DOCSLIB.ORG

Minefacts a Collection of Facts About Mining, the Permit Granting Process, Economy and the Environment Aitik

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Minefacts a Collection of Facts About Mining, the Permit Granting Process, Economy and the Environment Aitik MineFacts A collection of facts about mining, the permit granting process, economy and the environment Aitik. Photo: Boliden Photo: Aitik. MINEFACTS A collection of facts about mines This material has been produced as part of the project MineFacts, an EU funded project carried out during 2017 with the purpose of producing easily accessible, objective and general facts about prospecting and mining operations, which if wished can be used without restriction, above all by municipalities and regions in northern Finland, Sweden and Norway. We chose to produce this material in all three languages, and to add nation specific facts where we considered it necessary (for example the different countries have partially different steps in their permit granting processes for mining permits). The material also includes a slimmed PowerPoint presentation which may be studied and used without restriction. The project aims to increase the general level of awareness in this area and to give municipalities and regions help, based on this material, to ­­ communicate objective and fact-based information to their inhabitants – for example in a situation where new or increased prospecting or mining operations can be expected. In the course of the project we visited over 30 different municipalities in the three countries to gather information about what the municipal representatives in these municipalities consider extra important to include in the material. Through the year we have organised workshops, worked with reference groups and presented the project in different contexts. After the activities described, our opinion is that the need for this type of basic, objective and fact-based information is considerable. We would like to express our gratitude to everyone who in different ways has contributed during the project and at the same time welcome those wishing to use this material. A big thank you to EIT RawMaterials which financed the project and so made our work possible. The chief project manager has been Laura S Lauri, GTK (The Geological Survey of Finland). Other parties working with the project have been SGU (The Geological Survey of Sweden), Luleå University of Technology, the University of Lapland, LTU Business and Sodankylä Municipality. In addition, AA Sakatti Mining, Boliden and Nussir have participated. Contacts for questions or views on the material: Finland and Norway: [email protected] Sweden: [email protected] Project number of MineFacts: #16429 This activity has received funding from the European Institute of Innovation Any statement in this document reflects only the and Technology (EIT), a body of the European Union, under the Horizon author's view and the EIT is not responsible for 2020, the EU Framework Program for Research and Innovation any use that may be made of the information it. Do we need Is recovery The permit MineFacts metals? sufficient? granting process 1 2 3 Who benefits Geology and Life of mine and from the mine? Exploration mining the environment 4 5 6 7 1. Do we need metals? What are metals? How much do we use and for what? METALS AND SOCIETY 600 kg of copper and 15 t of iron, and several tons of other metals and minerals. Since the early history of mankind we have used metals in everything from implements and Metals are elements extracted from our bedrock. buildings, to food supplements. Originally they Metals are finite resources, that is to say there is were metals that are easily accessible, for example only a certain quantity of metals. At the same copper and iron. time, metals are elements which in many cases can be recovered an infinite number of times without Through smarter technology the number of losing their properties. However, there can be metals we use has increased exponentially. Several technical difficulties in recovering certain metals. metals are used to form alloys to make use of the Our metal production comes from mines, which properties of different metals. Others are used in extract so-called primary raw materials from the technology such as touch screens, circuit boards or bedrock, and from waste recovery. Steel, which fibre optic cables. is the most common metallic product, occurs in thousands of different varieties and sorts and With an increasing population and rising standard can contain a number of metals which have been of living in many places, the need of metals is alloyed into steel. increasing. For example, a person uses on average Figure 1. Zinc from Sweden. Zinc is used in for example stainless steel. Photo: Boliden. 1 FACT: How many elements do we use every day? Modern technology, such as smartphones, solar cells, electric cars and airplanes, need many different materials and elements to work. Throughout the ages, the number of elements used by people in different objects has increased dramatically, from only a few to almost all in the periodic table. The figure below shows a handful of the most important, but far more elements are used today in smaller amounts. Figure 2. Illustration: SGU with inspiration from BP. 2 3 2. Is recovery sufficient? Our modern society needs metals and minerals, but can these needs be met through recovery? What metals can be recovered, and to what extent? RECOVERY IN SWEDEN metallic elements whose recovery is of interest. Table 1. Use, mining production and recovery of metals in Sweden, tons (WBMS April 2014, SGU 2014:3, UNCTAD 2013). The world’s need of metals and minerals is great In Sweden we are good at metal recovery. Since Metal Use Mine Recovery and growing. Recovery and recycling are among the 1950s the recovery of precious metals and production the most energy-effective actions to limit the scrap containing iron, steel and base metals has Iron 4 326 000 27 285 000 2 032 000 environmental impact of the mining and minerals drastically increased, steel scrap from 50 per cent Copper 121 800 82 760 65 300 industry. Our society generates huge quantities of to 92 per cent by the year 2010. As regards other Lead 17 000 59 466 49 300 waste. The development of among other things less common metals, recovery is still at a modest Zinc 23 900 175 711 730 electronic products in the last decade has been level, but nevertheless we take care of about half Aluminium 90 500 0 56 500 very fast, as regards both the volume and num- of Europe’s electronic waste in this country. Nickel 25 000 0 14 610 ber of products. At the same time, decreasing Sweden’s metal producing industry, one of our quantities of raw materials are used per product. most important base industries representing high Tin 70 0 0 This development is expected to continue, in proportion of our export, largely takes its raw Gold 2,6 6 10 turn making the lifecycle of the products short- materials from Sweden’s bedrock. But it also uses Silver 35 340 27 er and shorter. Recovery therefore is becoming a high proportion of recovered metals. The table Chromium 100 000 0 64 000 increasingly important, while becoming a growing on the right shows the use of different metals in Magnesium No data 0 0 challenge. A mobile telephone today can contain Sweden, and our production and how much is REE 500 0 0 around 70 different elements, many of which are recycled, based on international statistics. 2 3 CIRCULAR ECONOMY Raw materials Design A circular economy means that one reduces society’s need of prime raw materials through everything from better product design and new business Production models to improved technology, control methods and awareness, along with recovery and recycling. There are several important principles behind the circular economy: • Waste is seen as a resource, now or in the future. • Products are given a smarter design to simplify recovery. • As far as possible, use recoverable and non-toxic materials to secure re- Recovery source effective and toxin free cycles. • Maximise the lifetime of products through repair, upgrade and forms for trading in products at the distributor. • Simplify recovery through source separation and collecting materials. Collection Distribution Figure 3. The circular economy. Illustration: SGU. Use 4 5 WHAT METALS ARE RECOVERABLE? Some metals, such as rare earth metals, indium the resmelting removes desired properties or and beryllium, are difficult or impossible to that volumes are insufficient to make recovery Several metals, such as copper, steel and alumini- recover using today’s technology. This can be for profitable. um, are easy to recover. Recovery is often carried several reasons, including ineffective separation, out by resmelting the metal and manufacturing > % H He new products. The process is simpler the more > % > % metal is present and if the metals do not need to Li Be B C N O F Ne be separated from each other. An aluminium can, Figure 4. Degrees of % for example, is simpler to recover than a circuit recovery of 60 different Na Mg < % Al Si P S Cl Ar metals in our society. For board of the same size, since the aluminium can more than half, less than K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr be resmelted into new cans. The circuit board on 1 per cent is recovered. Several of these metals Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe the other hand contains many components and are used in new tech- nology and are so-called metals that must be separated. This can be done Cs Ba * Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn "critical materials” which by crushing the circuit board into a powder and are needed among other using different methods such as magnetism, den- things in electric cars, Fr Ra ** Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg UUb UUt UUq UUp UUh UUs UUo mobile telephones, wind sity and chemicals to separate the metals and then turbines and solar cells.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Mineral Industry of Sweden in 2016
    2016 Minerals Yearbook SWEDEN [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. Department of the Interior November 2019 U.S. Geological Survey Revised November 2020 The Mineral Industry of Sweden By Meralis Plaza-Toledo Sweden, a country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula Production and bordered by Norway on the west and Finland to the east, is part of an area of crystalline and metamorphic rocks called the In 2016, the production of horticultural and fuel peat Fennoscandian Shield, which hosts a variety of mineral deposits. increased by 31% and 25% respectively; tellurium by 15%; The three primary ore regions in Sweden are the Norrbotten iron ore, by 8%; gold, by 8%; and silver, by 7%. Production of region, which is characterized by iron ore, copper, and gold feldspar decreased by 24%, and that of ferrochromium, by 13%. deposits; the Bothnia-Skelleftea region, which is characterized Data on mineral production are in table 1. by base metals and gold; and the Bergslagen region, which hosts Structure of the Mineral Industry copper, gold, iron ore, lead, and zinc. In 2016, Sweden was the leading iron ore producer of the European Union (EU) and a In 2016, the Swedish mineral industry was composed mostly leading producer of copper, gold, lead, silver, and zinc. In 2016, of privately owned companies. State-owned Luossavaara- Sweden was estimated to be the world’s second-ranked producer Kiirunavaara AB (LKAB) was Europe’s leading iron ore of refined tellurium, accounting for 9.5% of the world’s producer. Boliden AB (Boliden), a privately owned mining refinery production (Swedish Trade and Invest Council, 2014; and mineral-processing company, produced copper, gold, lead, Geological Survey of Norway, 2016; Anderson, 2018).
    [Show full text]
  • Strategic Analysis of EU Regions and Mining Potential and Opportunities Within Their RIS3
    Strategic analysis of EU regions and mining potential and opportunities within their RIS3 D5.1 Deliverable 30/09/2019 Ramón Cabrera1, José Manuel Gómez1, Jorge Pérez2, Ana Losa2, Meng Chun Lee3, Dorothée Grünholz3,, Rute Martins4, Alexandra Ribeiro4, Chrysa Panagiotopoulou5, Maria Taxiarchou5 1Sociedad de Investigación y Explotación Minera de Castilla y León, S.A. (SIEMCALSA) 2Centro Internacional de Materiales Avanzados y Materias Primas de Castilla y León (ICAMCyL) 3Geokomtenzzentrum (GKZ) 4Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Nova Universidade de Lisboa (NOVA ID) 5National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) Disclaimer The information in this document is provided as is and no guarantee or warranty is given that the information is fit for any particular purpose. The user thereof uses the information as its sole risk and liability. The document reflects only the author’s views and the Community is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. 776811 Topic: H2020-SC5-2017 PAGE 2 OF 187 Dissemination level PU Public CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services) Deliverable administration D5.1 Strategic Analysis of EU Regions and Mining Potencial and No & name Opportunities within their RIS3 Status Final Due M22 Date 2019-09-30 Ramón Cabrera & José Manuel Gómez, SIEMCALSA; Jorge Pérez & Ana Losa, Author(s) ICAMCyL; Meng Chun Lee & Dorothée Grünholz, GKZ; Rute Martins & Alexandra Ribeiro, NOVA ID; Chrysa Panagiotopoulou & Maria Taxiarchou, NTUA Description of Task 5.1 Review of MIREU Regions´ strategies related to their assets in economic the related aid programmes and measures that foster market uptake and encourage task and the replication of innovative solutions (ICAMCyL) M1-M12 deliverable.
    [Show full text]
  • Extractive Industries and Sami in Sweden
    FACULTY OF LAW Lund University Jonathan Örnberg Extractive Industries and Sami in Sweden An Analysis of the Procedural Safeguards in the Swedish Mineral Framework and Sweden's International and Regional Obligations LAGM01 Master Thesis Graduate Thesis, Master of Laws Programme 30 higher education credits Supervisor: Alejandro Fuentes Term: Spring 2018 Table of Contents Summary 1 Sammanfattning 2 Preface 3 Abbreviations 4 1. Introduction 6 1.1. General Background 6 1.2. Purpose 7 1.3. Research Questions 7 1.4. Method and Material 7 1.5. Limitations 9 1.6. Literature overview 10 1.7. Disposition 11 2. Sami and Mining in Sweden 13 2.1. Traditional lives of Sami in Sweden 13 2.1.1. Reindeer husbandry and the use of land 14 2.1.2. Other traditional activities and the use of land 14 2.2. The effects of mining activities on Sami 16 2.2.1. Effects on Sami traditional lives 16 2.2.2. Effects on the environment and the Sami 17 2.3. Conclusion 18 3. Sweden's International Obligations 20 3.1. International Minority Protection 21 3.1.1. People's Right to Self-determination 22 3.1.2. The Right to Participate in Cultural Life 23 3.1.3. The Minority Right to Culture 25 3.1.4. The Sami Minority Right to Culture in the CCPR 27 3.1.5. Right to Information 30 3.1.6. United Nations Declaration on Minorites 31 3.2. International Indigenous Protection 32 3.2.1. United Nations Declaration on Indigenous Peoples 32 3.2.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Occupational Safety and Health in Mining Anthology on the Situation in 16 Mining Countries
    nr 2013;47(2) Occupational Safety and Health in Mining Anthology on the situation in 16 mining countries Ed. Kaj Elgstrand and Eva Vingård arbete och hälsa | vetenskaplig skriftserie isbn 978-91-85971-43-5 issn 0346-7821 Arbete och Hälsa Arbete och Hälsa (Work and Health) is a scientific report series published by Occupational and Environmental Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg. The series publishes scientific original work, review articles, criteria documents and dissertations. All articles are peer-reviewed. Arbete och Hälsa has a broad target group and welcomes articles in different areas. Instructions and templates for manuscript editing are available at http://www.amm.se/aoh Summaries in Swedish and English as well as the complete original texts from 1997 are also available online. Arbete och Hälsa Editorial Board: Editor-in-chief: Tor Aasen, Bergen Kjell Torén, Gothenburg Gunnar Ahlborg, Gothenburg Kristina Alexanderson, Stockholm Co-editors: Berit Bakke, Oslo Maria Albin, Lund Lars Barregård, Gothenburg Lotta Dellve, Stockholm Jens Peter Bonde, Kopenhagen Henrik Kolstad, Aarhus Jörgen Eklund, Linkoping Roger Persson, Lund Mats Hagberg, Gothenburg Kristin Svendsen, Trondheim Kari Heldal, Oslo Allan Toomingas, Stockholm Kristina Jakobsson, Lund Marianne Törner, Gothenburg Malin Josephson, Uppsala Bengt Järvholm, Umea Managing editor: Anette Kærgaard, Herning Cina Holmer, Gothenburg Ann Kryger, Kopenhagen Carola Lidén, Stockholm © University of Gothenburg & authors 2013 Svend Erik Mathiassen, Gavle Gunnar D. Nielsen, Kopenhagen Arbete och Hälsa, University of Gothenburg Catarina Nordander, Lund Torben Sigsgaard, Aarhus Printed at Kompendiet, Gothenburg Staffan Skerfving, Lund Gerd Sällsten, Gothenburg Ewa Wikström, Gothenburg Eva Vingård, Uppsala List of contents Safety and health in mining; Eva Vingård & Kaj Elgstrand............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Mining Futures
    Mining Futures Predictions and Uncertainty in Swedish Mineral Exploration TOBIAS OLOFSSON Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Humanistiska Teatern, Thunbergsvägen 3C 752 38 Uppsala, Uppsala, Friday, 30 October 2020 at 13:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Associate Professor Trine Pallesen (Copenhagen Business School). Abstract Olofsson, T. 2020. Mining Futures. Predictions and Uncertainty in Swedish Mineral Exploration. 260 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 978-91-506-2842-5. Any forward-oriented enterprise must somehow manage the challenges posed by uncertainty and with its distant temporal horizons, high stakes, and low probability of success, mineral exploration is a good illustration of this general rule. Based on a combination of interviews, observations, and archival research, this thesis investigates how explorationists use predictions to manage the material complexities and the uncertainties that contribute to determining the future minability of mineral deposits. Using data from industrial mineral exploration in Sweden, the thesis traces the production and use of predictions across the exploration process, from its early explorative phases to its development into a techno-economic hybrid in advanced stage exploration. With the aid of a detailed study of the valuation processes involved in measuring and predicting the future minability in exploration projects, the thesis demonstrates how risk management in mineral exploration relies both on a continuous addition of measurements and data on different dimensions of “risk” and the bracketing of any uncertainties unaccounted for in exploration practice and standards. Moreover, the thesis shows how industry standards provide explorationists with repertoires of values that are called upon in order to justify predictions as accurate and precise depictions of the future.
    [Show full text]
  • FOREST-SMART MINING Identifying Factors Associated with the Impacts of Large-Scale Mining on Forests
    FOREST-SMART MINING Identifying Factors Associated with the Impacts of Large-Scale Mining on Forests Credit: Jeremy Holden/FFI. Suggested Citation: Forest-Smart Mining: Large-Scale Mining on Forests (LSM), World Bank, 2019 Disclaimer: This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. All omissions and inaccuracies in this document are the responsibility of the authors. The findings, interpretations, and views expressed in this guide do not necessarily represent those of the institutions involved, nor do they necessarily reflect the views of PROFOR, The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. © 2019 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. This document has been prepared by Fauna & Flora International (FFI) for the public interest purposes of sharing good practice so as to ensure positive forest outcomes in the future. The information contained in this document has been obtained from public sources, as well as from the companies concerned in some instances.
    [Show full text]
  • Grade Uranium Ores
    Processing of Low- Grade Uranium Ores PROCESSING OF LOW-GRADE URANIUM ORES The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GERMANY, FEDERAL NIGERIA ALBANIA REPUBLIC OF NORWAY ALGERIA GHANA PAKISTAN ARGENTINA GREECE PANAMA AUSTRALIA GUATEMALA PARAGUAY AUSTRIA HAITI PERU BELGIUM HOLY SEE PHILIPPINES BOLIVIA HONDURAS POLAND BRAZIL HUNGARY PORTUGAL BULGARIA ICELAND ROMANIA BURMA INDIA SAUDI ARABIA BYELORUSSIAN SOVIET INDONESIA SENEGAL SOCIALIST REPUBLIC IRAN SINGAPORE CAMBODIA IRAQ SOUTH AFRICA CAMEROON ISRAEL SPAIN CANADA ITALY SUDAN CEYLON IVORY COAST SWEDEN CHILE JAMAICA SWITZERLAND CHINA JAPAN SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COLOMBIA JORDAN THAILAND CONGO, DEMOCRATIC KENYA TUNISIA REPUBLIC OF KOREA, REPUBLIC OF TURKEY COSTA RICA KUWAIT UKRAINIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST CUBA LEBANON REPUBLIC CYPRUS LIBERIA UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST CZECHOSLOVAK SOCIALIST LIBYA REPUBLICS REPUBLIC LUXEMBOURG UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC DENMARK MADAGASCAR UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MALI BRITAIN AND NORTHERN ECUADOR MEXICO IRELAND EL SALVADOR MONACO UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ETHIOPIA MOROCCO URUGUAY FINLAND NETHERLANDS VENEZUELA FRANCE NEW ZEALAND VIET-NAM GABON NICARAGUA YUGOSLAVIA The Agency's Statute was approved on 26 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is "to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world". Printed by the IAEA in Austria June 1967 PANEL PROCEEDINGS SERIES PROCESSING OF LOW-GRADE URANIUM ORES PROCEEDINGS OF A PANEL HELD IN VIENNA, 27 JUNE - 1 JULY 1966 INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 1967 PROCESSING OF LOW-GRADE URANIUM ORES (Panel Proceedings Series) ABSTRACT.
    [Show full text]
  • Boom and Bust in Peripheral Communities in Sweden
    Evolutionary governance in mining: Boom and bust in peripheral communities in Sweden Simon Haikola and Jonas Anshelm The self-archived postprint version of this journal article is available at Linköping University Institutional Repository (DiVA): http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-159299 N.B.: When citing this work, cite the original publication. Haikola, S., Anshelm, J., (2019), Evolutionary governance in mining: Boom and bust in peripheral communities in Sweden, Land use policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104056 Original publication available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104056 Copyright: Elsevier http://www.elsevier.com/ Haikola, S & Anshelm, J: Evolutionary governance in mining; Land Use Policy. Pre-print version, 2019. This is a pre-print version of the paper accepted for publishing in a special issue of the journal Land Use Policy, February 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104056 Evolutionary governance in mining: Boom and bust in peripheral communities in Sweden Introduction As the world market prices of iron ore soared in the 21st century, the peripheral northern communities of Pajala and Kiruna in Sweden were subjected to enormous press from planning challenges. This paper analyses these challenges through the analytical framework of evolutionary governance (Van Assche et al., 2014), asking how decades of neoliberal reformation of the Swedish mining sector has affected the capacities of peripheral municipalities to manage boom and bust cycles. The Swedish state has taken an interest in the mineral riches of the remote areas of the Arctic region for centuries, but only with the onset of industrialisation, and in particular the introduction of railway transportation, towards the turn of the previous century did large-scale, systematic extraction commence (Avango, 2005; Hansson, 1998; Sjöholm, 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Mining Regions and Cities Case of Västerbotten and Norrbotten, Sweden OECD Rural Studies
    OECD Rural Studies OECD Rural Studies Mining Regions and Cities Case of Västerbotten and Norrbotten, Sweden OECD Rural Studies Sweden’s northern region, Upper Norrland, is one of the most important mining regions in Europe and has the potential to become a global leader in environmentally sustainable mining. With the largest land surface and the lowest population density in Sweden, Upper Norrland contains two sub regions, Västerbotten Mining Regions and Cities and Norrbotten. Both sub regions host the greatest mineral reserves in the country, containing 9 of the country’s 12 active mines and providing 90% of the iron ore in the European Union. Upper Norrland has the potential Case of Västerbotten to become a global leader in environmentally sustainable mining due to its competitive advantages, including a stable green energy supply, high‑quality broadband connection, a pool of large mining companies working closely with universities to reduce the emissions footprint across the mining value chain, and a highly skilled and Norrbotten, Sweden labour force. Yet, the region must overcome a number of bottlenecks to support a sustainable future, including a shrinking workforce, low interaction of local firms with the mining innovation process and an increasing opposition to mining due to socio environmental concerns and land use conflicts. This study identifies how Västerbotten and Norrbotten can build on their competitive advantages and address current and future challenges to support a resilient future through sustainable mining. Mining Regions and Cities Case of Västerbotten and Norrbotten, Sweden PRINT ISBN 978-92-64-56068-0 PDF ISBN 978-92-64-93868-7 9HSTCQE*fgagia+ OECD Rural Studies Mining Regions and Cities Case of Västerbotten and Norrbotten, Sweden This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.
    [Show full text]
  • FRIEDRICH LIST the Natural System of Political Economy
    Scanned and edited by Arno Mong Daastoel [email protected] 2005-10-23 Text on spine: FRIEDRICH LIST The Natural System of Political Economy Translated and edited by W.0. Henderson Backside: FRIEDRICH LIST: ECONOMIST AND VISIONARY 1789-1846 W. O. Henderson Dr. Henderson's account of the life and work of Friedrich List, the first English biography of this German economist to appear for 70 years, is based upon List's collected works and on his papers in the archives of the city of Reutlingen. In two major works — The Natural System of Political Economy and The National System of Political Economy — he attacked the theories of Adam Smith and his followers and enunciated his own doctrines of "productive powers" and stages of economic growth, and advocated the imposition of import duties to safeguard infant industries. He advocated the industrialisation of underdeveloped countries and championed the cause of the "third world" of his day. Dr. Henderson's discussion of List's eventful career in Germany, France, and the United States — as civil servant, professor, politician, and journalist — is followed by an examination of List as an economist, as a railway promoter, and as a champion of German unification. He was the driving force behind the construction of two of the earliest railways to be built in the United States and Germany. He promoted the establishment and expansion of the German customs union and he had visions of the economic expansion of Germany and Austria Hungary in central European the Balkans, and in the Near East. FRANK CASS FRIEDRICH LIST The Natural System of Political Economy * * * * Translated and edited by W.0.
    [Show full text]
  • Moving Metals Or Indigenous Mining? Provenancing Scandinavian Bronze Age Artefacts by Lead Isotopes and Trace Elements
    Journal of Archaeological Science xxx (2012) 1e14 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of Archaeological Science journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jas Moving metals or indigenous mining? Provenancing Scandinavian Bronze Age artefacts by lead isotopes and trace elements Johan Ling a, Eva Hjärthner-Holdar b, Lena Grandin b,*, Kjell Billström c, Per-Olof Persson c a Department of Historical Studies: Archaeology, University of Gothenburg, Box 200, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden b Geoarchaeological Laboratory (GAL), Swedish National Heritage Board, Portalg. 2A, SE-754 23 Uppsala, Sweden c Swedish Museum of Natural History, LIG, Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden article info abstract Article history: The aim of this study is to further the discussion as to whether copper was extracted locally or imported Received 30 January 2012 to Sweden during the Bronze Age or if both of these practices could have coexisted. For this purpose, we Received in revised form have carried out lead isotope and chemical analyses of 33 bronze items, dated between 1600BC and 16 May 2012 700BC. Among these are the famous Fröslunda shields and the large scrap hoard from Bräckan and other Accepted 26 May 2012 items from three regions in southern Sweden which are also renowned for their richness in copper ores. It is obvious from a comparison that the element and lead isotope compositions of the studied bronze Keywords: items diverge greatly from those of spatially associated copper ores. Nor is there any good resemblance Bronze Age Bronze objects with other ores from Scandinavia, and it is concluded that the copper in these items must have been Copper ores imported from elsewhere.
    [Show full text]
  • View / Open Final Thesis-Jordan N
    SÁMI AND THE CLIMATE CRISIS: THE COLONIAL ANTHROPOCENE by STANIKOS DAVID JORDAN A THESIS Presented to the Department of International Studies and the Robert D. Clark Honors College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts June 2020 An Abstract of the Thesis of Stanikos Jordan for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in the Department of International Studies to be taken June 2020 Title: Sámi and the Climate Crisis: The Colonial Anthropocene Approved: David Meek, Ph.D. Primary Thesis Advisor Indigenous peoples are among the most severely impacted groups by the effects of the climate crisis despite their negligent role in engendering environmental degradation. To many Indigenous peoples, the violence of the climate crisis is not a novel violence but rather an exacerbation of already existing violence. Crucially, the impacts of the climate crisis perpetuate historic and contemporary colonialist aims against Indigenous peoples. The Sámi, an Indigenous people in Fennoscandia, have contended with centuries of colonialism and are currently facing the dire impacts of the climate crisis as Earth’s new human-dominated geological epoch—the Anthropocene— unfolds. In this thesis, I argue that both the direct ecological impacts of the climate crisis and “development” in response to this crisis are essentially continuations and exacerbations of colonialist violence against Sámi in Sweden. Utilizing a political ecology framework and primarily qualitative analyses of existing literature pertaining to the Sámi, colonialism, and the climate crisis, I explore the historical and contemporary intersections of colonialism and ecological breakdown in a Sámi context while arguing for the political institutionalization of the Sámi in Sweden.
    [Show full text]