MACEDONIAN - the EUROPEAN MOTHER TONGUE with Dictionary

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

MACEDONIAN - the EUROPEAN MOTHER TONGUE with Dictionary Basil Chulev MACEDONIAN - THE EUROPEAN MOTHER TONGUE with dictionary <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> Basil Chulev MACEDONIAN - THE EUROPEAN MOTHER TONGUE with comparative dictionary of archaic and ancient words still present in today Macedonian language The all-inclusive PIE substratum of Pelasgo-Proto-Macedonic, i.e. Nashinski (Lat. Nostratic), Hittite Nashili, and its 10-15,000 years old continuum explained through etymological phonologies cited from various sources, studies, and direct link-citations frоm available published and online dictionaries and lexicons MMXVIII Macedonia The intention of this ѕtudy and the following dictionary is to provide simple and easy to understand review of different aspects and periods from the Macedonian language history and its uninterrupted continuity until now. It avoids detailed linguistic explanations that consider the wider historical background of the concepts and methodologies mentioned below, and it is written primarily for those approaching the topic for the first time. It also avoids complex phonological and grammatical comments or insightful footnotes on the citations from the sources. The given explanatory notes are prevalently etymological or lexicographical, free of western Eurocentric political-biased theories. Examples of how one and the same mislead is used or not to explain the continuity flow of the Macedonic languages are shown on the page 16, and further in the very dictionary below, in function to expose and debunk the western Eurocentric hotchpotch linguistics. The introduction comprises the early periods of Macedonian linguistic history and presents a brief overall retrospective of the Macedonian language prehistoric roots and its evolution. The time-frame elaborated as a main theme ranges from the beginning of the 3rd millennium BCE, across the establishing of the kingdom of Macedon in 9th-7th century BCE, until today. The interpretations given here are meant to enhance our understanding and appreciation of the continuity of Macedonic language, which was a communication medium of the prehistoric, ancient, medieval, and today world. Most of the presented clues are focused strictly on the Macedonian aspects of the idiom in question, disregarding the wider socio-political perspective and the modern political-tribes of the last centuries. All the dates and references to centuries are ―BCE‖ and ―AD‖. Throughout this essay, Macedonia/Macedonians generally refer to the area of the Macedonian Peninsula mainland north of Mount Olymp, south and east of the Mount Shar (Lat. Scardus) and west of the Rhodope Mountains. Macedonian Peninsula refers to what is called ―Balkans‖ as of the 19th century, occupying the part of southeastern Europe that lies south of the Danube and Sava rivers and forms a peninsula bounded by the Adriatic and Ionian seas in the west, the Aegean and Black seas in the east, and the Mediterranean Sea in the south. Latinized/anglicized terms/names are given in parenthesis, some names and technical terms are transliterated and these will be obvious when they appear. All terms and titles (e.g. Iliad/Ilion, Odyssey/Odi-sé, etc.) have been transliterated as much as possible directly from their original ancient forms: thus Macedonic and Nashinski rather than Latin Slavic and Nostratic. The terminology and concepts that are modern inventions (like 'Hellenistic' or 'Greek') are altogether avoided. Such empirically wrong terms used by modern historiography were unknown to the ancient world, and their continued use perpetuates misleading assumptions. Thus original ―Koine‖ rather than Latin ―Greek‖. The modern-historiography 'privileged moments' are largely avoided too. For historians today one such a privileged moment (of places and monuments as 'clasical') is 'Clasical Athens', the Athens of the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. But when and why it is so regarded? Was 'Clasical Athens regarded as 'Clasical' already in antiquity? By whom? The definitions, current meanings and related concepts of the words in English are taken from the Oxford American Dictionary & Thesaurus (Mac OsX version 1.0.2 PowerPC), Етуmonline.com, and/or Meriam-Webster online dictionary. For the words in Macedonian are used the online ENCYCLOPÆDIA MACEDONICA / MAKEDONSKA ENCIKLOPEDIJA Vol. 1 & 2, makedonski.info, off.net, and Idividi online Macedonian dictionaries. “Before Latin, there is a period which „Greek ‟ and „Slavic‟1 share in common. So this involves the history of language families, as and when relevant.” - Ferdinand de Saussure 1 The only misleading oxymoron of this otherwise brilliant sentence – before Latin there was no such a thing as ―Greek‖ or ―Slavic‖ invented yet! Both terms are post factum Latin exonyms, introduced by Romans, long after the period which F. de Saussure describes. It should‘ve been writen ‗Koine‘ and ‗Macedonic‘ instead. ΜΑΚΔΓONIC List of abbreviations: BCE – Before the Common Era NIE – Non-Indo-European PIE – Proto-Indo-European IE – Indo-European Lat. – Latin Mkd. – Macedonian Am – Amerias (Macedonian lexicographer and scholar 300 BCE)2 Br – Brygian/Phrygian Ba – Basque Co – Coptic Ep – Epirotic Ет – Etruscan/Tuscan/Rasena Ho – Homeric OCM – Old Church Macedonic SCD – Serbo-Croatian Dialects Pa – Paionian PB – Proto-Byblian/Minoan Pe – Pelasgian PPM – Pelasgo-Proto-Macedonic Su – Suda lexicon Tr – Thracian3 2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerias 3 On difference from ―Brygian‖, ―Macedonian‖, ―Paionian‖ or ―Pelasgian‖, the ―Thracian‖ isn‘t a proper ethnonym. The (multiuse) term Thracia used by ancient authors, as well as their modern counterparts, traced the territory of 'Thracia' totally differently, depending on whether they referred to ethnic or political boundaries. They differ from source to source. As a geographical name its etymological meaning was ―the land‖ or ―the coast‖. This can be seen from Hecataeus [Hec., ap. Steph. Byz., s.v. Darsioi: ethnon Thrakion (‗Daorsoi‘) were living on the left bank of the river Neretva to the Adriatic cost in Dalmatia]. Apollodorus also used the term ‗Thrakes‘ for ‗Histri‘ on the Histrian Peninsula (Istra in today‘s Croatia). These two examples evidenced that the designation ―Thracian‖ (same like Latin ―Illyrian‖) had no obvious ethnic connotations, but it precisely meant ―a tract of land‖ and should be translated as ―Landers‖, ―Inland tribe‖ or ―Coastal tribe‖, i.e. any tribe living on some transitional zone of land or near the coast. This interpretation can be emphasised by data from Erodot (Lat. Herodotus,VII.185) who describes the Thessalian tribes as ―those Thracians living on the Thessalian Coast along the sea‖. It was very well known to Herodotus‘ audience that the Thessalians are not ‗Thracians‘ in ethnical sense. Tn – toponyms En – ethnonyms Most common Betacisms (phonetic mutations), Rhotacisms (sound changes)4, and Consonant Mutations: /A/ → [O] and/or /O/ → [A]5 umlaut /β/ (Vita) → [B] (Beta) i.e. /V/ → [B]; thus /Bo/ → [Vo] 6 and/or /Vol/ → [Bull] (example: Lavoro/Labor)7 /Gh/ → [D] and /D/ → [Z] /L/ → [R] (a change evolved probably around 3rd century BCE; the letter ‗R‘ is still ostensibly absent in Chinese; examples: Rex/Lex, Glaven/Govern/Gobernare) /K/ → [C (Ts)] and /C/ → [Ch] (example: Caesar/Kaiser/Tsar) /S/ → [H] (examples: Sedos/Hédos8, Sellen/Hellen, Serpe/Herpe9, Tyrsenian/Tyrhenian) A particular emphasis must be underlined on the everpresent metathesis! For example: The Macedonian root word ―Ramo‖ - ‗arm, lateral extremity‘10, via Latin ―Ramus‖ - ‗branch‘, until anglicized ―Rami(fied)‖11, and through metathesis is also the root word for ―Arm, armature‖, etc. ―On the Names of Thracia and Eastern Macedonia‖, ΚΡΑΣΙ΢ΣΟ΢, Сборник в чест на професор Петър Делев, София, 2017, рp. 75-82 N. Proeva 2017. Linear B ethnonyms and toponyms from the Knossos tablets with a reference to localities on the Aegean mainland also tell us the same. For example: ―Ra-ma-na-de‖ - ‗to Rhamnous (in Attica)‘, meaning ‗flat‘ in plain Macedonian: http://www.makedonski.info/search/ramno ; ―O-du- ru-wi-jo‖ - ‗the Odrysian (Macedonic tribe inhabiting the hinterland of Thebes in Boeotia during the earlier part of the Late Bronze Age)‘, etc. 4 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacism, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhotacism_(sound_change), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_change 5 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut 6 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_mutation#Hebrew, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_mutation#Latvian 7 https://www.etimo.it/?term=lavoro&find=Cerca , https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=labor 8 in Homer's Iliad (5. 360, 367) the Mt. Olymp is called athanátōn hédos - ‗immortals seat‘, thus confirming the S-H change: https://bifrost.it/ELLENI/Fonti/Homeros_Ilias-05.html, https://mudrac.ffzg.hr/~rmatasov/PIE%20Religion.pdf 9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpetoculture#Etymology , https://www.wordreference.com/definition/serpent 10 http://www.makedonski.info/search/ramo 11 https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=ramify Contents: Introduction …………………………………………...….……………...………...…… 13 Proto-Indo-European languages – collateral victim between the national and segregational Pangermanic, Panslavonic, and other Eurocentric policies ….…......…… 21 Comparing the ―books‖, ―trees‖, ―sees‖ and other root words ………………………… 27 Macedonians from Pela and Pelasgians from Macedonia; Ma-kedo-nes (Ma-child-ren) …………………………………………………………………………………………... 41 European Mother Tongue
Recommended publications
  • Južnoslovenski Filolog
    ЈУЖНОСЛОВЕНСКИ ФИЛОЛОГ ПОВРЕМЕНИ СПИС ЗА СЛОВЕНСКУ ФИЛОЛОГИЈУ И ЛИНГВИСТИКУ УРЕЂУЈЕ А. БЕЛИЋ УЗ СТАЛНУ САРАДЊУ г. г. А. МЕЈЕ-А, проф. Collège de France, A. CTОЈИЋЕВИЋА, проф. Унив. у Љубљани, К. ЊИЧА, проф. Унив. у Кракову, Љ. СТОЈAНОВИЋА, акад. у Београду, М. РЕШЕТАРА, проф. Унив. у Загребу, О. ХУЈЕРА, проф. Унив. у Прагу, Р. НАХТИГАЛА, проф. Унив. у Љубљани, СТ. ИBШИЋА, проф. Унив. у Загребу, СТ. М. КУЉВАКИНА, проф. Унив. у Београду, ФР. ИЛЕШИЋА, проф. Унив. у Загребу, ФР. РАМОВША, проф. Унив. у Љубљани и Х. БAРИЋА, проф. Унив. у Београду. КЊИГА III. ШТАМПАЊЕ ОВЕ КЊИГЕ ПОТПОМОГНУТО ЈЕ ИЗ ЗАДУЖБИНА СРП. КР, АКАДЕМИЈЕ: арх. НИЋИФОРА ДУЧИЋА и Д-ра. ЉУБ. РАДИВОЈЕВИЋА. БЕОГРАД, 1922–1923. : г САДРЖАЈ ШЋЕ КЊИГЕ. -о-до-ко Расправе. стpд М. Решетар: Završetak -u u gen. sing. muških imenica u slovenskom jeziku . 1–6 Лbуб. Стојановић: Реченичне конструкције без verbum-a finitum-a . 7–10 Dr. Franjo Fancev : О avtorstvu i postanju rječnika „Lexicon latinum . Zagrabiae 1742“ . 11–25 Г. Ил њи н скi W : Књ зтимологiи имени chrbrvatЋ „Хорватњ“ . 36—30 А. Белић: О промени ст. слов. кли „фиi“ . 31–34 Dr. Nikola Majnarić: Jedna zanimljiva pojava u ravnogorskom narječju . 35–40 П. К. Булат: Из живота речи . 41–47 Др. Ст. Куљбаки н: Акценатска питања . 48—70 Прилози. 1. Ivan Koštial: Stsl. zajeсњ . 71—72 2. P. Skok: Iz srpskohrvatske toponomastike . 72—77 3. В. Зрнић: Неколико ситних прилога . 78 4. А. Белић: Двојица, неколицина и слична обра зовања . 79—81 5. Ђуро Шкарић: Јужнословенска ријечца „ве“ 81—83 6. Dr. Fr. Ilešić: Slovenske „etimologije“ .
    [Show full text]
  • The Satrap of Western Anatolia and the Greeks
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Eyal Meyer University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons Recommended Citation Meyer, Eyal, "The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2473. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Abstract This dissertation explores the extent to which Persian policies in the western satrapies originated from the provincial capitals in the Anatolian periphery rather than from the royal centers in the Persian heartland in the fifth ec ntury BC. I begin by establishing that the Persian administrative apparatus was a product of a grand reform initiated by Darius I, which was aimed at producing a more uniform and centralized administrative infrastructure. In the following chapter I show that the provincial administration was embedded with chancellors, scribes, secretaries and military personnel of royal status and that the satrapies were periodically inspected by the Persian King or his loyal agents, which allowed to central authorities to monitory the provinces. In chapter three I delineate the extent of satrapal authority, responsibility and resources, and conclude that the satraps were supplied with considerable resources which enabled to fulfill the duties of their office. After the power dynamic between the Great Persian King and his provincial governors and the nature of the office of satrap has been analyzed, I begin a diachronic scrutiny of Greco-Persian interactions in the fifth century BC.
    [Show full text]
  • Minorities Under Threat, Diversity in Danger: Patterns of Systemic Discrimination in Southeast Myanmar
    Minorities under Threat, Diversity in Danger: Patterns of Systemic Discrimination in Southeast Myanmar Karen Human Rights Group November 2020 Minorities under Threat, Diversity in Danger: Patterns of Systemic Discrimination in Southeast Myanmar Written and published by the Karen Human Rights Group KHRG #2020-02, November 2020 For front and back cover photo captions, please refer to the final page of this report. The Karen Human Rights Group (KHRG) was founded in 1992 and documents the situation of villagers and townspeople in rural southeast Myanmar through their direct testimonies, supported by photographic and other evidence. KHRG operates independently and is not affiliated with any political or other organisation. Examples of our work can be seen online at www.khrg.org. Printed copies of our reports may be obtained subject to approval and availability by sending a request to [email protected]. This report is published by KHRG, © KHRG 2020. All rights reserved. Contents may be reproduced or distributed on a not-for-profit basis or quotes for media and related purposes but reproduction for commercial purposes requires the prior permission of KHRG. The final version of this report was originally written in English and then translated into Burmese. KHRG refers to the English language report as the authoritative version. This report is not for commercial sale. The printing of this report is supported by: DISCLAIMER The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Karen Human Rights Group and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of HARP Facility. Contents Introduction .................................................................................................... 4 Methodology .................................................................................................. 7 Abbreviations................................................................................................. 9 Map: KHRG’s operation area .....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Geographical Names and Sustainable Tourism
    No. 59 NOVEMBERNo. 59 NOVEMBER 2020 2020 Geographical Names and Sustainable Tourism Socio- Institutional cultural Sustainable Tourism Economic Environmental Table of Contents The Information Bulletin of the United Nations MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRPERSON ............................................... 3 Group of Experts on Geographical Names (formerly Reconsidérer notre mobilité ......................................................... 3 UNGEGN Newsletter) is issued twice a year by the Secretariat of the Group of Experts. The Secretariat Reconsider our mobility ............................................................... 4 is served by the Statistics Division (UNSD), MESSAGE FROM THE SECRETARIAT ................................................. 5 Department for Economic and Social Affairs (DESA), Secretariat of the United Nations. Contributions “Geographical names and sustainable tourism ............................ 5 and reports received from the Experts of the Group, IN MEMORIAM ................................................................................ 7 its Linguistic/Geographical Divisions and its Working Groups are reviewed and edited jointly by the Danutė Janė Mardosienė (1947-2020) ........................................ 7 Secretariat and the UNGEGN Working Group on SPECIAL FEATURE: GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES AND SUSTAINABLE Publicity and Funding. Contributions for the TOURISM ......................................................................................... 9 Information Bulletin can only be considered when they are made
    [Show full text]
  • Exonyms – Standards Or from the Secretariat  Message from the Secretariat 4
    NO. 50 JUNE 2016 In this issue Preface Message from the Chairperson 3 Exonyms – standards or From the Secretariat Message from the Secretariat 4 Special Feature – Exonyms – standards standardization? or standardization? What are the benefits of discerning 5-6 between endonym and exonym and what does this divide mean Use of Exonyms in National 6-7 Exonyms/Endonyms Standardization of Geographical Names in Ukraine Dealing with Exonyms in Croatia 8-9 History of Exonyms in Madagascar 9-11 Are there endonyms, exonyms or both? 12-15 The need for standardization Exonyms, Standards and 15-18 Standardization: New Directions Practice of Exonyms use in Egypt 19-24 Dealing with Exonyms in Slovenia 25-29 Exonyms Used for Country Names in the 29 Repubic of Korea Botswana – Exonyms – standards or 30 standardization? From the Divisions East Central and South-East Europe 32 Division Portuguese-speaking Division 33 From the Working Groups WG on Exonyms 31 WG on Evaluation and Implementation 34 From the Countries Burkina Faso 34-37 Brazil 38 Canada 38-42 Republic of Korea 42 Indonesia 43 Islamic Republic of Iran 44 Saudi Arabia 45-46 Sri Lanka 46-48 State of Palestine 48-50 Training and Eucation International Consortium of Universities 51 for Training in Geographical Names established Upcoming Meetings 52 UNGEGN Information Bulletin No. 50 June 2106 Page 1 UNGEGN Information Bulletin The Information Bulletin of the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (formerly UNGEGN Newsletter) is issued twice a year by the Secretariat of the Group of Experts. The Secretariat is served by the Statistics Division (UNSD), Department for Economic and Social Affairs (DESA), Secretariat of the United Nations.
    [Show full text]
  • 7-8/2004, Uradne Objave
    Uradni list Republike Slovenije Uradne objave Internet: http://www.uradni-list.si e-pošta: [email protected] Št. Ljubljana, petek ISSN 1318-9182 Leto XIV 7-8 30. 1. 2004 8. Datum odposlanja zahteve za objavo: 4. Kraj dobave: na kraku B in D razcepa 21. 1. 2004. Kozarje. Javna naročila Ministrstvo za obrambo RS 5. Ocenjeni datum začetka javnega na- ročila, če je določen: razpis za oddajo del bo po Zakonu Št. 1.3-33/04 Ob-1011/04 predvidoma v začetku februarja 2004. 1. Naročnik: Holding Slovenske želez- 6. Naslov službe in oseba, od katere se o javnih naročilih nice, d.o.o. lahko zahteva dodatne informacije: DDC 2. Naslov naročnika: Holding Slovenske svetovanje inženiring, Družba za svetova- (ZJN-1) železnice, d.o.o., Kolodvorska 11, 1506 nje in inženiring d.o.o., Kotnikova 40, 1000 Ljubljana. Ljubljana – AC Projekt ZA VAC, Aleš Vojska, 3. Vrsta, količina blaga, gradenj ali storitev, univ. dipl. inž. grad., tel. 01/306-82-19, faks ZJN-11 ki bo predvidoma naročeno v naslednjih 12 01/306-82-51. mesecih: zavarovanje pred odgovornostjo 7. Morebitne druge informacije o načrto- Zahteva za objavo do javne železniške infrastrukture. vanih naročilih: izvedba del je predvidena v predhodnega razpisa 4. Kraj dobave: območje Republike Slo- letu 2004. Dela se bodo financirala iz lastnih venije. sredstev DARS d.d. Na podlagi 66. in 67. člena Zakona o 5. Ocenjeni datum začetka javnega na- 8. Datum odposlanja zahteve za objavo: javnih naročilih naročamo objavo pred- ročila, če je določen: februar 2004. 23. 1. 2004. hodnega razpisa 6. Naslov službe in oseba, od katere se Družba za avtoceste lahko zahteva dodatne informacije: Upra- v Republiki Sloveniji – DARS d.d.
    [Show full text]
  • Eighth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names Berlin, 27 August-5 September 2002 Item 10 of the Provisional Agenda"
    a E/CONF..94/HNF.82 29 August 2002 Original: English Eighth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names Berlin, 27 August-5 September 2002 Item 10 of the provisional agenda" EXONYMS Italian Main Exonyms of European Geographical Elements (Submitted by Italy) *E/CONF.94/1 8th UNITED NATION CONFERENCE ON THE STANDARDIZATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES Berlin, 26/08/02 - 05/09/02 Item 12 of the provisional agenda SANDRO TONIOLO ITALIAN MAIN EXONYMS OF EUROPEAN GEOGRAPHICAL ELEMENTS Report of Italy Submitted by Giovanni ORRU it a I ia 1-1 o 2 rincipaii esonimi italiani di elernersti geografici eurspei Scritto da Sandro Toniolo pubblicato su <<CUniverso)>(ISSN: 0042-0409) anno LXXXi (2001) n. 2 II problema degli esonimi 1! quanto mai complesso: infatti se ne discute da oltre tre decenni nel Gruppo di esperti delle Nazioni Unite sulla riormalizzazione dei nomi geogra- fici. II Gruppo di esperti si e espresso fin dall'inizio - e continua nella sua lodevole posizio- ne - in favore di una progressiva eliminazione degli esonimi, che dovrebbero essere sosti- tuiti dai rispettivi endonimi. iVla tale raccomandazione, certamente valida per molti aspet- ti, incontra due difficolta: a) I'uso stabilizzato da secoli nelle varie lingue di esonimi ormai insostituibili (pensiamo per noi italiani ai termini Parigi, Svizzera, Tamigi, che non potranno essere facilmente sosti- tuiti nell'uso comune dagli endonimi corrispondenti Paris, die Schweiz, Thames); b) la scarsa conoscenza della pronuncia della lingua in cui Sono scritti quegli endoni- mi che vorremmo adottare al posto degli esonimi italiani, con iI rischio di rendere quei toponimi del tutto irriconoscibili (pensiamo solo agli endonimi Szczecin e Aachen, che stanno rispettivamente per Stettino e Aquisgrana).
    [Show full text]
  • Yugoslav Destruction After the Cold War
    STASIS AMONG POWERS: YUGOSLAV DESTRUCTION AFTER THE COLD WAR A dissertation presented by Mladen Stevan Mrdalj to The Department of Political Science In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the field of Political Science Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts December 2015 STASIS AMONG POWERS: YUGOSLAV DESTRUCTION AFTER THE COLD WAR by Mladen Stevan Mrdalj ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science in the College of Social Sciences and Humanities of Northeastern University December 2015 2 Abstract This research investigates the causes of Yugoslavia’s violent destruction in the 1990’s. It builds its argument on the interaction of international and domestic factors. In doing so, it details the origins of Yugoslav ideology as a fluid concept rooted in the early 19th century Croatian national movement. Tracing the evolving nationalist competition among Serbs and Croats, it demonstrates inherent contradictions of the Yugoslav project. These contradictions resulted in ethnic outbidding among Croatian nationalists and communists against the perceived Serbian hegemony. This dynamic drove the gradual erosion of Yugoslav state capacity during Cold War. The end of Cold War coincided with the height of internal Yugoslav conflict. Managing the collapse of Soviet Union and communism imposed both strategic and normative imperatives on the Western allies. These imperatives largely determined external policy toward Yugoslavia. They incentivized and inhibited domestic actors in pursuit of their goals. The result was the collapse of the country with varying degrees of violence. The findings support further research on international causes of civil wars.
    [Show full text]
  • 6Th Meeting, Working Group on Exonyms, and Meeting of the Eurogeonames Project, Prague 17-18 May 2007
    6th Meeting, Working Group on Exonyms, and Meeting of the EuroGeoNames Project, Prague 17-18 May 2007 Botolv Helleland, University of Oslo [email protected] Exonyms from a Norwegian point of view: a historical outlook When comparing foreign geographical names in the three Scandinavian countries, one will notice that they are not always written in the same way. This is perhaps not surprising, but when taking into account that Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian are closely related languages one should expect that the same spellings of foreign names were used in all the three countries. That the Marshall islands is written respectively Marshalløerne (Da), Marshallöerna (Se) and Marshalløyene/-øyane (No) is natural, as translation of topographic appellatives is a world wide practice, and also in compliance with the UN resolutions. But why is Florence spelled Firenze in Norwegian and Florens in Danish and Swedish, and why is Venice written Venezia in Norwegian and Venedig in Danish and Swedish? The Swedes also use Rom , Turin , Neapel , Prag whereas the Norwegians use Roma , Torino , Napoli , Praha . In an article on endonyms and exonyms in Finland, Sirkka Paikkala (2007) gives a thorough survey of the Finnish practice, but touches also upon the use of foreign geographical names Swedish. Obviously the Norwegian practice at this point is more in accordance with the UN recommendations on exonyms than in the two neighbouring countries. However, at an earlier stage Florens as well as Venedig were used in Norway, too. In order to understand the Norwegian position it is necessary to go a little back in history.
    [Show full text]
  • Dance Name COUNTRY INSTRUCTOR(S) YEAR(S) Armenian Polka Armenia Ajoian, F. 57 Bardezuh Mer Armenia Ajoian, F. 56,57 Boozdigoots Armenia Ajoian, F
    LISTING BY TEACHER Dance Name COUNTRY INSTRUCTOR(S) YEAR(S) Armenian Polka Armenia Ajoian, F. 57 Bardezuh Mer Armenia Ajoian, F. 56,57 Boozdigoots Armenia Ajoian, F. 57 Gemrigin Baduh Armenia Ajoian, F. 56 Golden Bracelet Armenia Ajoian, F. 56, 57 Halay Armenia Ajoian, F. 55 Halay Havasi Armenia Ajoian, F. 56 Lorkay Lorkay Armenia Ajoian, F. 56, 57 Medax Tashginag Armenia Ajoian, F. 57 Nor Imatsa (Yerzinga Tamzara) Armenia Ajoian, F. 57 Pompouri Armenia Ajoian, F. 55 Sotis Armenia Ajoian, F. 56 Tamzara Armenia Ajoian, F. 55 Three And One (Bar) Armenia Ajoian, F. 55 Sheleg Al Iri Israel Alpert, A. 18 Ve’shuv Itchem Israel Alpert, A. 18 Yaffo Israel Alpert, A. 18 Normali israel Alpert, A. 18 Or Chadash Israel Alpert, A. 18 Haleluyah Le’Gal Israel Alpert, A.` 18 Hayom Hazeh Israel Alpert, A.` 18 Heya Heya Israel Alpert, A.` 18 Hora Ha’bika Israel Alpert, A.` 18 Carbonero, El El Salvador Amaya, N. 68 Cortadoras, Las El Salvador Amaya, N. 68 Diablo Chingo, El Costa Rica Amaya, N. 68 Xuc, El El Salvador Amaya, N. 68 Yenka Spain Amaya, N. 68 Bereznianka Ukraine Arabagi, G. & I. 14 Bukovinskii Tanets Ukraine Arabagi, G. & I. 12 STOCKTON FOLK DANCE CAMP INDEX 1948-2018 PAGE 1 LISTING BY TEACHER Dance Name COUNTRY INSTRUCTOR(S) YEAR(S) Dansul Tiganilor Basarabeni Moldova (Bessarabia; Rom) Arabagi, G. & I. 14 Hora din Giurgiuleşti Moldova (Moldavian) Arabagi, G. & I. 12 Hora Dragostei Moldova Arabagi, G. & I. 14 Horlitsya Ukraine Arabagi, G. & I. 14 Hutsulka Ukraine Arabagi, G. & I. 12 Joc Mare Ukraine (Moldavian) Arabagi, G.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexander Panayotov Phd Thesis
    THE JEWS IN THE BALKAN PROVINCES OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE : AN EPIGRAPHIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY Alexander Panayotov A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2004 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13849 This item is protected by original copyright THE JEWS IN THE BALKAN PROVINCES OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. AN EPIGRAPHIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY Alexander Panayotov PhD Candidate Submitted: 28lh January 2004 School of Divinity University of St Andrews Scotland ProQuest Number: 10170770 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10170770 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 I, ALEXANDER ANTONIEV PANAYOTOV, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 94,520 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree.
    [Show full text]
  • Author BC AD ACHILLES TATIUS 500? Acts of Paul and Thecla, of Pilate, of Thomas, of Peter and Paul, of Barnabas, Etc
    Author BC AD ACHILLES TATIUS 500? Acts of Paul and Thecla, of Pilate, of Thomas, of Peter and Paul, of Barnabas, etc. at the earliest from 2d cent. on AELIAN c. 180 AESCHINES 345 AESCHYLUS *525, †456 AESOP 1 570 AETIUS c. 500 AGATHARCHIDES 117? ALCAEUS MYTILENAEUS 610 ALCIPHRON 200? ALCMAN 610 ALEXIS 350 AMBROSE, Bp. of Milan 374 AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS †c. 400 AMMONIUS, the grammarian 390 ANACREON2 530 ANAXANDRIDES 350 ANAXIMANDER 580 ANDOCIDES 405 ANTIPHANES 380 ANTIPHON 412 ANTONINUS, M. AURELIUS †180 APOLLODORUS of Athens 140 APOLLONIUS DYSCOLUS 140 APOLLONIUS RHODIUS 200 APPIAN 150 APPULEIUS 160 AQUILA (translator of the O. T.) 2d cent. (under Hadrian.) ARATUS 270 ARCHILOCHUS 700 ARCHIMEDES, the mathematician 250 ARCHYTAS c. 400 1 But the current Fables are not his; on the History of Greek Fable, see Rutherford, Babrius, Introd. ch. ii. 2 Only a few fragments of the odes ascribed to him are genuine. ARETAEUS 80? ARISTAENETUS 450? ARISTEAS3 270 ARISTIDES, P. AELIUS 160 ARISTOPHANES *444, †380 ARISTOPHANES, the grammarian 200 ARISTOTLE *384, †322 ARRIAN (pupil and friend of Epictetus) *c. 100 ARTEMIDORUS DALDIANUS (oneirocritica) 160 ATHANASIUS †373 ATHENAEUS, the grammarian 228 ATHENAGORUS of Athens 177? AUGUSTINE, Bp. of Hippo †430 AUSONIUS, DECIMUS MAGNUS †c. 390 BABRIUS (see Rutherford, Babrius, Intr. ch. i.) (some say 50?) c. 225 BARNABAS, Epistle written c. 100? Baruch, Apocryphal Book of c. 75? Basilica, the4 c. 900 BASIL THE GREAT, Bp. of Caesarea †379 BASIL of Seleucia 450 Bel and the Dragon 2nd cent.? BION 200 CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS †March 15, 44 CALLIMACHUS 260 Canons and Constitutions, Apostolic 3rd and 4th cent.
    [Show full text]