DOCSLIB.ORG

Where Is Silicon Valley?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Where Is Silicon Valley? WHERE IS SILICON VALLEY? IF YOU WANT TO LEARN MORE ABOUT SILICON VALLEY ORIGINALS, VISIT THESE OBJECTS: Silicon Valley is the technology powerhouse of the world. The inventions fl owing out of this once small, sleepy region—in 1940 it was the prune capital of the world—have transformed the way IBM Disk Drive, 1956 Hewlett Packard, Founded in 1939 Intel and the Microprocessor, people around the globe Seeking a faster method of pro- Started in a garage, HP is one of Intel founded in 1968 live, work, and play. cessing data than using punched the Valley’s founding companies. Local giant Intel has transformed The Computer History cards, IBM invented the world’s fi st See some of HP’s early products the world with its powerful micro- Museum is located in the disk drive in its San Jose labora- and learn about “The HP Way.” processors. See how they are made heart of Silicon Valley and tories. This stack of 50 disks held REVOLUTION: MINICOMPUTERS and have enabled the incredible contains some of the hall- about 3.8 MB-or enough for one shrinking computer. mark artifacts of Silicon song today. REVOLUTION: DIGITAL LOGIC GALLERY Valley’s history. See where REVOLUTION: MEMORY & STORAGE global computer giants like HP, Intel, Apple, and Google had their humble beginnings and learn how technology has trans- formed the world. SRI Shakey the Robot, 1969 Xerox Alto, 1973 Atari Pong Prototype, 1972 Shakey was the fi rst robot that Hanging out on bean bag chairs, Remember Pong, the must-have could reason about its actions Xerox PARC researchers invented gift of 1975? See Atari’s original without human control. Special Alto, a groundbreaking computer Pong prototype and play a live Pong software let it create a ‘map’ that brought the computer mouse, game with a friend! of its environment, which let it the graphical user interface and REVOLUTION: GAMES move about freely, even avoiding other innovations to the world. obstacles placed in its path. REVOLUTION: INPUT & OUTPUT REVOLUTION: AI & ROBOTICS Apple I, 1976 PalmPilot, 1996 Google Server Engine, 1999 See the Apple-1, the computer The PalmPilot got people used to One of Google’s fi rst server racks, that launched Apple Computer, carrying around a small computer- made by Google engineers out of autographed by co-founder Steve like device and changed how we use commonly available PCs and net- Wozniak. computers forever. Can you imagine working equipment, helped launch REVOLUTION: PERSONAL COMPUTERS a day without your smartphone? the internet giant. REVOLUTION: MOBILE COMPUTING REVOLUTION: NETWORKING & THE WEB To learn more visit: computerhistory.org SRI Shakey Intel HP the Robot 9 13 Software Artificial Theater Intelligence & Robotics 8 IBM RAMAC 11 Memory Disk Drive Minicomputers & 12 Storage Digital Logic 7 14 Mainframes Computer Graphics, Music & Art Xerox 15 6 Alto 5 Input & Real-Time Output Early Computer Computing Atari Pong 16 Companies Prototype 10 Computer Supercomputers Games 17 4 Apple 1 Personal Computers 18 3 Birth of the Computer Mobile Analog Palm Pilot Computing 19 Computers Networking & the Web Google 1 Server 2 Engine Calculators Punched 20 Cards What’s Babbage Next? Engine Going Revolution Places Entrance Orientation Theater Museum Store Main Lobby Cloud Reception Cafe Restrooms PDP-1 Elevator Spacewar! Exhibition Guidelines: No Food or Drink No Flash Photography Do Not Touch the Artifacts Main Entrance No Backpacks or Luggage To learn more visit: computerhistory.org.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Vcf Pnw 2019
    VCF PNW 2019 http://vcfed.org/vcf-pnw/ Schedule Saturday 10:00 AM Museum opens and VCF PNW 2019 starts 11:00 AM Erik Klein, opening comments from VCFed.org Stephen M. Jones, opening comments from Living Computers:Museum+Labs 1:00 PM Joe Decuir, IEEE Fellow, Three generations of animation machines: Atari and Amiga 2:30 PM Geoff Pool, From Minix to GNU/Linux - A Retrospective 4:00 PM Chris Rutkowski, The birth of the Business PC - How volatile markets evolve 5:00 PM Museum closes - come back tomorrow! Sunday 10:00 AM Day two of VCF PNW 2019 begins 11:00 AM John Durno, The Lost Art of Telidon 1:00 PM Lars Brinkhoff, ITS: Incompatible Timesharing System 2:30 PM Steve Jamieson, A Brief History of British Computing 4:00 PM Presentation of show awards and wrap-up Exhibitors One of the defining attributes of a Vintage Computer Festival is that exhibits are interactive; VCF exhibitors put in an amazing amount of effort to not only bring their favorite pieces of computing history, but to make them come alive. Be sure to visit all of them, ask questions, play, learn, take pictures, etc. And consider coming back one day as an exhibitor yourself! Rick Bensene, Wang Laboratories’ Electronic Calculators, An exhibit of Wang Labs electronic calculators from their first mass-market calculator, the Wang LOCI-2, through the last of their calculators, the C-Series. The exhibit includes examples of nearly every series of electronic calculator that Wang Laboratories sold, unusual and rare peripheral devices, documentation, and ephemera relating to Wang Labs calculator business.
    [Show full text]
  • As We May Communicate Carson Reynolds Department of Technical Communication University of Washington
    As We May Communicate Carson Reynolds Department of Technical Communication University of Washington Abstract The purpose of this article is to critique and reshape one of the fundamental paradigms of Human-Computer Interaction: the workspace. This treatise argues that the concept of a workspace—as an interaction metaphor—has certain intrinsic defects. As an alternative, a new interaction model, the communication space is offered in the hope that it will bring user interfaces closer to the ideal of human-computer symbiosis. Keywords: Workspace, Communication Space, Human-Computer Interaction Our computer systems and corresponding interfaces have come quite a long way in recent years. We no longer patiently punch cards or type obscure and unintelligible commands to interact with our computers. However, out current graphical user interfaces, for all of their advantages, still have shortcomings. It is the purpose of this paper to attempt to deduce these flaws by carefully examining our earliest and most basic formulation of what a computer should be: a workspace. The History of the Workspace The modern computerized workspace has its beginning in Vannevar Bush’s landmark article, “As We May Think.” Bush presented the MEMEX: his vision of an ideal workspace for researchers and scholars that was capable of retrieving and managing information. Bush thought that machines capable of manipulating information could transform the way that humans think. What did Bush’s idealized workspace involve? It consists of a desk, and while it can presumably be operated from a distance, it is primarily the piece of furniture at which he works. On top are slanting translucent screens, on which material can be projected for convenient reading.
    [Show full text]
  • PERQ Workstations by R. D. Davis
    PERQ Workstations R. D. Davis Last Updated: November 6, 2003 from the Sept. 7, 1991 edition. 2 Contents 1 Preface and Dedication 11 2 History 13 2.1 PERQ History as Told by Those Who Were There . 13 2.2 PERQ History as Otherwise Researched . 16 2.3 Late 1960's . 16 2.4 1972/1973 . 17 2.5 1973 . 17 2.6 1974 . 17 2.7 1975 . 18 2.8 1976 . 18 2.9 Late 1970's . 18 2.10 1978 . 18 2.11 1979 . 19 2.12 1980 . 19 2.13 1981 . 20 2.14 1982/1983: . 22 2.15 1983-1984? . 22 2.16 1984: . 23 2.17 1985 . 24 2.18 1986: . 25 2.19 1986/1987 . 26 2.20 1997 . 27 2.21 Things whose time period is questionable . 27 3 Accent Systems Corp. 31 4 More PERQ History 33 4.1 Graphic Wonder . 33 3 4 CONTENTS 4.1.1 Historical notes from Chris Lamb . 35 4.2 Alt.sys.perq . 36 4.3 PERQ-Fanatics Mailing Lists . 36 4.4 Original uCode . 37 5 The Accent OS 39 5.1 The Accent Kernel . 42 5.2 Co-Equal Environments . 44 5.3 Accent Window Manager: Sapphire . 44 5.4 Matchmaker . 45 5.5 Microprogramming . 45 5.6 Other Info. 46 5.7 Accent and Printing/Publishing . 46 5.8 Porting POS Code to Accent . 47 5.9 Accent S5 . 47 5.10 Naming of Accent . 47 6 The Action List 49 7 Adverts and Etc. 53 7.1 PERQ-1 . 53 7.1.1 PERQ Systems and cooperative agreements: .
    [Show full text]
  • The Xerox Alto Computer, September 1981, BYTE Magazine
    The Xerox Alto Computer Thomas A Wadlow 5157 Norma Way Apt 226 Livermore CA 94550 In the mid-1970s, the personal­ makes them worthy of mention is the computer market blossomed with the fact that a large number of the per­ introduction of the Altair 8800. Each sonal computers of tomorrow will be year since has brought us personal designed with knowledge gained from computers with more power, faster the development of the Alto. execution, larger memory, and better mass storage. Few computer en­ The Hardware thusiasts or professionals can look at The Alto consists of four major the machines of today without parts: the graphics display, the wondering: What's next? keyboard, the graphics mouse, and the disk storage/processor box. Each The Alto: a Personal Computer Photo 1: Two of the Xerox Alto personal Alto is housed in a beautifully I In 1972, Xerox Corporation de- computers. Each Alto processor is made formed, textured beige metal cabinet of medium- and small-scale TTL in­ cided to produce a personal computer that hints at its $32,000 price tag. tegrated circuits, and is mounted in a rack With the exception of the disk to be used for research. The result beneath two 3-megabyte hard-disk drives. was the Alto computer, whose name Note that the video displays are taller storage/ processor box, everything is comes from the Xerox Palo Alto than they are wide and are similar to a designed to sit on a desk or tabletop. Research Center where it was page of paper, rather than a standard developed.
    [Show full text]
  • Decoding Computers from Mainframes to Microchips
    Decoding Computers From Mainframes to Microchips It’s hard to imagine a world without computers, but there was a time, not too long ago, when they were kept under lock and key. They were stored in specially outfitted rooms, operated by specially trained personnel, performing especially important functions away from the public eye. These first computers, called mainframes, were enormous. We can trace the beginnings of today’s computers to these old mainframes, much like the fossil hunters who seek clues about early life on earth. How did we get here? How did we go from room-filling mainframes to pocket-sized computers? VISIT OUR MUSEUM! Schedule a tour for your classroom today! Go to livingcomputers. org/ and click on visit to learn more. 2245 1st Ave S | Seattle, WA 206-342-2020 | livingcomputers.org Decoding Computers: From Mainframes to Microchips What is a Computer? Basic Parts of a Computer • Hardware: The stuff you can hold — the materials and components It’s simply a machine that stores and processes information, designed to complete tasks that were too dull or difficult for humans. With the right • Software: The stuff you can use once you boot up and log-on instruction, a computer can be made to do almost anything the user can • Applications: Programs you can download and upload, open and close — conceive, from ordering a pizza pie to calculating pi. everything from the word processor you use for English class to the social media you use to chat with friends and frenemies • Operating system: The go-between for hardware and applications that manages the resource constraints of the hardware and the demands of the app Hardware is like a skateboard.
    [Show full text]
  • ALTO: a Personal Computer System Hardware Manual
    This document is for internal Xerox use only. ALTO: A Personal Computer System Hardware Manual August 1976 Abstract This manual is a revlSlon of the original description of the Alto: "Alto, A Personal Computer System." It includes a complete description of the Alto I and Alto II hardware and of the standard microcode (version 23). © Copyright 1975. 1976 by Xerox Corporation XEROX PALO ALTO RESEARCH CENTER 3333 Coyote Hill Road / Palo Alto / California 94304 This document is for internal Xerox use only. Contents 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Microprocessor 2.1 Arithmetic section 2.2 Constant Memory 2.3 Main Memory 2.4 Microprocessor control 3.0 Emulator 3.1 Standard Instruction Set 3.2 Interrupts 3.3 Augmented Instruction Set 3.4 Bootstrapping 3.5 Hardware 4.0 Display Controller 4.1 Programming Characteristics 4.2 Hardware 4.3 Display Controller Microcode 4.4 Cursor 5.0 Miscellaneous Peri pherals 5.1 Keyboard 5.2 Mouse 5.3 Keyset 5.4 Diablo Printer 5.5 Analog Board 5.6 Parity Error Detection 6.0 Disk and Controller 7.0 Ethernet 7.1 Programming Characteristics 7.2 Ethernet Interface 7.3 Ethernet Microcode 7.4 Software Initiated Boot Feature 8.0 Control RAM 8.1 RAM-Related Tasks 8.2 Processor Bus and ALU Interface 8.3 Microinstruction Bus Interface 8.4 Reset Mode Register 8.5 Standard Emulator Access 8.6 M and S Registers 9.0 Nuts and Bolts for the Microcoder 9.1 Standard Microcode Conventions 9.2 Microcode Techniques Which Need Not Be Rediscovered Appendix A Microinstruction Summary Appendix B Reserved Memory Locations Appendix C Optional Alto Peripherals 2 1.0 INTRODUCTION This document is a description of the Alto, a small personal computing system originally designed at PARCo By 'personal computer' we mean a non-shared system containing sufficient processing power, storage, and input-output capability to satisfy the computational needs of a single user.
    [Show full text]
  • Alto User's Handbook September 1979
    ALTO . USER'S .HANDBOOK SEPTEMBER 1979 XEROX PALO ALTO RESEARCH CENTER ALTO USER'S HANDBOOK SEPTEMBER 1979 XEROX PALO ALTO RESEARCH CENTER 3333 COYOTE HILL ROAD PALO ALTO CA 94304 Copyright ,t 1979 Xerox Corporation Table of Contents Preface Alto Non-programmer's Guide 1 Bravo Manual 31 Laurel Manual 63 Markup User's Manual 85 Draw Manual 97 FTP Reference Manual U9 Neptune Reference Manual 145 ALTO NON-PROGRAMMER'S GUIDE by BUTLER W. LAMPSON ALTO USER'S HANDBOOK Preface . This handbook contains documentation for all the standard Alto services intended for use by non­ programmers. It is divided into seven sections, separated by heavy black dividers: The Alto Non-programmer's Guide, which has most of the general information a non­ programmer needs. The Bravo manual, which tells you how to prepare and edit text documents on the Alto. The Laurel manual, which tells you how to send, receive, and manipulate messages using our inter-Alto electronic mail system. The Markup and Draw manuals, which tell you how to add illustrations to documents. The Non-programmer's Guide contains some introductory material on illustrations. Finally, two reference manuals, one for FrP, which transports files between machines, and one for Neptune, which provides facilities for managing files on your Alto disk. These manuals supplement the introductory information on these two programs in the Non­ programmer's Guide. If you are new to the Alto, start at the beginning of the Non-programmer's Guide. Read the first four sections there, and then the first two sections of the Bravo manual.
    [Show full text]
  • Xerox Innovation Spotlight Report: the Evolution of PARC
    Innovation Spotlight Report: The Evolution of PARC July 2021 The Evolution of PARC This is the first in a series of Innovation Spotlight Reports that will provide a deep dive into our research and development (R&D) activities to create disruptive technologies in software, augmented reality, artificial intelligence, additive manufacturing, industrial Internet of things (IoT), and cleantech. These reports will highlight specific innovation pillars as well as potential products, focus areas, technologies, opportunities, applications and total addressable markets (TAMs). In this inaugural report, we provide a brief history of the Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) – our primary innovation hub that’s one of many R&D facilities – and its evolution. Throughout its more than 50-year history, PARC’s mission has been to create and launch high-impact, breakaway businesses powered by disruptive technologies. PARC’s research staff of more than 200 includes some of the most talented, creative and entrepreneurial Ph.D.–level scientists and engineers in the world – people with the technical expertise, business sense and drive to turn breakthrough science into commercially viable solutions. We are confident that this world-renowned research facility, when combined with our focus to bring solutions to market and scale new ventures, will lead to material revenue generation and significant long-term value creation for all Xerox stakeholders. 2 Founded in 1970 in Silicon Valley, PARC’s charter was to create “The Office of the Future.” By all accounts, PARC successfully delivered on its mission in its first 10 years—inventing multiple office technologies that we still use today, including the laser printer, Ethernet networking protocols, the first personal workstation known as the Xerox Alto, the graphical user interface, and What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get word processing.
    [Show full text]
  • Cleared Version of October 15,1979 Alto Operating System September 9,1979 11
    Cleared version of October 15,1979 ALTO OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL Compiled on: October 15, 1979 Xerox Palo Alto Research Center 3333 Coyote Hill Road Palo Alto, California 94304 © Xerox Corporation 1979 Cleared version of October 15, 1979 Alto Operating System September 9,1979 2 Alto Operating System Reference Manual OS version 16/16 1. Introduction This manual describes the operating system for the Alto. The manual will be revised as the system changes. Parts of the system which are likely to be changed are so indicated; users should try to isolate their use of these facilities in routines which can easily be modified, or better yet, avoid them entirely, if possible. The system and its description can be separated into two parts: a) User-callable procedures, which are of two kinds: standard procedures which are always provided, and libra? procedures which must be loaded WIth the user's program if they are desired. This manua describes only standard procedures; the library procedures are documented in the "Alto Packages Manual." b) Data structures, such as disk files and directories, which are used by the system but which arealso accessible to user procedures and subsystems. The system is currently written almost entirely in Bcp1. Its procedures are invoked with the standardBcpl calling sequence, and it expects the subsystems it calls to be in the forinat produced by the Alto Bcpl loader. 2. Hardware summary This section provides an overview of the Alto Hardware. Briefly, every Alto has: a) A memory of 64k words of 16 bits each. The cycle time is 850ns.
    [Show full text]
  • Graphic User Interface
    УДК 004.4 V. V. Mahlona GRAPHIC USER INTERFACE Vinnytsia National Technical University Анотація В даній роботі було досліджено значимість графічного інтерфейсу історію виникнення графічних інтерфейсів та їх перші застосування, проведено порівняння з іншими інтерфейсами. Ключові слова: графічний інтерфейс користувача, дослідження, інтерфейс, ОС, Windows, Linux, MacOS Abstract The article deals with the importance of a graphical user interface, the history of graphic interfaces and their first applications are presented, the comparison with other interfaces is given. Keywords: GUI, research, interface, OS, Windows, Linux, MacOS The graphical user interface (GUI) is a form of user interface that allows users to interact with electronic devices through graphical icons and visual indicators such as secondary notation, instead of text- based user interfaces, typed command labels or text navigation. GUIs were introduced in reaction to the perceived steep learning curve of command-line interfaces (CLIs), which require commands to be typed on a computer keyboard. The actions in a GUI are usually performed through direct manipulation of the graphical elements. Beyond computers, GUIs are used in many handheld mobile devices such as MP3 players, portable media players, gaming devices, smartphones and smaller household, office and industrial controls. The term GUI tends not to be applied to other lower-display resolution types of interfaces, such as video games (where head- up display (HUD) is preferred), or not including flat screens, like volumetric displays because the term is restricted to the scope of two-dimensional display screens able to describe generic information, in the tradition of the computer science research at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center.
    [Show full text]
  • The Computers Nobody Wanted: My Years at Xerox
    Te Computers Nobody Wanted My Years with Xerox Other publications by Paul A. Strassmann: Information Payof: Te Transformation of Work in the Electronic Age – 1985 Te Business Value of Computers – 1990 Te Politics of Information Management – 1994 Irreverent Dictionary of Information Politics – 1995 Te Squandered Computer – 1997 Information Productivity – 1999 Information Productivity Indicators of U.S. Industrial Corporations – 2000 Revenues and Profts of Global Information Technology Suppliers – 2000 Governance of Information Management Principles & Concepts – 2000 Assessment of Productivity, Technology and Knowledge Capital – 2000 Te Digital Economy and Information Technology – 2001 Te Economics of Knowledge Capital: Analysis of European Firms – 2001 Defning and Measuring Information Productivity – 2004 Demographics of the U.S. Information Economy – 2004 Te Economics of Outsourcing in the Information Economy – 2004 Paul’s War: Slovakia, 1938 – 1945 Te Economics of Corporate Information Systems – 2007 Paul’s Odyssey: America, 1945 – 1985 Te Computers Nobody Wanted My Years with Xerox Paul A. Strassmann Te Information Econonomics Press new canaan, connecticut 2008 Copyright © 2008 by Paul A. Strassmann All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Pub- lisher. Tis publication has been authored to provide personal recollections and opinions with regard to the subject matter covered. Published by the Information Economics Press P.O.Box 264 New Canaan, Connecticut 06840-0264 Fax: 203-966-5506 E-mail: [email protected] Design and composition: David G. Shaw, Belm Design Produced in the United States of America Strassmann, Paul A.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Smalltalk from Smalltalk-72 Through Squeak
    The Evolution of Smalltalk From Smalltalk-72 through Squeak DANIEL INGALLS, Independent Consultant, USA Shepherd: Andrew Black, Portland State University, USA This paper presents a personal view of the evolution of six generations of Smalltalk in which the author played a part, starting with Smalltalk-72 and progressing through Smalltalk-80 to Squeak and Etoys. It describes the forces that brought each generation into existence, the technical innovations that characterized it, and the growth in understanding of object-orientation and personal computing that emerged. It summarizes what that generation achieved and how it affected the future, both within the evolving group of developers and users, and in the outside world. The early Smalltalks were not widely accessible because they ran only on proprietary Xerox hardware; because of this, few people have experience with these important historical artifacts. To make them accessible, the paper provides links to live simulations that can be run in present-day web browsers. These simulations offer the ability to run predefined scripts, but also allow the user to go off-script, browse thedetailsof implementation, and try anything that could be done in the original system. An appendix includes anecdotal and technical aspects of how examples of each generation of Smalltalk were recovered, and how order was teased out of chaos to the point that these old systems could be brought back to life. CCS Concepts: · Software and its engineering → General programming languages; · Social and pro- fessional topics → History of programming languages. Additional Key Words and Phrases: Smalltalk, Squeak, Alto, NoteTaker, OOZE, BitBlt, Morphic, EToys, Objects, Blocks, Bytecode, Interpreter, Virtual Machine, Bootstrap 85 ACM Reference Format: Daniel Ingalls.
    [Show full text]