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American Enterprise in the 19Th Century
ANTH318 Nautical Archaeology of the Americas Class 24 th American Enterprise in the 19 Century Introduction During the 1800s, millions of Europeans made the New World their new homeland, and brought the technological revolution going on in Europe to America. In the beginning of the century, immigrants sailed in wooden ships that would take from 4 to 12 weeks to cover the distance between the two continents. By the end of the century, there were regular packet lines, and immense steam ships covered that distance in 5 days. Transatlantic telegraphic cables provided almost instantaneous inter-continental communications. During this time, the American merchant fleet sailed all the world's seas in search of new markets and products. Importing pepper, tea, silk, coffee, porcelain, fur, leather, wood, ivory, spices, iron, textiles, gum copal, and slaves, and exporting fish, lumber, textiles and leather goods, American ships crossed all the seas and helped to complete mapping the planet. The New England whaling fleet discovered more than 400 islands in the Pacific Ocean. Centered in New England in the beginning of the century, the American shipbuilding industry gained such a fine reputation that ships would be purchased with their cargo in foreign ports. Coastal trade During the 18th century, the coastal trade was carried on by sloops, ketches, and small square-rigged vessels. In the 19th century this trade, and some of the long sea trade, would be carried on two- masted schooners. The fore-and-aft rig was more weatherly, allowing better sailing angles into the wind, and required smaller crews since the sails were operated from the deck rather than aloft. -
Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness" in Our Constitutional Jurisprudence: an Exercise in Legal History
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal Volume 20 (2011-2012) Issue 2 Article 4 December 2011 Restoring "Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness" in Our Constitutional Jurisprudence: An Exercise in Legal History Patrick J. Charles Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmborj Part of the Legal History Commons Repository Citation Patrick J. Charles, Restoring "Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness" in Our Constitutional Jurisprudence: An Exercise in Legal History, 20 Wm. & Mary Bill Rts. J. 457 (2011), https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmborj/vol20/iss2/4 Copyright c 2011 by the authors. This article is brought to you by the William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmborj RESTORING “LIFE, LIBERTY, AND THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS” IN OUR CONSTITUTIONAL JURISPRUDENCE: AN EXERCISE IN LEGAL HISTORY Patrick J. Charles* INTRODUCTION .................................................458 I. PLACING THE DECLARATION IN LEGAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT .....461 II. A BRIEF HISTORIOGRAPHY OF “LIFE, LIBERTY, AND THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS” AS A MATTER OF LEGAL THOUGHT, WITH A FOCUS ON “HAPPINESS” ...............................................470 III. PLACING THE INTERRELATIONSHIP OF “LIFE, LIBERTY, AND THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS” IN THE CONTEXT OF AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONALISM ...477 A. Restoring the True Meaning of the Preservation of “Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness” in Constitutional Thought .............481 B. “Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness” and the Embodiment of the Representative Government ..............................490 C. Eighteenth-Century Legal Thought and the Constitutional Theory Behind Preservation of “Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness” ......502 IV. APPLYING THE PRESERVATION OF “LIFE, LIBERTY, AND THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS” TO MODERN CONSTITUTIONALISM .....................517 CONCLUSION—OUR HAPPY CONSTITUTION ...........................523 * Patrick J. -
The Wreck of the USS ESSEX
xMN History Text 55/3 rev.2 8/20/07 11:15 AM Page 94 The USS Essex, 1904, aground on a shoal at Toledo, Ohio MH 55-3 Fall 96.pdf 4 8/20/07 12:25:36 PM xMN History Text 55/3 rev.2 8/20/07 11:15 AM Page 95 THE WRECK OF THE • USS ESSEX• THE FABRIC OF HISTORY is woven with words and places and with artifacts. While the former provide pattern, the latter give texture. Objects that directly link people to historical events allow us to touch the past. Some are very personal connections between indi- viduals and their ancestors. Others are the touch- stones of our collective memory. Buried in the sand of Lake Superior is the USS ESSEX, an artifact of the nation’s maritime past. A mid- nineteenth-century sloop of war designed by one of America’s foremost naval architects, Donald McKay, the ESSEX traveled around the world and ultimately came to rest on Duluth’s Minnesota Point, about as far from the ocean as a vessel can get. The timbers of the SCOTT F. ANFINSON Scott Anfinson is the archaeologist for the Minnesota Historical Society’s State Historic Preservation Office. He received a Master’s degree in anthropology from the University of Nebraska in 1977 and a Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of Minnesota in 1987. Besides directing the Minnesota Shipwreck Initiative, his research interests focus on the American Indian archaeology of southwestern Minnesota and the history of the Minneapolis riverfront. MH 55-3 Fall 96.pdf 5 8/20/07 12:25:37 PM xMN History Text 55/3 rev.2 8/20/07 11:15 AM Page 96 ern part of the state. -
Judicial Bookshelf D
Journal of Supreme Court History SUPREME COURT HISTORICAL SOCIETY WARREN E. BURGER Chief Justice 1969-1986 Journal of Supreme Court History PUBLICA TIONS COMMITTEE E. Barrett Prettyman, Jr. Chairman Donald B. Ayer Louis R. Cohen Charles Cooper Kenneth S. Geller James J. Kilpatrick Melvin I. Urofsky BOARD OF EDITORS Melvin I. U rofsky, Chairman HennanBelz Craig Joyce David O'Brien David J. Bodenhamer Laura Kalman Michael Parrish Kermit Hall MaevaMarcus Philippa Strum MANAGING EDITOR Clare Cushman CONSULTING EDITORS Kathleen Shurtleff Patricia R. Evans James J. Kilpatrick Jennifer M. Lowe DavidT.Pride Supreme Court Historical Society Board of Trustees Honorary Chairman William H. Rehnquist Honorary Trustees Harry A. Blackmun Byron R. White Chairman President DwightD.Opperman Leon Silverman Vice Presidents Vincente. Burke,lr. Frank e. Jones Dorothy Tapper Goldman E. Barrett Prettyman, Jr. Secretary Treasurer Virginia Warren Daly Sheldon S. Cohen Trustees George R. Adams KennethS. Geller Stephen W. Nealon Victor Battaglia FrankB. Gilbert Gordon O. Pehrson Helman Belz John D. Gordan III Leon Polsky Barbara A. Black Geoffreye. Hazard, Jr. Charles B. Renfrew HugoL. Black,lr. Judith Ri chards Hope Wi II iamB radford Reynolds Vera Brown Ruth lnsel John R. Ri sher, Jr. Wade Burger WilliamE. Jackson Harvey Ri shikof Patricia Dwinnell Butler Robb M. Jones WilliamP. Rogers Benjamin R. Ci viletti JamesJ. Kilpatrick Jonathan e. Rose Andrew M. Coats Peter A. Knowles Jerold S. Solovy William T. Coleman, Jr. Philip Allen Lacovara Kenneth Starr F. Elwood Davis Ralph l. Lancaster, Jr. Cathleen Douglas Stone George Didden III JeromeB. Libin Agnes N. Williams Charlton Dietz Maureen E. Mahoney W. -
Dilemma of the American Lawyer in the Post-Revolutionary Era, 35 Notre Dame L
Notre Dame Law Review Volume 35 | Issue 1 Article 2 12-1-1959 Dilemma of the American Lawyer in the Post- Revolutionary Era Anton-Hermann Chroust Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Anton-Hermann Chroust, Dilemma of the American Lawyer in the Post-Revolutionary Era, 35 Notre Dame L. Rev. 48 (1959). Available at: http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol35/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by NDLScholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Notre Dame Law Review by an authorized administrator of NDLScholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE DILEMMA OF THE AMERICAN LAWYER IN THE POST-REVOLUTIONARY ERA Anton-Hermann Chroust* On the eve of the Revolution the legal profession in the American colonies,' in the main, had achieved both distinction and recognition. It had come to enjoy the respect as well as the confidence of the people at large. This is borne out, for instance, by the fact that twenty-five of the fifty-six signers of the Declaration of Independence, and thirty-one of the fifty-five members of the Constitutional Convention were lawyers. Of the thirty-one lawyers who attended the Constitutional Convention, no less than five had studied law in England.2 The American Revolution itself, directly and indirectly, affected the legal profession in a variety of ways. First, the profession itself lost a considerable number of its most prominent members; secondly, a bitter antipathy against the lawyer as a class soon made itself felt throughout the country; thirdly, a strong dislike of everything English, including the English common law became wide- spread; and fourthly, the lack of a distinct body of American law as well as the absence of American law reports and law books for a while made the administra- tion of justice extremely difficult and haphazard. -
Senate the Senate Met at 9:31 A.M
E PL UR UM IB N U U S Congressional Record United States th of America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 106 CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION Vol. 146 WASHINGTON, TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 2000 No. 106 Senate The Senate met at 9:31 a.m. and was PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE few words prior to the voice vote on his called to order by the President pro The Honorable CHUCK HAGEL, a Sen- amendment. But I think it would be tempore [Mr. THURMOND]. ator from the State of Nebraska, led appropriate that the Senate be advised the Pledge of Allegiance, as follows: that there likely will not be a recorded vote at 10 o’clock this morning, so Sen- PRAYER I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Repub- ators should be about their other busi- The Chaplain, Dr. Lloyd John lic for which it stands, one nation under God, ness. Ogilvie, offered the following prayer: indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. I also say to the acting leader, we hope those who are managing the var- Almighty God, Sovereign of this Na- f ious appropriations bills that have tion, as You guided our Founding Fa- RECOGNITION OF THE ACTING MAJORITY LEADER passed the Senate and have passed the thers to establish the separation of House would do whatever they can to church and state to protect the church The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. get the conference process underway. from the intrusion of government, VOINOVICH). The acting majority We have a tremendous amount of work rather than the intrusion of the church leader. -
Vermont History and Was in the Habit of Taking Copies of Important Documents As They Came to His Notice
tn Proceedings of the 1903-1904 With Hmetided Constitution, and Cist of members. President's Address: Che Recent Discovery and Recovery of the Original Records of tt)e early Uertnont Conventions. Paper: Commodore Cbontas Oon. Charles fi. Darlina. Paper: "Soldiers of the Revolutionary Olar Buried in Uermont, and Jlnecdotes and incidents Relating to Some of Cbcm," Olalter If. Crockett. Olitb Cists of Revolutionary Soldiers Buried in Uer* mont* BURUNGTON : PRESS ASSOCIATION 1905. Y r TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page Joint Resolution of Legislature 4 Act amending Charter > 5 7 List of Officers, 1904-5 Standing Committees 8 List of Active Members ,. .. .. 8 Corresponding and Honorary Members 14 Constitution as amended 15 By-Laws as amended 16 Proceedings, 1903 21 Proceedings, 1904 27 Report of Managers, 1904 < 28 Necrology 38 Recovery of Fay Records 49 Address, "Thomas McDonough" 57 Paper, "Soldiers of the Revolutionary War Buried in Ver- >. ., 91 mont" / Appendix 107 General Assembly of the State of Vermont JOINT RESOLUTION. Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives: That the Clerk of the House of Representatives be directed to procure the printing of fifteen hundred (1500) copies of the Proceedings of the annual meetings of the Vermont Historical Society, October 20, 1903 and October 1 8, 1904, and of the adjourned annual meeting of said so- ciety, October 27, 1904, including the paper read in the hall of the House of Representatives by the Hon. Charles H. Darling, Assistant Secretary of the U. S. Navy, on "Com- modore Thomas Macdonough," -
Life on Board A.Merican Clipper Ships
-vC %g Lifeon Board A.merican Clipper Ships byCharles R. Schultz PublishedbyTexas AbM UniversitySea Grant College Program Co~ght@ 1983 by TexasA&M UnioersitySea Grant CollegeProgram TAMU-SG-83-40? 3M January1983 NA81AA-D00092 ET/C-31 Additionalcopies available from: Marine InformationService SeaGrant CollegeProgram TexasA&M University CollegeStation, Texas 77843-4115 $1.00 Dr. CharlesR, Schuitz,whose interest in maritime history has been the impetusfor consider- able researchin thisfi eld, urn Keeperof kfanuscripts and Librarian at hfysticSeaport in Con- necticut for eightyears before he was appointed UniversityArchivist at TexasASM Universityin 1971. Virtually Irom the beginning of shipbuilding in Ameri- to be referredto as"Baltimore clippers," ca,American ship builders have been able to construct Bythe mid 19thCentury a numberof thingshad hap- fastsailing vessels, American craftsmen have consistently penedthat made the famous American clipper ships pos- demonstratedthe abilityto learnfrom eachother, as well sible. When the Black Ball Line wis established in 1818 astheir foreigncounterparts. They have done remarkably and set a regularschedule for packet ships sailing be- well in choosingonly the bestdesign attributes of those tween New York and Europe, it quickly took over the from whom theyhave copied. The developmentof the profitable passengertrafFic and much of the most lucra- famousclipper ships during the 1850's exemplifies the tive lreightbusiness on the NorthAtlantic, It quicklybe- apexof suchdevelopments. cameclear that the fastestships would attractthe most Duringthe colonialperiod of U.S.history, American passengersas weil asthe freightwhich paidthe highest merchantsand their shipswere legallybarred Irom most rates.This created a demandfor shipswhich could sail of thelucrative trades. The only way they could operate fasterthan those which had been built in previous in somegeographical areas or tradein sometypes of decades. -
The Development of the Clipper Ship 49
1929.] The Development of the Clipper Ship 49 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CLIPPER SHIP BY CHABLES E. PARK T HAS been said that during the fifteen or twenty I years which came exactly in the middle of the 19th Century, America was the mistress of the seas. If such a statement means that the American fiag was to be seen in every port of the world, that American bottoms commanded the highest freight rates, that American vessels held all records for speed, that American ships were unexcelled in size, in beauty, and in seaworthy qualities, and that American captains were unequalled in skill and daring, the statement is a true one. The type of vessel by means of which this suprem- acy on the ocean was attained is known as the Clipper Ship. That designation must be understood as a technical one. A clipper is a vessel designed for speed at the expense of carrying capacity, such design taking the form of sharpness and slenderness of hull with clean, fiowing, graceful lines that offer the least possible resistance to the water at the bows, that create the least possible drag or inrush of water under the stern, and that create the smallest possible wake or swell as the vessel moves ahead. In other words, a clipper is a vessel so carefully designed as to move through the water with the least possible commotion, hence with the greatest ease. A ship is a vessel rigged with three masts, and with square sails on each mast. This rig at the time of which we are speaking was considered the standard rig for ocean going vessels. -
The Marine Sale Marine The
Wednesday 5 October 2016 Wednesday Knightsbridge, London THE MARINE SALE THE MARINE SALE | Knightsbridge, London | Wednesday 5 October 2016 23272 Bonhams 1793 Limited Bonhams 1793 Ltd Directors Bonhams UK Ltd Directors Registered No. 4326560 Robert Brooks Co-Chairman, Colin Sheaf Chairman, Gordon McFarlan, Andrew McKenzie, Registered Office: Montpelier Galleries Malcolm Barber Co-Chairman, Harvey Cammell Deputy Chairman, Simon Mitchell, Jeff Muse, Mike Neill, Montpelier Street, London SW7 1HH Colin Sheaf Deputy Chairman, Jonathan Baddeley, Antony Bennett, Charlie O’Brien, Giles Peppiatt, Peter Rees, Matthew Girling CEO, Matthew Bradbury, Lucinda Bredin, Simon Cottle, John Sandon, Tim Schofield, Veronique Scorer, +44 (0) 20 7393 3900 Patrick Meade Group Vice Chairman, Andrew Currie, Paul Davidson, Jean Ghika, James Stratton, Ralph Taylor, Charlie Thomas, +44 (0) 20 7393 3905 fax Geoffrey Davies, James Knight, Charles Graham-Campbell, Miranda Leslie, Shahin Virani, David Williams, Caroline Oliphant. Matthew Haley, Richard Harvey, Robin Hereford, Michael Wynell-Mayow, Suzannah Yip. Asaph Hyman, David Johnson, Charles Lanning, THE MARINE SALE Wednesday 5 October 2016 at 2pm Knightsbridge, London BONHAMS ENQUIRIES Please see page 2 for bidder IMPORTANT INFORMATION Montpelier Street information including after-sale In February 2014 the United Knightsbridge Pictures collection and shipment States Government announced London SW7 1HH Rhyanon Demery the intention to ban the import www.bonhams.com (Head of Sale) Please see back of catalogue of any ivory into the USA. Lots +44 (0) 20 7393 3865 for important notice to bidders containing ivory are indicated by VIEWING [email protected] the symbol Ф printed beside the Sunday 2 October ILLUSTRATIONS Lot number in this catalogue. -
Information Resources for Adjuvants and Antibody Production: Comparisons and Alternative Technologies 1990 - 1998
NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL LIBRARY ARCHIVED FILE Archived files are provided for reference purposes only. The file was current when produced but is no longer maintained and may now be outdated. Content may not appear in its original format. For additional information, see http://pubs.nal.usda.gov. Information Resources for Adjuvants and Antibody Production: Comparisons and Alternative Technologies 1990 - 1998 Slightly Revised 2003 [ AWIC Home ] [ Overview of Adjuvants ] [ Adjuvants Bibliography ] [ ECVAM Workshop ] [ Production Bibliography ] [ Guidelines and Policies ] [ Books & Proceedings ] [ Companies & Institutes ] [ Websites ] [ Organizations ] Published by: Editors: United States Department of Agriculture Cynthia Petrie Smith, M.S. Agricultural Research Service D'Anna Jensen, B.S. National Agricultural Library Tim Allen, M.S. Animal Welfare Information Center Michael Kreger, M.S. 10301 Baltimore Avenue Beltsville, Maryland 20705 Telephone: 301-504-6212 Fax: 301-504-7125 E-mail: [email protected] Published in cooperation with the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine. Articles contributed by: W.C. Hanly, University of Illinois, USA B.Taylor Bennett, University of Illinois, USA James E. Artwohl, University of Illinois, USA Uwe Marx, University of Leipzig, Germany M. Jim Embleton, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, UK René Fischer, ETH-Zentrum, Switzerland Franz P. Gruber, FFVFF, Switzerland Ulrika Hansson, Swedish Fund for Research without Animal Experiments, Sweden Joachim Heuer, ZEBET, Germany Wim A. de Leeuw, Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sport, The Netherlands Ton Logtenberg,, University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands Wolfram Merz, INTEGRA Biosciences GmbH, Germany Daniel Portetelle, Faculty of Agronomy, Gembloux, Belguim John-Louis Romette, Université de la Méditerranée, France Donald W. Straughan, FRAME, UK Publication Information: AWIC Resource Series, No. -
Annual Larports East T'll-Longmrabow
annual lArports of Cl4r Offirrrs Of t4v Town of East T'll-longmrabow 31ttnuarg (first to Ueremher irr4irtg-first inetPPlt Httlt rFal iftFen Annual Reports OF THE Town Clerk, Treasurer, SELECTMEN, School Committee AND OTHER OFFICERS OF TIIE Town of East Longmeadow, January 1 to December 31, 1915. Springfield, Mass.: Cyrus W. Atwood, Printer. r 9 6. Town; Of Ecers. CLERK AND TREASURER. 0. Louis WOLCOTT SELECTMEN AND OVERSEERS OF THE POOR. FRANK C. BURTON, Chairman CHARLES L. COOLEY WALTFR M. FORSYTH ASSESSORS. 0. LOUIS WOLCOTT ( 1910. MERVIN H. PEASE ( 1917) JAMES H. RANKIN.( 1918) SCHOOL COMMITTEE. GEORGE H. WHEELER, Secretary ( 1916) MERVIN H. PEASE ( 1918) HENRY S. ASHLEY ( 191 T) TRUSTEES OF TOWN LIBRARY. MRS. MARY E. HuNN ( 1917) LAURENCE C. DAVIS ( 1916) MRS. MARY B. BURT ( 1918) WATER COMMISSIONERS. FRANK C. BURTON ( 1917) FRANK H. WHITAKER ( 1916) ARTHUR N. LONGEWAY ( 1918) COLLECTOR OF TAXES GEORGE F. KIBBE r ' FINANCE COMMITTEE EDWARD M. BURT WINSLOW S. CHAMI' LI\ EDn'A,RD E. ELLIS FRANK B. BURTON, Representing the Selectmen FRANK II. WHITAKER, Representing the Water Commission HENRY S. ASHLEY, Representing the School Committee 0. Louis WOLCOTT, Town Treasurer ACCOUNTANT 0. Louis- WOLCOTT 4 AUDITORS: EDWARD M. BURT JA) fES C. ROBBIE CONSTABLES. FRANK L. GOODRICH JAMES T. DONNELLY INSPECTOR. OF ANIMALS.. HERMAN W.- KING SLAUGHTER HOUSE INSPECTORS. GEORGE S. WOOD LUCIUS H. PRENTICE ' POUND KEEPER: . ASHER MARK•HAM° FENCE ' VIEWERS. SELECTMEN SEALER: OF WEIGHTS; AND M'EASUIIES. AND INSPECTOR OF COAL. HENRY S. ASHLEY SURVEYOR OF WOOD1 AND LUMBER. W. S. CHAMPLIN PUBLIC WEIGHERS. JOHN- F. WHITAKER F. H.