Index

AA see aplastic anaemia adenosine deaminase (ADA) 423 AAA see abdominal aortic aneurysm adipocytes 73, 82 AATD see α1‐antitrypsin deficiency ADPKD see autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease abatacept 436, 451 adrenal crisis 72, 80 abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) 1, 13 adrenal incidentaloma 72, 80 ABG see arterial blood gas adrenaline autoinjectors 223, 228 ABMR see antibody‐mediated rejection adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 73, 82–83 ABPA see allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis adult T‐cell lymphoma (ATL) 239, 249 ACD see angioedema of chronic disease advance care planning 36, 47, 361, 365 ACE inhibitors, angioedema 223, 228 advanced adenocarcinoma of the lung 271, 279–280 acetylcholine receptor antibodies 337, 351 adverse effects acid‐base homeostasis, kidney function 307, 325 antidepressant cessation 291, 298 acromegaly 71, 79 chemotherapy 272–273, 285–286 ACS see acute coronary syndrome lithium 292, 301, 305, 320 ACTH see adrenocorticotropic hormone psychotropic medications 292, 301 activated protein C 193, 219 vancomycin 374, 392 acute coronary syndrome (ACS) 215 see also polypharmacy; toxicology acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP) 394–395, 415 adynamic bone disease (ADB) 302, 313 acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis 62, 69 AEP see acute eosinophilic pneumonia acute HIV infections 238–239, 248–249 AF see atrial fibrillation acute intermittent porphyria 66 ageing acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) 302–303, 313–314 normal physiological changes 141, 151–152 acute kidney injury (AKI) 37, 49–50, 303, 314 pharmacology 368, 376 acute metabolic acidosis 459, 465 age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) 141, 152 acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) 197, 221, 270, 276–277 AIH see amiodarone‐induced hypothyroidism acute myocardial infarction (AMI) 142, 154 AIHA see autoimmune haemolytic anaemia acute myocarditis 145, 162 AIN see acute interstitial nephritis acute necrotising pancreatitis (ANP) 107–108, 119 AKI see acute kidney injury acute pancreatitis 107–108, 118–119 AL see light chain amyloidosis acute post‐streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) 302, 312 alcohol acute pulmonary oedema (APO) 404, 425 oxidative metabolism 141, 153 acute red eye 141, 151 withdrawal syndrome 141–142, 153 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 34, 43 Alirocumab 6, 23 acute rheumatic fever (ARF) 7, 26 allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) 394–395, 401, acute severe asthma 42, 55 407, 415, 424, 427 acute vertebral osteomyelitis 241, 256 allergies 223–236 acyclovir 369, 381 adrenaline autoinjectors 223, 228 AD see Alzheimer’s disease amoxicillin 223, 228–229 ADA see adenosine deaminase COPYRIGHTEDanaphylaxis MATERIAL 223, 224, 225, 228, 231, 233–234 adaptive immunity, antibody production 223, 229 hereditary angioedema 224, 231 ADB see adynamic bone disease penicillin 225, 228, 232 addiction medicine 368–392 systemic mastocytosis 225, 233 cocaine overdose 375, 392 allopurinol 369, 381 opioid use disorder 371–372, 384–385 alpha 1‐antitrypsin deficiency 173, 182 see also pharmacology alpha methyldopa 369, 381 Addison’s disease 369, 380 Alport’s syndrome 309, 330–331 adenoma, pituitary 75–76, 90–91 alveolar proteinosis (AP) 407, 428

How to Pass the FRACP Written Examination, First Edition. Jonathan Gleadle, Jordan Li, Danielle Wu, and Paul Kleinig. © 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2022 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD), pharmacologic therapies 369, 379 aortic valve area (AVA), stenosis 2, 15 AMD see age‐related macular degeneration AP see alveolar proteinosis amiodarone, pulmonary side effects 393, 409–410 aplastic anaemia (AA) 185, 200–201 amiodarone‐induced hypothyroidism (AIH) 72, 81 apoptosis AML see acute myeloid leukaemia BCL‐2 family proteins 185, 201 amlodipine 369, 381 morphologic/biochemical changes 458, 461 amoebiasis 148, 167 programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) 271, 281 amoxicillin, allergies 223, 228–229 APS see antiphospholipid syndrome; autoimmune polyendocrine ampicillin elimination 368, 376 syndrome amyloidosis, cardiac 3, 16–17 APSGN see acute post‐streptococcal glomerulonephritis amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) 337, 350 ARDS see acute respiratory distress syndrome ANA see antinuclear antibodies ARF see acute rheumatic fever anaemia arithmetic mean 97, 100 aplastic 185, 200–201 artemisinin‐based combination therapy (ACT) 251 autoimmune haemolytic 184, 199–200 arterial blood gas (ABG) 401–402, 424–425 microcytic 194, 220–221 arteries, transposition 12, 32–33 pernicious 189–190, 212 artesunate 239–240, 251 anaemia of chronic disease (ACD) 187, 206 arthritis anaphylaxis crystal 431, 444–445 adrenaline autoinjectors 223, 228 psoriatic 436, 450 food‐dependent, exercise‐induced 224, 231 reactive 436, 450–451 systemic mastocytosis 225, 233 rheumatoid 433, 436–437, 446, 451–452 tryptase levels 225, 233–234 septic 431–432, 444–445 vancomycin 392 AS see ankylosing spondylitis; aortic stenosis aneurysm, abdominal aortic 1, 13 ASB see asymptomatic bacteriuria Angelman syndrome 171, 178–179 asbestos exposure 397, 421–422 angina, nitrate tolerance 371, 383 ascertainment bias 97, 101–102 angiogenesis, cancer 269, 274 ascites 108, 119–120 angioedema, ACE inhibitors 223, 228 ASCT see autologous stem‐cell transplantation ankylosing spondylitis (AS) 430, 442–443 ASD see atrial septal defect ANP see acute necrotising pancreatitis aspiration pneumonia 403, 425 anthracycline cardiomyopathy 2, 14 aspirin, preeclampsia 263, 266–267 antibacterial agents ASSD see antisynthetase syndrome mechanisms of action 242, 258–259 asthma see also individual drugs... monoclonal antibodies 393, 410–411 antibody‐mediated rejection (ABMR) 223, 229, 303, omalizumab 393, 410–411 314–315 pregnancy 262, 264 antibody production 223, 229 severe 38, 42, 50–51, 55 anticholinergic medicines treatment measures 393, 410 elderly patients 368, 371, 376–377, 384 asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) 146, 165 toxicity 371, 384 ATL see adult T‐cell lymphoma anticonvulsant medications 340, 357 atrial fibrillation (AF) 1, 2, 13–14, 15 antidepressants atrial septal defect (ASD) 12, 32 adverse events on cessation 291, 298 attack rate 98, 105 mechanisms of action 292, 300–301 ATTR see transthyretin amyloidosis antifungal agents 237, 245 atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS) 196, 221 anti‐GBM disease see anti‐glomerular basement membrane auditory cortex 458, 461 disease autoantibodies anti‐glomerular basement membrane (anti‐GBM) associated conditions 438–440, 454–455 disease 303–304, 315 neurological effects 227, 236 anti‐microbial resistance mechanisms 242–243, 259–260 autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) 184, 199–200 antinuclear antibodies (ANA) 430, 443 autoimmune (Hashimoto’s) thyroiditis 76, 92–93 antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) 204, 262, 264, 430, 442 autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) 108, 120 antisynthetase syndrome (ASSD) 453 autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS) 72, 81–82 antithrombotic therapy 2, 15 autoinfection, strongyloidiasis 241, 254–255 α1‐antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) 393, 409 autologous stem‐cell transplantation (ASCT) 206 antivirals, mechanisms of action 243, 260 autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and aortic stenosis (AS) 2, 8, 14–15, 28 leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) 341–342, 358

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autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) 302, Paget’s disease 75, 87–88 312–313 radioisotope scans 143, 154 AVA see aortic valve area see also rheumatology avascular necrosis (AVN) 430, 443 bone turnover markers (BTMs) 431, 444 averages 97, 100 BPD see biliopancreatic diversion AVN see avascular necrosis BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations 269, 275 azathioprine 107, 119 breast cancer, BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations 269, 275 azithromycin 53, 368, 374, 377, 391 brentuximab vedotin (BV) 206 azoles 237, 245 brigatinib 273, 287 Broca’s area 341, 359 Bacillus Calmete‐Guerin (BCG) vaccine 226, 235 bronchial artery embolism (BAE) 395, 416 back pain 144–145, 161 bronchiectasis 394, 411 metastatic compression 271, 278–279 brown fat 73, 82 bacterial overgrowth, small bowel 116, 138 Brugada syndrome (BS) 2–3, 16 BAE see bronchial artery embolism brush border microvilli 109, 121 bariatric surgery, metabolic/nutritional complications 77–78, BS see Brugada syndrome 95–96 BTMs see bone turnover markers Barrett’s oesophagus (BO) 108–109, 121 Budd–Chiari syndrome 189, 211 basal cell carcinoma (BCC) 61, 68 bullous pemphigoid 57, 60, 63, 66–67 BCC see basal cell carcinoma Burkholderia pseudomallei 240, 251–252 B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL‐2) proteins 185, 201 BV see brentuximab vedotin B cells 226, 234 BCG see Bacillus Calmete‐Guerin C2‐3 facet joint injuries 145, 162 BCL‐2 see B cell lymphoma 2 proteins C3 glomerulopathy 304, 316 BD see Behçet’s disease CA see cardiac amyloidosis Becker muscular dystrophy 176–177 CABG see coronary artery bypass graft surgery Beers criteria 163–164 CAD see coronary artery disease Behçet’s disease (BD) 439, 456 CADASIL see autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical Bell’s palsy 334, 342 infarcts and leukoencephalopathy benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) 334, 342–343 calciphylaxis, risk factors 304, 316–317 benralizumab 411 calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals 109, 121–122 benzodiazepines 145–146, 163 calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystal arthritis 431, 444 β‐blockers 2, 11, 15–16, 31, 374, 392 calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystal arthritis 431, beta‐thalassemia 170, 175 444 bevacizumab 269, 274 cancer bias 98–99, 104–106, 105–106 acute myeloid leukaemia 197, 221, 270, 276–277 ascertainment 97, 101–102 angiogenesis 269, 274 information 98–99, 105–106 autoimmunity 227, 236 publication 98, 104 basal cell carcinoma 61, 68 randomisation 97, 101–102 breast 269, 275 recall 97, 101–102 cervical screening program 269, 275–276 selection 97, 98–99, 101–102, 105–106 chronic myeloid leukaemia 189, 197–198, 211–212, 221–222 bifascicular block 39, 51–52 colon 110, 124 biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) 95 cytogenic abnormalities 193–194, 219–220 bioavailability 371, 384 disseminated intravascular coagulation 186, 204 biosimilar medications 368, 377–378 gastric 112, 126–127 bipolar disorder, pregnancy 289, 293 HIV‐associated 243, 261 Birt–Hogg–Dube syndrome 181 Hodgkin’s lymphoma 187, 206–207 bisphosphonates 369, 378 lenalidomide 188, 208 bite wounds, human 239, 249 leptomeningeal carcinomatosis 270, 277 biventricular pacemaker and defibrillator 4–5, 20 Lynch syndrome 270, 278 BK virus nephropathy (BKVN) 306, 323–324 malignant mesothelioma 395, 416–417 BKVN see BK virus nephropathy melanoma 59, 65–66 blood pressure, critical care medications 41, 54 metastatic cord compression 271, 278–279 BMD see bone mineral density metastatic renal cell cancer 269, 274 bone‐kidney endocrine axis 307, 324 multiple endocrine neoplasia 74, 86–87 bone mineral density (BMD) 431, 444 multiple myeloma 188–189, 208–210 bones non‐Hodgkin lymphoma 189, 211

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cancer (Contd.) hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy 5, 22 non‐small cell lung 270, 271, 276, 279–280 implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators (ICDs) 2, 4–5, 6, 15, 16, obesity 271, 280 20, 22–23 opioid rotation 361, 364–365 infective endocarditits 4, 20 ovarian 272, 283 intra‐aortic balloon pump 36, 47 palliative medicine 361–362, 364–366 left bundle branch block (LBBB) 35, 39, 45, 51–52, 458, 462 post‐transplant 307, 308, 326, 328 lipid‐lowering agents 6, 23 premature ovarian failure 74, 85 long QT syndrome 7, 23–24 programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) 271, 281 Marfan’s syndrome 12, 32 prostate 271–272, 279, 281–282 medications 11, 31 small cell lung 227, 236, 338, 353, 399, 423 mitral stenosis 7, 24 sunscreen usage 61, 68 Mobitz type I heart block 40, 51–52 thyroid 76–77, 93–94 Mobitz type II 2:1 heart block 39, 51–52 see also chemotherapy; oncology multivessel coronary artery disease 9, 28 cancer of unknown primary (CUP) 270, 278 myocardial infarction (MI) 8, 9–10, 26–27, 29–30, 35–36, Candida auris 237, 244 38–40, 45, 51–52, 142, 154 cannabinoids 334, 343 pacemakers 4–5, 20 CAP see community acquired pneumonia patent ductus arteriosus 12, 33 Captopril 11, 31 pericarditis 35–36, 45 carbamazepine 292, 301 polyunsaturated fatty acids 7, 24–25 carbapenemase‐producing Enterobacterales (CPE) 238, 246 restrictive cardiomyopathy 7, 25 carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning 34, 44 rheumatic fever 7, 24, 26 carcinoid heart disease 143, 154 right ventricular myocardial infarction 8, 26–27 carcinoma sinus node dysfunction 8, 27 basal cell 61, 68 ST elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) 35–36, 45 hepatocellular 113, 130–131 syncope 3, 18 thyroid 76–77, 93–94 Takotsubo cardiomyopathy 8, 27–28 cardiac amyloidosis (CA) 3, 16–17 temporary pacing 38–40, 51–52 cardiac arrest 40, 53 Tetralogy of Fallot 12, 32 cardiac catheterisation 35–36, 45 torsade de pointes 42, 56 cardiac output, increasing 3, 17–18 transcatheter aortic valve implantation 8, 28 cardiac syncope 3, 18 transposition of the great arteries 12, 32–33 cardiac tamponade 34, 43–44 treatment‐resistant hypertension 7, 25 cardiology troponins 9, 29 abdominal aortic aneurysm 1, 13 type 2 diabetes 5, 21 acute rheumatic fever 7, 26 ventricular septal defects 12, 32 amiodarone‐induced hypothyroidism 72, 81 Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome 10–11, 30–31 amyloidosis 3, 16–17 cardiomyopathy anthracycline cardiomyopathy 2, 14 anthracycline 2, 14 antithrombotic therapy 2, 15–16 hypertrophic 5, 22 aortic stenosis 2, 8, 14–15, 28 restrictive 7, 25 atrial fibrillation 1, 2, 13–14, 15 Takotsubo‐type 8, 27–28 atrial septal defect 12, 32 Carotid artery stenosis 339, 356 β‐blockers 2, 11, 15–16, 31 CAR T see chimeric antigen receptor T‐cells bifascicular block 39, 51–52 carvedilol 374, 392 Brugada syndrome 2–3, 16 case‐control studies 99, 103 carcinoid heart disease 143, 154 case fatality 98, 105 cardiac output 3, 17–18 catecholamines, phaeochromocytoma 75, 89–90 cholesterol embolisation 3–4, 18–19 CCRT see concurrent chemoradiotherapy computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) 4, 19–20 CD see conversion disorder; Crohn’s disease congenital conditions 12, 32–33 CDI see Clostridium difficile infection coronary artery disease 2, 9, 15–16, 28 cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) 458, 462 Eisenmenger’s syndrome 12, 32 cellulitis, acute interstitial nephritis 302–303, 313–314 heart block 35, 39, 40, 45, 51–52 central tendency 97, 100 heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) 5, 21 central venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) 335, 344 Holter monitoring 6, 23 cephalosporin resistance 239, 250–251 hyperkalaemia 35–36, 45 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), components 335, 345 hypertensive retinopathy 6, 22 cervical screening program 269, 275–276

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cervicogenic headaches 145, 162 CKD‐MBD see chronic kidney disease–mineral and bone disorders cessation classifications antidepressant 291, 298 adipocytes 73, 82 dialysis 360, 363–364 myocardial infarction 9–10, 29–30 CF see cystic fibrosis climate change 459, 462 cfDNA see cell‐free DNA clinical trials 99, 103 CFS see chronic fatigue syndrome see also research CGM see continuous glucose monitoring CLL see chronic lymphocytic leukaemia Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth (CMT) disease 340–341, 358 clopidogrel 369, 379 chemotherapy Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) 38, 49, 51, 237, 244 adverse events 272–273, 285–286 clozapine 289, 292, 294, 301 concurrent radiotherapy 272, 282 CML see chronic myeloid leukaemia premature ovarian failure 74, 85 CMT see Charcott‐Marie‐Tooth disease targeted molecular agents 273, 287–288 CO see carbon monoxide tumor lysis syndrome 272, 283–284 CoA see coarctation of the aorta chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) 269, 276 coagulopathies, cirrhosis‐related 110, 122–123 Cheyne‐Stokes respirations 362, 366 coal workers’ pneumoconiosis 396, 419 chiasma 341, 359 coarctation of the aorta (CoA) 12, 32 chimeric antigen receptor T‐cells (CAR T) 269, 275 cocaine overdose 375, 392 Chi‐squared test 98, 98, 102–103, 104 Cockcroft–Gault formula 370, 381 Chlamydia trachomatis 237, 245 coeliac disease 57, 63, 110, 123–124 chloroquine 239–240, 251 colon cancer 110, 124 cholesterol embolisation 3–4, 18–19 colorectal cancer, Lynch syndrome 270, 278 cholinesterase inhibitors, Alzheimer’s disease 379 commencement, dialysis 304–305, 318 chromaffin cells 75, 89–90 common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) 224, 230 chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) 143, 155 community acquired pneumonia (CAP) 394, 411, 413 chronic idiopathic constipation 111, 125 competitive inhibition 369, 381 chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy components of cerebrospinal fluid 335, 345 (CIDP) 335, 344–345 computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) 4, 19–20 chronic kidney disease (CKD) concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) 272, 282 adynamic bone disease 302, 313 confidentiality, mental health 291, 298–299 ampicillin elimination 368, 376 confounding 98–99, 105–106 bone‐kidney endocrine axis 307, 324 congenital heart disease 12, 32–33 darbepoetin 307, 324 conjugate vaccines 226, 235 diabetic nephropathy 73, 83, 310, 331–332 Conn’s syndrome 149, 168 secondary hyperparathyroidism 74, 86 consent see also nephrology mental health 291, 298–299 chronic kidney disease–mineral and bone disorders research 98, 103–104 (CKD‐MBD) 302, 304, 313, 317 constipation 111, 125 chronic liver disease 108, 119–122 continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) 76, 91–92 encephalopathy 112, 128 continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) 396, 418–419 chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) 185, 203 contraindications, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 46 chronic mesenteric iscaemia 114, 134 contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN) 308, 326–327 chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) 189, 197–198, 211–212, 221–222 conversion disorder (CD) 289, 295 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 394, 396, 414, COP see cryptogenic organizing pneumonia 417, 420 COPD see chronic obstructive pulmonary disease chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) 394, coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) 9, 28 412–413 coronary artery disease (CAD) 2, 15–16 CIDP see chronic inflammatory demyelinating multivessel 9, 28 polyradiculoneuropathy corpus callosum 341, 359 CIN see contrast‐induced nephropathy correlation 98, 102–103 CINV see chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting corticosteroids, palliative medicine 361–362, 366 circulatory shock 34, 44–45 Covid‐19 225, 232–233, 237, 245–246, 459, 460, 462–463, cirrhosis 108, 110, 112, 115, 119–120, 122–123, 127–128, 137 464, 468 cisplatin 273, 286 Coxiella burnetii 241, 254 citalopram 292, 301 CPAP see continuous positive airway pressure citrate 74, 86 CPE see carbapenemase‐producing Enterobacterales CKD see chronic kidney disease CPP see calcium pyrophosphate

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CPPD see calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate dapagliflozin 76, 92 cranial nerve palsy 341, 359 darbepoetin 307, 324 critical care 34–56 dasatinib 273, 287 acute kidney injury 37, 49–50 D‐dimer degradation product of fibrin 394, 414 acute respiratory distress syndrome 34, 43 deep vein thrombosis (DVT) 192, 217 advance care planning 36, 47 degradation, fibrin 394, 414 bifascicular block 39, 51–52 dementia 143, 150, 155–156, 168 carbon monoxide poisoning 34, 44 dendritic cells 226, 235 cardiac arrest 40, 53 metabolism 74, 86 cardiac tamponade 34, 43–44 dengue haemorrhagic fever 238, 246–247 circulatory shock 34, 44–45 denosumab 378 dialysis 37, 49–50 depression 290–291, 291, 295–296, 298 disseminated intravascular coagulation 34, 44 dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) 57, 63 early goal‐directed therapy 38, 50 dermatology 57–70 encephalopathy 36, 46 acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis 62, 69 extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 36, 46 basal cell carcinoma 61, 68 gastrointestinal bleeding 37, 49 bullous pemphigoid 57, 60, 63, 66–67 head injuries 40, 52 coeliac disease 57, 63 hyperkalaemia 35–36, 42, 45, 55–56 dermatitis herpetiformis 57, 63 intra‐aortic balloon pump 36, 47 drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms 61, 69 left bundle branch block 35, 39, 45, 51–52 erythema nodosum 58–59, 63–64 Mobitz type I heart block 40, 51–52 Henoch‐Schönlein purpura 59, 64–65 Mobitz type II 2:1 heart block 39, 51–52 melanoma 59, 65–66 myocardial infarction 35–36, 38–40, 45, 51–52 porphyria cutanea tarda 60, 66–67 necrotising fasciitis 36, 47–48 rosacea 60, 67 opiate toxicity 42, 56 scabies 61, 67 paracetamol overdose management 37, 48 skin layers 61, 68 pericarditis 35–36, 45 Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome 62, 69 pulseless electrical activity 37, 48–49 Stevens Johnson Syndrome 61, 62, 68–69 septic shock 37–38, 40–41, 49–50, 51, 53–54 sunscreen usage 61, 68 severe asthma 38, 42, 50–51, 55 toxic epidermal necrolysis 61, 62, 68–69 ST elevation acute myocardial infarction 35–36, 45 dermatomyositis 445 temporary pacing 38–40, 51–52 descriptors of mental health 291–292, 299–300 torsade de pointes 42, 56 DH see dermatitis herpetiformis tranexamic acid 40, 52 diabetes venous blood gas (VBG) 40, 52 continuous glucose monitoring 76, 91–92 Crohn’s disease (CD) 109, 122 dapagliflozin treatment 76, 92 crossover studies 369, 379–380 maturity‐onset of the young (MODY) 74, 87, 170–171, cross‐sectional studies 99, 103 177–178 crude rates 98, 105 diabetic gastroparesis 75, 88–89 cryoglobulinaemia 224, 230 diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) 73, 83–84 cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) 407, 427 diabetic nephropathy (DN) 73, 83, 310, 331–332 crystal arthritis 431, 444–445 diabetic neuropathy, painful 75, 88 CSF see cerebrospinal fluid dialysis 37, 49–50 CTCA see computed tomography coronary angiography commencement 304–305, 318 CTEPH see chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension peritoneal 307, 325 CUP see cancer of unknown primary withdrawal at end‐of‐life 360, 363–364 Cushing’s syndrome 72, 73, 80, 82–83 digoxin 145–146, 163 CVID see common variable immunodeficiency direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) therapy 113, 129 CVST see central venous sinus thrombosis disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) 440–441, CYP446 enzymes, pharmacology 372, 386 457 cyproterone acetate 77, 94 dispersion measures 98, 103 cystine crystals 109, 121–122 disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) 34, 44, 186, 204 cystic fibrosis (CF) 170, 175, 394, 412 D‐dimer degradation product of fibrin 394, 414 cytogenic abnormalities, malignancies 193–194, 219–220 distribution‐free tests 97, 100–101 Dix–Hallpike manoeuvre 334, 342–343 DAA see direct‐acting antiviral therapy DKA see diabetic ketoacidosis dafrafenib 273, 287 DMARDs see disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs

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DMD see Duchenne muscular dystrophy adipocytes 73, 82 DMEs see drug metabolising enzymes adrenal crisis 72, 80 DN see diabetic nephropathy adrenal incidentaloma 72, 80 DNA amiodarone‐induced hypothyroidism 72, 81 cell‐free 458, 462 autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome 72, 81–82 mitochondrial 172, 180 bariatric surgery 77–78, 95–96 see also epigenetics; genetics; mutations bariatric surgery complications 77–78, 95–96 dobutamine 41, 54 Cushing’s syndrome 72, 73, 80, 82–83 Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography (DSE) 2, 14–15 dapagliflozin effects 76, 92 Down’s syndrome 170, 176 dendritic cell metabolism 74, 86 doxorubicin 273, 286–287 diabetic gastroparesis 75, 88–89 anthracycline cardiomyopathy 2, 14 diabetic ketoacidosis 73, 83–84 dropouts, as source of bias 97, 101–102 diabetic nephropathy 73, 83 drug allergies erectile dysfunction 74, 84–85 amoxicillin 223, 228–229 gastrointestinal 117, 137–143 penicillin 225, 228, 232 gender‐affirmation treatment 77, 94–95 drug‐induced acute interstitial nephritis 302–303, 313–314 HbA1c levels 75, 90 drug‐induced Parkinsonism 292, 301 hypogonadism 74, 85 drug metabolising enzymes (DMEs), variation 372, 386 hypothyroidism 76, 78, 92–93, 96 drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms 61, 69 macrophage metabolites 74, 86 dry mouth, palliative medicine 360, 363 maturity‐onset diabetes of the young 74, 87 Dubin–Johnson syndrome 112, 127 multiple endocrine neoplasia 74, 86–87 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) 170, 176–177 Paget’s disease of bone 75, 87–88 duloxetine 292, 300–301 painful diabetic neuropathy 75, 88 DVT see deep vein thrombosis phaeochromocytoma 75, 89–90 dyskinesias, levodopa‐induced 338, 354 pituitary tumours 75–76, 90–91 dysphagia, oesophageal 115, 135–136 polycystic ovarian syndrome 75, 89 dyspnoea, chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension 394, premature ovarian failure 74, 85 412–413 secondary hyperparathyroidism 74, 86 testosterone treatment 74, 84–85 early goal‐directed therapy (EGDT) 38, 50 thyroid carcinomas 76–77, 93–94 echinocandins 237, 245 thyroid nodules 77, 94 ECMO see extracorporeal membrane oxygenation end‐of‐life care see palliative medicine ECT see electroconvulsive therapy endovascular thrombectomy 336, 348–349 eculizumab 184, 199 end‐stage kidney disease (ESKD) EGDT see early goal‐directed therapy secondary hyperparathyroidism 74, 86 eGFR see estimated glomerular filtration rates see also nephrology EGPA see eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) 111, 125 Eisenmenger’s syndrome 12, 32 eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) 401, 408, elder abuse 143, 156–157 424, 429 elderly patients eosinophilic/Th2 asthma 393, 410–411 anticholinergic medicines 368, 376–377 epidemiology 97–106 polypharmacy 372–373, 387 attack rate 98, 105 see also geriatric medicine case fatality 98, 105 electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) 290, 296 confounding 98–99, 105–106 electromechanical dissociation see pulseless electrical activity crude rates 98, 105 electronic cigarettes 143, 157 forest plots 98–99, 103–103 embolisation, cholesterol 3–4, 18–19 incidence rate 98, 105 EMD (electromechanical dissociation) see pulseless electrical odds ratio 97, 101 activity population attributable risk 98, 105 emphysema 394, 414 prevalence 98, 98, 102, 104 encephalopathy, critical care 36, 46 risk 98, 104–105 encephalitis epigenetics 170, 177 herpes simplex viruses 336, 347–348 epilepsy small cell lung cancer 338, 353 cannabinoids 334, 343 endocarditis, infective 4, 20 lamotrigine dosage 335, 345–346 endocrinology 71–96 EpiPens 223, 228 acromegaly 71, 79 EPO see erythropoietin

Gleadle599500_bindex.indd 477 24-06-2021 22:12:50 478 Index

erectile dysfunction (ED) 74, 84–85 coeliac disease 110, 123–124 erythema nodosum 58–59, 63–64 colon cancer 110, 124 erythropoiesis, roxadustat 306, 322–323 constipation 111, 125 erythropoietin (EPO) 307, 324 Crohn’s disease 109, 122 Escherichia coli 256 endocrinology 117, 137–143 ESGYS see Evaluation of Guidelines in SYncope study eosinophilic esophagitis 111, 125 ESKD see end‐stage kidney disease gastric cancer 112, 126–127 essential thrombocythaemia (ET) 186, 204–205 HBsAg positivity 112, 129 estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) 370, 381 Helicobacter pylori 112, 128 ET see essential thrombocythaemia hepatic encephalopathy 112, 128 etanercept 436, 451 hepatic steatosis 114, 134–135 ethosuximide 340, 357 hepatitis viruses 112–113, 129–130 ethylene glycol poisoning 370, 381 hepatocellular carcinoma 113, 130–131 Evaluation of Guidelines in SYncope study (ESGYS) scores 18 hepatorenal syndrome 116, 139 evolocumab 6, 23 hereditary haemochromatosis 113, 131 exhaustion, heat 144, 159 high‐resolution manometry 115, 135 extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) 36, 46 hypergastrinemia 117, 137 exudates, pleural 397, 421 inflammatory bowel disease 111, 126 ezetimibe 6, 23 irritable bowel syndrome 113, 131–132 lactose intolerance 113, 132–133 factor deficiencies 185–186, 192–193, 203–204, 218 liver transplants 114, 116, 133, 138–139 faecal calprotectin (FC) 111, 126 lower GI bleeding 114, 133–134 FC see faecal calprotectin mesenteric iscaemia 107, 114, 118, 134 FDEIA see food‐dependent, exercise‐induced anaphylaxis oesophageal dysphagia 115, 135–136 febrile neutropaenia (FN) 186, 205 Ogilvie’s syndrome 116–117, 137–138 febuxostat 433, 446 pancreatitis 107–108, 118–119 feminising hormone therapy 77, 94–95 primary biliary cirrhosis 112, 115, 127–128, 137 fertility, transplant recipients 263, 267–268 proton‐pump inhibitors 115, 136–137 fertility preservation renal calculi 109, 121–122 chemotherapy 74, 85 small bowel bacterial overgrowth 116, 138 gender‐affirmation treatment 95 unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia 112, 127–128 FGF‐23 307, 324 upper gastrointestinal bleeding 116–117, 139–137 fibrillation, atrial 1, 2, 13–14, 15 gastrointestinal bleeding 37, 49 fibrin, degradation 394, 414 gastroparesis, diabetic 75, 88–89 fibromyalgia 433, 447 gating, radiotherapy 272, 283 first‐pass metabolism 368, 370, 376, 382 GBM see glioblastoma multiforme Fisher’s exact test 98, 103 GBS see Guillain–Barré syndrome fluorouracil 273, 285 GC see gastric cancer FN see febrile neutropaenia GCA see giant cell arteritis food‐dependent, exercise‐induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA) 224, 231 gender‐affirmation treatment 77, 94–95 forest plots 98–99, 103–103 general medicine 141–169 frontotemporal dementia 150, 168 genetic medicine 170–183 FSGS see focal segmental glomerulosclerosis Angelman syndrome 171, 178–179 funnel plots 98, 104 autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome 81–82 beta‐thalassemia 170, 175 cystic fibrosis 170, 175 gabapentin 340, 357 Down’s syndrome 170, 176 ganciclovir 370, 381 Duchenne muscular dystrophy 170, 176–177 Gardner syndrome 173, 182 epigenetics 170, 177 gastric bypass, metabolic/nutritional complications 77–78, Gardner syndrome 173, 182 95–96 Huntington’s disease 171, 178 gastric cancer (GC) 112, 126–127 inheritance patterns 173–174, 182–185 gastrin 117, 137 Klinefelter syndrome 171, 179 gastroenterology 107–143 maternal inheritance 171–172, 179–180 ascites 108, 119–120 melanoma 59, 65 autoimmune hepatitis 108, 120 mitochondrial DNA mutations 172, 180 Barrett’s oesophagus 108–109, 121 multiple endocrine neoplasia 74, 86–87 brush border microvilli 109, 121 Paget’s disease of bone 75, 87–88 cirrhosis 108, 110, 112, 115, 119–120, 122–123, 127–128, 137 Prader–Willi syndrome 182

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small interfering RNA 172, 180–181 heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia 186, 205–206 spina bifida 173, 182 hereditary spherocytosis 194, 220 spinocerebellar ataxia 172, 181 Hodgkin’s lymphoma 187, 206–207 thyroid carcinomas 76–77, 93–94 idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura 187–188, 207–208 tuberous sclerosis complex 172, 181–182 inherited thrombophilia 191, 216 variants of uncertain significance 170–171, 177–178 iron metabolism 187, 207 Von Hippel–Lindau syndrome 87, 181 lenalidomide 188, 208 Wilson’s disease 173, 182 leukaemia 185, 203 geometric mean 97, 100 malignancy‐related venous thromboembolism 184, 200 geriatric medicine 141–169 microcytic anaemia 194, 220–221 anticholinergic medicines 368, 371, 376–377, 384 monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance 188, pharmacokinetics 368, 376 208 polypharmacy 372–373, 387 multiple myeloma 188–189, 208–210 GH see growth hormone myeloproliferative neoplasms 189, 191, 211, 213–214 giant cell arteritis (GCA) 433, 447 non‐Hodgkin lymphoma 189, 211 Gilbert syndrome (GS) 112, 127 peripheral blood film examination 194–198, 220–222 GLIM see Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition peripheral blood stem cell transplants 191, 215 glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) 338–339, 355 pernicious anaemia 189–190, 212 Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) 459, platelet counts in pregnancy 263, 268 465–466 polycythaemia vera 189, 191, 211, 213–214 glomerulonephritis progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy 190, 213 IgA nephropathy 305, 307, 319–320, 325 prolonged prothrombin time 185–186, 203–204 membranoproliferative 309–310, 331 protein C 193, 219 synpharyngitic 150, 168 sickle cell disease 191, 214–215 glyceryl trinitrate 11, 31 transfusion‐related acute lung injury 191–192, 216–217 gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone analogues 77, 94 venous thromboembolism 184, 200 Goodpasture’s syndrome 310–311, 332 von Willebrand disease 192–193, 218 gout 431–432, 433, 444–445, 446 Waldenström macroglobulinaemia 193, 218–219 graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) 191, 214, 215 warfarin 185, 201–203 granulotomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) 401, 405, 424, 426 haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), graft‐versus‐host great arteries, transpositions 12, 32–33 disease 191, 214, 215 growth hormone (GH), acromegaly 71, 79 haemochromatosis, hereditary 113, 131 GS see Gilbert syndrome haemolytic anaemia, autoimmune 184, 199–200 Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) 335–336, 337, 346, 349–350 haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) 184, 199 GVHD see graft‐versus‐host disease haemoptysis 395, 416 gynaecomastia 143, 158 Hashimoto thyroiditis 76, 92–93 HbA1c levels 75, 90 HBS see Hungry bone syndrome HAART see highly active antiretroviral therapy HBsAg positivity 112, 129 HAE see hereditary angioedema HBV see hepatitis B haematology 184–222 HCAIs see healthcare‐associated infections acute myeloid leukaemia 197, 221 HCC see hepatocellular carcinoma anaemia of chronic disease 187, 206 HCV see hepatitis C aplastic anaemia 185, 200–201 HD see Huntington’s disease apoptosis 185, 201 headaches atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome 196, 221 cervicogenic 145, 162 autoimmune haemolytic anaemia 184, 199–200 medication overuse 337, 349 BCL‐2 family proteins 185, 201 neuroimaging needs 336, 346–347 chronic lymphocytic leukaemia 185, 203 head cancer, concurrent chemoradiotherapy 272, 282 chronic myeloid leukaemia 189, 197–198, 211–212, 221–222 head injuries cytogenetics of malignancies 193–194, 219–220 subdural haematoma 339, 356 deep vein thrombosis 192, 217 tranexamic acid 40, 52 disseminated intravascular coagulation 186, 204 healthcare‐associated infections (HCAIs) 239, 250 essential thrombocythaemia 186, 204–205 heart block factor deficiencies 185–186, 192–193, 203–204, 218 bifascicular 39, 51–52 febrile neutropaenia 186, 205 left bundle branch 35, 39, 45, 51–52, 458, 462 graft‐versus‐host disease 191, 214, 215 Mobitz type I 40, 51–52 haemolytic anaemia 184, 199–200 Mobitz type II 2:1 39, 51–52 haemolytic uraemic syndrome 184, 199 heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) 5, 21

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heat exhaustion 144, 159 Human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV‐1) 239, 249 Helicobacter pylori 112, 128 Hungry bone syndrome (HBS) 86 helper T lymphocytes 226, 234 Huntington’s disease (HD) 171, 178 hemiballismus 341, 358 HUS see haemolytic uraemic syndrome Henoch‐Schönlein purpura (HSP) 59, 64–65 hydralazine 11, 31 heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) 186, 205–206, hydrocephalus 150, 168–169 370–371, 382–383 hydroxychloroquine 441, 457 hepatic steatosis 114, 134–135 hyperammonaemia, valproic acid‐induced 146–147, 166 hepatitis hyperbilirubinemia 112, 127–128 ascites 108, 119–120 hypercarbia 36, 46 autoimmune 108, 120 hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) 262, 265 cirrhosis 108, 110, 112, 115, 119–120, 122–123, 127–128, hypergastrinemia 117, 137 137 hyperkalaemia 35–36, 42, 45, 55–56, 305, 318–319, 321 coagulopathies 110, 122–123 hyperparathyroidism 107, 118–119 encephalopathies 112, 128 secondary 74, 86 liver transplants 114, 116, 133, 138–139 hypertension primary biliary cirrhosis 112, 115, 127–128, 137 chronic thromboembolic pulmonary 394, 412–413 hepatitis B (HBV) infection 112, 129 clinical features 148–150, 167–168 hepatitis C (HCV) infection 113, 129, 224, 230 pregnancy 262, 263, 265, 266–267 hepatitis E (HEV) infection 113, 130 treatment‐resistant 7, 25 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 113, 130–131 hypertensive retinopathy 6, 22 hepatorenal syndrome, terlipressin 116, 139 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HOCM) 5, 22 hepatotoxicity, paracetamol 115, 136 hypocalcaemia 74, 86 hepcidin 187, 206 hypoglycaemia 144, 159 hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) 270, 278 hypogonadism 74, 85 hereditary spherocytosis 194, 220 hypokalaemia 74, 86 hereditary angioedema (HAE) 224, 231 hypomagnesaemia 74, 86 hereditary haemochromatosis (HH) 113, 131 hyponatraemia 306, 323 herpes simplex viruses (HSV) 242, 257, 336, 347–348 hypophosphataemia 74, 86 HEV see hepatitis E hypotension, postural 146, 164 HFpEF see heart failure with preserved ejection fraction hypothyroidism 76, 78, 92–93, 96 HG see hyperemesis gravidarum amiodarone‐induced 72, 81 HH see hereditary haemochromatosis pregnancy 262, 266 highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), immune reconstitution hypoxia 36, 46 inflammatory syndrome 238, 247–248 hypoxia‐inducible factors (HIF) 306, 322–323, 459, 464 high‐resolution manometry (HRM) 115, 135 Hiprex see methenamine hippurate HIT see heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia IABP see intra‐aortic balloon pump HIV infections 238–239, 247–249 IBD see inflammatory bowel disease acute 238–239, 248–249 IBM see inclusion body myositis associated cancers 243, 261 IBS see irritable bowel syndrome immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome 238, 247–248 ICD see implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator pre‐exposure prophylaxis 238, 248 ICO see internal carotid artery HNPCC see hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer idarubicin, anthracycline cardiomyopathy 2, 14 HOCM see hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy IDH see isocitrate dehydrogenase Hodgkin’s lymphoma 187, 206–207 idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) 432, 445 Holter monitoring 6, 23 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) 398–399, 407, 422–423, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) 145, 161–162 428 hormones, gastrointestinal 117, 137–143 idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) 187–188, 207–208 hormone therapy idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias 460, 466–467 feminising 77, 94–95 IE see infective endocarditits masculinising 94 ifosfamide 272–273, 285 Horner’s syndrome 334, 343 IgAN see IgA nephropathy HRT see hormone replacement therapy IgA nephropathy (IgAN) 305, 307, 319–320, 325 HSP see Henoch‐Schönlein purpura IGF‐1 see insulin like growth factor 1 HTLV‐1 see Human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type 1 IgG4‐related disease (IgG4‐RD) 107, 119, 225, 232 human bite wounds 239, 249 IIM see idiopathic inflammatory myopathies human papilloma viruses (HPV) 269, 275–276, 459, 464 IMiD see immunomodulatory imide drugs

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immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) 238, Human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type 1 239, 249 247–248 immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome 238, 247–248 immunology 223–236 incubation periods 460, 468 anaphylaxis 223, 224, 225, 228, 231, 233–234 influenza vaccinations 239, 250 antibody‐mediated rejection 223, 229, 303, 314–315 JC virus 190, 213 antibody production 223, 229 Legionella 395, 415 cell types and functions 226, 234–235 Listeria monocytogenes 239, 250–251 common variable immunodeficiency 224, 230 meningococcal follow‐up 242, 257–258 cryoglobulinaemia 224, 230 methenamine hippurate treatment 240, 252 hereditary angioedema 224, 231 necrotising fasciitis 36, 47–48 IgG4‐related disease 107, 119, 225, 232 Norovirus 241, 253 neurological autoantibody effects 227, 236 Plasmodium falciparum 239, 251 RNA vaccines 225, 232–233 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 256, 371, 383–384 systemic mastocytosis 225, 233 pulmonary tuberculosis 241, 255 toll‐like receptors 226, 234 pyrexia of unknown origin 241, 253–254 vaccinations 225, 226, 232–233, 235–236 Q fever 241, 254 immunomodulatory imide drugs (IMiD) SARS‐CoV‐2 225, 232–233, 237, 245–246, 459, 460, lenalidomide 188, 208 462–463, 464, 468 multiple myeloma 188, 189, 208, 210 Staphylococcus aureus 241, 255, 256 immunosuppressants, mechanisms of action 308–309, 329–330 Streptococcus pneumoniae 394, 411–412, 413 implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) 2, 4–5, 6, 15, 16, 20, Streptococcus pyogenes 256 22–23 strongyloidiasis 148, 166–167, 241, 254–255 incidence rate 98, 105 syphilis 240, 252–253 inclusion body myositis (IBM) 433–434, 445, 447 vaccinations 225, 226, 232–233, 235–236 incubation periods 460, 468 varicella‐zoster virus 242, 257 indapamide 371, 383 Zika virus 242, 257 indications infective endocarditis (IE) 4, 20 extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 46 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 111, 126 high‐resolution manometry 115, 135 influenza vaccinations 239, 250 intra‐aortic balloon pump 47 information bias 98–99, 105–106 liver transplants 114, 133 informed consent non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation 396, 418 mental health 291, 298–299 Indigenous Australians, acute kidney injury 303, 314 research 98, 103–104 infarct‐related artery (IRA) revascularisation 9, 28 inheritance patterns 173–174, 182–185 infectious diseases 237–261 inherited thrombophilia 191, 216 acute vertebral osteomyelitis 241, 256 inhibition antibacterial agents 242, 258–259 competitive/non‐competitive 369, 381 antifungal agents 237, 245 low‐density lipoprotein receptors 6, 23 antimicrobial resistance 242–243, 259–260 P‐glycoprotein 372, 385 antivirals 243, 260 SGLT2 5, 21, 76, 83, 92, 308, 327 Burkholderia pseudomallei 240, 251–252 insomnia 144, 160 Candida auris 237, 244 insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1), acromegaly 71, 79 carbapenemase‐producing Enterobacterales 238, 246 intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring 76, 91–92 cephalosporin resistance 239, 250–251 internal carotid artery (ICO) 336, 348 Chlamydia trachomatis 237, 245 International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) Clostridium difficile 38, 49, 51, 237, 244 scores 34, 44 community acquired pneumonia 394, 411–412, 413 interquartile range (IQR) 98, 103 dengue haemorrhagic fever 238, 246–247 interstitial lung disease (ILD) 400–401, 424 Escherichia coli 256 intolerances, lactose 113, 132–133 healthcare‐associated 239, 250 intra‐aortic balloon pump (IABP) 36, 47 Helicobacter pylori 112, 128 intracranial parenchymal haemorrhage 336, 348 hepatitis B 112, 129 ionotropes, critical care 41, 54 hepatitis C 113, 129, 224, 230 IPF see idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis hepatitis E 113, 130 IQR see interquartile range herpes zoster 242, 257 IRA see infarct‐related artery revascularisation HIV 238–239, 243, 247–249, 261 IRIS see immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome human bite wounds 239, 249 iron deficiency anaemia 75, 90 human papilloma viruses 269, 275–276, 459, 464 iron metabolism 187, 207

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irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) 113, 131–132 lipodermatosclerosis 302–303, 313–314 ischaemic stroke 336–337, 339, 348–349, 356 liquid biopsies 458, 462 pharmacological treatment 373–384, 389 Listeria monocytogenes 239, 250–251 isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), cancerous mutations 270, lithium 78, 96 276–277 adverse effects 292, 301, 305, 320 ISTH see International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis pregnancy 289, 293 I2 test 98, 104 liver transplants 114, 116, 133, 138–139 ITP see idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Löfgren syndrome 406, 426–427 ixazomib 189, 210 long QT syndrome (LQT) 7, 23–24, 42, 56 psychotropic medications 292, 301 low back pain 144–145, 161 JC virus 190, 213 low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors, inhibition 6, 23 juvenile epilepsy syndrome 334, 343 lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) 114, 134 LQT see long QT syndrome

ketoacidosis, diabetic 73, 83–84 LS see Lynch syndrome kidneys LSG see laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy diabetic nephropathy 73, 83 lung cancer transplantation 263, 267–268 management 270, 271, 276, 279–280 see also acute kidney injury; chronic kidney disease; end‐stage metastatic 402–403, 425 kidney disease; nephrology mutations 271, 279–280 Klinefelter syndrome (KS) 171, 179 small cell 227, 236, 338, 353, 399, 423 Krebs cycle 74, 86 lungs, transfusion‐related acute injury (TRALI) 191–192, 216–217 kyphoscoliosis 397, 420 lupus nephritis 305, 320–321 LVH see left ventricular hypertrophy LVO see large vessel occlusions L5 radiculopathy 339, 355 lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) 408–409, 428 lactate levels 458, 461 lymphocytes lactose intolerance 113, 132–133 antibody production 223, 229 lacunar stroke syndromes 336, 348 cell types and functions 226, 234–235 LAM see lymphangioleiomyomatosis lymphoproliferative disorder, post‐transplant (PTLD) 307, 308, lamotrigine 335, 345–346 326, 328 laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) 77, 95 Lynch syndrome (LS) 270, 278 lapatinib 273, 288 large vessel occlusions (LVO) 336, 348 MACE see major adverse cardiac events lateral medullary syndrome 338, 355 macrocytic anaemia 189–190, 212 layers of the skin 61, 68 macrophages 226, 234 LBBB see left bundle branch block metabolism 74, 86 LCSD see left cardiac sympathetic denervation magnesium sulphate, preeclampsia 263, 267 leflunomide 441, 457 major adverse cardiac events (MACE), perioperative left bundle branch block (LBBB) 35, 39, 45, 51–52, 458, 462 management 145, 163 left cardiac sympathetic denervation (LCSD) 7, 23–24 malaria 239, 251 left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) 35–36, 45 malignancy‐related venous thromboembolism 184, 200 Legionella Sp. 395, 415 malignant bowel obstruction 360, 363 leg ulcers, venous 144, 160–161 malignant mesothelioma 395, 416–417 lenalidomide 188, 208 malignant transformation, melanoma 59, 65 leptomeningeal carcinomatosis 270, 277 malnutrition 459, 465–466 lesions, neurological 341, 358–359 manometry, high‐resolution 115, 135 leukaemia MAPK see mitogen‐activated protein kinase acute myeloid 197, 221, 270, 276–277 Marfan’s syndrome 12, 32 chronic lymphocytic 185, 203 masculinising hormone therapy 94 chronic myeloid 189, 197–198, 211–212, 221–222 maternal inheritance 171–172, 179–180 levodopa‐induced dyskinesias 338, 354 maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD) 171–172, levosimendan 41, 54 179–180 Lewy bodies 143, 156 maturity‐onset diabetes of the young (MODY) 74, 87, 170–171, LGIB see lower gastrointestinal bleeding 177–178 light chain amyloidosis (AL) 3, 16–17 mean 97, 100 Light’s criteria 397, 421, 423 measures of central tendency 97, 100 linezolid 371, 383–384 mechanisms of action

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antibacterial agents 242, 258–259 metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC) 269, 274 antidepressants 292, 300–301 methenamine hippurate (Hiprex) 240, 252 antivirals 243, 260 methotrexate 273, 286, 440, 457 bisphosphonates 369, 378 MFS see Miller Fisher syndrome immunosuppressants 308–309, 329–330 MG see myasthenia gravis opioids 372, 386–387 MGUS see monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance risperidone 373, 389 MI see myocardial infarction SGLT2 460, 469 microcytic anaemia 194, 220–221 median 97, 100 MIDD see maternally inherited diabetes and deafness Medical Emergency Response Teams 42, 55–56 Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) 349–350 medical obstetrics 262–268 milrinone 41, 54 see also obstetrics mineralocorticoid receptor agonists (MRA) 7, 25 medical oncology 269–288 minoxidil 11, 31 see also oncology mipomersen 6, 23 medication overuse headaches 337, 349 mirtazapine 292, 300–301 medications mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 172, 180 calciphylaxis risk 304, 316–317 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, thyroid cardiology 11, 31 carcinomas 77, 94 hyperkalaemia 305, 318–319 mitral stenosis 7, 24 multiple myeloma 210 mitral valve disease 7, 24 melanoma mitral‐valve infective endocarditits 4, 20 gene mutations 59, 65 MM see multiple myeloma surgical interventions 59, 65–66 MN see membranous nephropathy meliodosis 240, 251–252 MND see motor neurone disease memantine 379 Mobitz type II 2:1 heart block 39, 51–52 membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) 309–310, 331 Mobitz type I (Wenckebach) heart block 40, 51–52 membranous nephropathy (MN) 306, 321–322 mode 97, 100 MEN see multiple endocrine neoplasia MODY see maturity‐onset diabetes of the young meningococcal disease 242, 257–258 monoclonal antibodies, asthma 393, 410–411 menopause 145, 161–162 monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance mental health 289–301 (MGUS) 188, 208 adverse psychotropic effects 292, 301 MOR see μ‐opioid receptor antidepressant cessation 291, 298 mosaic Down’s syndrome 170, 176 antidepressant mechanisms 292, 300–301 motor neurone disease (MND) 337, 350, 361, 364 bipolar disorder 289, 293 moxonidine 11, 31 clozapine 289, 294 MPGN see membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis confidentiality 291, 298–299 MPNs see myeloproliferative neoplasms conversion disorder 289, 295 MRA see mineralocorticoid receptor agonists depression 290–291, 291, 295–296, 298 mRCC see metastatic renal cell cancer descriptors 291–292, 299–300 MS see multiple sclerosis electroconvulsive therapy 290, 296 mtDNA see mitochondrial DNA neuroleptic malignant syndrome 290, 297 multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) 74, 86–87 schizophrenia 289, 290, 294, 297–298 multiple myeloma (MM) 188–189, 208–210 self‐harm 290, 291, 296–297, 298 diagnosis 188–189, 208–209 serotonin syndrome 290, 297 lenalidomide 188, 208 suicide 289, 290, 293, 296–297 treatment options 189, 209–210 mepolizumab 51, 410–411 multiple sclerosis (MS), optic neuritis 337, 351–352 mesenteric ischaemia 107, 114, 118, 134 multivessel coronary disease 9, 28 metabolic complications, bariatric surgery 77–78, 95–96 muscular dystrophy 170, 176–177 metabolic encephalopathy 36, 46 mutations metabolism advanced adenocarcinoma of the lung 271, 279–280 dendritic cells 74, 86 Angelman syndrome 171, 178–179 iron metabolism 187, 207 autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome 81–82 macrophages 74, 86 beta‐thalassemia 170, 175 metanephrines 75, 89–90 BRCA1/BRCA2 269, 275 metaraminol 41, 54 chronic myeloid leukaemia 211–212 metastatic cord compression 271, 278–279 CYP2D6 gene 372, 386 metastatic lung cancer 402–403, 425 cystic fibrosis 170, 175

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mutations (Contd.) calciphylaxis risk of medications 304, 316–317 Down’s syndrome 170, 176 contrast‐induced nephropathy 308, 326–327 essential thrombocythaemia 204–205 dapagliflozin 308, 327 hereditary angioedema 231 darbepoetin 307, 324 Huntington’s disease 171, 178 diabetic nephropathy 310, 331–332 inheritance patterns 173–174, 182–185 dialysis commencement 304–305, 318 isocitrate dehydrogenase 270, 276–277 differential diagnoses 309–311, 330–333 Klinefelter syndrome 171, 179 estimated glomerular filtration rates 370, 381 maternal inheritance 171–172, 179–180 Goodpasture’s syndrome 310–311, 332 melanoma 59, 65 hyperkalaemia 305, 318–319, 321 mitochondrial DNA 172, 180 hyponatraemia 306, 323 multiple endocrine neoplasia 74, 86–87 IgA nephropathy 305, 307, 319–320, 325 muscular dystrophy 176–177 immunosuppressant activity mechanisms 308–309, 329–330 neurological conditions 340–341, 357–358 Indigenous Australians 303, 314 Paget’s disease of bone 75, 87–88 lithium risks 305, 320 Prader–Willi syndrome 182 membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis 309–310, 331 spinocerebellar ataxia 172, 181 membranous nephropathy 306, 321–322 systemic mastocytosis 225, 233 nephrotic syndrome 308, 311, 327, 332–333 thyroid carcinomas 76–77, 93–94 podocytes 307, 325–326 tuberous sclerosis complex 172, 181–182 post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorders 307, 308, 326, 328 variants of uncertain significance 170–171, 177–178 primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 309, 311, 330, 333 Von Hippel–Lindau syndrome 87, 181 rhabdomyolysis 306, 322 myasthenia gravis (MG) 337, 351 roxadustat 306, 322–323 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 241, 255 SGLT2 inhibitors 308, 327 myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) 189, 191, 211, 213–214 systemic lupus erythematosus 305, 320–321 myocardial infarction (MI) 142, 154 thin basement membrane nephropathy 309, 331 classifications 9–10, 29–30 trimethoprim 308, 328 intra‐aortic balloon pump 36, 47 nephrotic syndrome 308, 311, 327, 332–333 right ventricular 8, 26–27 nerve compression 339, 355 ST elevation 35–36, 45 neurofibromatosis 173, 182, 340, 357–358 temporary pacing 38–40, 51–52 neurogenic orthostatic hypotension 338, 352 myocarditis, acute 145, 162 neuroimaging, headaches 336, 346–347 neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) 290, 297 neurological effects, autoantibodies 227, 236 NAFLD see non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease neurology 334–359 naive mature B cells 226, 234 anticonvulsant medications 340, 357 narcolepsy 396, 417 Bell’s palsy 334, 342 nausea and vomiting, chemotherapy‐induced 269, 276 benign paroxysmal positional vertigo 334, 342–343 nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP) 262, 265 cannabinoids 334, 343 nebivolol 11, 31 central venous sinus thrombosis 335, 344 neck cancer, concurrent chemoradiotherapy 272, 282 cerebrospinal fluid components 335, 345 neck pain 145, 162 chronic inflammatory demyelinating necrotising fasciitis 36, 47–48 polyradiculoneuropathy 335, 344–345 necrotising immune myositis 445 encephalitis 336, 338, 347–348, 353 nephrology 302–333 endovascular thrombectomy 336, 348–349 acid‐base homeostasis 307, 325 genetic mutations 340–341, 357–358 acute interstitial nephritis 302–303, 313–314 Guillain–Barré syndrome 335–336, 337, 346, 349–350 acute kidney injury 303, 314 headaches 336, 337, 346–347, 349 acute post‐streptococcal glomerulonephritis 302, 312 herpes simplex virus encephalitis 336, 347–348 adynamic bone disease 302, 313 Horner’s syndrome 334, 343 allograft rejection 308, 328 intracranial parenchymal haemorrhage 336, 348 Alport’s syndrome 309, 330–331 juvenile epilepsy syndrome 334, 343 antibody‐mediated rejection 303, 314–315 lacunar stroke syndromes 336, 348 anti‐glomerular basement membrane disease 303–304, 315 lamotrigine in pregnancy 335, 345–346 autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease 302, 312–313 lesion presentations 341, 358–359 BK virus nephropathy 306, 323–324 levodopa‐induced dyskinesias 338, 354 bone‐kidney endocrine axis 307, 324 motor neuron disease 337, 350 C3 glomerulopathy 304, 316 myasthenia gravis 337, 351

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nerve compression 339, 355 lithium 289, 293 nitrous oxide abuse 338, 354–355 nausea and vomiting 262, 265 optic neuritis 337, 351–352 platelet counts 263, 268 orthostatic hypotension 338, 352 pre‐eclampsia 263, 266–267 Parkinson’s disease 338, 341, 352, 353–354, 358 transplant recipients 263, 267–268 paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria 335, 344 obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) 150, 168, 396, 418–420 primary central nervous system tumours 338–339, 355 OCPs see oral contraceptive pills radiculopathies 339, 355 ODC see oxygen dissociation curve stroke 336–337, 338, 339, 348–349, 355, 356 odds ratio (OR) 97, 101 subacute combined degeneration 338, 354–355 oesophageal dysphagia 115, 135–136 subdural haematoma 339, 356 Ogilvie’s syndrome 116–117, 137–138 trigeminal neuralgia 340, 357 OHS see obesity hyperventilation syndrome neuromyelitis optica (NMO) 337, 351–352 olanzapine 292, 301 neurosyphilis 240, 252–253 omalizumab 393, 410–411 neutropaenia omecamtiv 41, 54 febrile 186, 205 omega‐3 fatty acids 7, 24–25 rheumatoid arthritis 433, 446 oncology 269–288 NHL see non‐Hodgkin lymphoma adverse events of chemotherapeutics 272–273, 285–286 nilotinib 189, 211–212 bevacizumab 269, 274 nitrate tolerance 371, 383 BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations 269, 275 nitrous oxide abuse 338, 354–355 cancer of unknown primary 270, 278 nivolumab 271, 280–281 cervical screening program 269, 275–276 NMO see neuromyelitis optica chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting 269, 276 NMS see neuroleptic malignant syndrome chimeric antigen receptor T‐cells 269, 275 NNT see number needed to treat concurrent chemoradiotherapy 272, 282 noisy breathing, palliative medicine 362, 366 head and neck cancer 272, 282 non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) 114, 134–135 isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations 270, 276–277 non‐communicating hydrocephalus 341, 359 leptomeningeal carcinomatosis 270, 277 non‐competitive inhibition 369, 381 Lynch syndrome 270, 278 non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) 189, 211 metastatic cord compression 271, 278–279 non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) 396, 418 nivolumab 271, 280–281 non‐parametric tests 97, 100–101 non‐small cell lung cancer 270, 271, 276, 279–280 non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) obesity risks 271, 280 management 270, 276 ovarian cancer 272, 283 mutations 271, 279–280 programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) 271, 281 noradrenaline 41, 54 prostate cancer 271–272, 279, 281–282 normal physiological changes, ageing 141, 151–152 radiotherapy 272, 282–283 normal pressure hydrocephalus 150, 168–169 sunitinib 269, 274 Norovirus 241, 253 targeted chemotherapeutic agents 273, 287–288 NPPV see non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation tumour lysis syndrome 272, 283–284 NSCLC see non‐small cell lung cancer tumour markers 272, 284–285 number needed to treat (NNT) 97, 101 one compartment models 369, 378–379 nutritional complications, bariatric surgery 77–78, 95–96 μ‐opioid receptor (MOR) 372, 386–387 NVP see nausea and vomiting in pregnancy opioids mechanisms of action 372, 386–387 rotation 361, 364–365 OA see osteoarthritis toxicity 42, 56, 361, 365 obesity use disorder 371–372, 384–385 cancer risk 271, 280 optic chiasm 341, 359 drug dosing 372, 386 optic neuritis 337, 351–352 obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) 466 OR see odds ratio obstetrics 262–268 oral contraceptive pills (OCPs), side effects 112, 127 antiphospholipid syndrome 262, 264 organ transplant recipients, suncreen usage 61, 68 asthma 262, 264 orthostatic hypotension, Parkinson’s disease 338, 352 bipolar disorder 289, 293 OSA see obstructive sleep apnoea hypertension 262, 263, 265, 266–267 osimertinib 273, 287 hypothyroidism 262, 266 osteitis deformans 434–435, 448 lamotrigine dosage 335, 345–346 osteoarthritis (OA) 434, 448

Gleadle599500_bindex.indd 485 24-06-2021 22:12:50 486 Index

osteoporosis, bone turnover markers 431, 444 PD see peritoneal dialysis ovarian cancer 272, 283 PDA see patent ductus arteriosus ovarian failure, premature 74, 85 PDB see Paget’s disease of bone ovaries, polycystic syndrome 75, 89 PD‐L1 see programmed death ligand 1 overanticoagulation 374, 391 PDN see painful diabetic neuropathy overdetection 460, 467 PEA see pulseless electrical activity overdiagnosis 460, 467 penicillin, allergies 225, 228, 232 overdose management percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) 9, 28 cocaine 375, 392 pericarditis 35–36, 45 paracetamol 37, 48 perioperative management 145, 163 overmedicalisation 460, 467 warfarin 201–203 oxaliplatin 273, 285–286 peripheral blood film examination 194–198, 220–222 oxidative metabolism, alcohol 141, 153 peripheral blood stem cell transplant (PBSCT) 191, 215 oxybutynin 145–146, 163, 371, 384 peritoneal dialysis (PD) 307, 325 oxycodone 145–146, 163 pernicious anaemia 189–190, 212 oxygen dissociation curve (ODC) 396, 420 peroneal nerve compression 339, 355 P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) inhibitors 372, 385 phaeochromocytoma 75, 89–90 pacemakers 4–5, 20 pharmacodynamics 372, 385 implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators 6, 22–23 pharmacokinetics, ageing 368, 376 Paget’s disease of bone (PDB) 75, 87–88, 434–435, 448–449 pharmacology 368–392 painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) 75, 88 Addison’s disease 369, 380 palliative medicine 360–367 ageing 368, 376 advance care planning 361, 365 Alzheimer’s disease 369, 379 cancer 361–362, 364–366 ampicillin elimination 368, 376 corticosteroids 361–362, 366 anticholinergic medicines 368, 371, 376–377, 384 haemodialysis withdrawal 360, 363–364 azithromycin 368, 374, 377, 391 malignant bowel obstruction 360, 363 β‐blockers 374, 392 motor neurone disease 361, 364 bioavailability 371, 384 noisy breathing 362, 366 biosimilar medications 368, 377–378 opioid rotation 361, 364–365 bisphosphonates 369, 378 thirst and dry mouth 360, 363 BMI considerations 372, 386 tube feeding withdrawal 362, 367 clopidogrel 369, 379 PAN see polyarteritis nodosa cocaine overdose 375, 392 pancreatitis 107–108, 118–119 competitive/non‐competitive inhibition 369, 381 IgG4‐related autoimmune 225, 232 crossover studies 369, 379–380 panniculitis, erythema nodosum 58–59, 63–64 drug metabolising enzymes 372, 386 PAP see pulmonary alveolar proteinosis estimated glomerular filtration rates 370, 381 papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) 76–77, 93 first‐pass metabolism 368, 370, 376, 382 paracetamol heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia 370–371, 382–383 hepatotoxicity risk 115, 136 indapamide 371, 383 overdose management 37, 48 ischaemic stroke treatments 373–384, 389 paraneoplastic autoimmune conditions 227, 236 nitrate tolerance 371, 383 paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) 338, 353 μ‐opioid receptor 372, 386–387 Parkinson’s disease opioid use disorder 371–372, 384–385 clinical features 338, 341, 353–354, 358 pharmacodynamics 372, 385 levodopa‐induced dyskinesias 338, 354 polypharmacy 372–373, 387 orthostatic hypotension 338, 352 pramipexole 373, 388 paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) 335, 344 prodrugs 373, 388 patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) 12, 33 Pseudomonas aeruginosa treatment 371, 383–384 patiromer 305, 321 risperidone 373, 389 pazopanib 273, 288 steady‐state concentrations 369, 378–379 PBC see primary biliary cirrhosis vancomycin 374, 390–391, 392 PBSCT see peripheral blood stem cell transplant warfarin interactions 374, 391 PCI see percutaneous coronary intervention phenelzine 292, 300–301 PCOS see polycystic ovarian syndrome phenylephrine 41, 54 PCR see polymerase chain reaction phenytoin 340, 357 PCT see porphyria cutanea tarda pituitary tumours 75–76, 90–91

Gleadle599500_bindex.indd 486 24-06-2021 22:12:50 Index 487

Plasmodium falciparum 239, 251 programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) 271, 281 platelet counts, pregnancy 263, 268 progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) 190, 213 pleural effusion 397, 399–400, 421, 423 prolactin levels 75–76, 90–91 pleural effusion transudates 397, 421 prolonged prothrombin time (PT) 185–186, 203–204 PML see progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy prospective cohort studies 99, 103 PMR see polymyalgia rheumatica prostate cancer pneumonia biopsy 271–272, 279, 282 aspiration 403, 425 risk factors 271, 281 cryptogenic organizing 407, 427 protein C 193, 219 silicosis 396, 419 prothrombin time (PT) 185–186, 203–204 urinary antigen tests 394, 411–412 proton‐pump inhibitors (PPIs) 115, 136–137 pneumothorax 398, 402, 422, 425 protoporphyria 60, 66–67 PNH see paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria proximal Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) 77, 95 PNS see paraneoplastic neurological syndromes PSA values see prostate specific antigen 271–272, 282 podocytes 307, 325–326 pseudogout 431, 444 poisoning Pseudomonas aeruginosa 256, 371, 383–384 carbon monoxide 34, 44 psoriatic arthritis 436, 450 ethylene glycol 370, 381 PSP see primary spontaneous pneumothorax polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) 438, 456 PT see prothrombin time (PT) polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) 75, 89 PTC see papillary thyroid carcinoma polycythaemia vera (PV) 189, 191, 211, 213–214 PTLD see post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorders polyenes 237, 245 puberty blockers 77, 94 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests 460, 467–468 publication bias 98, 104 polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (PVTs) 2–3, 16 public health measures, meningococcal disease 242, 257–258 polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) 435, 449 pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) 407, 428 polymyositis 445 pulmonary embolism (PE) 394, 403–404, 412–413, 425 polypharmacy 372–373, 387, 389 pulmonary tuberculosis 241, 255 statins 373, 389 pulseless electrical activity (PEA) 37, 48–49 warfarin 374, 391 PUO see pyrexia of unknown origin polysaccharide vaccines 226, 235 PV see polycythaemia vera polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) 7, 24–25 PVTs see polymorphic ventricular tachycardia population attributable risk 98, 105 PWS see Prader–Willi syndrome porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) 60, 66–67 pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) 241, 253–254 posterior tibial nerve compression 339, 355 pyrimidine analogues 237, 245 post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) 307, 308, 326, 328 postural hypotension 146, 164 Q fever 241, 254 PPI see proton‐pump inhibitors Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) 182 pramipexole 373, 388 RAAS blockade see renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system prednisolone 441, 457 blockade preeclampsia 263, 266–267 radioisotope bone scans 143, 154 pre‐excitation Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome 10–11, 30–31 radiotherapy pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) 238, 248 concurrent chemotherapy 272, 282 pregnancy see obstetrics gating 272, 283 premature ovarian failure 74, 85 randomisation, bias 97, 101–102 PrEP see pre‐exposure prophylaxis range 98, 103 prevalence 98, 98, 102, 104 RCM see restrictive cardiomyopathy primary aldosteronism 149, 168 reactive arthritis 436, 450–451 primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) 112, 115, 127–128, 137 real‐time continuous glucose monitoring (RTCGM) 76, 91–92 primary central nervous system tumours 338–339, 355 recall bias 97, 101–102 primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) 309, 311, recombinant vaccines 226, 235 330, 333 red eye, acute 141, 151 primary membranous nephropathy 306, 321–322 red person syndrome 392 primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) 398, 422 refeeding syndrome (RFS) 146, 164–165 procalcitonin 254 regorafenib 273, 288 prodrugs 373, 388 regulatory T cells (Tregs) 226, 234 progestins, gender‐affirmation treatment 77, 94 renal calculi 109, 121–122

Gleadle599500_bindex.indd 487 24-06-2021 22:12:50 488 Index

renal transplants, antibody‐mediated rejection 223, 229 tension pneumothorax 398, 422 renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) blockade 83 urinary antigen tests 394, 411–412 research 97–106 restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) 7, 25 confounding 98–99, 105–106 retinopathy, hypertensive 6, 22 correlation 98, 102–103 RFS see refeeding syndrome crossover studies 369, 379–380 rhabdomyolysis 306, 322 dispersion measures 98, 103 rheumatic fever 7, 24, 26 forest plots 98–99, 103–103 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 433, 436–437, 446, 451–452 informed consent 98, 103–104 rheumatology 430–457 non‐parametric tests 97, 100–101 ankylosing spondylitis 430, 442–443 number needed to treat 97, 101 antinuclear antibodies 430, 443 odds ratio 97, 101 antiphospholipid syndrome 430, 442 prevalence 98, 98, 102, 104 arthritis 431–432, 436, 444–445, 450–451 publication bias 98, 104 autoimmune biomarkers 438–440, 454–455 randomisation 97, 101–102 avascular necrosis 430, 443 study types 99, 103 Behçet’s disease 439, 456 resistance, antimicrobials 242–243, 259–260 bone turnover markers 431, 444 respiratory medicine 393–429 disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs 440–441, 457 acute eosinophilic pneumonia 394–395, 415 giant cell arteritis 433, 447 acute pulmonary oedema 404, 425 gout 431–432, 433, 444–445, 446 allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis idiopathic inflammatory myopathies 432, 445 394–395, 401, 407, 415, 424, 427 inclusion body myositis 433–434, 445, 447 amiodarone 393, 409–410 neutropaenia 433, 446 α1‐antitrypsin deficiency 393, 409 osteoarthritis 434, 448 arterial blood gas measurement 401–402, 424–425 osteoporosis 431, 444 asbestos exposure 397, 421–422 Paget’s disease of bone 434–435, 448–449 aspiration pneumonia 403, 425 polyarteritis nodosa 438, 456 asthma 393–394, 410–411 polymyalgia rheumatica 435, 449 bronchiectasis 394, 411 psoriatic arthritis 436, 450 chronic thromboembolic pulmonary reactive arthritis 436, 450–451 hypertension 394, 412–413 rheumatoid arthritis 433, 436–437, 446, 451–452 community acquired pneumonia 394, 411–412, 413 Sjögren’s syndrome 435–436, 449–450 continuous positive airway pressure 396, 418–419 spondyloarthropathy 438, 455 COPD 394, 396, 414, 417, 420 systemic lupus erythematosus 430, 437, 443, 453 cryptogenic organizing pneumonia 407, 427 systemic sclerosis 437, 452–453 cystic fibrosis 394, 412 Takayasu arteritis 440, 456–457 D‐dimer degradation product of fibrin 394, 414 RIFLE criteria see risk, injury, failure, loss, and end‐stage kidney eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis disease 401, 408, 424, 429 right ventricular myocardial infarction (RVMI) 8, 26–27 granulomatosis with polyangiitis 405, 426 risk 98, 104–105 haemoptysis 395, 416 risk factors idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 398–399, 407, 422–423, 428 contrast‐induced nephropathy 308, 326–327 interstitial lung disease 400–401, 424 prostate cancer 271, 281 kyphoscoliosis 397, 420 risk, injury, failure, loss, and end‐stage kidney disease (RIFLE) Legionella Sp. 395, 415 criteria 49–50 Löfgren syndrome 406, 426–427 risperidone 373, 389 lymphangioleiomyomatosis 408–409, 428 rituximab 436, 440, 451, 457 malignant mesothelioma 395, 416–417 rivaroxaban 2, 15 metastatic lung cancer 402–403, 425 RNA non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation 396, 418 small interfering 172, 180–181 obstructive sleep apnoea 396, 418–420 vaccines 225, 232–233 pleural effusion 397, 399–400, 421, 423 Romberg’s sign 240, 252–253, 338 pneumothorax 398, 402, 422, 425 rosacea 60, 67 pulmonary alveolar proteinosis 407, 428 rosuvastatin 6, 23 pulmonary embolism 394, 403–404, 412–413, 425 rotator cuff (RC) 460, 468 silicosis 396, 419 Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) 77, 95 small cell lung cancer 399, 423 roxadustat 306, 322–323

Gleadle599500_bindex.indd 488 24-06-2021 22:12:51 Index 489

RTCGM see real‐time continuous glucose monitoring small cell lung cancer (SCLC) 227, 236, 338, 353, 399, 423 RVMI see right ventricular myocardial infarction small interfering RNA (siRNA) 172, 180–181 RYGB see Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass smoking, electronic cigarettes 143, 157 SpA see spondyloarthropathy Spearman’s rank correlation 98, 102 S1 radiculopathy 339, 355 spina bifida 173, 182 sacubitril 11, 31 spinal cord, metastatic compression 271, 278–279 “saddleback” ST segment elevation 36, 45 spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) 172, 181 sarcopenia 146, 165 splenectomies, vaccine requirements 226, 235–236 SARS‐CoV‐2 225, 232–233, 237, 245–246, 459, 460, spondyloarthropathy (SpA) 438, 455 462–463, 464, 468 SS see serotonin syndrome SAVE trial 396, 418–419 SSc see systemic sclerosis SAVR see surgical aortic valve replacement SSC see Surviving Sepsis Campaign SCA see spinocerebellar ataxia standard deviation (SD) 98, 103 scabies 61, 67 Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome 62, 69 scalded skin syndrome, Staphylococcal 62, 69 Staphylococcus aureus 241, 255, 256 SCD see sickle cell disease; subacute combined degeneration START criteria see Screening Tool to Alert Doctors to Right schizophrenia 289, 290, 294, 297–298 Treatment criteria sciatica 144–145, 161 statins 6, 23, 373, 389 SCLC see small cell lung cancer statistics 97–106 scleroderma 437, 452–453 attack rate 98, 105 Screening Tool of Older Persons’ Potentially inappropriate bias 98–99, 104–106 Prescriptions (STOPP) 163–164 case fatality 98, 105 Screening Tool to Alert Doctors to Right Treatment (START) central tendency 97, 100 criteria 163 confounding 98–99, 105–106 scurvy 147–148, 166 correlation 98, 102–103 SD see standard deviation crude rates 98, 105 SDH see subdural haematoma dispersion measures 98, 103 secondary hyperparathyroidism 74, 86 forest plots 98–99, 103–103 selection bias 97, 98–99, 101–102, 105–106 incidence rate 98, 105 self‐harm 290, 291, 296–297, 298 non‐parametric tests 97, 100–101 sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) 59, 65–66 number needed to treat 97, 101 sepsis 38, 40–41, 51, 53–54 odds ratio 97, 101 septic arthritis 431–432, 444–445 population attributable risk 98, 105 septic shock 34, 37–38, 40–41, 44–45, 49–50, 51, 53–54 prevalence 98, 98, 102, 104 serotonin syndrome (SS) 290, 297 randomisation 97, 101–102 serum biomarkers, autoimmune conditions 438–440, 454–455 risk 98, 104–105 severe aortic stenosis 2, 8, 14–15, 28 steady‐state concentrations 369, 378–379 severe asthma 38, 42, 50–51, 55 ST elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) 35–36, 45 severe back pain 144–145, 161 stem‐cell transplants severe mitral stenosis 7, 24 graft‐versus‐host disease 191, 214, 215 SGLT2, mechanism of action 460, 469 peripheral blood stem cells 191, 215 SGLT2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) 5, 21, 83 STEMI see ST elevation acute myocardial infarction nephropathies 308, 327 stenoses side effects 76, 92 aortic 2, 8, 14–15, 28 sickle cell disease (SCD) 191, 214–215 mitral 7, 24 silicosis 396, 419 Stevens Johnson Syndrome (SJS) 61, 62, 68–69, 292, 301 sinus node dysfunction 8, 27 STOPP see Screening Tool of Older Persons’ Potentially siRNA see small interfering RNA inappropriate Prescriptions Sjögren’s syndrome 435–436, 449–450 Streptococcus pneumoniae 394, 411–412, 413 SJS see Stevens Johnson Syndrome Streptococcus pyogenes 256 skin, layers 61, 68 stress, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy 8, 27–28 sleep medicine 393–429 stroke 336–337, 338, 339, 348–349, 355, 356 narcolepsy 396, 417 pharmacological treatment 373–384, 389 obstructive sleep apnoea 396, 418–419 strongyloidiasis 148, 166–167, 241, 254–255 SLNB see sentinel lymph node biopsy Students t‐test 98, 103 small bowel bacterial overgrowth 116, 138 subacute combined degeneration (SCD) 338, 354–355

Gleadle599500_bindex.indd 489 24-06-2021 22:12:51 490 Index

subclinical hypothyroidism 76, 92–93 TNF inhibitors 441, 457 subdural haematoma (SDH) 339, 356 toclizumab 440, 457 suicide 289, 290, 293, 296–297 tofacitinib 436, 441, 451, 457 sulfasalazine 441, 457 tolerance, nitrates 371, 383 sunscreen usage 61, 68 toll‐like receptors (TLRs) 226, 234 sunitinib 269, 274 topiramate 340, 357 surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) 2, 15 topoisomerase (Top) 2α inhibition 2, 14 surgical interventions, melanoma 59, 65–66 torsade de pointes 42, 56 Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) 51, 54 Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) 61, 62, 68–69, 69, switching antidepressants 291, 298 292, 301 syncope 3, 18 toxicology 368–392 Holter monitoring 6, 23 ampicillin 368, 376 synpharyngitic glomerulonephritis 150, 168 azithromycin 368, 377 syphilis 240, 252–253 cocaine overdose 375, 392 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) ethylene glycol 370, 381 antinuclear antibodies 430, 443 indapamide 371, 383 laboratory testing 437, 453 P‐glycoprotein inhibition 372, 385 nephrology 305, 320–321 P‐glycoprotein inhibitors 372, 385 systemic mastocytosis 225, 233 polypharmacy 372–373, 387, 389 systemic sclerosis (SSc) 437, 452–453 vancomycin 374, 392 see also pharmacology toxoid vaccines 226, 235 tacrolimus 116, 138–139 TRALI see transfusion‐related acute lung injury Takayasu arteritis 440, 456–457 tranexamic acid 40, 52 Takotsubo cardiomyopathy 8, 27–28 transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) 2, 8, 15, 28 targeted chemotherapeutic agents 273, 287–288 transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) 191–192, 216–217 TAVI see transcatheter aortic valve implantation transgender (TGD) persons, hormone therapy 77 TB see tuberculosis transient global amnesia (TGA) 374, 390 TBMN see thin basement membrane nephropathy transplant indicators, liver 114, 133 TCA see tricarboxylic acid cycle transplant recipients T cells 226, 234 antibody‐mediated rejection 223, 229, 303, 314–315 Staphylococcus aureus 241, 255 BK virus nephropathy 306, 323–324 TE see thromboembolism failure to adhere 308, 328 temazepam 145–146, 163 graft‐versus‐host disease 191, 214, 215 temporary pacing 38–40, 51–52 lymphoproliferative disorders 307, 308, 326, 328 TEN see Toxic epidermal necrolysis peripheral blood stem cells 191, 215 tension pneumothorax 398, 422 pregnancy 263, 267–268 “tented” T waves 35, 45 sunscreen usage 61, 68 teriparatide 378 vaccination recommendations 241, 256 terlipressin 116, 139 transposition of the great arteries 12, 32–33 testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) 74, 84–85 transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) 271, 279 Tetralogy of Fallot 12, 32 transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) 3, 16–17 TGA see transient global amnesia transudates, pleural 397, 421 TGD see transgender persons treatment‐resistant hypertension 7, 25 thermogenic beige adipocytes 82 treatment‐resistant schizophrenia, clozapine 289, 294 thin basement membrane nephropathy (TBMN) 309, 331 Tregs see regulatory T cells thirst, palliative medicine 360, 363 tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) 74, 86 thrombocytopenia trigeminal neuralgia 340, 357 heparin‐induced 186, 205–206, 370–371, 382–383 trimethoprim 308, 328 idiopathic purpura 187–188, 207–208 trisomy 21 170, 176 thromboembolism (TE), warfarin treatment 185, 201–203 troponins 9, 29 thrombophilia, inherited 191, 216 TRT see testosterone replacement therapy thyroid carcinomas 76–77, 93–94 TRUS see transrectal ultrasound thyroid function tests (TFTs) 78, 96 tryptase levels, anaphylaxis 225, 233–234 thyroid nodules 77, 94 TSC see tuberous sclerosis complex thyroxine, pregnancy 262, 266 tube feeding withdrawal 362, 367 TLRs see toll‐like receptors tuberculosis (TB), pulmonary 241, 255 TLS see tumour lysis syndrome tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) 172, 181–182

Gleadle599500_bindex.indd 490 24-06-2021 22:12:51 Index 491

tumour lysis syndrome (TLS) 272, 283–284 venous thromboembolism (VTE) tumour markers 272, 284–285 D‐dimer degradation product of fibrin 394, 414 tumours inherited thrombophilia 191, 216 adrenal incidentaloma 72, 80 malignancy‐related 184, 200 central nervous system 338–339, 355 ventricular arrhythmias (VA) 460, 466–467 multiple endocrine neoplasia 74, 86–87 ventricular septal defect (VSD) 12, 32 pituitary 75–76, 90–91 ventricular tachycardia (VT) 40, 53 see also cancer VHL see Von Hippel–Lindau mutations type 2 diabetes, with cardiovascular disease 5, 21 vitamin A deficiency 77, 95 vitamin B1 deficiency 77, 95 UAT see urinary antigen tests vitamin B12 deficiency 77, 95, 189–190, 212, 338, 354–355 UGIB see upper gastrointestinal bleeding vitamin C deficiency 147–148, 166 unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia 112, 127–128 vitamin deficiencies, gastric bypass surgery 77–78, 95–96 uncoupling protein‐1 82 Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) mutations 87, 181 unilateral neglect 341, 359 von Willebrand disease (VWD) 192–193, 218 unpaired t‐test 98, 103 VPA see valproic acid upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) 116–117, 139–137 VSD see ventricular septal defect uric acid crystals 109, 121–122 VT see ventricular tachycardia urinary antigen tests (UAT), pneumonia 394, 411–412 VTE see venous thromboembolism urosepsis, septic shock 40–41, 53 VUS see variants of uncertain significance VWD see von Willebrand disease VA see ventricular arrhythmias VZV see varicella‐zoster virus vaccinations 226, 235–236 influenza 239, 250 Waldenström macroglobulinaemia (WM) 193, 218–219 RNA‐based 225, 232–233 warfarin 185, 201–203, 304, 316–317 splenectomies 226, 235–236 polypharmacy 374, 391 transplant recipients 241, 256 water deprivation test 78, 96 valproic acid (VPA)‐induced hyperammonaemia 146–147, 166 Wenckebach (Mobitz type I) heart block 40, 51–52 vancomycin 374, 390–391, 392 Whipple’s disease 107, 118–119 vaping 143, 157 white adipocytes 82 variants of uncertain significance (VUS) 170–171, 177–178 Wilson’s disease 173, 182 varicella‐zoster virus (VZV) 242, 257, 336, 347–348 withdrawal syndromes, alcohol 141–142, 153 vascular dementia 150, 168 WM see Waldenström macroglobulinaemia vasopressin 41, 54 Wolff–Parkinson–White (WPW) syndrome 10–11, 30–31 vasopressin analogues, terlipressin 116, 139 WPW syndrome see Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome vasopressors, critical care 41, 54 VBG see venous blood gas Zika virus 242, 257 venous blood gas (VBG) 40, 52 zinc deficiency 77–78, 95–96 venous disease 144, 160–161 Zollinger–Ellison syndrome 117, 137

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