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Architectural Decorations, Ceramics and Terracottas from Veii (Etruria): a Preliminary Study

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Architectural Decorations, Ceramics and Terracottas from Veii (Etruria): a Preliminary Study Per. Mineral. (2002), 71, SPECIAL ISSUE: Archaeometry and Cultural Heritage, 203-215 http://go.to/permin An International Journal of PERIODICO di MINERALOGIA MINERALOGY, CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, GEOCHEMISTRY, established in 1930 ORE DEPOSITS, PETROLOGY, VOLCANOLOGY and applied topics on Environment, Archaeometry and Cultural Heritage Architectural decorations, ceramics and terracottas from Veii (Etruria): a preliminary study 1 1 GIOVANNA SAVIAN0 *, LUCIANA DRAGO", FERDINANDO FELLI I, MAURIZIO VIOL0 I Dip. di Ingegneria Chmica, dei Materiali, delle Materie Prime e Metallurgia, Universita di Roma «La Sapienza», Italy. 2 Dip di Scienze Storiche, Archeologiche, Antropologiche dell'Antichita Universita di Roma «La Sapienza», Italy. ABSTRACT. -A comparative study of archaic and architettoniche una delle grandi basi delle statue dal late archaic materials was undertaken with the aim santuario di Portonaccio (fig. 2 a, b) dipinta in rosso of creating a ceramic and architectural database on e bruno e un'antefissa a testa femminile con nimbo clay production at Veii (Etruria) from the Iron Age da Casale del Fosso, dipinta in rosso, bruno e to the Roman Conquest (structural clay azzurro, a incremento dei dati parziali ricavati da characteristics, working techniques, materials and precedenti lavori sulla coroplastica veiente. techniques for surface refinement and application of decorations) and to define the state of technological KEY WORDS: Veii, Etruria, terracotta, bucchero, knowledge, production sites (workshops) and the Archaeometry circulation of manufacts. Materials were the following: among the pottery, a grey bucchero ossuary (Fig. 1) from the Grotta Gramiccia necropolis; among architectural terracottas, one of HISTORICAL BACKGROUND the large red and brown bases of the statues of the Portonaccio sanctuary (Fig. 2 a, b) and a red, brown The aim of this work is to contribute to the and blue antefix with a female head surrounded by a creation of a database of the terracotta nimbus from Casale del Fosso. All these materials production of Veii (Etruria), regarding add to the data obtained from previous works on architectural decorations and sculptures in terracotta earthenware and architectural decorations, from from Veii. the Iron Age to the conquest of Rome, including both aspects regarding structural RIASSUNTO. Ai fini della costituzione di una characteristics of the clay (raw materials and banca dati sulla produzione fittile veiente, sia working techniques) and materials and vascolare che architettonica, dall'eta del Ferro alia techniques used for finishing surfaces and conquista romana (caratteristiche strutturali dell' argilla, tecniche di lavorazione, materiali e eventually applying decorations. tecniche per la rifinitura delle superfici e The research aims and methods are in line I' applicazione della decorazione), volta sia alIa with already repeated standards (generally definizione di conoscenze tecnologiche che di Cuomo di Caprio 1985, 1987, and references botteghe e circolazione di manufatti, e stata therein) for studies on ceramic production in preliminarmente affrontata l' indagine comparata di alcuni materiali arcaici e tardo-arcaici: tra il the main centres of South Etruria, starting from vasellame un ossuario in bucchero grigio (fig. 1) definition of the geological characteristics of dalla necropoli di Grotta Gramiccia, tra Ie terrecotte the clay beds of the various areas (Mannoni :I< Corresponding author, E-mail: 1988), in order to define both the state of [email protected] technological knowledge and workshops and 204 G. SAVIANO, L. DRAGO, F. FELLI and M. VIOLO chronological layer were carried out, to provide a set of coherent elements and homogeneous information on the terracotta production of one of the main centres of South Etruria, in turn compared with that of other settlements in and around the low valley of the Tiber, originally called Lathan Vetus. More complex study of the overall documentation of the First Iron Age and the Orientalizing Period (IXth and VIIth centuries BC) was postponed to a later research phase together with the complex questions of comparisons between the oldest definitely local production of brown impasto, production in brown and red impasto, and painted ware made with purified clay (the so-called depurata dipinta) more or less directly influenced by the introduction of new techniques from the Greek and Levantine world, already preceding the age of Greek colonization, and imported painted wares in purified clay and the oldest production of thin-walled black bucchero. A comparative study between these various types of production would contribute usefully towards knowledge of the organisation of workshops - a problem already partly tackled Fig. 1 Bucchero ossuary in tomb 419 in Veio, Grotta with regard to painted ware from Veii of Gramiccia Greek provenance or imitating Greek ware, mainly from Euboea (Boitani, et al., 1985; cfr., for the Campania area, D' Agostino and Deriu, the circulation of goods. This issue had already 1989; Bailo Modesti and Gastaldi, 1999), been approached for instance for bucchero following technological studies on the ceramic ware, especially from Cerveteri and Tarquinia production of Latium in the same (Cuomo di Caprio 1987, 1993; Mannoni 1993; chronological layer (Cuomo di Caprio 1992). Burkhardt 1994, 1996; Naso 1994, 1996) in In this preliminary phase, therefore, some line with studies already undertaken on the samples were selected from the field of oldest production of ceramics from the Latium architectural terracottas of late archaic age, region (Cuomo di Caprio 1992). including an antefix with a female head During the first study phase, for reasons of surrounded by a nimbus from Casale del Fosso, completeness, attention focused on a group of decorated in red, brown and blue, already materials of archaic and late archaic age analysed in a preceding study (Saviano et al., (between the VIth century and the first 1999), a small group of samples from one of decades of the Vth century BC). Although the large bases decorated in red and brown with sample numbers were low, they did allow dolphins, volutes and eyes, interpreted as proper research to be planned and supports for the acroteria1 statues which implemented. Comparisons of both decorated the roof of the late archaic temple of earthenware and architectural decorations of Portonaccio (Stefani 1946, 1953; Santangelo the same cultural environment and 1952; Colonna 1985, 1987, 1998,2001; Architectural decorations, ceramics and terracottasfrom Veii (Etruriai: a preliminary study 205 Baglione 1987, 1989-90; Michetti 2001) (Figs. ways and reasons for the passage from the 2 a-b). more refined Orientalizing Age production ­ The final aim of our work was to compare characterised by a uniform black colour and data on the antefix and the bases, both among shining surfaces - towards the later production themselves and with partial data available from of the archaic and late archaic period, preceding preliminary research on architectural characterised by a thicker walls, less decorations and terracotta sculptures from Veii homogeneity between surface and inner core, (Curri and Sorbelli, 1973; Gaugler and and dull grey colours. Comparisons may also Anderson, 1989) and, more generally, archaic be made with the production of other cities in and late archaic architectural terracottas from South Etruria, mainly Cerveteri, as well as with Etruria and Latium, based on eutopic and, more the Latium b ucchero, for which local recently, mineralogical and petrographic production has been presumed, besides analyses, not always accompanied by research importations from South Etruria (cfr. Bartoloni on the techniques, pigments and slips, used for and Cataldi Dini, 1980; Ampolo, 1980; Cuomo the preparation and application of polychrome Di Caprio, 1992, and references therein). decoration (Andren, 1940; Fenelli, 1981; Sampling of clay beds in and near Veii was Fiorentino, 1981; Tabasso, et al., 1981; planned, for comparisons with data concerning Schweizer and Rinuy, 1982; Knoop, 1987; clay production, for both earthenware and Cuomo Di Caprio and Romito 1993; Hulthen, architectural decorations, in order to identify 1993; Zampi, 1993; Lulof, 1996; the clay beds used in antiquity and their Pallecchi,1996 a, 1996 b; Cuomo Di Caprio, possible use to produce impasto, purified clay, 1997; Strazzulla 1998;). In the field of archaic bucchero ware and architectural decorations. ceramics, a small group of samples of grey bucchero ware was selected, from one of the three ash-urns of Tomb 419 in the Grotta METHODS AND TECHNIQUES Gramiccia necropolis (Fig. 1), dating from the first half of the VIth century BC (Drago Techniques for producing manufacts were Troccoli 1997). analysed, together with the compositions of These data may then be compared with those single parts of mixtures and all substances in from research on bucchero production in other them occurring either naturally or added centres of South Etruria, in the first place (Grimshaw, 1971; Nosbusch, 1988; Fiori et al., Cerveteri, mainly to define the specific 1989; Mommsen et al., 1997). techniques potters used to produce bucchero, Several sample areas without significant including choice of clay, type of kiln, ways of quantities of added strengthener were analysed working the clay and firing (Flamini et al. by SEM-EDS, e.g., bucchero and terracotta 1975, Cuomo Di Caprio, 1993; Mannoni, 1993; base, in order to highlight possible differences Burkhardt, 1994; 1996; Naso, 1994, 1996)
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