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A Comparative Analysis of Early Late Woodland Smoking Pipes from the Arkona Cluster

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A Comparative Analysis of Early Late Woodland Smoking Pipes from the Arkona Cluster Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 9-14-2018 1:00 PM Guided by Smoke: A Comparative Analysis of Early Late Woodland Smoking Pipes from the Arkona Cluster Shane McCartney The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Hodgetts, Lisa M. The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Anthropology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Master of Arts © Shane McCartney 2018 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation McCartney, Shane, "Guided by Smoke: A Comparative Analysis of Early Late Woodland Smoking Pipes from the Arkona Cluster" (2018). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 5757. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/5757 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract This thesis undertakes a comparative analysis of ceramic and stone pipes recovered from eight archaeological sites located near present day Arkona, Ontario. Commonly known as the Arkona Cluster, these sites date to between A.D. 1000 and 1280 during the early Late Woodland Period and are thought to be part of a borderland region between distinct cultural groups known as the Western Basin Younge Phase and the Early Ontario Iroquoians. Using a combination of distribution and attribute data from each site’s pipe assemblage, I explore how the similarities and differences observed can be used to draw insights into the potential relations between the sites and how they relate to a larger regional context of identity formation, territorialization and intergroup interaction and exchange. Keywords Western Basin Tradition, Early Ontario Iroquoian, Younge Phase, Early Late Woodland, pipes, clay pipes, stone pipes, attribute analysis, distribution analysis, borderland i Acknowledgements I will forever be grateful to the unflagging support of my supervisor Lisa Hodgetts, whose seemingly limitless patience and kind encouragement were fundamental to the successful completion of this thesis. When it came down to the wire, she helped me cross it. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor and committee member Neal Ferris for his suggestion of this topic, and for his continued insistence on stretching my intellectual boundaries through his discussions, writing and classes. A big thank you is owed to Jean-Francois Millaire for lending me his lab when I really needed a quiet, isolated space, and to Chris Ellis for always being willing to turn an offhand question into an enthusiastic half hour discussion of some fascinating aspect of Ontario archaeology. Thank you also to William Fox for your feedback on the stone pipe collection. I would also like to extend my appreciation to my other committee members Ron Williamson and Jim Keron for their valuable feedback and discussion. I would like to thank the Anthropology Department for their continual support. To my dear friend Chris Lemon, thank you for your support and undoubted talent as a challenging sounding board. A big thank you is owed to friends and colleagues at Golder Associates in London for the encouragement and support I received, as well as Jim Wilson for urging me to apply for the program and his role in generating the initial data sets. Thank you to Anthony Butler for your encouragement, flexibility and understanding as I wound through the process. I’d like to thank my brother Iain and my father Neil for their support and humorous reminders, and for sticking by me through thick and thin. ii To my wife Brydie, I cannot thank you enough for your love, patience and encouragement during this process. Thank you for believing in me and being there for a push when I needed it. iii Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background.................................................................................................................. 2 1.1.1 Van Bree (AgHk-32) .............................................................................................. 6 1.1.2 Bingo Location 3 (AgHk-40) and 5 (AgHk-41) ....................................................... 7 1.1.3 Inland Locations .................................................................................................... 7 1.1.4 Bingo Village (AgHk-42) ........................................................................................ 9 1.1.5 Background Summary .........................................................................................10 1.2 Pipe Studies and Theoretical Approach ......................................................................11 1.3 Objectives and Organization .......................................................................................12 Chapter 2: Early Late Woodland Archaeological Context ....................................................14 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................14 2.2 Western Basin Tradition ..............................................................................................16 2.3 Princess Point and Early Ontario Iroquoian .................................................................23 2.4 Discussion ..................................................................................................................28 Chapter 3: Pipes and the Archaeological Context ................................................................31 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................31 3.2 History of Pipe Use in North America ..........................................................................31 3.3 What were they smoking? ...........................................................................................35 3.4 Archaeological Studies of Pipes ..................................................................................37 3.5 Pipe Studies in Ontario ...............................................................................................41 3.6 Summary ....................................................................................................................44 Chapter 4: Methods.................................................................................................................46 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................46 4.2 Methodology ...............................................................................................................46 4.2.1 Attribute Analysis .................................................................................................46 4.2.2 Measurements .....................................................................................................47 4.2.3 Morphological features .........................................................................................48 4.2.4 Decoration ...........................................................................................................50 4.2.5 Spatial Distribution Analysis .................................................................................52 Chapter 5: Results ..................................................................................................................54 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................54 5.2 Arkona Cluster Assemblage ........................................................................................54 5.3 Site Specific Pipe Descriptions ...................................................................................56 iv 5.3.1 Figura ..................................................................................................................56 5.3.2 Inland Location 3 .................................................................................................61 5.3.3 Inland Location 9 .................................................................................................65 5.3.4 Inland Location 12 ...............................................................................................67 5.3.5 Van Bree ..............................................................................................................69 5.3.6 Bingo Village ........................................................................................................70 5.3.7 Bingo Locations 3 and 5 ......................................................................................87 5.4 Comparative Dataset ..................................................................................................89 5.5 Summary ....................................................................................................................94 Chapter 6: Discussion ............................................................................................................95 6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................95 6.2 Symbolic and Ritual use of Arkona cluster pipes .........................................................96
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