Mythos Western

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Mythos Western Mythos Western „Klassiker sehen - Filme verstehen“ ist eine Veranstaltungsreihe der Deutschen Filmakademie und der Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, gefördert durch die Peter Ustinov Stiftung. EINFÜHRUNG IN DAS PROJEKT Inhaltsverzeichnis EINFÜHRUNG IN DAS PROJEKT Zum Programm „Mythos Western“ ................................................................................03 I. VOR DEM SCREENING Hinweise für Lehrende .....................................................................................................06 Vorbereitungstipps für Lehrende ...................................................................................07 Western - Historisch gesehen ........................................................................................08 Das Western-Genre: Zentrale Elemente, Erzählungen und Figuren ..........................11 Western in der Filmgeschichte ........................................................................................14 Die Regisseure des Double Features .............................................................................19 II. SCREENING Hinweise für Coaches und Lehrende ..............................................................................24 HIGH NOON (ZWÖLF UHR MITTAGS) ..............................................................................25 UNFORGIVEN (ERBARMUNGSLOS) ..................................................................................32 Zum Filmgespräch .............................................................................................................39 III. NACH DEM SCREENING Hinweise für Lehrende ......................................................................................................42 Bezugsfilme ........................................................................................................................43 Arbeitsblätter .....................................................................................................................48 IV. LINKSAMMLUNG UND LITERATURHINWWEISE Vorbereitungstipps für Schüler/innen ............................................................................61 Weiterführende Literatur und Filme ...............................................................................62 V. IMPRESSUM ......................................................................................................................63 MYTHOS WESTERN 2 | 63 EINFÜHRUNG IN DAS PROJEKT EINFÜHRUNG IN DAS PROJEKT Filme spielen eine wesentliche Rolle im Freizeitverhalten von Kindern und Jugendlichen, sie beeinflussen massiv ihre Sicht auf die eigene Erlebniswelt. Zu einer umfassenden Filmbildung gehört die Beschäftigung mit der Filmgeschichte, um neuere Filme de- kodieren und das tiefere Verständnis dieser Kunstform durchdringen zu können. Mit der Reihe „Klassiker sehen – Filme verstehen“ will die Deutsche Filmakademie in Kooperation mit der Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung die Begegnung von Jugendlichen mit Klassikern initiieren und nach- haltig fördern. Zum Programm „Mythos Western“ Der Westernfilm, kurz „Western“ genannt, ist ein Filmgenre, das sich seit Beginn der Filmgeschichte stetig gewandelt hat. Der Western verkörpert den Mythos, wie US-amerikanische Kultur und Geschichte ent- standen sind, und beeinflusst damit nicht nur das eigene Selbstverständnis der Vereinigten Staaten, sondern auch die Art und Weise, wie die USA außerhalb ihrer Grenzen wahrgenommen und verstanden werden. Das Western-Genre hatte seine Blütezeit in den 1940er- und 1950er-Jahren, Dekaden in denen Tausende von Westernfilmen entstanden. Es gibt wohl kaum einen männlichen Hollywoodstar jener Zeit – man denke etwa an Gary Cooper, James Stewart, John Wayne, Henry Fonda oder Clint Eastwood –, der nicht zumindest in einem Western mitge- wirkt hat. Heute spielen Western in der aktuellen Filmproduktion und -rezeption keine wichtige Rolle mehr. Für Schüler/innen, die im Gegensatz zu früheren Generationen womöglich noch nie einen Western gesehen haben, ist die Beschäftigung mit der inhaltlichen, qualitativen und quantitativen Veränderung des Genres von Interesse, da sie mit gesellschaftlichen und politischen Veränderungen und auch mit der Veränderung der Medienrezeption zusammenfallen. Geschichte (filmhistorisch und historisch) lässt sich mit dem Wandel des Genres in seinen wichtigsten Facetten gut begreiflich machen. Diesen Wandel des Genres verdeutlicht das Double Feature anhand eines Filmbeispiels aus der Hochblüte des Westernfilms sowie anhand eines Spätwesterns HIGH NOON (ZWÖLF UHR MITTAGS, USA 1952, R: Fred Zinnemann) ist ein Western mit genreklassischen Elementen und Erzählstrukturen, der zwar psychologisch-kritische Elemente besitzt, den Western- Mythos jedoch nicht grundlegend in Frage stellt. UNFORGIVEN (ERBARMUNGSLOS, USA 1992, R: Clint Eastwood) ist ein Spätwestern, der die Legenden des Western-Mythos kritisch analysiert und ihre (historische) Fragwürdigkeit deutlich aufzeigt. Beide Filme zeigen beispielhaft, wie sich trotz ähnlicher Schauplätze, Motivik und Figurenkonstellationen ein Filmgenre formal sowie in Bezug auf seine inhaltliche Aussage verändert hat. Genaueres dazu findet sich in den vorbereitenden Texten (I. VOR DEM SCREENING, S. 6-23) und zu den einzelnen Filmen (II. SCREENING, S. 24-41). MYTHOS WESTERN 3 | 63 EINFÜHRUNG IN DAS PROJEKT Alterseignung ab Klasse 9, ab 14 Jahre (der zweite Film des Double Features ist ab 16 Jahren, Hinweis zur Altersfreigabe auf Seite 24) Fächer Deutsch − Englisch − Geschichte – Sozialkunde – Politik − Ethik − Religion − Lebenskunde − Kunst − Musik − Darstellendes Spiel Deutsch > Beschreibung von Szenenvergleichen > Das Kennenlernen und Verstehen von Filmdramaturgie im Vergleich zu Theater oder Literatur > Kennenlernen bzw. Vertiefen filmimmanenter Gestaltungsmittel > unterschiedliche Darstellungsformen einer inhaltlich verwandten Geschichte > Figurenanalysen und Vergleich unterschiedlicher Gestaltungs- und Darstellungsformen im klassischen Western und im Spätwestern > Kennenlernen und Einordnen von Filmen in die Filmgeschichte > Vergleich mit anderen themenähnlichen Filmen > Verschriftlichung von Inhalten in unterschiedlichen Text- und Bildformen (Exposé, Inhaltsangabe, Storyboard mit Textelementen) > Sekundärtexte lesen und deuten > Texte recherchieren und bewerten > Eigene Texte in unterschiedlicher Form (Dialogszenen, Tagebucheinträge etc.) erstellen > Vorträge erarbeiten, üben und gestalten Englisch > Sprach- und Hörverständnis üben und verbessern > Bedeutung des Originaltons im Vergleich zur Synchronisation erfahren > eigene Texte in unterschiedlicher Form (Dialogszenen, Tagebucheinträge etc.) erstellen > Vorträge erarbeiten, üben und gestalten > Kennenlernen und Einordnen der US-amerikanischen und deutschen Filmgeschichte Geschichte, Sozialkunde, Politik > Die historische „Gründerzeit des Wilden Westens“ der USA kennenlernen und historische Realität und Mystifizierung in Beziehung zueinander setzen > Einordnen der Filme in die Filmgeschichte und mit der historischen Entstehungszeit in Verbindung setzen können > Die USA zur Zeit der McCarthy-Ära und deren Auswirkungen auf Kultur und Gesellschaft kennenlernen Ethik, Religion, Lebenskunde > Männer- und Frauenfiguren in Westernfilmen in Bezug auf Charakterisierung, dramaturgische Funktion und Rollenbilder beschreiben und analysieren > Moralische Wertung (Gut-Böse-Schema) im Western kennenlernen und diskutieren MYTHOS WESTERN 4 | 63 EINFÜHRUNG IN DAS PROJEKT Musik > Für den Western spezifische Formen von Filmmusik kennenlernen und ihre Wirkungsweise beschreiben > Musikalische Leitmotive als Gestaltungsmittel kennenlernen und ihre Wirkungsweise beschreiben und deuten Kunst, Darstellendes Spiel > Kennenlernen und Beschreiben visueller Gestaltungsmittel > Spezifische Ästhetik von Western und ihrer Motivik verstehen und in eigenen kreativen Arbeiten umsetzen > Bild- und Farbästhetik bzw. Licht- und Schattenführung im Schwarz-Weiß-Film im Zusammenhang mit dem Western-Genre filmgeschichtlich und ästhetisch einordnen > Herstellen eigener bildnerischer Arbeiten (Bilder, Skizzen, Storyboards, Collagen) > Herstellen eigener Kurzfilme (thematisch gebunden) > Kennenlernen und Beschreiben unterschiedlicher Rollendarstellungen (Männer, Frauen, gute und böse Charaktere) und Darstellungsstile (Vergleich Stummfilm/Tonfilm) > Einüben und präsentieren eigener thematisch verwandter Szenen MYTHOS WESTERN 5 | 63 I. VOR DEM SCREENING I. VOR DEM SCREENING Hinweise für Lehrende Western kennen viele Schüler/innen nur vom Hörensagen. Wenn sie mit diesem umfangreichen, kommerziell und filmgeschichtlich sehr erfolgreichen Genre konfrontiert werden, ist das Interesse jedoch meist schnell geweckt. Die Struktur der Westernfilme, die sich – je nach zeitlicher Verortung der einzelnen Werke – in vereinfachter oder auch vielschichtiger Form mit den Konzepten Gut und Böse und deren moralischen und gesellschaftlichen Konnotationen beschäftigt, dient dazu, junge Menschen über eigene Vorstellungen von Recht oder Unrecht zur Diskussion anzuregen. Durch den – auch im Westernfilm – ständig ausgefochtenen Kampf zwischen Gut und Böse legitimiert sich unter anderem das US-amerikanische Bild eines Freiheitsverständnisses, das die territoriale und ge- sellschaftsbeherrschende Dominanz in den Mittelpunkt stellt. Diese Mystifizierung der amerikanischen Geschichte von der Besiedelung des westlichen Kontinents schuf dabei ein Männerbild des sich selbst und die Gesellschaft beschützenden Helden, der sich, vom Gesetz legitimiert, moralisch verpflichtet fühlt, zur Waffe zu greifen.
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