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Global Corruption Report: Education Global Corruption Report: Education TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL First published 2013 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2013 Transparency International. All rights reserved. Edited by Gareth Sweeney, Krina Despota and Samira Lindner The right of Transparency International to be identifi ed as author of the editorial material, and of the individual authors as authors of their contributions, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record has been requested for this book ISBN13: 978-0-415-53544-1 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-53549-6 (pbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-10981-6 (ebk) Illustrations by Agur Paesüld. Typeset in Helvetica by Keystroke, Station Road, Codsall, Wolverhampton Contents List of illustrations xi Preface xiii Huguette Labelle, Chair, Transparency International Foreword xv Navanethem Pillay, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Acknowledgements xvii Executive summary xix Transparency International Part 1 Framing corruption in education – global trends 1 1.1 Introduction to the Global Corruption Report: Education 3 Transparency International 1.2 International standards and national regulatory frameworks to realise the right to education 11 Muriel Poisson, International Institute for Educational Planning, UNESCO 1.3 Understanding corruption in education as a human rights issue 16 Richard Lapper, Offi ce of the High Commissioner for Human Rights 1.4 Countering corruption to achieve universal primary education 21 Trócaire 1.5 The decentralisation of education and corruption 27 Anton De Grauwe, International Institute for Educational Planning, UNESCO Part 2 Corruption in school education – understanding and scaling the challenge 33 2.1 Bricks to books: education sector procurement past and present 35 Steve Berkman, author, formerly World Bank Africa Region Operations Group 2.2 Ghost schools in Pakistan 40 Syed Adil Gilani, Transparency International Pakistan iv CONTENTS 2.3 Misappropriation of funds for free education in Kenya 45 Samuel Kimeu, Transparency International Kenya 2.4 Small state challenges to tackling corruption in access to education: the experience of Vanuatu 49 Francis Bryard, Transparency International Vanuatu 2.5 Free or fee: corruption in primary school admissions 52 Peter Hyll Larsen, author, formerly Project Coordinator at Right to Education Project Box 2.2 In focus – Turkey: the case of Elif Satik 55 Hande Ozhabes, formerly General Coordinator of Transparency International Turkey 2.6 Bribes for enrolment in desired schools in Vietnam 60 Stephanie Chow and Dao Thi Nga, Towards Transparency, Vietnam 2.7 Service providers or power brokers: the pivotal role of teachers for educational integrity 68 Bettina Meier, Friedrich Ebert Foundation, Sri Lanka 2.8 The hidden cost of corruption: teacher absenteeism and loss in schools 70 Harry Anthony Patrinos, Human Development Network, World Bank 2.9 Teacher absenteeism in primary schools in Cameroon 74 Gabriel Ngwé, formerly Transparency International Cameroon 2.10 Tackling fake diplomas in Niger 78 Hassane Amadou Diallo, Transparency International Niger 2.11 Nepotism in appointments: the case of Nepal 80 Kamal Pokhrel, Transparency International Nepal 2.12 Shadow education: the rise of private tutoring and associated corruption risks 83 Mark Bray, University of Hong Kong 2.13 Corruption as abuse of power: sexual violence in educational institutions 88 Fiona Leach, University of Sussex Part 3 Transparency and integrity in higher education 99 3.1 Higher education institutions: why they matter and why corruption puts them at risk 101 Stephen Heyneman, Peabody College of Education, Vanderbilt University 3.2 Governance instruments to combat corruption in higher education 108 Jamil Salmi and Robin Matross Helms, higher education consultants CONTENTS v 3.3 Combating fi nancial fraud in higher education 113 Mary-Jo Kranacher, York College, City University of New York 3.4 Addressing corruption in on-campus accommodation in Timis¸oara, Romania 119 Ana Claudia Leu, Euroregional Center for Democracy 3.5 Ensuring quality in quality assurance 124 Bjørn Stensaker, University of Oslo Box 3.3 In focus – Degree mills and their accreditors: no laughing matter 126 Transparency International 3.6 Increasing transparency and enhancing quality in Greek higher education 133 Yiota Pastra, American College of Greece, on behalf of Transparency International Greece 3.7 University funds: giving due diligence its due signifi cance 137 Arvind Ganesan, Human Rights Watch 3.8 Cross-border higher education: addressing corruption, ensuring opportunity 142 Stéphan Vincent-Lancrin, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development 3.9 Recruitment and admissions: fostering transparency on the path to higher education 148 Ararat L. Osipian, Peabody College of Education, Vanderbilt University Box 3.6 In focus – Corruption, money laundering and fee- paying education in the United Kingdom 149 Transparency International UK 3.10 Reforming the university admission system in Georgia 155 Mariam Gabedava, formerly Transparency International Georgia 3.11 Transparency in US higher education job placement data 160 Francesco De Simone, Transparency International USA 3.12 A fair grade? The Fiji Advocacy and Legal Advice Centre examines student complaints 168 Transparency International Fiji 3.13 Short-cut students: from academic misconduct to academic integrity 171 Tracey Bretag, University of South Australia 3.14 Bribe and cheat to get a doctoral degree in Germany? 178 Sebastian Wolf, University of Konstanz, Germany vi CONTENTS 3.15 Corruption in the academic career 185 J. Shola Omotola, Redeemer’s University, Nigeria 3.16 Understanding experiences and perceptions of corruption in higher education in Bosnia and Herzegovina 189 Transparency International Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.17 Impacts of globalisation on the academic profession: emerging corruption risks in higher education 194 Marta M. Shaw, University of Minnesota 3.18 Corrupting research integrity: corporate funding and academic independence 202 David Robinson, Education International Box 3.7 In focus – Government priorities and academic research funding 204 Thom Brooks, Durham University 3.19 Scientifi c research integrity as a matter of transparency 211 Melissa Anderson and Takehito Kamata, University of Minnesota 3.20 Journals: at the frontline of integrity in academic research 216 Krina Despota, Transparency International and Marta M. Shaw, University of Minnesota Part 4 Tackling corruption in education – some innovative approaches 223 4.1 Identifying priorities for intervention: assessing corruption in education 225 Andy McDevitt, Transparency International 4.2 Understanding integrity, fi ghting corruption: what can be done? 232 Mihaylo Milovanovitch, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development 4.3 Ranking university governance in Romania: an exportable model? 240 Romanian Academic Society 4.4 Making leakages visible: public expenditure tracking in education 246 Bernard Gauthier, HEC Montréal, Canada 4.5 The experience of Transparency International Rwanda in monitoring public expenditure in education 253 Apollinaire Mupiganyi, Albert Rwego Kavatiri and Alessandro Bozzini, Transparency International Rwanda CONTENTS vii 4.6 Operational challenges to PETS: initial observations from Papua New Guinea 258 Sarah Dix, Transparency International Papua New Guinea 4.7 Increasing transparency through education management information systems 262 Alison McMeekin, Transparency International 4.8 Developing codes of conduct for teachers: an effective tool in preventing classroom corruption? 267 Shirley Van Nuland, University of Ontario Box 4.3 In focus – Complaints for code violations: the Afghan example 268 Henrik Lindroth, UNDP 4.9 Making oversight participatory: a golden way to tackle corruption? 272 Stéphane Stassen, Transparency International 4.10 Challenging corruption in primary education: social accountability at work in Bangladesh 279 Iftekar Zaman, Transparency International Bangladesh 4.11 Money for maintenance: public oversight of school infrastructure spending in Peru 285 Samuel Rotta Castilla, Transparency International Peru 4.12 Enhancing school-based management in decentralised education systems: the case of Ghana 289 Samuel E. Bonilla Bogaert, Priyam Saraf, Juontel White, Meriem Goutali, Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs 4.13 Access to information laws and the transparent university 294 Jorge Mori, Universidad Coherente, Peru 4.14 Testing new tools for accountability in higher education 298 Blair Glencorse, Accountability Lab 4.15 Private civil actions: a powerful tool in the fi ght against
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