordered to be engrossed for a thJrd 1962 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD-SENATE 10009 reading, was read the third tiine, and The PRESIDING OFFICER. The approved by the Congress. The ·bill passed, as follows: question is on agreeing to the motion of could not Possibly put an additional acre Be it enacted, by the Senate and, House the Senator from Montana. of land in development under irrigation. of Representatives of the United, States of The motion was agreed to; and the The project would provide badly needed America in Congress assembled,, That in ad:. Senate proceeded to consider the bill, water for Pueblo, Colorado Springs, and dition to the powers conf~rred by the Act which had been reported from the Com­ Denver, Colo. entitled "An Act to incorporate the Texas mittee on Commerce, with an amend­ In my opinion, the project would ab­ Pacific Railroad Company and· to aid in the ment, to strike out all after the enacting sorb 50 pei;cent of the entire water avail­ construction of its road, and for other pur­ clause and insert "That subsection -(h) able within 5 years after completion of poses", approved March 3, 1871 (16 Stat. construction. It would also provide ·sup­ 573), as supplemented by the Act of. May 2, of section 2 of the Public Health Service 1872 ( 17 Stat. 59), the Act of March 3, 1873 Act (42 U.S.C. 20l

CUBA ITALY Voorlopige Natuurbeschermings raad, Am­ Sociedad Dasonomica de America Tropical, Azienda di Stato per le Foreste Demaniall, sterdam. Habana. Ministero dell'Agricoltura e delle Foreste, NEW ZEALAND Sociedad Cubanna para la Protecclon y Rome. Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Conservacion de la Naturaleza, Habana. Commissione Nazionale per la Protezione Zealand, Wellington. CZECHOSLOVAKIA della Natura del Consiglio Nazionale delle NORWAY Ricerche, Bologne. Department of State Conservation of Na­ Ente Parco Nazionale del Gran Paradiso, Landsforbundet for Naturvern i Norge, ture, Praha. Torino. Bllndern. DENMARK Laboratorio de Zoologia Appllcata a la PERU Government of the Kingdom of Denmark. Caccia, Bologne. Compania Administradoria del Guano, Ministeriet for kulturelle anliggender, Musee d'Histoire Naturelle, Venice. Lima. Copenhagen. Pro Natura, Unione Itallana per la Pro- POLAND Danmarks Naturfredningsforening, Copen­ tezione della Natura, Milan. Academie des Sciences de Pologne (Polska hagen. Pro Natura Italica, Milan. Akademia Nauk), Varsovie. Naturfredningsraadet, Copenhagen. Rete Fenelogica Italiana, Venice. Association Botanique de Pologne (Polskie DUTCH ANTILLES--CURACAO Societa Botanica Italiana, Florence. Towarzystwo Botaniczne), Varsovie. Natuurwetenschappelijke Werkgroep, Wil­ Touring Club Italiano, Milan. Association Scientifique Forestiere de lemstad. IVORY COAST Pologne (Polskie Towarzystwo Lesne), FINLAND Gouvernement de la Republlque de la Cote Varsovie. Finnish League for the Protection of Na­ d'Ivoire-Ministere des Affaires Economiques Conseil National pour la Protection de la ture, Helsinki. et du Plan, Abidjan. Nature en Pologne, Varsovie. FRANCE Institut Botanique de l'Academie des JAPAN Sciences (Instytut Botaniki PAN), Cracovie. Academie des Sciences, Paris. National Parks Association of Japan, Min­ Institut Botanique de l'Academie des Academie d'Agriculture. istry of Welfare, Tokyo. Sciences (Instytut Zoolog~czny PAN), Association des Naturalistes de la Vallee du Nature Conservation Society of Japan, Varsovie. Loing, Fontainebleau. League for the Protection of Nature in Conseil Superieur de la Chasse, Paris. Tokyo. KENYA Poland, Varsovie. Federation francaise des Societes de Societe Zoologique de Pologne, Wroclaw. Sciences Naturelles (28 members), Paris. Kenya Wild Life Society, Nairobi. Laboratoire Arago, Banyuls s;Mer. Royal National Parks of Kenya, Nairobi. PORTUGAL Ligue pour la Protection des Oiseaux, Pari. LEBANON Direccao Geraldo Servicios, Lisboa. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, FEDERATION OF RHODESIA AND NYASALAND Paris. American University of Beirut, Beirut. Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Salisbury. Societe des Amis de la Forets de Fontaine­ Societe des Amis des Arbres, Beyrouth. LUXEMBOURG Federal Department of National Parks, bleau, Fontainebleau. Salisbury. Societe Bontanique de France, Paris. Gouvernement du Grand-Duche de Luxem­ Ministry of Land and Natural Resources Societe Nationale de Protection de la bourg, Ministere de !'Education Nationale, (Natural Resources Board), Lusaka, North­ Nature et d'Acclimatation de France, Paris. Luxembourg. ern Rhodesia. Touring Club de France, Paris. Commission des Sites et des Monuments Natural Resources Board, Salisbury, Nationaux, Luxembourg. Southern Rhodesia. FRENCH WEST INDIEs--GUADALOUPE Musee d'Histoire Naturelle, Luxembourg. Societe d'Histoire Naturelle des Antilles The Game Preservation and Hunting As­ Societe des Naturallstes Luxembourgeois, sociation of Northern Rhodesia, Lusaka. francaises, Petit-Bourg. Luxembourg. RUMANIA GERMANY MADAGASCAR Government of the German Federal Re­ Gouvernement de la Republique Malgache, Commission pour la Protection de la Na­ Presidence de la Republique, Tananarive. ture, Academie des Sciences de la R.P.R., public. Bucarest. Bundes Ministerium fur Ernahrung, Land­ Federation du Scoutisme de Madagascar, wirtschaft und Forsten, Bonn. Tananarive. SENEGAL Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutscher Beauftrag­ Societe des Amis du Pare Botanique, Tan­ Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, Dakar. ter fur Naturschutz, Bad Godesberg. anarive. SUDAN Bayerisches Staatsministerium des In­ MALAYA Government of the Republic of the Sudan, nern oberste Naturschutzbehorde, Munchen. Government of the Federation of Malaya, Ministry of Animal Resources, Khartoum. the Ministry of External Affairs, Kuala Bund fur Naturschutz in Bayern, Mun­ SWEDEN chen. Lumpur. The Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Board for Crown Lands and Forests, Stock- Deutsche Gartenbau-Gesellschaft e.V ., Lumpur. holm. Bonn. Nordiska Museet et Skansen, Stockholm. Deutscher Jagdschutz-Verband, Bonn. MEXICO Associacion Mexicana de Proteccion a la Svenska Jagareforbundet, Stockholm. Deutscher Naturschutzring, Munchen. Svenska Naturskyddsforeningen, Stock- Schutzgemeinschaft Deutsches Wild, Mun- Naturaleza, Mexico. Instituto Mexicano de Recursos Naturales holm. chen. Renovables, Mexico. SWITZERLAND Vereinigung Deutscher Gewasserschutz, Gouvernement de la Confederation helve­ Bad Godesberg. MONACO tique, Inspection federale des Forets, Chasse Verein Naturschutzpark, Stuttgart. Gouvernement de la Principaute de Mon­ et Peche, Berne. Zoologische Gesellschaft, Frankfurt aco, Service des Relations Exterieures, Comite Central du Club Alpin Suisse, a;Main. Monaco. Chur. GHANA MOROCCO Ligue Suisse pour la Protection de la Na­ Ministry of Agriculture--Forestry Division, Gouvernement de S.M. le Roi du Maroc, ture, Bale. Accra. Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres, Rabat. Societe helvetique des Sciences Naturelles, GREECE NETHERLANDS Academie des Sciences, Zurich. Club Alpln hellenlque, Athenes. Government of the Netherlands, Ministry Societe Romande pour l'Etude et la Pro­ Societe hellenique pour la Protection de la of Education, Arts and Sciences, The Hague. tection des Oiseaux, Lausanne. Nature, Athenes. Contact Commissie voor Natuur- en Land­ TANGANYIKA Touring Club hellenique, Athens. schapbescherming, Amsterdam. Tanganyika National Parks, Arusha. INDIA Koninklljk Zoologlsch Genootschap, Am­ THAILAND sterdam. Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay. Association for the Conservation of Na­ Indian Board for Wild Life, New Delhi. Nederlandse Commissie voor Internationale Natuurbescherming, Amsterdam. ture, Bangkok. INDONESIA Nederlandse Natuurhlstorische Vereniging, TURKEY Botanical Garden of Bogor, Bogor. Hoogwoud. Ministere de !'Agriculture, Direction Gen­ erate des Forets, Ankara. IRELAND Nederlandse Jeugdbon voor Natuurstudie, Den Haag. Societe Turque de Biologie, Istanbul. National Trust for Ireland, Dublin. Nederlandse Vereniging tot Bescherming Societe Turque pour la Protection de la ISRAEL van Vogels, Amsterdam. Nature, Ankara. Society for the Protection of Nature in Vereniging tot Behoud van Natuurmonu­ UGANDA Israel, Tel Aviv. menten, Amsterdam. Game and Fisheries Department, Entebbe. 10018 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 8

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA New York Zoological Society, New York, appropriate $74,000. However, in con­ Administration of South West Africa, N.Y. side.ring the bill and in discussing some Windhoek. North American Wildlife Foundation, of the items .suggested in the budget Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation Washington, D.C. Sierra Club, San Francisco, Calif. which appear on page 5 of the report, Board, Pietermaritzburg. the committee felt that the sponsoring -National Parks Board of Trustees of South Soil Conservation Society, Des Moines; Africa, Pretoria. Iowa organizations, such as the National Wild­ Nature Conservation Section of the Ad­ Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, life Society, and others, should assume ministration of Transvaal, Pretoria. Ill. the cost of the Secretariat, for instance, Department of Nature Conservation of the Wilderness Society, Washington, D.C. and also assume some of the costs of Provincial Administration of the Cape, Cape Wildlife Management Institute, Washing­ travel, including foreign travel, in order Town. ton, D.C. to promote attendance at the Confer­ Wild Life Protection Society of South Wildlife Society, Washington, D.C. Zoological Society of San Diego, Calif. ence. Africa, ,Johannesburg. However, because this will be an inter· UNITED KINGDOM URUGUAY national conference, and the United British . Committee for International Na­ Comision Nacional Protectora de la Fauna States will be the host nation, it was felt ture Conserv.ation, London, in-0luding the Indigena, Montev.ideo by the committee·that such items as ·con· following: u.s.s.R. tractual services for translating ma­ Association of School Natural History So­ Commission pour la Protection de la Nature chines, the publication of proceedings, cieties, British Association for the Advance­ de l'Academie des Sciences de l'URSS, and printing and duplicating at the Con­ ment of Science, British Ecological Society, Moscou. British Mycological Society, Devon Bird­ Societe de la Protection de la Nature ference, should be sponsored and taken watching and Preservation Society, Fauna de la Republique de Russie, Moscow. care of by the Federal Government. Preservation Society, Geological Society 'Of An important part of this item will be London, Lincolnshire Naturalists' Trust, VENEZUELA the National Park Service exhibit, which Linnean Society of London, London Natural Gou_vernement de la Repub1ique du Vene­ will cost $20,000. The Conference will History Society, National Federation of zuela, Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres, Young Farmers Club, National Trust, Natural Caracas. be held in connection with the Century History Society of Northumberland .Durham Laboratorio de Aguas, Institute Nacional of Progress exhibit in Seattle. & Newcastle upon Tyne, Norfolk Natural­ de Obras Sanltarias, Caracas. The sponsoring organizations have al­ ists Trust, Royal Entomological Society of Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales, ready raised almost $100,000. They have London, Royal Zoological Society of Scot­ Caracas. established the Secretariat and have land, Society for the Promotion of Nature VIETNAM gone ahead with their part of the work. ReservesJ West Wales Field Society, York­ Gouvernement du Vietnam, Ministere des So the initial groundwork has been laid, shire Naturalists' Trust, Zoological Society affaires etrangeres, Saigon. of London. and the Conference will be held. British section of the Internatio.nal Com• YUGOSLAVIA In order to enable the United States mittee for Bird Preservation: Association des Conservateurs des Monu­ to participate to the fullest extent and British Institute for Ornithologists, Royal ments, Historiques de Yougoslavie--Section to demonstrate our national parks ex­ Society for the Protection of Birds, British de la Protection de la Nature, Geograd. · hibit at the Conference, the committee Ornithologists' Union, Scottish Ornitllolo­ INTERNATIONAL felt it was necessary to participate up to gists Club, Ulster Game and Wildfowl Pres­ Commission Internationale pour la Pro­ the amount of $50,000. ervation Society, Welsh Society for the tection des Regions Alpines, Geneve. Protection of Blrds, Wildfowl Trust, British It is a great honor for the United Commission des Reserves Naturelles (CNR) States, and a recognition of our leader­ Museum (Natural Hist.ory), London, the du Groupement Europeen des Ardennes et Nature Conservancy, .London. de l'Eifel, Bruxelles. ship in the conservation of natural re· UNITED STATES International Committee for Bird Preser• sources and the development of national American Committee for International vation, London. parks, to have the Conference held in Wild Life Protection, New York, N.Y. International Youth Federation for the this country. I take special pride in the American Museum of Natural History, New Study and Conservation of Nature, Amster• fact that my State, in which is located York,N.Y. dam. Glacier National Park, and also the American Nature Association, Washington, Standing Committee on Pacific Conserva­ Waterton International Peaee Park, will D.C. tion. Wellington. be one of the places to be visited on the American Ornithologists' Union, Toledo, Union Internati-onale des Directeurs de journey. The 150 foreign delegates will Ohio Jardins Zoologiques, Anvers. be able to see how the State of Montana The American Society of Mammalogists, TUNISIA Pittsburgh, Pa. participates with the sovereign nation of The Atlantic Foundation, Washington, D.C. Gouvernement de la Republique de Tu­ Canada in the development of the great Boone and Crockett Club, New York, N.Y. nisie Ministre des Affaires Etrangeres, Tunis. park at Glacier and the Waterton In· CaHlornla Academy .of Sciences, San Fran- Mr. METCALF. Mr. President, among ternational Peace Park. cisco, Calif. the organizations in the United States The United States is not a member of Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, Ill. the international organization, because Conservation Associates, San Francisco, which are members of the International Calif. Union for the Conservation of Nature it is believed that under our concept of The Conservation Foundation, New York, are such scientific organizati-ons as the sovereignty our Government should only N.Y. American Museum of Natural History, become a member of oreanizations to Defenders of Wildlife, Washington, D.C. the American Nature Association, the which sovereign states belong. Not only The Desert Protective Council, Banning, Garden Clubs of America, the National do sovereign nations belong to the Con­ Calif. Parks Association, the Sierra Club, the ference on National Parks, but inde· Foresta Institute for Ocean and Mountain Wilderness Society, the Wildlife Society, pendent and private organizations be­ Studies, Carson City, Nev. long, as well. Nevertheless, the United The Garden Club of America, New York, and the Wildlife Management Institute. N.Y. More than 30 U.S. conservation and States has participated in their activi­ Iowa State Conservation Commission, Des scientific societies are members of the ties by sending our representatives or Moines, Iowa · international organization. When the delegates to conferences tt.roughout the The Mountaineers, Seattle, Wash. bill was considered by the committee, it world. Therefore, it is felt that the National Association of Biology Teachers, was suggested that in order to have the United States should cooperate in this Ann Arbor, Mich. U.S. Government cooperate with the In· venture, and that the Secretary of the The National Audubon Society, New York, ternational Conference and provide for Interior should de, his best to make the N.Y. assistance to the First World Conference First World Conference on National National Parks Association, Washington, on National Parks, the Secretary of the Parks a success. D .C. Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. Mr. National Research Council, Washington, Interior be authorized to match up to D.C. $100,000 of a $200,000 budget. Subse.:. President, will the Senator from Mon­ National Whcllife Federation, Washington, quently, the sponsors of the conference tana yield? ' D.C. suggested that the budget could be re­ Mr. METCALF. I yield. to the Sen­ Natural Resources Council of America, duced from $200,000 to $148,000. "The ·ator from Delaware. Washington, D.C. reports on the bill from various organ­ Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. Do The Nature Conservancy, Washington, D.C. izations suggested that the Government I correctly understand that the United 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 10019 States is not a member of this orga­ particular expenses for an organization the one to sponsor this first Interna­ nization? of which our Government is not a tional Conference. Mr. METCALF. That is correct. member? The International Union for the Con­ Mr. WILLIAMS of Delawr..re. Do Mr. METCALF. The United States servation of Nature and Natural Re­ I correctly understand that the proposed has participated at all times in the con­ sources is a part of the UNESCO organi­ appropriation is to pay for the attend­ ferences of this organization. The zations, and the other conferences have ance expenses of some o: the interna­ United States would be a member of the been conferences of delegates from the tional members who will come to the organization if it were not for the fact various member states-70 or 80 of Conference? that it is the policy of the United States, them-rather than the 300 whom we an­ Mr. METCALF. No. As originally as is set forth in the report, not to be­ ticipate to attend this Conference. I presented by the members of the steer­ come a member of an organization which cannot state whether the others were ing committee and the members of the has as its members both private organi­ paid for by assessments on UNESCO, or First World Conference on National zations and sovereign states. But I have just how they were paid. But the United Parks, the bill provided that the United constantly and consistently participated, States has never participated in the pay­ States would match expenses with them. and we have built this up. Conferences ment of the expenses of holding such a But upon consideration, the committee have been held at Sierra Leone and oth­ conference. reduced the appropriation from $100,000 er places; I have a list of half a dozen Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. That to $74,000, and now to $50,000, the rea­ conferences which have been held. may be true. But I do not think we son being that it was felt that the United Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. I un­ should establish the precedent of paying States, as a nonmember of the group, derstand that. Since we are not a mem­ all the expenses of holding one of these should not participate in the payment of ber, why should we have to pay all the conferences--particularly when we are . the expenses. expenses? not a member and when the Confer­ Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. Then Mr. METCALF. Because we are the ence includes private organizations--un­ do I correctly understand that no part host nation. There are many difficul­ less that is the custom when the confer­ of the appropriation will be used for the ties of transportation and of language ences are held in other countries. payment of salaries or tre.nsportation ex­ which the other nations confront when Mr. METCALF. We are to establish penses of anyone other than a Govern­ the meeting is held in our country; and the precedent of paying, as the host ment employee? we feel that as the host Nation, we should nation, the special costs to be incurred Mr. METCALF. As I understand, take care of the expenses of the Confer­ because it is an international conference. there will be no payment of salaries. It ence. Whoever is the host nation for Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. But will is proposed to have the Government the next one will be expected to take care the costs be assumed by the respective pay the special fees for interpreters, for of the expenses there. countries in which the future confer­ example; to pay for the contractual serv­ Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. That is ences are to be held, wherever they are ice for the employment of interpreters a reasonable explanation if that is the held? of the proceedings of the Conference. usual custom. Mr. METCALF. I would hope that the Also, it is proposed to have the Gov­ I understand that there have been four next host nation would follow the prece­ ernment pay for the publication of the or five conferences-- dent which is being established by the proceedings and, consequently, the sal­ Mr. METCALF. There have been United States, and that for the Second aries of the personnel who operate the four or five conferences of the Interna­ World Conference on National Parks it printing and the duplicating apparatus tional Union for the Conservation of Na­ would participate in taking care of the at the Conference. ture and Natural Resources, but this is housekeeping expenses arising as the re­ Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. Does to be the First World Conference on Na­ sult of holding the Conference. the Senator have a breakdown, which tional Parks. Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. What can be placed in the RECORD, of how the Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. Where would the other expenses be? In the bill $50,000 is proposed to be spent? were the other conferences held; and I notice that the first figure suggested Mr. METCALF. Yes; I refer the Sen­ did the host countries assume all the was $200,000, and now it would be ator to page 5 of the report. expenses just as it is proposed that our changed to $50,000; but on page 5 of the Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. On page country now do? committee report the total is $148,000. 5, the total amount shown as proposed to Mr. METCALF. That is correct. We Let me ask, Who is jockeying around the be expended is $148,000; the bill men­ had no expenses in the previous confer­ figures? If $50,000 is adequate in order tions $50,000. ences of the International Union for the to do the job as a proper host country, Mr. METCALF. That is correct. Conservation of Nature and Natural Re­ where did the other figures come from? Printing, duplicating, and distributing sources. The host nations at those con­ The continual changing of the :figures Conference documents, $11,000. ferences took care of those expenses. for the same conference puzzles me. Contractual services, including trans­ But this is to be a much larger con­ Have they simply been pulled out of thin lations, $5,000. ference than those, because this will be air? Publication of proceedings, $10,000. the First World Conference on National Mr. METCALF. There has not been Simultaneous interpretation equip­ Parks; and representatives of various in­ any jockeying around of the figures or ment, $4,500. dependent, private organizations, such pulling them out of thin air. The first The cost of the National Park Service as wildlife organizations, are coming estimate was $200,000; and it was hoped exhibit-our own exhibit-$20,000. from their own countries, as the dele­ that the Government of the United Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. The to­ gates from those sovereign states. States, the host nation, would assume tal amount, as I figure it, is $50,500. Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. That is half of the burden. But then the budget How does the Senator arrive at $50,000? all very fine. was cut, in a supplemental letter, to Mr. METCALF. $11,000, $5,000, $10,- At the previous conferences was an $148,000; and those are the items to 000, $4,500, and $20,000 total $50,500. assessment for these comparable charges which I referred, which appear on page The committee rounded the figure· to made against the organizations attend­ 5 of the report, in the table from which $50,000. .Ing, or did the country in which the con­ I read. Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. Do I ference was held pay the costs in their Then a steering committee was estab­ correctly understand that those items are entirety, as the host country? lished, under Harold J. Coolidge and the only parts of the total expense which Mr. METCALF. I wish to emphasize C. R. Gutermuth, who are representa­ the Government will be required to p,ay that this is the First World Conference tives of wildlife, conservation, and under the proposal? on National Parks which will be partici­ natural resources organizations in the Mr. METCALF. That is correct. The pated in by these unofficial organiza­ United States; and from these 33 scien­ other organization has now raised tions. This is to be the first interna­ tific, conservation, and natural resources enough money to pay for the services of tional conference of this sort. So no organizations, whose names I have the secretariat, domestic travel, foreign nation could previously have partici­ stated for the RECORD, they have raised travel to promote attendance, and so pated as a host nation. We are the host the balance of the money-a little over forth. nation in this first Conference; and in $100,000-that is necessary in order to Mr. Wil,LIAMS of Delaware. Why my opinion it is in recognition of our establish the secretariat and to lay the should the U.S. Government pay all those leadership that we have been chosen as plans for the Conference and to keep 10020 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 8 this thing · underway, · That has been consideration of Calendar No. 1450, H.R. In fact, this Senator was proud to done by private contributions to those 10802. rise in defense of the State Department's private organizations. So at the time The PRESIDING OFFICER. The bill policy in the United Nations at a time of the hearing, they said that instead of will be stated by title. when it was under .attack by some lead­ proceeding on the basis of a $70,000 · The CHIEF CLERK. A bill (H.R. 10802) ers of the U.S. Senate. contribution or an even larger one, from making appropriations for the Depart­ Of course the State Department wants the Federal Government, they would be ment of the Interior and related agen­ to win. Simply because a few Senators able to get along with $50,000. cies for the fiscal year ending June 30, and a few other persons have made an Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. I em­ 1963, and for other purposes. improper charge of "no win" against the phasize that if this were to be a bona The PRESIDING OFFICER. The State Department is no excuse for at­ fide international conference of which we question is on agreeing to the motion of tacking other Senators who largely sup­ were a member, we would pay our pro­ the Senator from Montana. port the State Department's position. portionate part. But I notice in the The motion was agreed to; and the Secretary Ball has made far too much original proposal the inclusion of per Senate proceeded to consider the bill, over minor aspects of the foreign aid diem expenses of employees, some of which had been reported from the Com­ bill. The amount involved in the amend­ whom may not . be employees in this mittee on Appropriations with amend­ ment is but a fraction of the total country. This Conference seems to have ments. amount involved in the bill. The major the appearance, instead of being a con­ authorizations in the foreign aid bill ference to promote worldwide interest ORDER FOR ADJOURNMENT would have remained intact even if the in national parks, of being an inter­ amount sought to be stricken had been national junket for which we would pick Mr~ MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I carried out in full. up the tab. ask unanimous consent that when the The foreign aid bill is burdensome, but I am sufficiently skeptical about it so Senate adjourns today, it adjourn to it is a vital cornerstone of U.S. defense. that I shall vote against the bill. meet at 12 o'clock noon on Monday next. However, this does not mean that a Sen­ Mr. METCALF. I assure the Senator · -The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without ator does not have the right to make from Delaware that none of the money objection, itis so ordered. changes or corrections in accordance contributed by the United States will go with his own judgment. The State De­ for travel or for salaries of the sec­ partment is made up of men who are retariat or for the salaries or wages of "NO WIN" CRITICISM BY STATE DE­ wise and able, but they are not infalli­ such persons, other than the ordinary PARTMENT OF SENATORS WHO ble. translators and assistants who will be at OPPOSE AID TO COMMUNIST Senators who rise to speak against any Seattle. The others, to whom the Sen­ COUNTRIES proposal to give aid to Communist coun­ ator from Delaware has referred, have Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, tries do so because they think it is neces­ now been cut out, and those expenses yesterday Under Secretary George Ball sary to win victory for the free world. will be raised by private contributions. criticized the policy of those of us who I resent the condemnation of my rela­ Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. That voted against aid to Communist coun­ tively minor difference with the State should be done. tries as "no win." I think that this Department as a "no win" policy. Those Of course, there may not be too much statement by Mr. Ball is an inaccurate Senators who voted against aid for Com­ difference insofar as the part paid by the and untrue invective and unworthy munist countries want to win as much United States is concerned, between the either of Mr. Ball or of the State Depart­ as the State Department does. This original 'budget and the budget as it will ment. name calling among those who share finally stand. · I think in the past the State Depart­ precisely the same objective-to win Mr. METCALF. But $70,000 has al­ ment has properly refrained from using over communism-should stop at once. ready been raised; and before the year this kind of false charge in spite of con­ is over, these private organizations will siderable provocation. I know the State CAN WE AFFORD PROPOSED TAX raise the rest of the money. Department has been attacked, and I de­ Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. Mr. plore the kind of attacks it has suffered. CUTS? President, I shall not debate the matter However, attacks on the State Depart­ Mr. PROXMmE. Mr. President, yes­ further. However, in the absence of ment are not new, and I think those who terday in his press conference the Presi­ more evidence than · we have now it expect appointments to the State De­ dent made a momentous statement on seems that this would establish a prece­ partment expect to be roundly de­ what is going to happen in the way of dent for the Unitad States to pay ex­ nounced, especially by extremists in our tax cuts or at least what is going to be penses of an organization of which it is country. recommended by the administration for not a member; and there is no evidence The situation in the State Department tax cuts. to show that in the future the other host reminds me of an old French proverb: As was stated by one member of the countries would pay similar expenses. "Le bete est mal. On l'attaque i1 se de­ Joint Econoinic Committee, if the Presi­ I think we should pay our share of the f end." dent recommends a tax cut, it is likely expenses of any organization of which In other words, the animal is wicked; to go through the Congress like a decla­ we are a member, but I do not think we you attack him and he defends himself. ration of war. There is not likely to be should play Santa Claus in regard to the I do not want to put myself in this very much opposition to the administra­ expenses of an organization of which position. I realize, of course, that the tion's recommended tax cut, because it we are not a member. State Department has every right to de­ always has great appeal to the American The PRESIDING OFFICER. The f end itself, and should defend itself electorate and to the taxpayer, and with question is on agreeing to the commit­ vigorously, forthrightly, and aggressive­ reason. tee amendments, which, without objec­ ly; but honestly and accurately. In this In view of the fact that the President tion, will be considered en bloc. case Mr. Ball has made a serious mis­ has· given us 6 or 7 months' notice, at The amendments were agreed to. take in descending to this level. least, before this recommendation, I The PRESIDING OFFICER. The The fact is that the great majority of think we should take advantage of it to question now is on the engrossment and Senators who voted against aid to Com­ consider the wisdom of reducing taxes, third reading of the bill. munist countries have never criticized and the wisdom particularly of announc­ The bill Indianapolis Star be printed in Mr. BLOCK. Well now, in fairness to Mr. son, Ky., was paid $12,984.32. the body of the RECORD. Sligh, I am going to give him an opportunity There being no objection, the editorial to reply, after which there will be a few The Northern Trust & Co., of Chicago, announcements, and then we wlll go into Ill., was paid $41,253.68 to curtail some was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, t)le workshop meeting. of its farming operations. as follows: Mr. SLIGH. I believe Mr. Meany was out Who says that the Kennedy farm pro­ THE MAN WHO ISN'T THERE of the room-- gram was not designed to help the small There is a man who isn't there at all in Mr. MEANY. I was not. farmers? - the Blllie Sol Estes case. The truth of the Mr. SLIGH. When I recited the change of Of course, I am not sure whether these matter is that he hasn't been there for a profits from 1947 to 196,l? payments represent an attempt on the long time in the entire scheme· of govern­ Mr. MEANY. Yes. I would like you to be mental agriculture. more specific. part of the Kennedy administration to 'nle man who isn't there is ·the American Mr. SLIGH. I would like to say that NAM protect the family farm life of America family farmer. has detailed its program for Job-making. or whether they represent an effort to Now the whole agricultural program was Unfortunately, I gather Mr. Meany hasn't minimize the antibusiness impression set up to take care of the Amerlc~n family seen it, but I will see that he gets that, and which its other actions have created. In farmer. The politicians said it, so it must 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 10031 , be so The bureaucrats in the Agricultural District of Columbia Government shall disposal, and far from the threat. of the Stabiilzation and Conservation Service pay annually to each common carrier military power of the Com~unist l;>loc preached it, so no one can doubt it. The ·city who is required to transport schoolchil­ citizen who reads his newspaper has been into the hazy and indefinite area of assured time and again that billions of dol­ dren at a reduced fare, the difference be­ what is a Marxist country, then the lars and mlllions of ideas were being spent tween such reduced fare and the amount backers of the original amendment sim­ to insure the survival of the American fam- which would have otherwise been paid ply lost me. I therefore asked to be ily farmer. . if the lowest adult fare had been col­ recorded against the Proxmire amend­ But the American family ia'rmer isn't lected. Such payments by the District ment, and for the revision made on June there. of Columbia would be limited to an 7, restore authority to dispose of surplus When the investigating committees began amount which would not increase the to dig into the ASCS and its grain program, food to nations judged as outside the they didn't ·find the American family farm­ net operating income of a carrier to an Communist program for world conquest. er. They found Billie Sol. They found a lot amount over and above that prescribed It is an astonishing thing for me to of bureaucrats. They found a big commer­ in the carrier's last rate case. read some of the statements made dur­ cial fertilizer company that was using Billie The House has amended S. 1745 in ing the course of the debate. One gets Sol's connections with the Government as two essential respects. The first amend­ the clear impression that the Senate the credit base to finance more fertilizer sales. ment changes the 12-month measured made no distinction between freedom Not once· has anyone discussed a single period from June 30 to August 31. This American family farmer. and totalitarianism; but only between There is the matter of Billie Sol's cotton amendment has the effect of permitting "our dictators" and "their dictators." I allotment. He got it because a lot of south­ the measured year period in the bill to would vote to end aid to Yugoslavia for ern-type American family farmers had lost coincide with the year period used to the time being because it is a totalitarian their acreage to the ponderous machinations determine exemption from motor ve­ state and because I do not believe the of local, State, and Federal Government. hicle fuel and real estate taxes, and effect of what we have extended so far They certainly weren't there. These little thereby avoid duplication and over­ has helped keep its Communist govern­ cotton farmers had long since been wrung lapping of required auditing. ment out of the Soviet bloc. The factors out and tossed into the bureaucratic discard. The other House amendment bases It took Billie Sol and some eagle-eyed help, which caused Tito to break with Stalin probably within and without Jhe ASCS, to eligibility' for the subsidy on D.C. Trans­ were rooted far outside the wishes, de­ pull, these cotton allotments together for a it, Inc., operating in the District of Co­ sires, or actions of the United States, and profit. lumbia, rather than the entire operation I think the factors which seem to be The bureaucrats talk about moving thou­ of the company, which includes subur­ bringing about a reconciliation between sands of bushels of wheat from one storage bia Maryland. This amendment has the Tito and Khrushchev are also beyond the place to another. They discuss these shifts purpose of avoiding the possibility that influence of the United States. At least, with a perfectly straight face and solemnly District of Columbia taxpayers may sub­ declare that there is no favoritism in the they are beyond the influence we can ASCS. More than that, the Government will sidize companies receiving subsidies un­ exert through foreign aid. not lose a single penny on Billie Sol's grain der the bill for operations carried on out­ Nonetheless, I would not want the juggling. . side the District of Columbia. word to go out to the world, as it did And there's not a.single word spoken about Both these amendments were proposed without challenge, that the United the American family farmer. and reque_sted by the District of Colum­ The fact is that the Estes case simply un­ States is ·perfectly willing to stand on bia Commissioners. the necks of other people of the world covers controlled agriculture for what it Mr. President, the amendments of the really is. The system has been a bonanza for by supporting right-wing dictators in Billie Sol, the big operators, the fast-buck House are acceptable to both sides of order to promote our own security. It boys who somehow find out about available the aisle and I move that the Senate is long past time for the United States allotments even when there is absolutely no concur i~ the House amendments. to review our military position with the favoritism in the ASCS. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The long-range objective in mind of termi­ The Kennedy-Freeman farm plan will just question is ori agreeing to the motion of mean more of the same. If .it should be nating our bases in such countries as the Senator from Oregon. Spain and Saudi Arabia. adopted, the American family farmer will Motion was agreed to. still be the man who isn't there. Let us never forget that we are oc­ cupying those bases at the price of other FOREIGN POLICY people's freedom. Senators talked here REGULATION OF FARES FOR about Tito's suppression of religious TRANSPORTATION OF SCHOOL­ Mr. MORSE. ·Mr. President, I am very freedom; of the .lack of property rights CHILDREN IN DISTRICT OF CO­ sorry that a series of engagements in in Poland and Yugoslavia. Do Senators LUMBIA Oregon, where the Senate Commerce think for a moment that there is re­ Committee held a hearing on lumber Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I ask ligious freedom in Spain, or that the problems on June 4, and in Denver, right of private property is exercised in that the Chair lay before the Senate the where my presence was required as the amendments of the House of Repre­ Saudi Arabia by any more than a tiny -public member of the advisory board of handful of autocrats? Senators may sentatives to the bill S. 1745. the welfare fund of the electrical indus­ The PRESIDING OFFICER laid be­ fool themselves about these facts, but try, upon appointment of the Secretary they are n,ot fooling anyone else. fore the Senate the amendments of the of Labor, kept me from the Senate dur­ House of Representatives to the bill ing the consideration of the foreign aid I am for termination of loan aid to (S. 1745) to amend the act of August bill. Yugoslavia, but I do not stop there. I 9, 1955, relating to the regulation of Had . I been here, I should certainly am also for termination of our military fares for the transportation of school-. have had something-to say about the pro­ dependence upon fascism and feudalism. children in the District of Columbia, posals made here relating to various Secondly, it was a great surprise to which were, on page 1, line -10, after kind of aid to Communist countries. me to read in the RECORD that so many "income" insert "from mass transpor­ From a reading of the debate which took who think they are the greatest oppo­ tation ·operations in the District of Co­ place on June 6, I am frank to say that nents of communism were leading the lumbia"; on page 2, line 2, strike out I find it impossible to learn what was retreat from the fields where we are "June 30" and insert "August 31"; on intended by the series of anti-Commu­ :fighting communism all over the world. page 2, lines 6 and 7, strike out<'reve­ nist amendments, or what their. effect Just what is the cold war, anyway, if it nues" and insert "revenues in the Dis­ would be. The debate was uninforma­ is not the ,struggle in Asia, Africa, and trict of Columbia"; on page 2, line 9, tive; in fact, there was little discussion at Latin Amer'ica, to see the people of these strike out "June 30" and insert ."August all that would shed light on the intent nations, both old and new, emerge into 31"; on page 2, line 18, after "income'~ of the Senate, or indicate that Senators modern life in the pattern of free insti­ insert "from mass transportation oper­ knew precisely what they were voting for. tutions, and not in the pattern of com­ ations in the District of Columbia", and My original intention was to vote for munism?· on page 3, line 4, strike out "June 30" the Proxmire amendment suspending aid Yet too many Americans hear the word and insert "August 31". to °Yugoslavia for 1 year; but by the "Marxism" uttered by a young native Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, the pur­ time the Senate had ranged far l:>eyond politician in a new country somewhere pose of S. 1745 .is to prov~de that the the forei~n aici _bm: into s'4-rpl1,1s food in the world, and their only reaction is 10032 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 8 to run for their lives. Just why should Senate [Mr. METCALF] has heard me say year's bill, ending military assistance to the gr-eat, ~werful United States of before-and I am proud to repeat-as a our NATO partners in Western Europe. America be so 1'8.Sily frightened out of Christian, I do not think we can ever I voted for the Church amendment of the cold war? Why should we surrender justify walking out on our Christian 1961, but it did not pass. That was due so quickly? principles. Anyone would have a hard primarily to the '.Berlin crisis, which con­ When one considers that it will be two time ever convincing me that we can vinced many Senators that we had to ~r three generations before the under- reconcile the teachings of the Master go ahead with military aid to otber developed continents begin to stabilize with aiding and abetting starvation of NATO partners, or else appear to be their J>Qliticai and economic institutions, human beings in the world. drawing back from our European com­ it is simply incredible that it should even What we must do is to draw a line mitments. be suggested that we give up on them so of procedural difference between the We know now, in spite of the sharp .early in the game. turning of food over to Communist gov- reaction of the United States to the Bel'­ Some Members of this body feel per- ernments to distribute as their own and lin crisis, including the calling up of f ectly confident that there is no differ- to use as .a weapon for strengthening the Reserves and an extra large expendi­ ence between Marxism and communism. their hold upon the people and the dis­ ture to "beef up" our military forces in Perhaps they can. tell me whetl}er a tributing of that food to God's children, Europe, that other NATO members did Marxian Socialist is the same as a even though they may be the slaves of not follow suit to the same extent, even Marxian Communist, and whether social- a Communist .state, through procedures though they are closer to the threat ism is the same as communism, and what such as are set up by the International than we and even though their economic democracy has to do with either one. Red Cross, or by the United Nations, or, condition ena:bles them to ca.rry thelr Probably every Democrat in the Con- as the Senator from Connecticut sug­ own defense burdens. gress calls himself or herself a Jeffer- gested, by American individuals or pri­ Mr. President, sometimes I wonder if sonian Democrat; yet there are as many vate organizations. our NATO allies are laboring under the different Jeffersonians as there are I shall not run for political cover, Mr. impression that it is· only the security Democrats. President, merely because some say it is of the United States which is at stake, Many Americans have solemnly quoted not good politics to suggest that we keep which brought about the NATO Treaty to me Karl Marx as an authority on the faith with our Christian principles when in the first instance. I have a right to nature and purpose of the income tax. we implement those principles in terms speak about tbe NATO Treaty, because Does that make them all Marxists? of seeking to prevent starvation of hu- the REcoan will show that the then Sen­ We had better recognize in this coun- man beings. ator from New Hampshire, Mr. Tobey, try that not every Asian, African, and In my judgment, we will strengthen the Senator from Vermont [Mr. AIKEN], Latin is a disciple of Jefferson. Too the cause of freedom and respect for and the Se~tor from Oregon were se­ many of them have learned more about democracy around the world to the ex­ lected by the Senator in charge of the Marx and Lenin than about Jefferson. tent that we are willing to put into prac­ NATO Treaty, Mr. Vandenberg, to assist Does that mean we should quit right tice the religious principles which are him in Presenting the NATO Treaty to now trying to compete? It is about time preached to us on Sunday and which we the Senate for ratification. that we understood how long a contest profess to worship on Sunday. Mr. President, the underlying thesis this is going to be, and that we will Mr. President, I make these comments of the NATO Treaty was, "All for one, never hold our own, much less win the today in respect to the matter of food and one for all." I believe it is, in article contest without being. vigorous and ag- for the starving as separate and distinct 5 of the treaty, stated in black and white gressive in pressing the virtues of free from foreign aid to Iron Curtain coun­ that an attack upon one is an attack political and economic institutions. · We tries. upon all. will never be able to do that job if we A constituent of mine has suggested Mr. President, I think the time bas pack up and leave ev-ery country that that we offer to furnish food for a United come, most respectfully but without seems to us to be getting off to a bad Nations distribution in Communist equivocation, to point out to our NATO start. It is in these countries that we China. I think we should push the idea. allies that they have not been upholding should be most determined to stay, and No doubt the idea will be dimly received their burden of expenditures under the to keep a foot 1n the door. in Communist China, but it is time we NATO Treaty. The sad fact is that the Final1y, I am in complete agreement .stopped giving .so much credit to what American taxpayers have been carrying with the stress given to the failure of the Communists are going to say. . Let an undue share of the burden. communism to feed its people. The fore- Red China turn down the idea, if it That is why last year I supported the most task and the greatest test of any wishes to do so. That should not deter Church amendment. I am glad that a economic system is how it produces and us from making the offer. modified Church amendment h.as been distributes food. Communism has failed I make my suggestion, Mr. President, made a part of the bill. I do not tbink miserably, and we have succeeded ad.,. on the basis of the procedural recom- it goes far enough, but at least it is a mirably, in this function. mendation that this distribution be done start. SURPLUS FOOD IN COMMVNIST COUNTRIES through an international organization We discussed this problem in the Com­ I do not believe we should now subsi- such as the United Nations or the Inter­ mittee on Foreign Relations this year, dize that failure of communism by fur- national Red Cross. Mr. President, but because the military nishing ·food to their governments to dis- I cannot imagine a more graphic way aid section of tbe 1961 bill covered 1962, tribute as their own. But there are ways to demonstrate the difference between we did not go into military aid this year we can demonstrate the difference the productivity of free agriculture and in the bill. The comm.ittee report went between our systems. one way is to con- ~he fa:ilure of Communist agriculture. It into the problem, with a special section tinue to send food into communist coun- 1s a d1:ff erence that should not be lost on onNATO. tries-yes, even Communist-bloc coun- i the rest of the world. In the committee report this year it tries-under supervision. The Senator u.s. MILITARY AID TO NATO COUNTRIES was stated, in part: from Connecticut [Mr. DODD] mentioned Mr. President, had I been present and The world has changed a great deal since the possibility of sending food to Com- participated in the debate on foreign aid NATO's birth, but NATO has not changed with it. At present the Organization is not munist countries for distribution under before the vote was taken I would have sufficiently geared to the requirements of the the direction of individual Americans. I had something to say about another alllance. On both sides of the Atlantic, there would favor that, and I would also favor phase of this matter, because we must is an understandably compelling interest, furnishing food to be distributed by the take a long, hard look at foreign aid if not fascination, in the expanding economic International Red Cross, or even the to countries which are now. able to aid interdependence of the Atlantic Community. United Nations. the:i;nselves. However, the political and military relation­ Mr. President, we have not even started Let me say that I think the report of ships of NATO members are failing to evolve, and are lagging well behind these rapidly to scratch the surface of the potentiality the Senate Committee on Foreign Re­ maturing economic relationships. of the United Nations as a; distributing 1ations bears out the wisdom of the center in such a humanitarian cause. amendment which the Senator from For myself, I think the time is long The .present presiding officer of the Idaho [Mr: CHURCH] tried to add to last past when the European members of

I. 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 10033 NATO should be expected to pay their huge sums of money that we are pouring As I have listened to the briefings on own share of the costs of the Organiza­ into NATO when our allies are demon­ South Vietnam and Laos, I find it diffi­ tion. All we are asking is that they pay strably failing to uphold their burden of cult to escape the -conclusion that basi­ their fair share, ~nd that the American the expenditures. cally to date it is ·still pretty much taxpayers not be asked to pay much more Therefore, I shall continue to urge unilateral action on the part of the than their share, as is being done at the that we reevaluate our military aid pro­ United States, with a little fringe as­ present time. With the advent of the gram, and where we find a country such sistance from our allies. I say to my Common Market, and the difficulties the as West Germany, France, Italy, and administration today that I have been United States will have selling American England capable of assuming a much across the country in the past few days products there, our balance-of-payments larger share of the cost of its own de­ talking to the people, and the people problem may well worsen. Military aid fense, we have a right to say, "It is about likewise are perplexed. to Western Europe was justifiable only time that you impose the taxes neces­ I walked on the floor of the Senate when those nations were financially un­ sary to pay for your own defense. We earlier today and heard a little discus­ able to provide for themselves, but I do will contribute in a joint allied NATO sion of what our tax dollar should be. not think that condition prevails any defense our share. But not yours, too." We cannot separate this either from longer. NEED FOR SUPPORT FROM ALLIES IN SOUTHEAST the whole question of foreign aid. We As I have said, I am very pleased that ASIA cannot separate the tax issue either from a start was made to terminate this aid We must take a look at the entire the whole question of balance of pay­ by the addition of a modified Church foreign aid program from the standpoint ments. We cannot separate it either amendment to the bill; leaving, however, of other nations that now have the from the value of the American dollar, wide discretion to the President of the ability to pay, assuming their share of about which I spoke only a few minutes United States in respect to the matter the burden, for Berlin is not the only ago. I say most respectfully that I do of military aid to NATO. trouble spot in the world. There are not share the point of view, which I I hope that next year when military other hot spots. heard expressed on the floor this after­ aid will be an integral part of the for­ I would have Senators turn from Eu­ noon, that we should not proceed now eign aid bill, the Senate will face up to rope now and take a look at southeast to a consideration of a program of tax the NATO problem. In the meantime Asia. The United States has been paying reduction. It is linked to some of our I hope that the present administration, practically the entire military bill for foreign outgo with regard to which I be­ which ls the administration of my own some years in Laos, as far as the gov­ lieve there can be the saving of huge party, will make clear to our allies in ernment we recognize is concerned. I sums of money. NATO that there must be a tapering ask the question, Why should we alone There is NATO; there are military off of the huge American expenditures be paying most of that bill? Is the prob­ bases in totalitarian countr:.:J, Fascist in now going into NATO. There must be lem of Laos a problem that threatens the nature. There is military aid to so­ an assumption of a greater financial re­ security of the United States alone? Do called totalitarian governments, be they sponsibility on the part of the NATO none of our allies have a security prob­ Fascist or Communist. I have tried to countries, particularly France, England, lem in regard to southeast Asia? indicate this afternoon that I believe and West. Germany. For that matter Oh, yes, representatives of the State we ought to revise our policy in regard the statement goes for all the NATO Department will probably come forward, to these practices which cause the out­ countries. as some of their witnesses have before pouring of millions of dollars for military The American people are perfectly the Foreign Relations Committee, and aid to such types of governments, be wiliing to do their share in providing call attention to some token contribu­ they Fascist or Communist. the sinews of defense for the protection tions. But, Mr. President, I say they Substantial savings could be made in and security of freedom in the NATO are token compared with the largess all these areas. countries and elsewhere in the world. that the United States has poured into Mr. DWORSHAK. Mr. President, But I am also convinced that the Amer­ Laos. Here again I wish to suggest that will the Senator yield? ican taxpayers have had just about free nations are going to have to stand Mr. MORSE. I yield. enough of what amounts to too great together and be willing to pay together Mr. DWORSHAK. As I came into the a degree of one-sided streetwalks on this the 'price of making freedom secure. Chamber I heard the Senator from Ore­ subject. The American taxpayers are The United States cannot continue gon criticize the failure of the United taking a very careful look at our bal­ pouring out its millions and its billions States to request the assistance of the ance-of-payments problem. while other nations likewise having an United Nations in the military activities In fact, if there are any politicians in ability to pay always seem to be doling in southeast Asia. Is that correct? the Congress who think the voters are out a relative pittance. Mr. MORSE. No; the Senator mis­ not ahead of them in this matter, then Not only am I talking in terms of understood me. I ~as not talking about let me warn them that they had better money today in regard to the subject of the United Nations in respect to south­ talk to the voters, because the voters foreign aid from a military standpoint, east Asia, but about the SEATO alliance know that we cannot col)tinue to pour but also I am talking in terms of and its specific members. wealth out of the United States. bodies-the bodies of the flower of our Mr. DWORSHAK. The Senator did Psychologically, I think the po:;,ition of youth, the military personnel of the not mention the United Nations? the American dollar in Canada is having Mr. MORSE. Not in regard to this a terrific psychological effect on the United States. subject. I mentioned the United Na­ American people. We are not accus­ Of course, we have made perfectly tions earlier in regard to the matter of tomed to going anywhere in the world clear that we intend to fight and die, developing a procedure for distributing and not finding the American dollar not if necessary, for the protection and the food. I said I thought it was a pro­ worth 100 cents to the dollar. security of freedom in those areas of cedure that we ought to examine, to But the dollar is not worth 100 cents the world in which the Communist determine to what extent that kind of across the border in Canada. One can challenge threatens the security of the procedure might be workable in carry­ explain to his heart's content what the free world. But I raise the question on ing out what I consider to be a sound motivations of Canada may be in re­ the floor of the Senate today, What about Christian principle, namely, that we can­ gard to the subject. The sad fact is Great Britain? What about Canada? not stand idly by and let people starve that it is a warning sign. It has been What about New Zealand? What about merely because they happen to be slaves going on in Canada for the past several Australia? What about the Philippines? of a Communist dictator. years. There is talk in other places in What about the rest of our allies in the Mr. DWORSHAK. Does the Senator the world in regard to the basic value of free world? How many troops are those from Oregon believe that it is a de­ the American dollar. countries indicating they are willing to fensible position for our Government to Therefore, I would warn from the floor send into the trouble spots of the world, take, particularly the State Department, of the Senate today that I think it is in­ whether it is Laos or South Vietnam or that we maintain unilateral military ac­ cumbent upon us and the President of elsewhere in the world, where freedom tion in southeast Asia, instead of re­ the United States, representing the ex­ may be threatened? And money is no questing the United Nations to take posi­ ecutive branch, to take a look at the substitute for bodies. tive action which will serve notice upon 10034 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 8 the Red leadership of China and Russia am trying to point out that we cannot TAX REDUCTION NEEDED TO STIMULATE ECONOMIC and the satellites that there will be no separate fiscal problems from the great GROWTH toleration of continuous infiltration and foreign aid outgo, which we have been I say to the Senator from Idaho [Mr. aggression by the Soviets in southeast pouring out around the world, helping DWORSHAK] that I was speaking only of Asia? nations get into a position where they the problem of foreign aid, particularly Mr. MORSE. I am sure it is permis­ have the ability to help themselves. military aid, although to some extent sible to say on the floor of the Senate, What I deplore is, that I have seen little the aid relates to economic assistance, what I have said in discussions in execu­ evidence of any great enthusiasm on in some parts of the world, as well. I tive sessions of the Committee on Foreign their part to help themselves, to pay the have been talking about it because of its Relations, because what I say now, in my bills, as long as Uncle Sam is willing to relationship to the fiscal problems which judgment-and I want to show what my pay. confront the Republic at this time, prob­ motivation is-in no way violates any of Mr. DWORSHAK. Mr President, will lems which I believe are very serious. the confidences of these executive ses­ the Senator yield further? That is why I wished to make the few sions. For quite some time in the For­ Mr. MORSE. I yield. comments I am making today, setting eign Relations Committee, I have been Mr. DWORSHAK. Obviously our mil­ forth my position in regard to the tax raising what I consider to be pertinent itary forces are unilaterally helping to reduction program. questions-some may consider them to hold the line against Soviet aggression This is not a new position for me. I be impertinent-as to whether it was a ln Thailand, Laos, and in Vietnam. It have been advocating a tax reduction wise policy to be following what amounts is difficult to forecast what may happen. program for some time, always hitching in fact to unilateral action not only in I am sure the Senator will agree with it to my suggestion that there could be South Vietnam but in some other places me that it will be a much easier task a tax reduction in the United States if of the world. I thought we had a clear to request United Nations support and we could get other countries, which have duty to call upon our allies, and that participation while we are in what we now achieved the ability to carry their I preferred to do it through the United might call a stalemate, rather than to share of the burden financially, to do Nations. We should find out to what wait until an acute situation develops just that. Let us not forget that under extent they propose to be of assistance and then request the U.N. to intercede. the Marshall plan, under the point 4 to us in southeast Asia. Will the Senator agree with me on that? program, and under the various loans However, as to the comment of the Mr. MORSE. Yes. I have pressed and grants which we have made to our Senator, I believe we can, so far as uni­ that point of view in the Foreign Rela­ allies-and most of our largess has been lateral action is concerned as an Amer­ tions Committee as State Department in the form of grants, not loans-we ican policy, justify it from the stand­ witnesses have been before us. Again I have put many of those countries in a point of our own defense and security. believe I violate no confidence-although position where they have little national What I have tried to point out in the I may be getting very close to the line­ debt in comparison with the national committee is that this involves the de­ that we have been given assurances that debt of the United States. At least, they fense and security of every free nation these procedures are being explored. are in a very sound financial position. in the world. The other free nations That is all I can say on the floor of the They have built modern plants with of the world ought to do more than they Senate. our dollars, and have been throwing have demonstrated they are willing to do Mr. DWORSHAK. Three months ago those plants into competition with thus far in giving support to us as we go I wrote a letter to the State Department American industry. They are moving forward with our men and our millions on this subject. The reply that I re­ into a free, healthy economy, which will to defend freedom in southeast Asia. ceived, which I do not believe is confi­ express itself in the form of the Com­ I may say also that I am a little wor­ dential or classified in any way, advises mon Market, a market which will create ried about conventional unilateral ac­ me that the State Department had prop­ some economic problems for the United tion in southeast Asia. I am very frank erly briefed and informed the United States. But I would not stop it, for I with the Senator from Idaho when I Nations about developments in south­ recognize that such a result represents say that I have heard no evidence which east Asia, but that no request had been economic progress and economic growth, convinces me that it would be militarily made of the United Nations to provide and that a prosperous Europe can en­ wise for us to let an American army any help; but that if a situation required hance prosperity in the United States get bogged down anywhere in Asia in a it, subsequently a request would be made if we will only take the steps necessary conventional war. We make a great by our Government for the United Na­ to insure it. mistake in letting Russia pick the spot tions to take definite and specific action. What are some of the steps I think to which we will send American boys to Mr. MORSE. In fairness to the State we shall have to take in order to meet fight for freedom. If we get an Ameri­ Department, I believe this supplemen­ that kind of economic competition? We can army over there, I fear that it might tary comment should be made by me. must do those things which are neces­ find itself in some difficulty. It might Thus far we have been working sary to expand our economy. Oh, I know suffer heavy casualties. Then we would through SEATO. As the Senator from we hear from time to time reports from find a demand made that we resort to Government departments, such as the nuclear weapons. Idaho knows, SEATO is an appropriate Department of Commerce and the De­ If we were still in a unilateral posi­ alliance, consistent with the United Na­ partment of Labor, and others, that the tion-mark my premise, Mr. President-­ tions, which we entered into to bind to­ national production is rising; that the if we were still in a unilateral position, gether the free nations of southeast national income is increasing. That is and we did not have the other allies Asia to meet an emergency which might true. But I ask: Fast enough? In my with us, and we used nuclear weapons, arise threatening freedom. The theory judgment, the answer to that question is I ask the Senator from Idaho: Are we is that if SEATO does not work, we must "No." sure what the reaction of our allies fall back upon the United Nations. One reason ·why our economy is not would be then, and are we sure what the In my judgment, SEATO is not work­ expanding as rapidly as it should is that reaction of the neutrals would be then? ing very well. The responses thus far American business after American busi­ That is why I have suggested that it from Australia and New Zealand have ness is not willing to invest in its own is very important that this be united been what I call token or fringe re­ expansion. This fact cannot be ex­ action. sponses. Those countries will make some plained away or shuffled off with the Earlier in my speech, going back to showing, perhaps by supplying a few argument that it is just their selfishness the NATO treaty, I pointed out that the coming underlying basis was that it was based planes or perhaps a small contingent of to the fore. upon the suggestion that it was one for men. But it seems to me that we must What is wrong about having an Ameri­ all and all for one. That was article V be assured that all the SEATO countries can businessman, under the profit sys­ of the treaty. will act together as a unit; that the prin­ tem, seek to make a reasonable profit, a I feel the same way about southeast ciple is "All for one and one for all"; not part of which he can reinvest in plant, Asia. the United States for all. There has or to modernize or change his plant, and As I talk about the fiscal problems been very little return from the other thus create new jobs, out of which new confronting my Government today, I nations by way of assistance to us. profits and new taxes will flow? It be- 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE - 10035 comes a matter of judgment. How high Mr. DWORSHAK. Of course the Sen-. as chairman of the Subcommittee on should a tax be? It is possible that 52 ator from Oregon knows that yesterday Latin America, I have been a strong percent on corporations is too high, if the Senate approved, by an overwhelm­ advocate, in the Foreign Relations Com­ we desire to have American business ex­ ing majority, the authorization bill for mittee, of loans, not grants. And I am pand its working plant, although we the foreign aid program for the next proud to say that the Foreign Relations know that a high proportion of that fiscal year-a bill authorizing appropria­ Committee-and I am sure I accurately plant is now i<;Ue. In any case, it is due tions of much more money than that describe the position taken by a sub­ for study. made available during the current fiscal stantial majority of its members-has Therefore, I am on the opposite side year. Does the Senator from Oregon come to the point of view that we should of the argument I heard today that this approve of that policy? be making loans, . rather than grants. is not a time for tax reduction. I be­ Mr. MORSE. Well, in the committee Of course, some grants will have to be lieve tax reduction is overdue by about I offered a few amendments to that bill, made-for instance, for food to be sent 6 years. But of one thing I am con­ and some of them were adopted. The to food-shortage areas and for some of vinced: Tax reduction is due now. I largest item in the bill was an authoriza­ the health programs and for malaria think the President was quite correct in tion covering 4 years. But, as I have control, and some grants will have to be the statement he made at his press con­ said, the bill passed yesterday did not made in connection with schools. But ference yesterday, when he announced cover the military-aid costs at all, be­ the wealth-creating projects should be that his administration will devise a tax cause our bill of last year covered mili­ :financed on the basis of loans, not grants. program to submit to Congress next Jan­ tary aid for both the fiscal year 1961 and Not only that, but I have also stressed uary, a program which will include some the fiscal year 1962. When we get back the point that the loans should not be tax reductions up and down the line. I here next January-and I hope to be general blanket loans to a government, intend to support that program. I may here then, but I leave that up to the but should be related to specific proj­ disagree with a detail here or there. I voters of my State-but when the Sen­ ects-in fact, I like to call myself a may support amendments to various sec­ ate returns here next January, if I am project-to-project man-so that the tions of the final proposal. Or I may then a Member of the Senate, I shall money can be drawn on a line-of-credit endorse the proposal in its entirety if I press for the thesis for which I pressed basis. That is why I have been such find myself in agreement with it in its today; namely, for substantial cutbacks a strong advocate of our using the :finan­ entirety. in military aid. cial institutions-whether it be the Ex­ The only purpose of my speech on this Mr. DWORSHAK. Mr. President, will port-Import Bank, the International subject today is to put myself on official the Senator from Oregon yield again? Bank, or others which are available. record that I intend to support a tax re­ Mr. MORSE. I yield. We should do this through :financial duction program, because, in my judg­ Mr. DWORSHAK. The Senator from institutions, where surveillance can be ment, a tax reduction program of the Oregon, like myself, has heard many exercised on the expenditure of the nature that the President spoke of yes­ speeches and pleas in this body, during money-checking the expenditures on terday in principle will strengthen the this session, to stop the outflow of gold a line-of-credit basis against the con­ American dollar. It will help to expand and to improve our balance-of-payments struction of the project. If that is done, the American economy. It will do jus­ situation, which during the past year had I am not so much concerned about the tice to many taxpayers who, in my judg­ a deficit of about $2.5 billion. But the label "foreign aid," because that kind ment, are being overtaxed at the present fact remains that p:ractically every policy of foreign aid will create wealth, and time. recommended oy the New Frontier ad­ will help us, in turn, expand our own Oh, it may be asked, "Mr. Senator, ministration in the White House and economy. how do you propose to pay the bill?" I practically all the appropriation bills As the Senator from Idaho knows, this have tried to indicate earlier in my and authorization bills and legislative year in the Foreign Relations Commit­ speech that I believe there can be a tax policies formulated in this body are tee we adopted an amendment-and I reduction if we will take a close look at media for expanding our spending and understand it survived the Senate­ our whole foreign outgo, particularly in extending our responsibilities through­ which will make very clear that the the :field of aid to countries which we out the world-those for foreign aid and money that is loaned for the purchase have refurbished, so to speak, to the for unilateral action, militarily and of the goods that will go into such proj­ point where they ought now to be asked otherwise. ects shall be spent in the United States, to pay their own military bills, and ought I ask the Senator from Oregon if it unless the country concerned has within to come in with us as partners in the is consistent for either the White House it facilities capable of producing those alliance which seeks to defend freedom or the Senate to contend that we can goods, on which the money can be spent, throughout the world. expand all these responsibilities and this provided that the goods needed are avail­ I shall have more to say on this sub­ spending and can accept these greater able either in that country or in the ject from time to time. I merely wished burdens, while at the same time there United States. to make it perfectly clear to the Presi­ are contradictory speeches to assure the Now we have been confronted with a dent today that so far as his tax pro­ taxpayers of the United States that ef­ problem which disturbs me very much: gram is concerned, I shall support him. fective action is being taken to correct We find that a considerable amount of I also respectfully suggest to him that some of these liabilities, such as the our money-too much of it, I think-in­ his administration ought to proceed to outflow of gold, which are a serious volved in a foreign aid program has been take the steps necessary for a careful threat to the stability of our Govern­ given away. More is going for loans, reevaluation and analysis of our mili­ ment. but let us not forget that even up to date tary expenditures around the world, and Mr. MORSE. I wish to say to the we have given most of the money away. start to make it clear, in the spirit and Senator from Idaho that the burden I hope we are reducing the ratio, and I intent of the Church amendment, which of my speech was that we must stop hope that when I stand on the floor of I supported last year, and a part of some of this unilateral action which is the .Senate next year, I can say that we which, in principle, was included in the not going to strengthen the economy are then lending more money than we bill this year, that we intend to cut back of our country. But in regard to foreign are granting. . our military aid program throughout the aid, I am not going to take a blanket I feel that my constituents are entitled world. position and say that I am opposed to to this statement of position which I all foreign aid, for I am not; and neither have made this afternoon on the floor Mr. DWORSHAK. Mr. President, at is the Senator from Idaho, as his votes of the Senate, since I was away on official this point will the Senator from Oregon show. business when the bill was under con­ yield? But let me illustrate my position; sideration. The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. after all, specific examples are the proof. HICKEY in the chair). Does the Senator Let us consider the aid we give to Latin from Oregon yield to the Senator from America under the oncoming Alliance ADJOURNMENT Idaho? for Progress program. The Senator Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, unless Mr. MORSE. I yield. from Idaho knows that in my capacity some other Senator wishes to address 10036 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 8, 1962 the Senate at this time, I now move that Health Service, subject to qualifications Frank P. Parte Richard C. Tort.oriello the Senate adjourn, under the order pre­ therefor as provided by law and regulations: Sidney E. Clark Meredith H. Saxer To be senior assistant dental surgeons Raymond V. Knutson Leroy C. Reid, Jr. viously entered, until Monday, June 11, Richard G. Hunsinger 1962, at 12 o'clock meridian. Ronald C. Gunn The motion was agreed to; and . the Senate To be assistant dental surgeons Frank W. Mackison Bert W. Mitchell adjourned, under the order previously Gerald S. Morrill Blair W. Thurgood entered, until Monday, June 11, 1962, Paul D. Frazier Arnold R. Henderson To be assistant sanitarian at 12 o'clock meridian. Roger A. Meyer Vincent L. G1llis Vernon R. T. Bergman Paul M. Feldstein Clark E. Fullmer To be senior assistant veterinary officers Ronald J. Wroblewski Charles E. Tomich John R. Mitchell Thomas C. Francis Rudolph E. Micik George M. Baer NOMINATIONS Martin L. MacIntyre Robert A. Winkler James B. Brayton Daniel R. Collins Executive nominations received by the To 'be senior assistant sanitary engineers To lbe assistant veterinary officers Senate June 8, 1962: Leonard C. Marcus Willard S. Sweeney D.C. PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION Edward H. Adelstein Albert V. Soukup Edgar H. Bernstein, of the District of Co­ Arlis D. Boothe lumbia, t.o be a member of the Public Utili­ To be assistant sanitary engineers To be senior assistant nurse officers ties Commission of the District of Columbia Robert W. Zeller Virginia B. Brown Floris E. Hadley foi:. a term of 3 years expiring June 30, 1965. John T. Talty June G. Allison Frances M. Snyder PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE To be junior assistant sanitary engineers To be junior assistant nurse officers The following candidates for personnel Robert D. Shankland William J. Keffer Judith A. Sullivan Richard A. Lindblad action in the Regular Corps of the Public David A. Bella Bernard W. Dahl Sara G. Giles Patricia J. Kneip