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1 Understanding Different Interactions of Coffee, Tobacco and Opium Culture in the Lands of Ottoman Empire in the Light of the P View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Istanbul Bilgi University Library Open Access UNDERSTANDING DIFFERENT INTERACTIONS OF COFFEE, TOBACCO AND OPIUM CULTURE IN THE LANDS OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN THE LIGHT OF THE PIPES OBTAINED IN EXCAVATIONS ERTUĞRUL SÜNGÜ İSTANBUL BİLGİ UNIVERSITY 2014 1 UNDERSTANDING DIFFERENT INTERACTIONS OF COFFEE, TOBACCO AND OPIUM CULTURE IN THE LANDS OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN THE LIGHT OF THE PIPES OBTAINED IN EXCAVATIONS Thesis submitted to the Institute for Social Sciences In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History By Ertuğrul Süngü İSTANBUL BİLGİ UNIVERSITY 2014 2 3 An abstract of the thesis submitted by Ertuğrul Süngü, for the degree of Master of Arts in History from the Institute of Social Sciences to be taken in September 2014 Title: Understanding Different Interactions of Coffee, Tobacco and Opium Culture in the Lands of Ottoman Empire in the Light of the Pipes Obtained in Excavations This M.A. thesis mainly focuses on tobacco introduced to the Ottoman Empire in the 17th century and along with tobacco, it questions how pipe making shaped the everyday life in the Empire both socially and culturally. This inventory, better known as Tophane pipe making, came out in a large part of the Ottoman Empire in different ways according to its period, region and production style. In a short span of time, tobacco spread to a large part of the empire, was first consumed as a remedy and soon after as a stimulating substance. The variety in the usage of opium, the consumption of wine despite its being banned, and especially the excessive consumption of coffee by almost everyone paved the way for tobacco. Finally, the fact that coffeehouses were distinguished as communal areas for the consumption of all those substances led the consumption of stimulating substances to a far different dimension. When it comes to tobacco consumption, the first thing that comes to mind is chibouk. The biggest differences of chibouk from the western pipe are the specific production style of its flue and the bowl of pipe in which tobacco is placed. Just as tobacco did, the production of pipe spread quickly over the territory of the empire, which led the construction of workshops dealing specifically with pipe making. Several pipes were produced by several artisans using different materials to make them. Pipes found during excavations which were held in different territories of the empire became more of an issue since that Istanbul based elite pipe art finally came out of the border fortresses. And the main concern of the thesis comes into play at 4 this stage, trying to reveal how this cultural inventory has formed an interaction between different countries. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü’nde Tarih Yüksek Lisans derecesi için Ertuğrul Süngü tarafından Eylül 2014’de teslim edilen tezin özeti. Başlık: Kazılarda Bulunan Lüleler Işığında, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Topraklarındaki Kahve, Tütün ve Afyon Kültürünün Farklı Etkileşimlerini Anlamak Bu tez, 17. Yüzyıl’da Osmanlı İmparatorluğuna giren tütün ve tütün ile birlikte kendisine kültürel anlamda büyük yer bulan lülecilik üzerine bir çalışmadır. En çok Tophane Lüleciliği olarak isim yapan bu envanter Osmanlı topraklarının büyük bir kısmında, dönemlere, bölgelere ve yapım yöntemlerine göre farklı şekillerde gözlemlenmektedir. Tütün kısa sürede imparatorluk topraklarının büyük bir kısmına yayılmış, ilk olarak sağlık alanında, akabinde de keyif verici bir madde olarak tüketilmiştir. Afyonun farklı kullanım şekilleri, şarabın yasak olmasına rağmen tüketimi ve özellikle kahvenin hemen herkes tarafından bağımlılık derecesinde tüketiliyor olması tütün için mükemmel bir zemin hazırlamıştır. Tüm bu maddelerin ortak kullanım alanı olarak kendisini gösteren kahvehanelerse, şüphesiz başta tütün olmak üzere, keyif verici madde kullanımını farklı bir kültürel boyuta taşımıştır. Konu tütün tüketimi olduğu vakit, akla ilk gelen çubuktur. Çubuğun Batı dünyasına ait olan pipodan en büyük farkı, hem duman yolu olan çubuk kısmının, hem de tütün koyulan kafa kısmı olan lülenin kendilerine has üretim şekilleridir. Lüle üretimi imparatorluk topraklarında tıpkı tütünün yayıldığı gibi çok hızlı bir şekilde yayılmış ve birçok farklı şehirde sadece lüle yapan atölyelerin kendisini göstermesi ile gelişmiştir. Birbirinden farklı lüleler, birbirinden farklı ustalar tarafından ve farklı maddelerden yapılmıştır. İmparatorluk topraklarının farklı noktalarında yapılan yakın zaman kazılarında ortaya çıkan lülelerse, İstanbul merkezli olan üst seviye lüle sanatının sınır kalelerinde ve Payitahta uzak olan bölgelerde gözlemlenmesi açısından büyük önem taşır. Araştırmanın başlıca amacıysa işte bu noktada devreye girmektedir ve farklı bölgelerde ele geçen lüle buluntuları sayesinde bu kültürel 5 envanterin farklı ülkeler arasında nasıl bir etkileşim yarattığını gözler önüne sermeye çalışmaktır. Contents CHAPTER 1: PLEASURE GIVING SUBSTANCES AND THEIR EFFECTS IN OTTOMAN SOCIAL LIFE ......................................................................................... 8 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 8 Coffee and Wine ..................................................................................................... 18 What is Tobacco? ................................................................................................... 24 Discovery of Tobacco............................................................................................. 25 Journey of the tobacco, from West to Ottoman Empire ......................................... 31 Prohibition of Tobacco in Ottoman Empire ........................................................... 35 Opium, as a Pleasure and Medicine Plant .............................................................. 39 Coffee Houses in Ottoman Empire ........................................................................ 47 Different Coffee Houses: Types and shapes ........................................................... 53 Coffee and Tobacco in Cairo .................................................................................. 63 Coffee Trade in Cairo ............................................................................................. 66 Coffee Shops and Tobacco in a Middle Eastern Region: Iran ............................... 69 Coffee and Tobacco Consumption in Palace and in Private Homes ...................... 74 Life in Frontier Castles........................................................................................... 80 CHAPTER 2: THE CONSUMPTION OF NARGHILE AND CHIBOUK AS PLEASURE GIVING DEVICES AND THE USAGE OF LÜLES AS ARTEFACTS IN FRONTIER CASTLES IN CONSIDERATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS ......................................................................................................... 87 Narghile .................................................................................................................. 88 Anatomy of Narghile .............................................................................................. 91 Terms of Narghile................................................................................................... 93 Pipes and Chibouk ................................................................................................. 94 Chibouk .................................................................................................................. 96 Pipe Making ......................................................................................................... 101 Anatomy of Lüle .................................................................................................. 104 Anatolian Pipe Making ........................................................................................ 109 Different types of Pipes ........................................................................................ 110 Clay Pipes ............................................................................................................ 111 The meerschaum pipe .......................................................................................... 112 Turkish Clay Smoking Pipes ................................................................................ 113 6 Tophane Pipe Forms ............................................................................................. 115 In the Light of Excavations, Pipes around the Ottoman Empire.......................... 117 Pipes in Hungarian Fortress ................................................................................. 119 Pipes in Jerusalem ................................................................................................ 122 Pipes in Iraq ......................................................................................................... 125 Pipes in Anatolia Bitlis and Edirne excavations .................................................. 127 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 129 Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 135 7 CHAPTER 1: PLEASURE GIVING SUBSTANCES AND THEIR EFFECTS IN OTTOMAN SOCIAL LIFE Introduction This thesis examines Turkish pipes, namely lüles1 from their first appearance until they vanished at the beginning of the 20th century. Its concern is to show the cultural interaction
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