Pilgrims and Pilgrimage in the Medieval West The International Library of Historical Studies Series ISBN 1 86064 079 6 Editorial Board: Professor David N.␣ Cannadine, Director, Institute of Historical Research, University of London; Wm. Roger Louis, Dis- tinguished Teaching Professor and Kerr Chair in English History and Culture, University of Texas, Austin; Gene R. Garthwaite, Jane and Raphael Bernstein Professor of Asian Studies, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire; Andrew N. Porter, Rhodes Professor of Imperial History, King’s College London; Professor James Piscatori, Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies and Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford; Professor Dr Erik J. Zürcher, Chair, Turkish Studies, University of Leiden Series Editors: Andrew Ayton, University of Hull (medieval history); Christopher J. Wrigley, Professor of Modern British History, University of Nottingham The International Library of Historical Studies (ILHS) brings together the work of leading historians from universities in the English-speaking world and beyond. It constitutes a forum for original scholarship from the United Kingdom, continental Europe, the USA, the Common- wealth and the Developing World. The books are the fruit of original research and thinking and they contribute to the most advanced historiographical debate and are exhaustively assessed by the authors’ academic peers. The Library consists of a numbered series, covers a wide subject range and is truly international in its geographical scope. It provides a unique and authoritative resource for libraries and scholars and for student reference. 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Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 1 86064 649 2 A full record for this book is available from the British Library A full record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Library of Congress catalog card: available Set in Monotype Dante by Ewan Smith, London Printed and bound in Great Britain Contents Abbreviations vii Introduction 1 Pilgrimage down to the Twelfth Century 9 1 The Development of Medieval European Pilgrimage 11 Documents /28 European Pilgrimage c.1100–c.1500 49 2 Penitential Pilgrimage 51 Documents /56 3 Indulgences and Jubilees 64 Documents /74 4 Help and Hazard: The Pilgrim’s Experience 83 Documents /95 5 Remembering Pilgrimage: Souvenirs 124 Documents /129 6 Pilgrimage Post Mortem: Wills 133 Documents /137 7 Pilgrimage in One City: Pistoia 148 Documents /151 Pilgrimage in One Country: England 161 8 Englishmen Abroad 163 Documents /167 9 Pilgrimage in England 198 Documents /200 10 Pilgrimage to and from Scotland 213 Documents /216 11 European Visitors 225 Documents /227 Verdicts on Pilgrimage 233 12 Criticism and Evaluation of Pilgrimage 235 Documents /246 Notes 255 Select Bibliography 274 Index 283 Abbreviations AB Analecta Bollandiana Alberigo J. Alberigo, G. Dossetti, P.-P. Joannou, C. Leonardi and P. Prodi, Conciliorum Oecumenicorum Decreta, 3rd edn (Bologna 1973) AS Acta Sanctorum ASI Archivio Storico Italiano CCR Calendars of Close Rolls Cenci Cenci, C. OFM, Documentazione di Vita Assisana 1300–1530 (3 vols, Grottaferrata 1974-76) CEPR Calendars of Entries in the Papal Registers relating to Great Britain and Ireland CEPR, Petitions CEPR, Calendar of Petitions, I, 1342–1419 CIPM Calendars of Inquisitions Post Mortem Clement VI, Lettres Lettres Closes, Patentes et Curiales intéressant les pays autres que la France, ed. E. Déprez and G. Mollat Clement VI, France Lettres se rapportant à la France, ed. E. Déprez and G. Mollat Councils & Synods Councils & Synods with other Documents relating to the English Church, planned under the General Editorship of F.M. Powicke (Oxford 1964–81) CPR Calendars of Patent Rolls CYS Canterbury & York Society EETS Early English Text Society Foedera Thomas Rymer, Foedera, Conventiones, Literae et cujuscunque generis Acta Publica (17 vols, London 1704–17) FSI Fonti per la Storia d’Italia Glaber Rodulfi Glabri Historiarum Libri Quinque, ed. and trans. J. France (Oxford 1989) Grandisson The Register of John de Grandisson, bishop of Exeter (1327–1369), ed. F.C. Hingeston-Randolph (3 vols, London 1894) viii · Pilgrims and Pilgrimage Hamo de Hethe Registrum Hamonis Hethe Diocesis Roffensis, AD 1319– 1352, ed. C. Johnson (2 vols, CYS 48, 91) Innocent IV Les Registres d‘Innocent IV, ed. E. Berger (3 vols + index, Paris 1884) JMH Journal of Medieval History John XXII Lettres Communes de Jean XXII, ed. G. Mollat (16 vols, Paris 1904–47) LC Literae Cantuarienses ed. J.B. Sheppard (3 vols, RS 75) Mansi J.D. Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio (31 vols, Florence 1759–98) Margery The Book of Margery Kempe, ed. Meech and Allen Materials Materials for the History of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, ed. J.C. Robertson (7 vols, RS 67) 1 Meaux Chronica Monasterii de Melsa, auctore Thoma de Burton abate, ed. E.A. Bond (2 vols, RS 42) MGH Monumenta Germaniae Historiae MGH SS Monumenta Germaniae Historiae, Scriptores Paston Letters The Paston Letters, ed. J. Gairdner (6 vols, London 1904; one volume reprint, London 1983), Peregrinaciones Vasquéz de Parga, L., Lacarra, J.M. and Riu, J.U., Las Peregrinaciones a Santiago de Compostela (3 vols, Madrid 1948–49) PL Patrologiae cursus completus: Series Latina, ed. J.P. Migne (221 vols, Paris 1879–90) RIS Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, new edn Rot. Scot. Rotuli Scotiae in Turri Londoniensis et in Domo Capitulari Westmonasteriensi Asservati (2 vols, London 1814–19) RS Rolls Series Tulle & J.B. Champeval, ed., Cartulaire des Abbayes de Tulle et Rocamadour de Roc-Amadour (Brive 1903) Urban V, Communes Lettres Communes, ed. M.H. Laurent and M. and A.M. Hayez (11 vols, Rome 1954–86) Urban V, Secrètes Lettres secrètes & curiales du Pape Urbain V se rapport- ant à la France, ed. P. Lecacheux and G. Mollat (Paris 1902–55) Vendôme C. Metais, ed., Cartulaire de l’Abbaye cardinale de La Trinité de Vendôme (5 vols, Paris 1893) Introduction When I first planned this book, I thought of it as a ‘source-book’. Since, I have come to think of it more as an anthology. It would be quite possible to compile another one, drawing on a rather different range of texts, or emphasising certain types of text to a greater extent than they have been emphasised here. I have used miracle stories, for example, more selectively than might be expected, given that they can be seen (with some cautions) as the record of pilgrim experience. What follows is a brief explanation of what will and will not be found here. The processes of preparing for and going on pilgrimage formed multiple strands in the life of medieval European societies, as they have done and continue to do in other societies. Pilgrimage generated some more or less specific types of source material: miracle collec- tions, as mentioned, and also narratives of actual journeys, a category which overlaps with the ‘guide-book’ for pilgrims, of which the twelfth-century Compostela Pilgrim’s Guide is perhaps the most cele- brated. Pilgrimage aroused relatively little theological or theoretical concern, although there was a persistent current of low-key criticism which sometimes became more vocal, as with the Lollards in fifteenth- century England. Broadly, it was accepted as a meritorious, though not obligatory, Christian practice; the bona fide pilgrim was entitled to the protection of the law and the support of the faithful.