9780521633482 INDEX.Pdf

Cambridge University Press 0521633486 - A History of the English Parish: The Culture of Religion from Augustine to Victoria N. J. G. Pounds Index More information

INDEX

abandonment, of settlement 90–1 rail 442 Abbots Ripton, briefs 270, 271 (map) tomb 497 abortion 316–17; herbs for 316 altarage 54 Abraham and Isaac 343 Altarnon church 347, 416 absenteeism 564 Alvingham priory 63 abuse, verbal 258 Ancaster stone 402 accounts, clerical 230 Andover parish 22, 23 (map) parochial 230 Anglican liturgy 481 wardens’ 230 Anglo-Saxon churches 113 acolyte 162 Annates 229 Act of Unification 264 anticlericalism 220, 276 Adderbury, building of chancel 398–9 in London 147 adultery 315 apparition 293 Advent 331 appropriation 50–4, 62–6, 202 (map) Advowson 42, 50, 202 apse 376, 378 Ælfric’s letter 183 Aquae bajulus 188 Æthelberht, King 14 Aquinas, Thomas 161, 459 Æthelflaeda of Mercia 135 archdeaconries 42 Æthelstan, law code of 29 archdeacons 162, 181, 249 affray, in church courts 291–2; over seats 477 courts of 174–6, 186, 294–6, 299, 303 aged, support of 196 and wills 307 agonistic principle 340 archery 261–2 aisles 385–7, 386 (diag.) Arles, Council of 7, 9 ales 273, see church-ales, Scot-ales Ascension 331 Alexander III, Pope 55, 188, 292 Ashburton 146 Alkerton chapel 94 accounts of 231 All Hallows, Barking 114 church-ale at 241 All Saints, Bristol, library at 286–8 pews in 292 patrons of 410 Ashwell, graffiti at 350–1 All Saints’ Day 331, 333 audit, of wardens’ accounts 182–3 altar 309 auditory church 480 candles on 434 augmentations, court of 64 consecration of 442–3 Augustinian order 33, 56 covering of 437 Austen, Jane 501 desecration of 454 Avicenna 317 frontals 430, 437 Aymer de Valence 57 material of 442 number of 442 Bag Enderby 416 placement of 442 Bakhtin, Mikhail 336 position of 486 balance sheet of parish 236–9 

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521633486 - A History of the English Parish: The Culture of Religion from Augustine to Victoria N. J. G. Pounds Index More information

 

Bale, John 188 Bible, possession of 286 Bampton, parish 22 Bibury, church-way 375 banns of marriage 494 bishoprics, early 17 baptism 492–3 bishop’s court 174–6 in chapels 92 prison 174 payment for 222 in Roman Britain 7 private 492 confirmation by 493, 494 Baptismal fonts 47, 72, 492–3 Bishop’s Stortford 189 see also ‘Fonts’ Black Death 88–9, 101, 131, 132, 162, 302, 383 rights 39, 47 blacksmith, as clockmaker 491 Barchester, ‘diocese’ of 501 Blandford Forum, fire at 270 Bardney (Lincs), church 28 Blemya 354, 355 (ill.) Barking abbey 63 Blunham, rectorial accounts 228 barn, rectorial 59, 212 Blyth (Notts) 56 function of 59 Blythburgh, pews at 470 tithe 58 boat-boy 440 Barnwell priory 56, 116 Bodmin, parish church 399–402 Barnack stone 380 building materials 401 Baroque style 395 patrons 410 Barton-on-Humber 38 pews 469 Basilican plan 376–8 Bodmin Moor, boundaries on 72 Bassingbourne plays 273 sheep on 347, 348 (ill.) bastardy 314 Bogo de Clare 171 bastel houses 285 Bogumils 335 Bath, parishes of 148 Boniface VIII, Pope 161 Roman temple at 9 Book of Homilies 226 stone 429 Book of Hours 251, 326 St John’s Hospital at 151 Book of Sport 261–2 Baysham (Heref ) 95 books, clerical possession 189 beating the bounds 70–1, 76 chained 286–7 Beauchamp chapel, Warwick 393 liturgical 232 Becket, murder of 292 religious 225–6 Bede, the Venerable 8, 17–18, 31, 39, 379 Boston, church in 134 Bede-roll 197 Bottisham, gilds in 274 Bedford, archdeaconry of 64 box pews 108, 471, 472 (ill.), 476, 504 Beeby (Leic), tithe of 74 size of 471–2 beeswax candles 434 boy-bishop 331, 336 Bellcote 42, 50 boys, in choirs 191–2 Bellericay, church-rate at 237 Bozeat tithe 744 bells 102, 380, 461–2, 490–1 Brocklesham 98 cost of 244–5 Brackley 141 and demons 491 Bradford-on-Avon 378 and celebration 332, 490 bridge-chapel at 108 recasting 490–1 Bradwell-on-Sea 378 bench-ends 347–8, 350–1 (ill.), 469 Bradworthy, chapel at 95 benches, stone 468, 469 (ill.) Bransford, Bishop 94 Benedictine order 56 Brawling 256–7 benefice 42, 50 Breckland 70 exchange of 164–8 Bredwardine, sidesmen at 187 fractional 42, 50 Brent Eleigh, wall-painting at 383 in lay possession 49 Brentor, church at 374 value of 203 bridal pregnancy 314 beneficial income 200–1, 223–9 bridge chapels 106, 107 (map) beneficium 200–1 bridges, maintenance of 199 bequests, for masses 272, 272 (graph) Bridgwater, clerk at 189 for poor 270, 270 (graph) briefs 487 (map) Berkeley (Som) 97 and church-building 487 Barry, Sir Charles 507 Brigg (Lincs) 143 bestiaries 355, 362 Brinsop 381 betrothal 313–13 Bristol Castle, extra-parochial 6 Beverston Castle, chapel at 102, 103, 104 (plan) Brixworth, Anglo-Saxon church 379

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Bromﬁeld, 33 Canynges of Bristol 129 Bronescombe, Bishop 53, 59 Capel-le-Ferne 447 Brooke, Zachary, on freedom of the church 293–4 Cardinham, glebe 216 Brookland Kent, font at 348 Carlisle, parishes in 99, 283 Buckenham, Old and New 137, 138 carnival 241, 328, 331, 336 cemetery at 147 carpet, for altar 437 building accounts 398 Carreg Cennan castle 100 contracts 404 Cartmel 39, 187 costs 402–3 cartularies 54 stone 406–7 Cassington, church 31 burglary, 253–4 castles, chapels in 100–1 burial 495–6 catechism 262–3 in cemetery 423 Catesby 98 in church 396 Catterick, church 406 cost of 191, 245 celibacy 156, 158–9 income from 235 Celtic Christianity 10–11 instructions for 306 saints 11 orientation of 418–9 cemetery 94, 149, 230, 417–29 practice of 418–20 chapels in 7–8, 13 right of 36, 39, 47, 94, 428 consecration of 418 burhs 116–17, 135 desecration 319, 387, 428 Burnham Deepdale, font at 348 ground-level of 423–4 Byzantine church plan 376 licence for 94 monuments in 425 Caedwall of Wessex 24 proﬁts of 419 Caerwent, church at 8 urban 147–8 Caesarius of Heisterbach 341 censer 432, 440, 461 calendar 330–1 Chaldon, wall-painting 335 Calleva Atrebatum, see Silchester chalice 227, 432, 446, 460–1 Calvinism 264–5, 451 chalk, as building material 402 Cambridge, churches in 117 chancel 230, 372, 376, 385, 440–6, 457–62, 489–90 parishes in 119 arch 447 tithe in 129 attitudes to 64–5 valuation of 129 furnishing 452 Cambridge Centre for the Study of Population and Social laity in 410 Structure 290 pews in 505 Camden Society 504–5 and Protestant liturgy 482 camping ground 261 repairs to 224, 237, 397 candles 240, 308, 430, 434–5, 468 chantry priests 160, 176–7 cost of 232 chantries 82, 103, 106, 176–7, 272–3, 391–3, 476 candlesticks 461 dissolution of 103, 105–6, 111, 432 Canewdon, common way at 375 chapelries 33, 81–2, 91–2, 239, 390, 463 Cannington cemetery 418 parochial 39 Canon Law 4–5, 29, 38, 48, 52, 62, 73–4, 77, 91, 100, 109, and tithe 95 117, 126, 172, 202, 291, 293, 373 chaplains 55–7, 176–7 and the altar 442 charity, parochial 196, 269–73 and divorce 315 Charivari 256 and marriage 158 Charnel house 191, 423 and parsonage 177 charters 50, 133–4 and pluralism 171 Chaucer 60, 149, 155–6, 163, 177 and poverty 195, 198 and the archdeacon 295 and tithe 146, 208, 210, 214 and the Summoner 298 canons of 1604 215, 230, 297 Chelmsford, church court at 299 orders of 55 Chertsey minster 24 cantarists 106 Chest, parish 288–9 Canterbury 7, 8, 14 Chester Cathedral, church court at 300–1 early churches at 13, 114 Chetham, Humphrey, library of 287–8 see of 17, 117 Chichester, St Mary’s Hospital 151 and St Augustine 113 Chignall, perambulation 79 and St Thomas 151 child-wife 314–15 Cantiacorum Durovemum, see Canterbury Chingford, parish expenditure 183

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church 5, 396, mobility of 164-8 fortified 284 taxation of 229 furnishing 434 and secular law 291 house 265–7 social origins 159–60 monuments 425 wealth of 500–1 paths 375, 425, 427 clerical dress 158 plans 375–80, 393–4 marriage 158–9 plate 432 clerk, parish 188–9 post-Reformation 394–5 clocks 491–2 rate 201, 235, 499, 510 Clopton Chapel 393, 421 reform 30, 37–8, 41, 48–57 John of Long Melford 444 removal of 28, 89 William 408 seating 319, 385, 470–1 closed villages 263 size and population 383–5 Clovesho, Council of 30, 77, 260 sanctuary in 285 clunch, as building material 343, 466 security 284–5 Cluny, Abbey of 60 stock 239–40 coadjutors 168–9 church courts 78, 89, 157, 174–6, 254, 262–4, 268, 291–2, Coates-by-Stow, rood-screen 448 296, 302–23 Cobb, Lyme Regis 270 building 381–94, 397–40, 381, 407, 414–16, 483–6, coffins, use of 424, 468 503 Coggeshall, Little 56 burial 191 cohabitation 313–15 choirs 439 Coke, Lord Justice 235 Commissioners 181, 214 Colchester, Roman church 8 decoration 339, 362–4 court at 300 types of case 299 Collinson, Patrick 451 conflict with lay courts 292, 300 colour, in church 430–2 and marriage 311–16 liturgical 436–7 meeting places 299 Common Laws Courts 295 churching, of women 64, 189, 222–3 communion 222, 444–6 pew 495 in both kinds 226 Chipping Sodbury 141 cup 226, 446, 461–2 choir, revival of 505–6 rail 462, 482 ‘choppechurches’ 166 table 437, 455–6, 462, 482–4 Christ of the Trades 346 community 250, 267 Christchurch minster 24 Compton Census 264–5, 367, 463, 501–2 Christianity in Britain 6–12 compurgation 174–5, 295 architecture of 9 Conductores 439 Chi-Rho monogram 8 confession 174, 255, 304 Cirencester church 135, 394 confirmation 493 porch 387 Congresbury, priests’ house 177 civil parish 508 consistory courts 292, 302 Civil War 89 constable 5–6, 193–5, 247 Clarendon, Constitution of 50, 367 Constantine, Emperor 7 classical style in churches 376, 394–5, 487–8 contraceptives 317 Classis, Presbyterian 111–12, 451 Conventicle Act 264 Clayworth, rector of 210 Conventicles 367 Christmas 331–2 Copford St Mary, wall-painting 343 Churchstow 94 corbels, and grotesques 356 Churchtown 375 Corbridge, Vicar’s Peel 178, 180 churchwardens 4–5, 39, 155, 181–6, 194, 201, 221, 230, 236, Cornwall, building stone 399–40 246–7, 318, 396–7 Christianity in 12 accounts of 181, 230–6, 452–3 settlement in 27 responsibilities of 308–9, 396–7 Cornish language 166 urban 129 corporal punishment 295–6 churchyards 307, 375 Corpus Christi 328, 331, 465 burial in 191, 245 Cotswolds, churches in 285 cross 429 Cottingham, church at 31 clerestory 376, 385–6 Coulton, G. G. 196 clergy, education of 159–61 Council of Constance 338 retirement of 168–9 Councils of the Church 9

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Counter-Reformation 327, 395 dogs, in church 396 county administration 267–8 Domesday Book 4, 21, 30–1, 42, 115, 278 rate 267–8 parish churches in 31–3, 418 Court of Arches 292 and lay wealth 414 Courts Christian, see church courts and population 86–8 Leet 194, 277 urban churches in 114, 127, 137 Cowthorpe, building of 408 Domesday Monachorum 18 craftsmen 363 domestic life, in church art 349–51, 364 Cranmer, Archbishop 457, 489 Dominicans, in Norwich 149 Crediton, see of 17 doom, in wall-paintings 335, 343–4, 418, 440, 441 (ill.), Cromwell, Thomas 89, 288 449 crop-yields 253 Dorchester (Dors.) parishes in 119 cultures, in medieval England 325–30, 459 Dowsing, Major 453 Cum ex eis 161 dragons, in folk art 355 cunning men 327 Dry Tree (Cornw) 69 curates, employment of 172, 176–7, 226 dualism 321, 335–6 Curia, papal 93 duelling 318 cushions, for pulpit 479–80 Dunsfold, sexton at 191 custom, as law 211 Dunstable, tithe at 147 Cuxham, manor of 280 Dunwich, see of 17 Durham, see of 17, 283 Dance of Death 253–4, 431, 347 minsters in 25 Darley abbey 60 Dartford, church at 33 Earl’s Barton, church at 380 de Enderby, Albinus 408 Early English Gothic 382–3 de Freville chapel 393 East Carlton 31 de Vere 408–9 Easter 331, 330, 360 chapel of 393 candles 430 deacon 162, 176 eggs 53 dead hand 105 ritual feeds 336 see also Mortmain, Statute of sepulchre 431 Dean, Forest of 73 Eastwood, sexton at 191 deanery, function of 294 Ecton, John 206 death 495–6 ecclesiologists 383, 396, 454, 503 Decorated, Gothic 383 Edenbridge, bounds of 77–8 decoration, church 364 Edgar, King 30 pagan 340 laws of 29 Deerhurst, church at 379 Edington, bishop 94 defamation 318–20 education, requirements, of clergy, 161 Delabole slate 400 Edward the Confessor 380 demonology 336–7 Edward the Elder 135 Dennington, wood carving at 355 Edward VI, and the Reformation 451, 456 Denton, manors in 280 Eigenkirchen 22, 25, 28 deodands 337 Elbow, in Shakespeare 195 desecration 257 elephant, in folk art 355 of cemetery 428 Eliot, George 65 destruction, church, periods of 453–4 elite culture 325–30 Devizes 144, 410 elements, provision of 446 Dewsbury, Becket window 344–6, 345 (ill.) Elizabeth, Reformation under 451 glebe 216 Elizabethan Poor Law 197–8, 238, 247, 268, Didsbury township 282 563 Digest of Gratian 293 Ellington 53 dioceses 42–3, 44 (map), 45 (map) Ely, glebe land in 218–19 (maps) Diocletian 7 value of beneﬁces in 203–5 diseases, spells for 322 Ely Cathedral, destruction in 453 dismissal, of minister 230 House, London 151 dissolution, of friaries 149 enclosure movement 452 of monasteries 50, 55, 57, 64–6, 109, 172, 212, 246, 451 Enderby brass 412 divorce, and church courts 314–15 Engels, Friedrich, and Nottingham 508 Dogbury 195 English Bicknor 73 dog-catcher 191 Epping, perambulation of 79

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Erasmus, Paraphrases of 226, 286–7 houses of 149, 150 (map) Erastianism 328, 378 and preaching 429, 479 Escomb, church at 378 Fryston 58 Essex, parish survey in 283 fuel, tithe of 213 Eude de Rigaud, bishop 336 funerals 495 ex officio cases 299, 303–4 equipment for 468 Excett, 99 furnishings, church 434 excommunicate, burial of 429 excommunication 60, 296–8 galleries, seating 486 Exeter, bishops of, registers 101 games 261 visitation of 493, 494 (map) Gardiani ecclesiae 39 churches in 114 see churchwardens Statute of 48 gargoyles 396 Synod of 38, 92, 155, 182–3, 334, 467–8 Gasquet, Cardinal 196 extra-parochial areas 6 Genesis myth 335 Eynsham, new town 138 gentry class 365 geography, of parish church 412 faculties, to rebuild 397 Gilbert, John, Bishop 101 Fairford, church at 394 gilds, parish 186, 273–6, 391–3 Falmouth, church at 395 chapels of 105, 151 fames 320, 338 houses of 266 famine 253 lights for 430 farming, of tithe 211 lists of 274 Farnham, minster at 24 Gipping 83, 100, 103 Farnworth, chapel at 96 Glaber, Rodulfus 32, 380 Faversham 18 Glastonbury Tor, 375 Fawler 94 gleanings, tithe of 211 Faxton 27 glebe 2, 40, 159, 200–1, 205, 207, 214–19, 223, 240 fear, climate of 338 area and value of 207, 216, 217 (graphs) feast days 259 management of 215 movement of 259–60, 260 (graph) rectorial 216 fencing, of churchyards 420 vicarial 216 Fenland, tithe in 213 Glossop, tithe of Ferriby church, as fortress 285 Gloverstone 59 ferricrete 407 gossip 320, 346, see fame festivals, end of 332; patronal 328–9 Gothic style 382, 393, 487 feudalism 25 revival 395, 506–8 feuding 255 plan 381–95 fire buckets 372, 466; hazards 270 ‘Gothick’ 506 first fruits 229 Gough, Richard of Myddle 474, 476 fisheries, tithe of 209, 213 graffiti 339–40, 349–53 in rivers 214 Grainthorpe 63 flint construction 404, 407 grammar schools, Edwardian 106, 286–7 floors, of churches 248–9 Grandisson, Bishop 213 space, sale of 471 granite, building in 388–90, 399–40 folk-art 339 Grasmere 99 folklore 326 Gratian 161, 293 fonts, baptismal 363, 488, 492–3 grave-digging 190–1 covered 334 orientation 418–49 preservation of 394 slabs 425 water for 334 Great Chesterfield 13 Fotheringhay, church 406, 465 Great Civil War 111, 242, 460 college 103 destruction in 453 Fox’s Book of Martyrs 286 Great Dunmow, tower of 405 Framington, parish of 75–6, 98 Great Fire, of London 395, 486 Framptom, mosaic at 7–8 Great Maplestead, bounds 79 Frankpledge, view of 250, 277 Great Plague, 1349 96; ‘great rebuilding’ 465 French Revolution 507 Great Plague, 1665 191 frescoes 342 Great Schism 338 friars, bequests to 306 greater tithe, see tithe dissolution of 149 Green Man 357–9, 358 (ill.)

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Greensand, as building stone 408 hobby-horse 262, 351, 352 (ill.) Greensted, stave church at 377 hock-days 240–2 Greenway, chapel 393 Hogarth 477, 478 (ill.) Gregorian chant, see Plain Song Holbech, tithe at 75 Gregory I, Pope 17 Holy Bread 258 Gregory VII 49 Homans, C. C. 339 Gregory IX 92 homosexuality 317 Greville, William 408 Honorius, emperor 10 Grosseteste, Bishop 57 honour, personal 304, 318–19 grotesques 340, 353–6 Hook, W. F. 500, 505 Gurevich 326 Hook, chapel at 94 Guy Fawkes Day 333 Hopkins, Matthew, 339 gypsies 265 Horncastle 166 Hornsea, vicar’s accounts 172, 228 Haddon, John 408–10 Horwood, William, mason 406 Hagia Sophia 376 hospitals 149–51; endowment of 196 Halesowen church 406 Houghton-le-Spring, paving 248 hall-house 177 priest’s house 177–8 Halliwell, constable at 194 hour-glass 479 Halstead church 406 household, bishops 170; as spiritual unit 367 Hampshire, minsters in 22, 24 (map) Housling cloth 444, 446 (ill.) ‘hanging’ verse 175 hue and cry 194, 277 Hardham, wall-paintings at 343 Hugh de Welles, bishop 52 Hardwicke Marriage Act 313 hundred 18, 193, 294 Hardy, Thomas 256, 327, 489 court of 145, 277 Harmondsworth, barn at 59 Hunne case 220 Harrow church 31 Huntingdon, churches in 118 (and map) Hartland 22, 39 tithe dispute in 74 accounts 232, 235 Hurstmonceux, tithe case 210 tower of 247, 395–6 hymn-singing 489 harvest 331; Thanksgiving 333 hassocks 263, 473 Icklingham 8 hatchments 496–8 Ilchester 13 Havering, manor of 279 illegitimacy 315 Hawker, Stephen 333 and priesthood 157 Hawksmoor, and Gothic 506 illiteracy 252 hay, tithe of 211, 213 images, cost of 453 Headington stone 404 cult of 459 Headminster, see Mother Church destruction of 451, 453, 457–9 headstones 425–7 popular attitude to 459–60 Heavitree, sidesmen at 187 impropriation 64–6, 152, 172 Hedda stone 425 impropriators, neglect of churches by 308 Hedon, churches in 144 incense 439–40 Hell, concept of 335 incest 315 Henley-in-Arden 141 incumbent, accounts of 227–8; obligations of 224 Hennock 59 individualism, expression of 304, 332 Henry II, and church courts 292 indulgences 269 Henry VIII, and images 459 Ine, King of Wessex 24, 29 and Reformation 451 Inglewood, Forest of 73 Henry of Yevele 394 Innocent III 292, 436 Hereford, mortuaries at 221 and tithe 210 Hereford, school of sculpture 381 instance cases in courts 299 see of 17 insurance, by gilds 275 Heriot 220 inventories 432 Herring, Archbishop 500 Edwardian 432–3, 436 Herse 435 of plate 225 Hexham, see of 17 inversion, behavioural 335–6 hierarchy, church 17–18, 42–3, 109 Investiture Conﬂict 41 hill-tops, as church sites 374 Iona, missionaries from 17 Hinton St Mary 7–8, 9 (ﬁg) Ireland, Christianity in 12 Histon, perambulation 79 refugees from 270

 

Iron Acton, preaching cross 429 Lavenham 388, 465 Ivo de Chartres 54 law and order 193–4 laws of Anglo-Saxon kings 29–30 James I, and Book of Sports 261–2 Lay Folk’s Mass Book 446 Jewel’s Apology 226, 286 lay patronage 64–6 John of Beverley 31 lay rectors 224, 226 John of Pontissara 84 lead, tithe of 213 Jones, Inigo 395 Leatherhead, vicar of 225 Josselin, Ralph 160, 228 leave of absence 171 Julian, Emperor 9 lecturers 152, 172, 479 just price, doctrine of 195 ledger stones 425 justices of the peace 193–4, 199, 201, 268, 300–1, 323 Leeds parish church 500, 505–6 at Durham 301–2 LeGoff, Jacues 326 justification by faith 251 Leicester, see of 17 Justinian, Emperor 376 Leicestershire, vestments in 436 Leland, John 288 Keble, John 504 Lent 328, 331, 336 Kedermister Library 287 Leominster 39, 381 Kedington, furnishings at 273, 280 minsters in 22 Kelvedon vicarage 177 leper houses 151 Kempe, Margery 92 leprosy 151 Kent, settlement in 27 accusation of 319 Kennett, White 501 of clergy 169 Kentisbeare, priest’s house 177, 178 (plan) Le Romeyn, and tithe 209 Ketton, valuation of 207–8 lesser tithe, see tithe, lesser kindred and affinity, table 495 Letocetum 10 kinship 254, 275 libel, and church courts 291–2 Kirkby-on-Bain, boundary 73 libraries, parish 286–8 Kirkdale, inscription at 33 licences, to beg 269 Kingston-upon-Hull, churches in 141 for chapels 101 foundation of 137 for midwives 297 Kilpeck 361, 378 (plan), 381 to rebuild 397 Kingsbridge 94 Lichfield, see of 17 King’s Cape 195 lime for mortar 400 King’s Lynn, churches in 135, 138, 140 (map), 143–4 limestone belt 390, 392 (map) gilds in 274 Lincoln, bishops of 31 Kingsthorpe 279–80 churches in 130, 132, 397 Knowlton 15 diocese of, visitation 397 Roman church at 8 Labours of the Months 348–50, 349 (ill.) Lindisfarne, see of 17–18 ladders, in churches 396, 466 Lipce (Poland), church at 431 Lambeth, clerk at 189 Litera dimissoria 162 sexton at 190 literacy 252, 286, 498 Lancashire, parochial system 85–6, 85 (map), 109–10, 110 Litlington 63 (map), 283–4 liturgical dress 435 witches 339 liturgy 364, 432, 437 Lancaster, perambulation 79 Anglican 395 land, ownership 183–4, 261–2, 365, 456–7, 452, 462 and buildings 382 Landbeach, boundaries 76 and church size 385 Landewednack, boundaries 73 visual impact of 431 Lane, John, of Cullumpton 408, 411 (ill.) Lizard 69, 73 Lanfranc, archbishop 31 manors in 279 Langland, William 100, 149 Llandaff, see of 73 Last Judgment 335 locative personal names 164–5 see also Doom London, bishops of 14, 17, 31, 113 Lastingham, crypt 379–80 bridge chapel 108, 199 Lateran Council, First 49, 55 churches in 114–15, 128–9, 132, 486 Fourth 55, 214, 293, 319, 390, 444 gilds in 274 Laudian bishops 262 priests in 163 Launceston, church 140 ward system in 145 Lavendon abbey 74 tithe in 146–7

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Long Melford 393 midwives 297, 314 area of church 465 military orders 149 patrons of 408, 410 (ill.) minsters 17–25, 119, 135–6 Lord of Misrule 331 system of 48, 201 Lords’s Prayer 498 and secular authority 18–20 Lostwithiel 141, 142 (map) distribution of 21 cemetery at 147–8 Minster-in-Thanet, bounds of 80, 81 (map) seating 474, 475 (ill.) miracles 320 Louth, building accounts 390 Misericords 352 parish clerk 188 misrule, concept of 336, 349–50 spire 402–3 Mithraism 335 love and charity 255 mobility, of population 238–9 Loyola, Ignatius 251 moduses 66, 311 Ludlow, church 140 money-raising, for church 269 accounts 231 monumental brasses 436 Lullimgstone villa 7–8 masons 426 Luther, Martin 489 monasteries, dissolution of 50, 365 Lychgates 420 endowment of 49 Lyddington, communion table 457, 458 (ill.) as parish churches 56 Monasterium 17–8 Macfarlane, Alan 255 monastic art, resued 362 McAdam, and roads 199 moralities 340, 346–7 Madron, riot at 213 Morebath, woman churchwarden 182 magic, and the church 320–3 Mortmain, Statute of 46, 62–3, 105, 274 Magna Carta 277 mortuaries 47, 53, 64, 147, 220–2 Maitland, F. W. 293 and church courts 310–1 Maldon 96–7 limitation on 221 maleficium 321–2, 335, 337 Morville 33 Manchester parish 282–3 mother church 2, 81–2, 94–6, 81–2, 119, 148 bequests to 287 attendance at 92–3 church rate 239 Mottisfont, chapels of 33, 35 clerk at 189 Mountsorrel 144 church paving 249 Muchelney, priest’s house 177 sexton 190 music, in church 439, 488–9, 505; rough music 256 Manichaeism 333 musicians, rood loft for 447–8 manor 250, 277–8 Myddle, seating at 474 manorial court 4, 155, 277 Myrc, John 161, 317, 468 officials 155 on bells 461 system 4, 21, 37 on burial 448 Market Harborough, church at 140–1 myths, classical 10 marriage 311–18, 494–6, 494 and courts 38, nave, of church 372, 385, 464–6 at church porch 387, 494 responsibility for 47 fees for 222 New College, and Adderbury church 399, 441 function of 254, 258 New Romney 144 Martival, Bishop 164 New Sarum, see Salisbury Mary Tavy, constable at 194–5 new land, tithe of 214 masonry, types of 383 Newchurch, Romney Marsh 53 masons 394; masons’ marks 349 Newman, J. H. 504 masses, for the dead 306 Newton Valence 57 materials, building 388 Nicaea, Council of 10 Mayday 26, 328, 331 Nodens, temple of 9 Maypole 262, 363, 311 noise, celebratory 333, 490 Meaux abbey 143 Nonarum Inquisitiones 84 Mellitus, bishop of London 15 Nonconformist chapels 310, 367–8, 501 mendicant orders 149 style of 482 Mensa, altar 442–3 number of 264–5 Merchet 38 sects 451 metalliferous ores, tithe of 213 social function of 501–3 Methodism 368, 503 Nonconformity 367, 462–3, 501 midsummer fires 330–1 non-residence 164, 170, 500

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Norfolk, church in 385 decay of 499–503 gifts to 412 definition 276 settlement in 27 gilds 105, 240 North Elmham, see of 17 income 229–46 Northampton 116 and local government 109 churches in 130 meetings 266 Northamptonshire, minsters in 22 officials 201 Northern Rebellion 452 number of 71, 80, 84 Northleach, borough of 138 rates 183, 187, 237 North Thoresby 98 registers 89, 288–90, 462, 467, 496 Norwich, churches in 114–15, 122 (map) reorganisation 130–1 friaries in 149 secular functions 4, 198 leets of 145 stock 5 Nonconformists in 264 size of 80, 84, 87 parishes in 117 union of 37, 96–100 valuation of benefices in 129 urban 5 nosebleed 428 wealth of 128 Nottingham, parochial structure 508, 519 (diag.) Parochia 18, 119 nucleated settlement 26–8, 280–1 parochial community 37 Nuncupative will 307 disputes 37 finances 129, 200, 246–9 Oak Apple Day 333 loyalty 97 oblations 205, 222–3 organisation and society 498–9 Oculus episcopi 294 property 239–40, see also stock Old Sarum 144 system, reform of 30–9, 500 open-fields, enclosure of 196, 311 parsonage 169, 177–81, 224, 397 oratories 81–2, 100–3, 251 Parvis 387 ordination 157, 161 patronage 49, 202, 408–12 levels of 162–3 patronal churches 22, 26–30, 33, 39 of vicarages, 50–7 festivals 328–9 organic towns 133 patrons 408–12 organs 188, 453–9, 488–9 patten 446 in chancel 238, 506 Paulinus of York 15, 17 portative 438 (ill.), 448 pauper burials 191; pregnant 198 Orthodox church 376, 380 paving, of church 248–9 overlying 317 Payne, squire of Barnack 229 overseers of the poor 5–6, 190, 194–8, 238–9 Peakirk, wall-painting 343, 347 Oxford, Council of 122 Pecham, Archbishop 175 priests at 160 Pelta 351 Oxford Movement 504 penance 255, 296–8 Penshurst 202 Padstow, port 400 pensions 202, 226; of clergy 169–70 paganism 9–101. 13–6, 326–7, 338, 359 Pentewan stone 400–1 beliefs 339 Pepys, Samuel 270 painted glass, see stained glass perambulation, of bounds 76–9, 117 palace chapels 151 perpendicular style 383 Palladian style 395 Pershore Abbey 56, 148, 220 Palm Sunday, rituals, 429 personal tithe 62 papacy 48 pessocks, see hassocks Paradise 497 Peter Damian 49 parish accounts 232 Peter the Venerable 60 boundaries 3–4, 31, 67–9 Peterhouse, Cambridge 63, 214, 395 disputes regarding 37, 70 Peter’s Pence 29 and estates 67–9 pews 363, 396, 468, 471–4, 496 bequests 237 private 242–4, 304, 470, 468–9, 476 chests 234, 288–90, 372, 448 churching 495 church, building of 38–9 physical fitness, attitude to 261 clerk 187–8, 488 Pickering, wall-painting 343 cooperation 273; civil 508 Piers Plowman 149, 156, 158, 251, 253 councils 4, 499, 510 pilgrimage 334 creation of new 486 pilgrims 151

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Piscina 443, 455 puberty rites 493 Pittington 237, 240, 268 pulpits 468, 478–9, 505 place-names 13, 372, 377 in cemetery 429 plague 63, 191, 353, 418–9, 421–2; pits 422; and population two-decker 480 92 three-decker 480 plate, church 432 Purgatory, doctrine of 103, 390–3, 452, 497 plainsong 437, 488 Puritanism 152, 241–2, 328–9, 451 planted towns 133 Puritans 332, 462 plays, in church 273 and church decoration 340, 352 Plough Monday 242, 331 and popular culture 365 plumber’s work 248 Purton, perambulation of 79, 80 (map) pluralism 152, 170–2 Pusey, E. B. 504 poll tax 61 Pyrton 92 Pontefract, tithe at 209 Pontissara, Bishop 38, 92 Quakers 239, 264 poor, the able-bodied, 196 and tithe 310–11 Poor Law Reform 198 Quarter Sessions 201, 239, 300–1, 316 Unions 198 Queen Anne’s Bounty 173, 229, 501 man’s box 107, 196–7, 467 Quivel, Bishop 59; and church seating 470 rate 194, 197, 238–9 poor relief 268 radiating boundaries 69–71 poppy heads 470 Ralph of Shrewsbury 101 popular culture 325–67 Ramsbury, see of 53 population 87–90, 152, 383, 482, 507 rape, in church courts 317–18 mobility of 238–9 rates, parochial 4, 267–8, 398, 465 and church size 384 county 267–8 porch 373, 387–8 Reformation 111, 156–9, 172, 175, 177–8, 195, 251–22, 322, marriage in 387–8 335, 338, 393, 451–61 portenta 354 and mortuaries 221 Porticus 7, 378–9, 385 and popular culture 364–8 Post-Reformation church 394–5 social importance of 367 Poulton-le-Fylde 96, 282 and Sunday observance 260 Poundbury cemetery 418 in towns 152 poverty, clerical 152 Reymont, W. 253–4, 431 and wardens 235 Richard of Cracall, mason 406 Prayer Book 223, 297, 337, 440, 480, 486–7 Richard de Drax, pluralist 171 preaching 395, 479, 505 Ripon, minster, see of 17 cross 429 Ripple, misericords at 348 Prebendal churches 99 rites of passage 373, 492–6 Presbyterian system 111, 264 ritual, as escape 330 Prescott, chapels in 96 reconciliation, of cemeteries 428 glebe in 216 rectorial barn 159; freehold 420 Prestwich, dog-whipper 192 rectors 50, 172–3, 223–4 Prideaux, Humphrey 186 Reculver 8, 18 priesthood 61, 156–7, 251–2, 337–8 recusants 262, 264, 309, 328, 367 of all believers 367 Red Letter Days 259 pastoral work of 173 Reepham, parishes at 70, 71 (map) priests, supply of 162–3 relics use of 251, 380 house of 177–8, see also Parsonage Repingdon, Bishop 63, 74, 98 Primrose Day 333 Repton, library at 287; perambulation of 77 printing 286 reredos 454 priory, alien Restoration, under Mary I 453 private chapels 81, 100–3, 110–12; pews 471–2 in 1660 323 privilege, of clergy 157, 174–6 Revelations, Book of 360 probate courts 295; lists 305–6 roads, as boundaries 68 (map), 69 Probus, church tower 390, 391 (ill.) maintenance of 199 processional paths 78 Robert de Brunne 161 procurations 224 Robin Hood 195 prostitution 158, 299, 315–16 Roche, parish 374–5 Provisors, Statute of 171 Rochester, see of 14, 17, 113 Psalms, metrical 439, 488–9 Rogation days 77, 79; sermons 78

 

role reversal 330, 352 (ill.) Saltpans, tithe of 75 Roman days 77, 79; sermons 78 Samson, and gates of Gaza 341, 342 (ill.), 343 role reversal 330, 352 (ill.) sanctuary, right of 285 Roman Britain 1166–7 Sandon, building contract 405 Empire 113 Santa Maria Maggiore 376 roads 68–9 Sarum, use of 440 towns 135 Satan, concept of 335 Romanesque doors 394; style 380–2 Satanic folklore 321 Romans, Dauphiné 336 Saxton, clerk at 190 Rome, church of 376 Scarborough, fish tithe at 213 Romney Marsh, tithe in 144 Scolding 255 rood 365, 442, 447–8, 459 Sconces 435 rood-beam 363 Scot-ales 201, 241, 328 of Bromholm 459 screens, see rood loft 234, 236, 437 Scrivenors 231 screen 343, 365, 442, 447–8, 457–9 seating, allocation of 474–5, 507–8 roofs, of churches 396, 406 plan 475 (ill.) Rotherham, bridge-chapel 108 and status 470–1, 474–5 rotten boroughs 134 secular courts 324 Rouclyff, Brian 408–9; brass of 413 Sedilia 443, 444 (ill.), 455 Rousseau, J. J. 358 Selden, John 194; on tithe 47 Royal Arms 497–8 Select Vestry 267 demesne, and minsters 20–1 Selsey, perambulation of 77 Royston, parishes at 143 see of 17 Ruan Minor, parish 74 Sepulchre, Easter ritual 331 rural deaneries 42 sermons, role of 172, 367, 395, 479 deans 294 settlement, history of 90, 100 diaconal synods 293 dispersed 281–2 rush-carts 396 Seven sacraments 492; vices 346; virtues 346 Rycote, furnishings 472 (ill.), 473 sex, casual 314 Rye, witch-hunt at 339 cases in courts 38, 319–20; behaviour, abnormal 317; Rykelyng, Thomas, mason 405 imagery 356; vilification 318 Rymer’s Point, boundaries at 70 Sexton 47, 190–2, 422 duties of 190 Sabbatarianism 260 fees of 191 Sabine Baring Gould 33 Shaftesbury Abbey 97 sacraments 395, see separate sacraments Shakespeare 195 Saffron Walden, accounts 405 Shapwick 89 St Albans 13 shears and seive 322–3 St Albans’ abbey 56 Sheela-na-gig 356 Roman church 8 Sheriff 285, 296 St Andrew the Less, Cambridge 56 Shrewsbury Abbey 56 St Andrews, Canterbury 238, 248, 299, 307–8 Shropshire, minsters in 22, 25 organ at 438 shroud 424; brass 424 St Augustine of Canterbury 12–15, 17, 113, 388 Shrove Tuesday 241, 260, 331 St Augustine of Hippo 354 sidesman 187 on contraception 317 Sidonius Apollinaris 12 St Bernard of Clairvaux 355 Silchester 7, 8 (plan) St Botolph’s Priory, Colchester 33 Simnel cakes 336 St Christopher, wall-painting 339–40 Simon of Sudbury, Archbishop 164, 168 St Clement’s, Sandwich 404 singing in church 439; loft 489 St Columba 12 sittings 748, see Pews St Cuthbert 18 Skeyton, tithe at 73 St Cuthbert’s, Wells 77 Skimmington ride 256 St Dennis, Cornwall 15 Skinner, John of Camerton 181 St Edmund’s, Salisbury, doom at 449 slander 318–20 St Edward’s, Cambridge 421 slate, use of 327–8, 400 saints, painted 344; in calendar 259 Sleaford, tithe of 74 Salisbury, churches in 138, 139 (map) Somerset, Lord Protector 451 foundation of 138 towers in 388, 389 (ill.) Salle 465 Sonning, minster 22

 

soothsayer 335 Swavesey 77–8, 189–90 sorcery 252, 320–3, 327, 333 sword, carried by priest 256, 257 (ill.) South Elmham 34, 36 symbolism, medieval 364, 504–5 minster at 34, 36 (map) Synod of 1604 183, 186 Littleton 455 of Whitby Molton 146 Synodals 224 Newington 77 Synodsmen 181, 186–7, 268 Tawton 191, 240–1 Southampton churches in 28, 120 (map) Tables of Kindred and Affinity 495 parishes in 119 tallow candles 434 wards in 145 Tathwell, valuation 207 Southey, Robert 499 Tattershall, boundary of 73 Southwark, brothels in 316 taverns, and church services 309 species pollution 359 Tavistock Abbey 56, 93 spires 391 (map) parish stock 240 spiritualities 201–2, 222–3 Taxatio of Pope Nicholas 50–5, 83–4, 205 Spridlington 98 taxation, lay 267 spring rites 360–2 Taylor, H. M. and J. Taylor 379–80 Sprynges of Lavenham 408 Taynton stone 399, 404 stained glass 343 Templars, Knights 337 Stamford 134, 260 temples, plan of 376 Browne’s Hospital in 151 Ten Commandments 449, 498 Standelf 92 Terling, perambulation of 79 Stannaries 213 terriers 59, 178–80, 223 Staunton Harold 395, 487 Terrington St John, gilds at 274 Stepney 183, 187, 190 territorial organisation of the church 111 pews at 243–4 Tertullian 6–7 vestry at 192 testers 479 Stephen IX, Pope 49 Tetbury church 506 Sternhold, Thomas 489 Testamentary matters 38 Stock, parish 182–3, 186, 234–5 Tewkesbury Abbey 56 Stone, Lawrence 254–5, 302 accounts 238 Stone Belt 414 pew rentals 243 Stow Bardolf, 220 Thame, John 408 Stowe church 377 Thame, accounts 404 Stratford-on-Avon 143 theft, from church 467–8 gilds in 274, 275 (map) Theodore, Archbishop 17, 30 straw in church 396 Thetford, churches in 114 Stretford township 283 Thomas, Keith 323, 326 Strood 77 Thorney, church at 34–5 Stubbes, Philip 362 Thorpe Mandeville 208 Stubbs, William 293, 295 three-decker pulpit 480–1, 486 Stukeley, William 65, 500 three-hall church plan 386–3 Sunday games 328 Tickencote, chancel arch 382 observance 261 Tiddenham 168 working 263 Tilney, perambulation of 77 sub-deacon 162 timber, tithe of 211 Sudeley 100 tin, tithe of 211 Suffolk, parishes in 85, 86 (graph) Tingewick, maypole at 366 suicides, burial of 428 Tintagel, font at 363 Sulhampstead Abbots 164 priest at 163–4 summoner 296, 298–9 Tintinhull, pews at 242 superfluous behaviour 339–40 Titchfield 53 decoration 339 tithe 31, 37–8, 42, 61, 64, 73, 94, 196, 200–1, 200, 205, Surrey, minsters in 18, 22, 24–5 208–14, 220, 284 surveyor of highways 6, 198–9, 247 in canon law 46 Sutton, Bishop Oliver 57, 206, 210 in church courts 310–1 Sutton-by-Seaford 99 collection of 46, 57–62, 80, 174 Swaffham, camping ground in 274 commutation of 65–6, 183–6, 211, 310–11, 508–9 gilds in 274 disputes regarding 47 Swanton Abbot 73 of fisheries 57

 

tithe (cont.) Uses 440, 481 greater 52–3, 58–9, 209 of Sarum 432 justification of 54–5 usury, and church courts 235, 291 lesser 52, 58–9, 208–9 mixed 209 Valor Ecclesiasticus 84, 129, 205 opposition to 46 valuation of benefices 206 origin of 29–30 of Norwich 83–4, 129, 203–4, 204 (map) personal 57, 147, 209 venereal disease 316 resistence to 61, 210–11 Venta Silurum, see Caerwent urban 119 verge and foliot 491 tithing 277, see Frankpledge vermin, killing of 235, 247 title, to benefice 161 Verulamium, see St Albans Tiverton parish 39 vessels, sacred 225, 308–9, 432–3 Tixover, valuation 208 vestments 225, 246, 432–3, 436–7, 461 Tockerington Moor, boundaries in 72 chests for 430–1, 435–7, 467 Toleration Act 265, 323–4, 367, 499 vestry 187, 192–3, 510 tombs 496–7 Via media, Elizabethan 451 tonsure 158, 162, 175 vicarage 178, 507 Torksey, tithe in 147 vicars 55 Totnes, church tower in 373 economic position of 172–3, 202–3 Totternhoe stone 343 vill 4, 26, 194, 276–82 Towednack 93 and chapels 282–3 towers, church 373, 380–2, 388–9 village, closed 368, 499; open 499 in Somerset 385 community 250, 254 and bells 490 patterns 280–444, 281 (map) towns, Anglo-Saxon origin 127 Villein’s Bible 364 definition of 133 violence, domestic 255–7 gates 128 visitations 181, 299, 397 industrial and church-going 499, 500, 507 archdeacon’s 236 Roman 126 articles 397 township 276–8, 282 episcopal 172 Tractarians 489, 503–5 Voluspa 360 Transepts 386–7; of stone 399, 406 transhumance, and tithe 75 Wadebridge, chapels at 106 Trecarrel, chapel at 100 wage, of vicars 52 Tree of Knowledge 360 Wakefield, bridge chapel 108 Tree of Life 359–62 Walberswick, building costs 404 Trent, Council of 313 Wales, Christianity in 11–12 trial by battle 176 Walkering 5 Trier, Germany, churches at 8 wall-painting 335, 341–3 Tring, tithe at 74–5 Wallingford, churches in 132, 135 Trinoda necessitas 198–9 Walsall, church building 405 Turnpike Trusts 199, 509–10 wardens, see churchwardens Tutbury 53 wards, urban 145 Twelfth Night 260 Wareham, churches at 119, 128, 135 Tympanum 381 Warham, Archbishop 307 in chancel arch 440–2, 449, 450 (ill.) Warmington, tithe 74 replaced by royal arms Warwick, chapel at 128 Wassailing 260, 331 Uniformity, Act of 451 waste, of candles 240, 435 Union of parishes 509 water, for church 374; water-carrier 188 Unitarians 482 Watts, Isaac, 489 Upton, constable of 195 wealth, parochial 414, 415 Urban II, Pope 50 weapons, parochial 194 Urban IV, and Corpus Christi 328 Wells, see of 17 urban administrative structure 1455 Cathedral, clock 491 churches 113–17, 130 Wenhaston, doom at 440–2, 449 monasteries 149 Wesley brothers 368, 489 parishes 116–17, 120–3 West Country woollen industry 416–17 tithe 128 West Dean, priest’s house 177, 179 (plan)

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west door 381 Winianton, manor of 27, 279 (map) Westbury, college 103 Wissett 35–6 Western Rebellion 452 witchcraft 321, 333; witch-craze 335–9; witches 335 Westminster Abbey 380 Wodewose, see Green Man Weston-in-Hoyland, valuation 206–7 Woking, minster 25 Whalley parish 85, 96 Wolferton, doom at 449 Whaplode, tithe 75 wood, in church-building 380; wood-carving 343 Wharram Percy 90 Woodford, Parson 229 Whitby, church furnishing 473 Woodlock, Bishop 57 Synod of 15 Woodstock, churches in 141, 146 White, Gilbert 423 wool churches 416; tithe of 22 white magic 321–2 Worthing 94 Whithorn, see of 17 Worcester 10 Whitred of Kent 18 churches in 119, 123 wife-sale 315 Worcestershire, minsters in 22, 25 Wiggenhall, boundary in 72 workhouses 198 will and testament 305–7 World Ash Tree 360 William I, and church courts 174, 292 Wotton Underwood 53 William III, and religious change 310, 463 Wren, Sir Christopher 132, 395, 486 William of Malmesbury 380 Writ of Prohibition 175 William of Pagula 161 Wulfstan of Worcester 31 William of Warrenne 32 Wyberton, building costs 405–6 Williams, John of Lincoln 457 Wykeham, William of 94, 130, 132, 170–1, 398 wills 306–7 Wymondham Abbey 56 and charity 196 church towers 388, 410 and church courts 2955, 305 Wytham 164–6 religious invocations 453 Wiltshire, parochial survey 283 Yatton, parish house 265 Wimborne, church court at 299 Yeavering 31 Winchelsea 137, 147–8, 183 Yggdrasil 360 Winchelsey, Archbishop 18, 53, 170 yield-ratios 60–1 Winchester cemeteries in 148 York, churches in 130–1, 131 (map) churches in 114–16, 119, 123–6, 130–2 court at 300 valuation of beneﬁces 129 minsters in 25 Windermere 99 parishes in 97 wine, communion 226, 232 see of 17, 113 Wingﬁeld, College 103