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MACEDONIAN - the EUROPEAN MOTHER TONGUE with Dictionary Basil Chulev MACEDONIAN - THE EUROPEAN MOTHER TONGUE with dictionary <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> Basil Chulev MACEDONIAN - THE EUROPEAN MOTHER TONGUE with comparative dictionary of archaic and ancient words still present in today Macedonian language The all-inclusive PIE substratum of Pelasgo-Proto-Macedonic, i.e. Nashinski (Lat. Nostratic), Hittite Nashili, and its 10-15,000 years old continuum explained through etymological phonologies cited from various sources, studies, and direct link-citations frоm available published and online dictionaries and lexicons MMXVIII Macedonia The intention of this ѕtudy and the following dictionary is to provide simple and easy to understand review of different aspects and periods from the Macedonian language history and its uninterrupted continuity until now. It avoids detailed linguistic explanations that consider the wider historical background of the concepts and methodologies mentioned below, and it is written primarily for those approaching the topic for the first time. It also avoids complex phonological and grammatical comments or insightful footnotes on the citations from the sources. The given explanatory notes are prevalently etymological or lexicographical, free of western Eurocentric political-biased theories. Examples of how one and the same mislead is used or not to explain the continuity flow of the Macedonic languages are shown on the page 16, and further in the very dictionary below, in function to expose and debunk the western Eurocentric hotchpotch linguistics. The introduction comprises the early periods of Macedonian linguistic history and presents a brief overall retrospective of the Macedonian language prehistoric roots and its evolution. The time-frame elaborated as a main theme ranges from the beginning of the 3rd millennium BCE, across the establishing of the kingdom of Macedon in 9th-7th century BCE, until today. The interpretations given here are meant to enhance our understanding and appreciation of the continuity of Macedonic language, which was a communication medium of the prehistoric, ancient, medieval, and today world. Most of the presented clues are focused strictly on the Macedonian aspects of the idiom in question, disregarding the wider socio-political perspective and the modern political-tribes of the last centuries. All the dates and references to centuries are ―BCE‖ and ―AD‖. Throughout this essay, Macedonia/Macedonians generally refer to the area of the Macedonian Peninsula mainland north of Mount Olymp, south and east of the Mount Shar (Lat. Scardus) and west of the Rhodope Mountains. Macedonian Peninsula refers to what is called ―Balkans‖ as of the 19th century, occupying the part of southeastern Europe that lies south of the Danube and Sava rivers and forms a peninsula bounded by the Adriatic and Ionian seas in the west, the Aegean and Black seas in the east, and the Mediterranean Sea in the south. Latinized/anglicized terms/names are given in parenthesis, some names and technical terms are transliterated and these will be obvious when they appear. All terms and titles (e.g. Iliad/Ilion, Odyssey/Odi-sé, etc.) have been transliterated as much as possible directly from their original ancient forms: thus Macedonic and Nashinski rather than Latin Slavic and Nostratic. The terminology and concepts that are modern inventions (like 'Hellenistic' or 'Greek') are altogether avoided. Such empirically wrong terms used by modern historiography were unknown to the ancient world, and their continued use perpetuates misleading assumptions. Thus original ―Koine‖ rather than Latin ―Greek‖. The modern-historiography 'privileged moments' are largely avoided too. For historians today one such a privileged moment (of places and monuments as 'clasical') is 'Clasical Athens', the Athens of the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. But when and why it is so regarded? Was 'Clasical Athens regarded as 'Clasical' already in antiquity? By whom? The definitions, current meanings and related concepts of the words in English are taken from the Oxford American Dictionary & Thesaurus (Mac OsX version 1.0.2 PowerPC), Етуmonline.com, and/or Meriam-Webster online dictionary. For the words in Macedonian are used the online ENCYCLOPÆDIA MACEDONICA / MAKEDONSKA ENCIKLOPEDIJA Vol. 1 & 2, makedonski.info, off.net, and Idividi online Macedonian dictionaries. “Before Latin, there is a period which „Greek ‟ and „Slavic‟1 share in common. So this involves the history of language families, as and when relevant.” - Ferdinand de Saussure 1 The only misleading oxymoron of this otherwise brilliant sentence – before Latin there was no such a thing as ―Greek‖ or ―Slavic‖ invented yet! Both terms are post factum Latin exonyms, introduced by Romans, long after the period which F. de Saussure describes. It should‘ve been writen ‗Koine‘ and ‗Macedonic‘ instead. ΜΑΚΔΓONIC List of abbreviations: BCE – Before the Common Era NIE – Non-Indo-European PIE – Proto-Indo-European IE – Indo-European Lat. – Latin Mkd. – Macedonian Am – Amerias (Macedonian lexicographer and scholar 300 BCE)2 Br – Brygian/Phrygian Ba – Basque Co – Coptic Ep – Epirotic Ет – Etruscan/Tuscan/Rasena Ho – Homeric OCM – Old Church Macedonic SCD – Serbo-Croatian Dialects Pa – Paionian PB – Proto-Byblian/Minoan Pe – Pelasgian PPM – Pelasgo-Proto-Macedonic Su – Suda lexicon Tr – Thracian3 2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerias 3 On difference from ―Brygian‖, ―Macedonian‖, ―Paionian‖ or ―Pelasgian‖, the ―Thracian‖ isn‘t a proper ethnonym. The (multiuse) term Thracia used by ancient authors, as well as their modern counterparts, traced the territory of 'Thracia' totally differently, depending on whether they referred to ethnic or political boundaries. They differ from source to source. As a geographical name its etymological meaning was ―the land‖ or ―the coast‖. This can be seen from Hecataeus [Hec., ap. Steph. Byz., s.v. Darsioi: ethnon Thrakion (‗Daorsoi‘) were living on the left bank of the river Neretva to the Adriatic cost in Dalmatia]. Apollodorus also used the term ‗Thrakes‘ for ‗Histri‘ on the Histrian Peninsula (Istra in today‘s Croatia). These two examples evidenced that the designation ―Thracian‖ (same like Latin ―Illyrian‖) had no obvious ethnic connotations, but it precisely meant ―a tract of land‖ and should be translated as ―Landers‖, ―Inland tribe‖ or ―Coastal tribe‖, i.e. any tribe living on some transitional zone of land or near the coast. This interpretation can be emphasised by data from Erodot (Lat. Herodotus,VII.185) who describes the Thessalian tribes as ―those Thracians living on the Thessalian Coast along the sea‖. It was very well known to Herodotus‘ audience that the Thessalians are not ‗Thracians‘ in ethnical sense. Tn – toponyms En – ethnonyms Most common Betacisms (phonetic mutations), Rhotacisms (sound changes)4, and Consonant Mutations: /A/ → [O] and/or /O/ → [A]5 umlaut /β/ (Vita) → [B] (Beta) i.e. /V/ → [B]; thus /Bo/ → [Vo] 6 and/or /Vol/ → [Bull] (example: Lavoro/Labor)7 /Gh/ → [D] and /D/ → [Z] /L/ → [R] (a change evolved probably around 3rd century BCE; the letter ‗R‘ is still ostensibly absent in Chinese; examples: Rex/Lex, Glaven/Govern/Gobernare) /K/ → [C (Ts)] and /C/ → [Ch] (example: Caesar/Kaiser/Tsar) /S/ → [H] (examples: Sedos/Hédos8, Sellen/Hellen, Serpe/Herpe9, Tyrsenian/Tyrhenian) A particular emphasis must be underlined on the everpresent metathesis! For example: The Macedonian root word ―Ramo‖ - ‗arm, lateral extremity‘10, via Latin ―Ramus‖ - ‗branch‘, until anglicized ―Rami(fied)‖11, and through metathesis is also the root word for ―Arm, armature‖, etc. ―On the Names of Thracia and Eastern Macedonia‖, ΚΡΑΣΙ΢ΣΟ΢, Сборник в чест на професор Петър Делев, София, 2017, рp. 75-82 N. Proeva 2017. Linear B ethnonyms and toponyms from the Knossos tablets with a reference to localities on the Aegean mainland also tell us the same. For example: ―Ra-ma-na-de‖ - ‗to Rhamnous (in Attica)‘, meaning ‗flat‘ in plain Macedonian: http://www.makedonski.info/search/ramno ; ―O-du- ru-wi-jo‖ - ‗the Odrysian (Macedonic tribe inhabiting the hinterland of Thebes in Boeotia during the earlier part of the Late Bronze Age)‘, etc. 4 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacism, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhotacism_(sound_change), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_change 5 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut 6 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_mutation#Hebrew, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_mutation#Latvian 7 https://www.etimo.it/?term=lavoro&find=Cerca , https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=labor 8 in Homer's Iliad (5. 360, 367) the Mt. Olymp is called athanátōn hédos - ‗immortals seat‘, thus confirming the S-H change: https://bifrost.it/ELLENI/Fonti/Homeros_Ilias-05.html, https://mudrac.ffzg.hr/~rmatasov/PIE%20Religion.pdf 9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpetoculture#Etymology , https://www.wordreference.com/definition/serpent 10 http://www.makedonski.info/search/ramo 11 https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=ramify Contents: Introduction …………………………………………...….……………...………...…… 13 Proto-Indo-European languages – collateral victim between the national and segregational Pangermanic, Panslavonic, and other Eurocentric policies ….…......…… 21 Comparing the ―books‖, ―trees‖, ―sees‖ and other root words ………………………… 27 Macedonians from Pela and Pelasgians from Macedonia; Ma-kedo-nes (Ma-child-ren) …………………………………………………………………………………………... 41 European Mother Tongue
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