DOCSLIB.ORG

Insecta: Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Insecta: Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae) Arthropod Structure & Development 50 (2019) 1e14 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Arthropod Structure & Development journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/asd Small, but oh my! Head morphology of adult Aleuropteryx spp. and effects of miniaturization (Insecta: Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae) * Susanne Randolf , Dominique Zimmermann Natural History Museum Vienna, 2nd Zoological Department, Burgring 7, 1010, Vienna, Austria article info abstract Article history: We present the first morphological study of the internal head structures of adults of the coniopterygid Received 15 October 2018 genus Aleuropteryx, which belong to the smallest known lacewings. The head is ventrally closed with a Accepted 1 February 2019 gula, which is unique in adult Neuroptera and otherwise developed in Megaloptera, the sister group of Neuroptera. The dorsal tentorial arms are directed posteriorly and fused, forming an arch that fulfills functions otherwise taken by the tentorial bridge. A newly found maxillary gland is present in both sexes. Keywords: Several structural modifications correlated with miniaturization are recognized: a relative increase in Miniaturization the size of the brain, a reduction in the number of ommatidia and diameter of the facets, a countersunken Brain fi Musculature cone-shaped ocular ridge, and a simpli cation of the tracheal system. The structure of the head differs Maxillary gland strikingly from that of the previously studied species Coniopteryx pygmaea, indicating a greater vari- Tentorium ability in the family Coniopterygidae, which might be another effect of miniaturization. Gula © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction With nearly 560 described species, Coniopterygidae are one of the four most speciose neuropteran families, inhabiting all Miniaturization is a common phenomenon in many groups of zoogeographical regions with the exception of extremely cold animals and has major effects not only on the morphology but also areas (Sziraki, 2011). Three subfamilies are recognized: Conio- on the physiology, ecology and life history of the miniaturized or- pteryginae, Aleuropteryginae, and the highly unusual neotropical ganism (Hanken and Wake, 1993). Very small organisms are not Brucheiserinae with only four known species (Sziraki, 2011). simply reduced in size; they must develop solutions to cope with Several authors even proposed to elevate the subfamilies to family size-related constraints (Schmidt-Nielsen, 1984). This leads to a rank (Tillyard, 1926; Carpentier and Lestage, 1928; Riek, 1975), range of considerable reorganizations of structures, affecting because the differences between them are substantial: They differ almost all organs and tissues that are forced to fit within tiny vol- in the venation of fore- and hindwings, in Coniopteryginae the umes (Polilov, 2015a, b; 2016c). last abdominal spiracles are reduced, and in Aleuropteryginae the Neuroptera are highly variable with respect to their body size, galea is divided and plicatures are present on the abdomen. having forewing lengths from 2 mm to over 70 mm (New, 1989). Coniopterygidae are free-living and have a lifespan of several Singular species with a small body size are present in different weeks (Muma, 1967; Henry, 1976). Niven and Farris (2012) sug- neuropteran families. The Coniopterygidae, or “dustywings”, gested that miniaturized species have severe behavioral deficits. however, are the only family with a small body size throughout all This does not seem to be the case for Coniopterygidae, which species, and can thus be regarded as the midgets of Neuroptera perform a variety of more or less complex behaviors, similar to their (New, 1989). Their body and wings are usually covered with the larger relatives: Being mainly carnivorous, they detect and over- eponymous whitish or brownish dust of waxy particles (Enderlein, power their prey, including soft-bodied arthropods in Conio- 1906) secreted by hypodermal wax glands (Withycombe, 1925). pteryginae and scale insects in Aleuropteryx (Gepp, 1967; Henry, 1976). Their mating is preceded by a rather intricate precopula- tory behavior of both sexes (Johnson and Morrison, 1979), and when disturbed, they can be observed to “play possum” or escape in a fluttery flight followed by landing on the underside of vege- * Corresponding author. tation (Johnson, 1980). E-mail addresses: [email protected] (S. Randolf), dominique. [email protected] (D. Zimmermann). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2019.02.001 1467-8039/© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 2 S. Randolf, D. Zimmermann / Arthropod Structure & Development 50 (2019) 1e14 Data on the head morphology of Coniopterygidae are sparse: 2.4. Micro-computered tomography Only recently, the head anatomy of Coniopteryx pygmaea, a species representing the subfamily Coniopteryginae, was investigated and One specimen of Aleuropteryx was dehydrated and stained for described in detail (Randolf et al., 2017). Otherwise, only few data 24 h with a 1% (w/v) solution of elemental iodine (I2) in absolute are available on the general external morphology of the head ethanol. After staining, the sample was rinsed for several hours in (Shepard, 1967; Meinander, 1972), and one scanning electron absolute ethanol and mounted in a plastic pipette tip again in ab- microscopic study comparing the surface structures and sensilla of solute ethanol. It was scanned using an XRadia MicroXCT-400 (Carl Aleuropteryx and Semidalis as representatives of the two sub- Zeiss X-ray Microscopy, Pleasanton, CA, USA) at 40 kVp/50 mA using families Aleuropteryginae and Coniopteryginae (Zimmermann the 20X detector assembly. Projections were recorded with 120s et al., 2009). In the present study, we describe the head exposure time (camera binning 2) and an angular increment of 0.2 morphology of Aleuropteryx juniperi and Aleuropteryx loewii. With a between projections. Tomographic slices were reconstructed with a body length of only 2 mm in both sexes, Aleuropteryx Low,1885€ (Fig. voxel resolution of 0.95 mm using the software provided with the 1) is one of the smallest Coniopterygidae and the eponymous genus microCT system. The reconstructed volume image was exported as for the subfamily Aleuropteryginae. We aim to a) recognize effects DICOM sequence. of miniaturization by comparing it to the head morphology of larger neuropteran representatives, and b) assess the degree of 2.5. 3D-reconstruction intrafamiliar variability by comparing it with the similarly sized species C. pygmaea (Randolf et al., 2017). Reconstructions were made using the software Amira 6.3.0. We computed new volume datasets from the original data and the la- bels data object by using the arithmetic function in Amira 6.3.0 2. Material and methods (Kleinteich et al., 2008). Volumes were calculated from the labels with the Material statistics function in Amira 6.3.0. Isosurfaces of 2.1. Taxa examined the segmented volumes were created and extracted. Since the resolution of the microCT images was insufficient for reconstruc- Male specimens of A. juniperi Ohm (1968), were examined by tion of detailed anatomy, histological sections were photographed microCT scans and histological cross sections, one specimen of with a Nikon DS-Fi1 camera (2/3 inch sensor), mounted on a Nikon A. loewii Klapalek (1894), was examined by histological longitudinal Eclipse 80i microscope with a 0,7x C-Mount Adapter in the trin- sections. Additionally cross and longitudinal sections of female ocular tube. The resolution was 2560 Â 1920 pixel. To be able to Aleuropteryx sp. were studied. Specimens were collected in front of open a larger amount of images in Amira, the images were con- the Museum of Natural History Vienna, Maria-Theresien-Platz in verted to greyscale. Every single section was imaged, imported and 2018 at Thuja sp., the specimen for the microCT was collected in aligned in Amira 6.3.0. Scheibbs, Lower Austria in 1995 at Juniperus communis. For Based on these reconstructions, the schematic drawing in Fig. 5 comparative purposes, microCT scans and histological sections of were made with Adobe Illustrator CC 2018. MicroCT image stacks the following specimens were studied: Chrysoperla carnea (Ste- are deposited in the Natural History Museum Vienna and the phens, 1836) (Chrysopidae), Chrysopa dorsalis Burmeister, 1839 University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna. Histological sections are (Chrysopidae), Podallea vasseana (Navas, 1910) (Berothidae), housed in the Natural History Museum Vienna, 2nd Zoological Mucroberotha vesicaria Tjeder, 1968 (Rhachiberothidae), Poly- Department. stoechotes punctata (Fabricius, 1793) (Ithonidae sensu Winterton and Makarkin, 2010), Micromus variegatus (Fabricius, 1793) (Hem- 2.6. Terminology erobiidae), Myrmeleon hyalinus distinguendus Rambur, 1842 (Myrmeleontidae). The classification of cephalic musculature follows Wipfler et al. (2011), of musculature of the circulatory system Wipfler and Pass (2014) and Friedrich and Beutel (2008) for thoracic musculature 2.2. Semithin-sections (Ivlm1, Fig. 6A; Ivlm3, Fig. 6A and B). In addition, the classification by von Keler (1963) is provided in brackets in the results section. Specimens were put to death with 96% alcohol and embedded in The terminology of the external head capsule follows Shepard Hard-Plus Resin. Semithin histological sections, 1 mm thick, were (1967) and the terminology of the mouthparts follows Meinander made with a diamond knife on a Leica EM UC7 (Ludwig Boltzmann (1972). Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology) and stained
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Phylogeny of Ptiliidae (Coleoptera: Staphylinoidea) – the Smallest Beetles and Their Evolutionary Transformations
    77 (3): 433 – 455 2019 © Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 2019. The phylogeny of Ptiliidae (Coleoptera: Staphylinoidea) – the smallest beetles and their evolutionary transformations ,1, 2 3 4 Alexey A. Polilov* , Ignacio Ribera , Margarita I. Yavorskaya , Anabela Cardoso 3, Vasily V. Grebennikov 5 & Rolf G. Beutel 4 1 Department of Entomology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Alexey A. Polilov * [polilov@gmail. com] — 2 Joint Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technological Center, Hanoi, Vietnam — 3 Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain; Ignacio Ribera [[email protected]]; Anabela Cardoso [[email protected]] — 4 Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, FSU Jena, Jena, Germany; Margarita I. Yavorskaya [[email protected]]; Rolf G. Beutel [[email protected]] — 5 Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canada; Vasily V. Grebennikov [[email protected]] — * Cor- responding author Accepted on November 13, 2019. Published online at www.senckenberg.de/arthropod-systematics on December 06, 2019. Published in print on December 20, 2019. Editors in charge: Martin Fikáček & Klaus-Dieter Klass. Abstract. The smallest beetles and the smallest non-parasitic insects belong to the staphylinoid family Ptiliidae. Their adult body length can be as small as 0.325 mm and is generally smaller than 1 mm. Here we address the phylogenetic relationships within the family using formal analyses of adult morphological characters and molecular data, and also a combination of both for the frst time. Strongly supported clades are Ptiliidae + Hydraenidae, Ptiliidae, Ptiliidae excl. Nossidium, Motschulskium and Sindosium, Nanosellini, and a clade comprising Acrotrichis, Smicrus, Nephanes and Baeocrara. A group comprising Actidium, Oligella and Micridium + Ptilium is also likely monophy- letic.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report 1
    Sand pit for Biodiversity at Cep II quarry Researcher: Klára Řehounková Research group: Petr Bogusch, David Boukal, Milan Boukal, Lukáš Čížek, František Grycz, Petr Hesoun, Kamila Lencová, Anna Lepšová, Jan Máca, Pavel Marhoul, Klára Řehounková, Jiří Řehounek, Lenka Schmidtmayerová, Robert Tropek Březen – září 2012 Abstract We compared the effect of restoration status (technical reclamation, spontaneous succession, disturbed succession) on the communities of vascular plants and assemblages of arthropods in CEP II sand pit (T řebo ňsko region, SW part of the Czech Republic) to evaluate their biodiversity and conservation potential. We also studied the experimental restoration of psammophytic grasslands to compare the impact of two near-natural restoration methods (spontaneous and assisted succession) to establishment of target species. The sand pit comprises stages of 2 to 30 years since site abandonment with moisture gradient from wet to dry habitats. In all studied groups, i.e. vascular pants and arthropods, open spontaneously revegetated sites continuously disturbed by intensive recreation activities hosted the largest proportion of target and endangered species which occurred less in the more closed spontaneously revegetated sites and which were nearly absent in technically reclaimed sites. Out results provide clear evidence that the mosaics of spontaneously established forests habitats and open sand habitats are the most valuable stands from the conservation point of view. It has been documented that no expensive technical reclamations are needed to restore post-mining sites which can serve as secondary habitats for many endangered and declining species. The experimental restoration of rare and endangered plant communities seems to be efficient and promising method for a future large-scale restoration projects in abandoned sand pits.
    [Show full text]
  • Canopy Arthropod Community Structure and Herbivory in Old-Growth and Regenerating Forests in Western Oregon
    318 Canopy arthropod community structure and herbivory in old-growth and regenerating forests in western Oregon T. D. SCHOWALTER Department of Entomology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2907, UtS.A. Received June 30, 1988 Accepted October 19, 1988 SCHOWALTER, T. D. 1989. Canopy arthropod community structure and herbivory in old-growth and regenerating forests in western Oregon. Can. J. For. Res. 19: 318-322. This paper describes differences in canopy arthropod community structure and herbivory between old-growth and regenerating coniferous forests at the H. 3. Andrews Experimental Forest in western Oregon. Species diversity and functional diversity were much higher in canopies of old-growth trees compared with those of young trees. Aphid bio- mass in young stands was elevated an order of magnitude over biomass in old-growth stands. This study indicated a shift in the defoliator/sap-sucker ratio resulting from forest conversion, as have earlier studies at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, North Carolina. These data indicated that the taxonomically distinct western coniferous and eastern deciduous forests show similar trends in functional organization of their canopy arthropod communities. SCHOWALTER, T. D. 1989. Canopy arthropod community structure and herbivory in old-growth and regenerating forests in western Oregon. Can. J. For. Res. 19 : 318-322. Cet article expose les differences observees dans la structure communautaire des arthropodes du couvert foliace et des herbivores entre des forets de coniferes de premiere venue et en regeneration a la Foret experimentale H. J. Andrews dans louest de lOregon. La diversit y des especes ainsi que la diversit y fonctionnelle etaient beaucoup plus grandes dans les couverts foliaces des vieux arbres que dans ceux des jeunes arbres.
    [Show full text]
  • Dustywings on Citrus These Natural Enemies of Mites and Scales May Be Helped by Miticides but Are Killed by Insecticides
    Dustywings on Citrus these natural enemies of mites and scales may be helped by miticides but are killed by insecticides C. A. Fleschner Dustywings-natural enemies of citrus which are free of mites if honeydew- mites and scales-need their prey as well secreting insects are present. Thus, it is as honeydew-secreting insects to survive. possible to treat citrus trees with mite In the insectary adult dustywings live toxicants which do not kill insects and for weeks on a diet of certain sugars still allow a dustywing population to exist alone. These sugars may be in the form in the grove. of honey, plant nectar or honeydew, the Field experiments in co-operation with latter being secreted by such insects as the Division of Entomology have shown scales, mealybugs, or aphids. Dustywings that when noninsecticidal sprays and restricted to such a diet, however, rarely dust materials, such as Ovotran and Ara- produce eggs. But when mites or scales mite, are used for mite control, existing are added to this honey diet, egg produc- dustywing populations are sustained by tion soon begins. Adult dustywings fed The dustywing, Parasamidalis flaviceps, adult. low populations of the various species of honey and mites, or honey and scale in- Actual sire 3.7 millimeters. insects remaining alive in the grove. The sects, live and produce eggs for a period predaceous activity of the dustywings of several months in the insectary. When their prey. The adults consume whole in- thus maintained serves to prolong the fed on mites or scale alone, with no honey dividuals of the prey, legs and all.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Agricultural Sciences Tarim Bilimleri Dergisi
    Ankara University Faculty of Agriculture JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES TARIM BILIMLERI DERGISI e-ISSN: 2148-9297 Ankara - TURKEY Year 2021 Volume 27 Issue 1 Journal cover design: Ismet KARAARSLAN Journal cover artwork: Dr. Sertan AVCI Product Information Publisher Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture Owner (On Behalf of Faculty) Prof. Dr. Hasan Huseyin ATAR Editor-in-Chief Prof. Dr. Halit APAYDIN In Charge of Publication Unit Agricultural Engineer Asim GOKKAYA Journal Administrator Salih OZAYDIN Library Coordinator Dr. Can BESIMOGLU IT Coordinator Lecturer Murat KOSECAVUS Graphic Design Ismet KARAASLAN Date of Online Publication 18.01.2021 Frequency Published four times a year Type of Publication Double-blind peer-reviewed, widely distributed periodical Aims and Scope JAS publishes high quality original research articles that contain innovation or emerging technology in all fields of agricultural sciences for the development of agriculture. Indexed and Abstracted in Clarivate Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-E) ELSEVIER-Scopus TUBITAK-ULAKBIM CAB International Management Address Journal of Agricultural Sciences Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi Ankara University Faculty of Agriculture Publication Department 06110 Diskapi/Ankara-TURKEY Telephone : +90 312 596 14 24 Fax : +90 312 317 67 24 E-mail: [email protected] http://jas.ankara.edu.tr/ Editor-in-Chief Halit APAYDIN Ankara University, Ankara, TURKEY Managing Editor Muhittin Onur AKCA Ankara University, Ankara, TURKEY Editorial Board Abdullah BEYAZ, Ankara University Ahmet ULUDAG,
    [Show full text]
  • A Global Phylogeny of Leafmining Ectoedemia Moths (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae): Host Plant Family Shifts and Allopatry As Drivers of Speciation
    UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) A global phylogeny of leafmining Ectoedemia moths (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae): host plant family shifts and allopatry as drivers of speciation Doorenweerd, C.; van Nieukerken, E.J.; Menken, S.B.J. DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0119586 Publication date 2015 Document Version Final published version Published in PLoS ONE License CC BY Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Doorenweerd, C., van Nieukerken, E. J., & Menken, S. B. J. (2015). A global phylogeny of leafmining Ectoedemia moths (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae): host plant family shifts and allopatry as drivers of speciation. PLoS ONE, 10(3), [e0119586]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119586 General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:28 Sep 2021 RESEARCH ARTICLE A Global Phylogeny of Leafmining Ectoedemia Moths (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae): Exploring Host Plant Family Shifts and Allopatry as Drivers of Speciation Camiel Doorenweerd1,2*, Erik J.
    [Show full text]
  • Huertas Familiares Y Comunitarias: Cultivando Soberanía Alimentaria
    Huertas familiares y comunitarias: cultivando soberanía alimentaria José Tomás Ibarra, Julián Caviedes, Antonia Barreau y Natalia Pessa editores Huertas familiares y comunitarias: cultivando soberanía alimentaria EDICIONES UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE CHILE Vicerrectoría de Comunicaciones Av. Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins 390, Santiago, Chile [email protected] www.ediciones.uc.cl FUNDACIÓN PARA LA INNOVACIÓN AGRARIA (FIA) HUERTAS FAMILIARES Y COMUNITARIAS: CULTIVANDO SOBERANÍA ALIMENTARIA José Tomás Ibarra, Julián Caviedes, Antonia Barreau y Natalia Pessa Registro de Propiedad Intelectual © Inscripción Nº 295.379 Derechos reservados Enero 2019, Villarrica, Chile. ISBN N° 978-956-14-2331-2 Ilustraciones: Belén Chávez Diseño: Leyla Musleh Impresor: Aimpresores CIP-Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Huertas familiares y comunitarias: cultivando soberanía alimentaria / José Tomás Ibarra [y otros], editores. Incluye bibliografías. 1. Huertos 2. Explotación agrícola familiar I. Ibarra Eliessetch, José Tomás, editor. 2018 635 + dc 23 RDA Cómo citar este libro: Ibarra, J. T., J. Caviedes, A. Barreau & N. Pessa (Eds). 2019. Huertas familiares y comunitarias: cultivando soberanía alimentaria. Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. 228 pp. La presente publicación reúne una serie de experiencias relacionadas a la agricultura familiar y a huertas familiares y comunitarias en Chile. Este trabajo se desarrolló en el marco del proyecto “Huerta andina de La Araucanía como patrimonio biocultural: un enfoque agroecológico y agroturístico”
    [Show full text]
  • (Neuroptera) from the Upper Cenomanian Nizhnyaya Agapa Amber, Northern Siberia
    Cretaceous Research 93 (2019) 107e113 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Cretaceous Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/CretRes Short communication New Coniopterygidae (Neuroptera) from the upper Cenomanian Nizhnyaya Agapa amber, northern Siberia * Vladimir N. Makarkin a, Evgeny E. Perkovsky b, a Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia b Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, ul. Bogdana Khmel'nitskogo 15, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine article info abstract Article history: Libanoconis siberica sp. nov. and two specimens of uncertain affinities (Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae) are Received 28 April 2018 described from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Cenomanian) Nizhnyaya Agapa amber, northern Siberia. Received in revised form The new species is distinguished from L. fadiacra (Whalley, 1980) by the position of the crossvein 3r-m 9 August 2018 being at a right angle to both RP1 and the anterior trace of M in both wings. The validity of the genus Accepted in revised form 11 September Libanoconis is discussed. It easily differs from all other Aleuropteryginae by a set of plesiomorphic 2018 Available online 15 September 2018 character states. The climatic conditions at high latitudes in the late Cenomanian were favourable enough for this tropical genus, hitherto known from the Gondwanan Lebanese amber. Therefore, the Keywords: record of a species of Libanoconis in northern Siberia is highly likely. © Neuroptera 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Coniopterygidae Aleuropteryginae Cenomanian Nizhnyaya Agapa amber 1. Introduction 2. Material and methods The small-sized neuropteran family Coniopterygidae comprises This study is based on three specimens originally embedded in ca.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Type of Neuropteran Larva from Burmese Amber
    A 100-million-year old slim insectan predator with massive venom-injecting stylets – a new type of neuropteran larva from Burmese amber Joachim T. haug, PaTrick müller & carolin haug Lacewings (Neuroptera) have highly specialised larval stages. These are predators with mouthparts modified into venom­injecting stylets. These stylets can take various forms, especially in relation to their body. Especially large stylets are known in larva of the neuropteran ingroups Osmylidae (giant lacewings or lance lacewings) and Sisyridae (spongilla flies). Here the stylets are straight, the bodies are rather slender. In the better known larvae of Myrmeleontidae (ant lions) and their relatives (e.g. owlflies, Ascalaphidae) stylets are curved and bear numerous prominent teeth. Here the stylets can also reach large sizes; the body and especially the head are relatively broad. We here describe a new type of larva from Burmese amber (100 million years old) with very prominent curved stylets, yet body and head are rather slender. Such a combination is unknown in the modern fauna. We provide a comparison with other fossil neuropteran larvae that show some similarities with the new larva. The new larva is unique in processing distinct protrusions on the trunk segments. Also the ratio of the length of the stylets vs. the width of the head is the highest ratio among all neuropteran larvae with curved stylets and reaches values only found in larvae with straight mandibles. We discuss possible phylogenetic systematic interpretations of the new larva and aspects of the diversity of neuropteran larvae in the Cretaceous. • Key words: Neuroptera, Myrmeleontiformia, extreme morphologies, palaeo­ evo­devo, fossilised ontogeny.
    [Show full text]
  • Descripción De Nuevas Especies Animales De La Península Ibérica E Islas Baleares (1978-1994): Tendencias Taxonómicas Y Listado Sistemático
    Graellsia, 53: 111-175 (1997) DESCRIPCIÓN DE NUEVAS ESPECIES ANIMALES DE LA PENÍNSULA IBÉRICA E ISLAS BALEARES (1978-1994): TENDENCIAS TAXONÓMICAS Y LISTADO SISTEMÁTICO M. Esteban (*) y B. Sanchiz (*) RESUMEN Durante el periodo 1978-1994 se han descrito cerca de 2.000 especies animales nue- vas para la ciencia en territorio ibérico-balear. Se presenta como apéndice un listado completo de las especies (1978-1993), ordenadas taxonómicamente, así como de sus referencias bibliográficas. Como tendencias generales en este proceso de inventario de la biodiversidad se aprecia un incremento moderado y sostenido en el número de taxones descritos, junto a una cada vez mayor contribución de los autores españoles. Es cada vez mayor el número de especies publicadas en revistas que aparecen en el Science Citation Index, así como el uso del idioma inglés. La mayoría de los phyla, clases u órdenes mues- tran gran variación en la cantidad de especies descritas cada año, dado el pequeño núme- ro absoluto de publicaciones. Los insectos son claramente el colectivo más estudiado, pero se aprecia una disminución en su importancia relativa, asociada al incremento de estudios en grupos poco conocidos como los nematodos. Palabras clave: Biodiversidad; Taxonomía; Península Ibérica; España; Portugal; Baleares. ABSTRACT Description of new animal species from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands (1978-1994): Taxonomic trends and systematic list During the period 1978-1994 about 2.000 new animal species have been described in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands. A complete list of these new species for 1978-1993, taxonomically arranged, and their bibliographic references is given in an appendix.
    [Show full text]
  • Folk Taxonomy, Nomenclature, Medicinal and Other Uses, Folklore, and Nature Conservation Viktor Ulicsni1* , Ingvar Svanberg2 and Zsolt Molnár3
    Ulicsni et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:47 DOI 10.1186/s13002-016-0118-7 RESEARCH Open Access Folk knowledge of invertebrates in Central Europe - folk taxonomy, nomenclature, medicinal and other uses, folklore, and nature conservation Viktor Ulicsni1* , Ingvar Svanberg2 and Zsolt Molnár3 Abstract Background: There is scarce information about European folk knowledge of wild invertebrate fauna. We have documented such folk knowledge in three regions, in Romania, Slovakia and Croatia. We provide a list of folk taxa, and discuss folk biological classification and nomenclature, salient features, uses, related proverbs and sayings, and conservation. Methods: We collected data among Hungarian-speaking people practising small-scale, traditional agriculture. We studied “all” invertebrate species (species groups) potentially occurring in the vicinity of the settlements. We used photos, held semi-structured interviews, and conducted picture sorting. Results: We documented 208 invertebrate folk taxa. Many species were known which have, to our knowledge, no economic significance. 36 % of the species were known to at least half of the informants. Knowledge reliability was high, although informants were sometimes prone to exaggeration. 93 % of folk taxa had their own individual names, and 90 % of the taxa were embedded in the folk taxonomy. Twenty four species were of direct use to humans (4 medicinal, 5 consumed, 11 as bait, 2 as playthings). Completely new was the discovery that the honey stomachs of black-coloured carpenter bees (Xylocopa violacea, X. valga)were consumed. 30 taxa were associated with a proverb or used for weather forecasting, or predicting harvests. Conscious ideas about conserving invertebrates only occurred with a few taxa, but informants would generally refrain from harming firebugs (Pyrrhocoris apterus), field crickets (Gryllus campestris) and most butterflies.
    [Show full text]
  • ARTHROPODA Subphylum Hexapoda Protura, Springtails, Diplura, and Insects
    NINE Phylum ARTHROPODA SUBPHYLUM HEXAPODA Protura, springtails, Diplura, and insects ROD P. MACFARLANE, PETER A. MADDISON, IAN G. ANDREW, JOCELYN A. BERRY, PETER M. JOHNS, ROBERT J. B. HOARE, MARIE-CLAUDE LARIVIÈRE, PENELOPE GREENSLADE, ROSA C. HENDERSON, COURTenaY N. SMITHERS, RicarDO L. PALMA, JOHN B. WARD, ROBERT L. C. PILGRIM, DaVID R. TOWNS, IAN McLELLAN, DAVID A. J. TEULON, TERRY R. HITCHINGS, VICTOR F. EASTOP, NICHOLAS A. MARTIN, MURRAY J. FLETCHER, MARLON A. W. STUFKENS, PAMELA J. DALE, Daniel BURCKHARDT, THOMAS R. BUCKLEY, STEVEN A. TREWICK defining feature of the Hexapoda, as the name suggests, is six legs. Also, the body comprises a head, thorax, and abdomen. The number A of abdominal segments varies, however; there are only six in the Collembola (springtails), 9–12 in the Protura, and 10 in the Diplura, whereas in all other hexapods there are strictly 11. Insects are now regarded as comprising only those hexapods with 11 abdominal segments. Whereas crustaceans are the dominant group of arthropods in the sea, hexapods prevail on land, in numbers and biomass. Altogether, the Hexapoda constitutes the most diverse group of animals – the estimated number of described species worldwide is just over 900,000, with the beetles (order Coleoptera) comprising more than a third of these. Today, the Hexapoda is considered to contain four classes – the Insecta, and the Protura, Collembola, and Diplura. The latter three classes were formerly allied with the insect orders Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) and Thysanura (silverfish) as the insect subclass Apterygota (‘wingless’). The Apterygota is now regarded as an artificial assemblage (Bitsch & Bitsch 2000).
    [Show full text]