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Los Coniopterígidos De La Península Ibérica E Islas Baleares (Insecta: Neuropterida, Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae)

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Los Coniopterígidos De La Península Ibérica E Islas Baleares (Insecta: Neuropterida, Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae) Graellsia, 72(2): e047 julio-diciembre 2016 ISSN-L: 0367-5041 http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/graellsia.2016.v72.157 LOS CONIOPTERÍGIDOS DE LA PENÍNSULA IBÉRICA E ISLAS BALEARES (INSECTA: NEUROPTERIDA, NEUROPTERA: CONIOPTERYGIDAE) Víctor J. Monserrat Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física. Facultad de Biología. José Antonio Nováis, 2, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid (Spain). E-mail: [email protected] RESUMEN Se revisan las especies de coniopterígidos presentes en la fauna de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares donde, hasta la fecha, están representadas por 39 especies pertenecientes a 8 géneros. Partiendo de los datos generales conocidos, damos una diagnosis de la familia y citamos algunos elementos sobre su historial paleon- tológico y su distribución, y algunos datos sobre su morfología, su biología, sus estadios juveniles y comporta- miento, y se comenta una breve introducción sobre el historial en el conocimiento de la familia, y en particular en la Península Ibérica y Baleares. Se propone revalidar a Coniopteryx (Holoconiopteryx) tullgreni Tjeder, 1930 sp. reval. como especie válida, se describe Helicoconis bachi n. sp. como nueva especie, y se mantiene, se discute y se argumenta nuestro criterio sobre la validez de Coniopteryx parthenia (Navás & Marcet, 1910) (sensu Meinander, 1972a) frente a Coniopteryx hoelzeli (sensu Günter, 1993). Se incluye una lista de las especies pertenecientes a la fauna de la Península Ibérica y Baleares, una clave de identificación de los imagos de las subfamilias, géneros y especies citadas, y una clave de sus larvas conocidas a nivel genérico. De cada una de estas especies se recopilan y se anotan todas las referencias bibliográficas existentes relativas a las especies de la zona estudiada, tanto con la denominación actualmente aceptada, como de sus sinonimias y/o cualquier otra combinación nomenclatural bajo las cuales hayan sido citadas. También de cada una de las especies se anotan los datos conocidos y los ahora aportados (1.800 nuevos ejemplares de 32 especies) sobre su distribución general, aspectos de su morfología externa y/o genital, así como de su variabilidad, estadios juveniles, biología, fenología y distribución altitudinal y geográfica en la península y archipiélago balear, en base a un total de 12.215 ejemplares estudiados. http://urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2E2BB2E4-FF78-4B32-BC78-22427871D86C Palabras clave: Insecta; Neuroptera; Coniopterygidae; Revisión; Taxonomía; Faunística; Biología; Morfología; Península Ibérica; Baleares; España; Portugal. SUMMARY The dusty-wings from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands (Insecta: Neuropterida, Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae) The present contribution revises the dusty-wings species present in the fauna of the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands where, to date, is represented by 39 species belonging to 8 genera. Based on the known gene- ral data, a diagnosis of the family and its paleontological history and distribution is given, and there are expo- sed some general data on its morphology and biology, juvenile stages and behavior, and is commented a brief introduction on the history in the knowledge of the family, and in particular on the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands fauna. Coniopteryx (Holoconiopteryx) tullgreni Tjeder, 1930 sp. reval, is proposed as as a real valid species, Helicoconis bachi n.sp. is described as a new species, and our criterion on the validity of Coniopteryx parthenia (Navás & Marcet, 1910) (sensu Meinander, 1972a) as a real vallid species against Coniopteryx hoelzeli (sensu Günter, 1993) is reasoned, discussed and argued. All are included in a list of the species belonging to their fauna, an imagoes identification key of the subfamilies, genera and species recorded in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands, and a key, at genera level, of their larval stages. For every one of these species are compiled and annotated all the existing bibliographic references, relating to the species present in the studied area, both with the currently accepted name, their synonyms and/or any other nomenclatural combinations under which they have been recorded. Of each species is also detailed the present general distribution is known, and now are given new recorded data (1.800 new specimens of 32 species), and its external and/or genital morphology, as well as their variability, juvenile stages, biology, phenology and altitudinal and geographic distribution in the Peninsula and Balearic Archipelago are compilled, on the basis of 12.215 studied specimens. Key Words: Insecta; Neuroptera; Coniopterygidae; Revision; Taxonomy; Faunistics; Biology; Morphology; Iberian Peninsula; Balearic Islands; Spain; Portugal. 2 Monserrat Recibido/Received: 31/12/2015; Aceptado/Accepted: 12/04/2016; Publicado en línea/Published online: 26/09/2016 Cómo citar este artículo/Citation: Monserrat, V. J. 2016. Los coniopterígidos de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares (Insecta: Neuropterida, Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae). Graellsia, 72(2): e047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/graellsia.2016.v72.157 Copyright: © 2016 SAM y CSIC. Salvo indicación contraria, todos los contenidos de la edición electrónica de Graellsia se distribuyen bajo licencia de uso y distribución Creative Commons Reconocimiento no Comercial 3.0. España (cc-by-nc). Introducción investigadores que han tratado de ubicar a los neuróp- teros (Neuropteroidea), en general, respecto a otros GENERALIDADES: DIAGNOSIS, HISTORIAL PALEONTOLÓGICO Y grupos de insectos, a sus tres órdenes reconocidos DISTRIBUCIÓN (Megaloptera, Raphidioptera y Neuroptera) entre sí, La familia Coniopterygidae representa una de las y a los coniopterígidos en particular en relación a sus mejor conocidas desde el punto de vista de la Sistemática diferentes familias que iban siendo segregadas y des- y Taxonomía, y es, sin duda, una de las más uniforme y critas (Brauer & Löw, 1857; Enderlein, 1905a, 1906, sorprendente dentro del orden de los neurópteros, tanto 1910a; Handlirsch, 1906, 1906-1908; Tillyard, 1916, por la particular y “aberrante” morfología de sus imagos 1926, 1932; Withycombe, 1925a; Hennig, 1969; en relación a otras familias (Figs. 1-9), con su pequeño Killington, 1936; Tjeder, 1957; Meinander, 1972a; tamaño, sus secreciones cerúleas que le dan este típico Schlüter, 1986; Grimaldi & Engel, 2005, etc.), y que color blanquecino pulverulento, y su peculiar morfolo- en general los consideran un grupo muy apartado del gía y venación, muy diferente a lo que habitualmente resto de los neurópteros, a veces considerados como acontece en los neurópteros, como por la especializa- “aberrantes”, con ciertas vinculaciones con Ithonidae ción de sus estadios larvarios (Figs. 20-22), hechos que [familia de distribución australiana y neártica con les permiten acceder a presas muy pequeñas y a nuevos escaso número de especies (4 géneros y unas 15 espe- recursos donde hallan una menor competencia. cies) de larvas melolontiformes, ciegas y edáficas]. Simbolizan otro ejemplo más de las sorprendentes Muchos de los datos existentes en esta familia, tanto y curiosas adaptaciones de los neurópteros a nichos en la anatomía y morfología (mayoritariamente apo- específicos no ocupados o menos explotados, que les mórficos, aunque también plesiomorfos), bien de sus ha permitido sobrevivir evitando la competencia y la imagos (Figs. 1, 2, 10-14, 23, 24), como de sus estadios presión ejercida por nuevos grupos de insectos holo- preimaginales (Figs. 5-9, 26-76) son muy particulares metábolos más evolucionados, en este caso, reducir su y únicos dentro del orden Neuroptera. En sus imagos tamaño y tener acceso a nuevos recursos, como hemos (Figs. 1, 2, 10-14, 23, 24) es peculiar el tamaño redu- indicado, en este caso a presas mucho más pequeñas. cido, cabeza hipognata, venación alar reducida, casi Los coniopterígidos constituyen una familia de neu- inexistente en el muy estrecho campo costal, venas rópteros bastante homogénea, particular e interesante, trasversales muy escasas, venación longitudinal esca- debido a su particular morfología y anatomía que, en samente bifurcada y nunca en sus extremos, ausencia muchos aspectos, les separa del resto de los neuróp- de pterostigma y trichosoros (pequeños espesamientos teros, a su amplia distribución geográfica, al elevado sobre el margen alar entre las bifurcaciones de las veni- número de individuos que frecuentemente constituyen llas), secreción de ceras merced a glándulas hipodérmi- sus poblaciones, y especialmente por su utilización cas con las que se cubren casi por completo su cuerpo como aliados de nuestros intereses, al tratarse de efica- y sus alas, presencia de vesículas abdominales evagina- ces agentes de control de pequeños artrópodos fitófagos bles (plicaturas) que recuerdan a las vesículas coxales (Killington, 1936; New, 1975, 1986, 1989, 1991a, 1999, o tubos ventrales evaginables de algunos apterigotas 2001a, 2001b; Nicoli Aldini, 2002; Viggiani, 1977; (p. ej. Collembola, Microcoryphia, Zygentoma, Protura), Dinkins et al., 1994; McEwen et al., 2001; Pantaleoni, presencia en los machos de distinta microestructura del 2007). Por ello, se trata de una de las familias de neuróp- espermatozoide, con testículos solo funcionales en las teros que ha venido reci biendo mayor atención, aunque fases larvarias con reservorio en los imagos y ausencia menor en comparación con otras familias, de interés en de espermatóforos pero con estructuras genitales (pene) el control biológico, sea Hemerobiidae o especialmente que inyectan el esperma desde el reservorio al interior Chrysopidae,
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