Outlooks on Children and Media: Child Rights, Media Trends, Media Research, Media Literacy, Child Participation, Declarations
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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 462 146 PS 030 046 AUTHOR von Feilitzen, Cecilia; Bucht, Catharina TITLE Outlooks on Children and Media: Child Rights, Media Trends, Media Research, Media Literacy, Child Participation, Declarations. Children and Media Violence Yearbook, 2001. INSTITUTION United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Goteborg (Sweden) . International Clearinghouse on Children and Violence on the Screen. SPONS AGENCY Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen (Denmark). ISBN ISBN-91-88471-09-1 ISSN ISSN-1403-4700 PUB DATE 2001-00-00 NOTE 177p.; For 2000 Yearbook, see ED 444 757. Clearinghouse is located at the Nordic Information Centre for Media and Communication Research (Nordicom). AVAILABLE FROM UNESCO International Clearinghouse on Children and Violence on the Screen, Nordicom, Goteborg University, Box 713, SE 405 30 Goteborg, Sweden. Tel: +46-31-733-10-00; Fax: +46-31-773-46-55; e-mail: [email protected]; Web site: http://www.nordicom.gu.se. PUB TYPE Information Analyses (070)-- Reports Descriptive (141) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC08 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Adolescents; Advertising; Childhood Attitudes; *Children; *Childrens Rights; Childrens Television; Comparative Analysis; Computer Games; Developed Nations; Developing Nations; Federal Legislation; Foreign Countries; Literacy; *Mass Media Effects; Mass Media Role; Mass Media Use; *Media Research; Nonprint Media; Organizations (Groups); Participation; Programming (Broadcast); Violence IDENTIFIERS Media Analysis; Media Characteristics; Media Exposure; Media Habits; *Media Literacy; United Nations Convention on Rights of the Child ABSTRACT Focusing on media literacy, this yearbook compiles information on recent and current trends in media effects, including research on children and media, declarations related to the area, and a selection of relevant organizations and Web sites. The report first delineates children's rights as stipulated in the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child and presents information on the distribution of children and adolescents worldwide. Current research information is then presented on the following topics:(1) the changing media environment;(2) recent trends in children's television programming by region;(3) violence in electronic games;(4) the impact of advertising in audio-visual and digital children's media; (5) children's access to media by region;(6) children's media use and media use styles;(7) children's media content preferences;(8) the presentation of children in the media; and (9) the impact of media on children. The report next discusses the increasing debate about what international means might support media that guarantee freedom of expression for adults and children while protecting children from harmful influences. The report next presents examples of international meetings on children and the media since 1990. Organizations and networks providing opportunities for children to develop media literacy and to participate in creating media are described. Finally, Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. the report discusses the influences of media violence and the regulation and self-regulation of media. Also included are international and regional declarations and resolutions on children and media. A table is appended delineating media information by nation worldwide, with information on income classification of countries. (Contains 160 references.) (KB) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Child Rights Media Trends Media Research Media Literacy Child Participation Declarations U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) XThis document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. Compiled and written by PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS Cecilia von Feilitzen BEEN GRANTED BY and Catharina Bucht ercHictyi lick Ottekt TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) The UNESCO International Clearinghouse on Children and Violence on the Screen at Nordicom BEST COPYAVAILABLE The UNESCO The UNESCO International Clearinghouse on International Clearinghouse Children and Violence on the Screen on Children and Violence on the Screen, at In 1997, the Nordic Information Centre for Media and Nordicom Communication Research (Nordicom), G6teborg G6teborg University University, Sweden, began establishment of The Box 713 SE 405 30 GOTEBORG, Sweden UNESCO International Clearinghouse on Children and Web site: Violence on the Screen, financed by the Swedish http://www.nordicom.gu.se government and UNESCO. The overall point of DIRECTOR: Ulla Carlsson departure for the Clearinghouse's efforts with respect SCIENTIFIC CO-ORDINATOR: to children and media violence is the UN Convention Cecilia von Feilitzen Tel:+ 46 8 16 28 64 on the Rights of the Child. Fax: +46 8 661 03 04 The aim of the Clearinghouse is to increase aware- E-mail: [email protected] ness and knowledge about children and media vio- INFORMATION CO-ORDINATOR: Pia Hepsever/Catharina Bucht lence, not least in view of the newer channels of com- Tel: +46 31 773 49 53 munication such as satellite television and Internet, Fax: + 46 31 773 46 55 E-mail: [email protected] thereby providing a basis for relevant policy-making [email protected] and contributing to a constructive public debate. An- THE CLEARINGHOUSE other goal is to point out initiatives aiming to enhance IS LOCATED AT NORDICOM children's competence as users of the media. More- Nordicom is an organ of co-opera- over, it is hoped that the Clearinghouse's work will tion between the Nordic countries - stimulate further research on children and the media. Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. The overriding goal The International Clearinghouse on Children and Vio- and purpose is to make the media lence on the Screen informs various groups of users and communication efforts under- researchers, policy-makers, media professionals, teach- taken in the Nordic countries known, both throughout and far ers, voluntary organisations and interested individuals beyond our part of the world. about Nordicom is funded by the Nor- dic Council of Ministers. research on children, young people and Nordicom uses a variety of chan- media violence, nels newsletters, journals, books, databasesto reach researchers, children's access to mass media and their students, decision-makers, media media use, practitioners, journalists, teachers and interested members of the media literacy and children's participation in general public. the media, and Nordicom works to establish and strengthen links between the Nordic regulatory and voluntary measures and research community and colleagues activities in the area. in all parts of the world, both by means of unilateral flows and by Fundamental to the work of the Clearinghouse is the linking individual researchers, re- creation of a global network. The Clearinghouse pub- search groups and institutions. lishes a yearbook and a newsletter. Several biblio- Nordicom also documents media trends in the Nordic countries. The graphies and a world-wide register of organisations joint Nordic information addresses concerned with children and media have been com- users in Europe and further afield. piled. This and other information is available on the The production of comparative media statistics forms the core of Clearinghouse's web site: www.nordicom.gu.se/ this service. uneseo.html Outlooks on Children and Media Child RightsMedia Trends Media Research Media LiteracyChild ParticipationDeclarations Child Rights Media Trends Media Research Media Literacy Child Participation Declarations Compiled and written by Cecilia von Feilitzen and Catharina Bucht The UNESCO International Clearinghouse on Children and Violence on the Screen at Nordicom 5 Published by The UNESCO International Clearinghouse on Children and Violence on the Screen Nordicom Goteborg University Box 713 SE 405 30 GOTEBORG Sweden Compiled and written by Cecilia von Feilitzen and Catharina Bucht © Article Influences of Media Violence; Cecilia von Feilitzen Cover by Roger Palmqvist Printed by Grafikerna Livréna i Kungalv AB, Sweden, 2001 ISSN 1403-4700 ISBN 91-88471-09-1 C ulte nts Preface 5 Children's Rights 7 Children in the World 9 The Changing Media Environment 11 Recent Trends in Children's Programming 15 Electronic Games 20 Advertising 23 Hopes and Fears 27 Children's Access to Media 29 How Much Do Children Use the Media? 32 Increasing Differences in Media Use 36 What Media Contents Do Children Prefer? 39 The Image of the Child 43 Reception and Influences of the Media 47 A Growing Global Awareness 53 Examples of International Meetings on Children and Media since 1990 55 Media Education, Literacy, Communication 69 Children, School and Work 72 Children's Participation and Democracy 73 Examples of Organisations and Networks Media Literacy and Children's Participation 91 Influences of Media Violence 107 Regulation and Self-regulation 123 International and Regional Declarations and Resolutions on Children and Media 126 Appendix Regional Summaries Country List 160 Media in the World 161 Income Classification of Countries 166 References 167 Register of Contents 173 Precace The UNESCO International Clearinghouse