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Intensitas Kerusakan Pohon Kepel (Stelechocarpus Burahol) Akibat Benalu (Dendrophthoe Pentandra) Di FMIPA UI, Depok, Jawa Barat

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Intensitas Kerusakan Pohon Kepel (Stelechocarpus Burahol) Akibat Benalu (Dendrophthoe Pentandra) Di FMIPA UI, Depok, Jawa Barat Intensitas Kerusakan Pohon Kepel (Stelechocarpus burahol) akibat Benalu (Dendrophthoe pentandra) di FMIPA UI, Depok, Jawa Barat Ika Pratiwi1, Wisnu Wardhana1, Nisyawati1 Departemen Biologi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Indonesia, Depok Jawa Barat16424 [email protected] Abstrak Pohon kepel (Stelechocarpus burahol) di FMIPA UI sebagian besar (8 dari 9 pohon) ditumbuhi oleh benalu Dendrophthoe pentandra (Loranthaceae). Keberadaan benalu tersebut diduga dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pohon S. burahol. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan mengetahui tingkat kerusakan S. burahol akibat ditumbuhi benalu. Benalu yang tumbuh pada S. burahol dapat menyebabkan kerusakan morfologi dan anatomi. Kerusakan morfologi dapat diketahui dengan menghitung selisih keliling cabang pohon S. burahol bagian proksimal dan distal. Kerusakan anatomi dapat dilihat berdasarkan potongan membujur haustorium benalu yang menempel pada cabang S. burahol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai kerusakan pohon S. burahol tertinggi sebesar 94,3% (sangat rusak), sedangkan berdasarkan pengamatan potongan membujur haustorium benalu terlihat bagian jaringan cabang S. burahol yang mengalami kerusakan akibat penetrasi haustorium benalu (collapsed zone). Benalu D. pentandra yang tumbuh pada S. burahol dalam jangka panjang akan menyebabkan kematian yang berakibat kepada penurunan populasi pohon S. burahol di FMIPA UI. Intensity of Kepel Tree (Stelechocarpus burahol) damage due to Mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra) in Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science University of Indonesia, Depok, West Java Abstract Majority of Kepel tree (Stelechocarpus burahol) in FMIPA UI (8 of 9 trees) overgrown by mistletoe Dendrophthoe pentandra (Loranthaceae). The mistletoe suspected to cause damage to S. burahol trees. Therefore, the research to determine the level of damage as a result of overgrown mistletoe on S. burahol is done. The mistletoe that grows on S. burahol can cause morphology and anatomy damage. Morphology damage can be determined by calculating the difference in circumference of tree branches S. burahol on proximal and distal parts. Anatomy damage can be viewed by piece of longitudinal section haustorium of mistletoe that attaches to the S. burahol branch. The results showed that the highest value of damage to S. burahol trees is 94.3% (very damaged), whereas based on longitudinal section part of the S. burahol branch tissue damaged by penetration haustorium of mistletoe (collapsed zone) could be seen. Mistletoe of D. pentandra that grows on S. burahol in the long time will lead to death and caused the population of S. burahol trees in FMIPA UI declined. Intensitas kerusakan ..., Ika Pratiwi, FMIPA UI, 2016 Keyword : Dendrophthoe pentandra; haustorium; mistletoe; Stelechocarpus burahol; value of damage Pendahuluan Tumbuhan parasit merupakan tumbuhan yang membutuhkan inang dalam melengkapi siklus hidupnya (Norton & Carpenter 1998: 101). Tumbuhan parasit yang paling mudah ditemukan yaitu benalu (Famili Loranthaceae dan Viscaceae). Benalu merupakan tumbuhan parasit berklorofil yang tumbuh dan hidup pada cabang tumbuhan inang yang umumnya berkayu (Heide-Jørgensen 2008: 21). Benalu termasuk ke dalam tumbuhan hemiparasit karena benalu hanya mengambil air dan nutrien dari tumbuhan inang (Nickrent 2002: 4). Benalu yang tumbuh pada cabang tumbuhan inang diketahui disebarkan oleh burung. Biji benalu akan dimakan oleh burung, namun burung tidak mampu mencerna biji benalu tersebut, sehingga bijinya akan dikeluarkan bersamaan dengan kotoran burung (Docters van Leeuwen 1954: 191). Biji benalu yang diselubungi oleh lendir yang lengket akan menempel dan berkecambah pada cabang tumbuhan inang (Sunaryo dkk. 2006: 129). Biji benalu kemudian membentuk organ khusus yang disebut haustorium. Haustorium berfungsi untuk mengambil air dan nutrien dari tumbuhan inangnya (Kuijt 1969: 16). Benalu yang mudah ditemukan dan memiliki persebaran terluas di wilayah Universitas Indonesia (UI) yaitu benalu Dendrophthoe pentandra (Loranthaceae) (Romlah 2008: 21). Di wilayah kampus UI diketahui ditanami berbagai jenis pohon penghijauan (Pelaksanaan Program Penghijauan Kampus UI Depok 1987: 11). Berdasarkan pra penelitian Pratiwi (2015: 15) yang dilakukan di Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Indonesia (FMIPA UI) ditemukan sebanyak 551 pohon yang terdiri atas 124 spesies. Terdapat 43 spesies pohon di FMIPA UI yang ditumbuhi oleh benalu, salah satunya pohon kepel (Stelechocapus burahol). Berdasarkan pra penelitian tersebut juga ditemukan pohon S. burahol memiliki persentase tertinggi ditumbuhi pleh benalu dibandingkan dengan spesies pohon yang lain, yaitu sebesar 90%. Sembilan dari sepuluh pohon S. burahol yang terdapat di FMIPA UI diketahui ditumbuhi oleh benalu D. pentandra. Pohon kepel atau S. burahol (Annonaceae) merupakan tumbuhan asli Indonesia yang keberadaannya mulai langka dan terancam punah (Fachrurozi 1980: 127). Stelechocarpus burahol memiliki tajuk pohon yang rimbun dan bentukya mengerucut membuat burung- burung sebagai penyebar biji benalu sering bertengger di cabang pohon S. burahol Intensitas kerusakan ..., Ika Pratiwi, FMIPA UI, 2016 (Hasanuddin 2013: 43). Stelechocarpus burahol memiliki kulit kayu yang kasar sehingga, biji benalu lebih mudah menempel (Arruda dkk. 2006: 131). Benalu yang tumbuh pada cabang pohon inang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan morfologi dan anatomi. Benalu dalam jumlah banyak pada suatu pohon inang akan mengakibatkan kematian karena tingkat agresivitasnya yang tinggi (Sunaryo dkk. 2006: 138). Akan tetapi, belum ada penelitian mengenai kerusakan pohon S. burahol yang diakibatkan oleh tumbuhnya benalu D. pentandra pada pohon tersebut. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan penelitian mengenai kerusakan pohon S. burahol akibat ditumbuhi oleh benalu D. pentandra. Stelechocarpus burahol yang mulai langka akan semakin terancam keberadaannya jika pohon tersebut ditumbuhi benalu dengan tingkat agresivitas yang tinggi. Benalu yang terlalu banyak tumbuh pada pohon S. burahol akan mengakibatkan kerusakan bahkan kematian, sehingga menyebabkan populasi pohon S. burahol akan berkurang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui intensitas dan tingkat kerusakan yang ditimbulkan oleh benalu D. pentandra pada pohon S. burahol yang ada di FMIPA UI. Diharapkan penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu upaya konservasi terhadap pohon S. burahol yang ada di FMIPA UI. Tinjauan Teoritis Parasitisme merupakan interaksi antar spesies, yaitu organisme parasit yang mengambil makanan dari inangnya. Hubungan parasitisme tersebut bersifat merugikan bagi inang dan akan menguntungkan bagi parasit (Campbell dkk. 2004: 368). Salah satu hubungan parasitisme yaitu terdapat pada tumbuhan parasit yang menginfeksi tumbuhan inangnya. Tumbuhan parasit tersebut membutuhkan inang sebagai penyedia sumber makanan berupa nutrien untuk melengkapi siklus hidupnya (Norton & Carpenter 1998: 101). Berdasarkan pengambilan nutrien tumbuhan parasit dapat dibagi menjadi dua yaitu hemiparasit dan holoparasit (Heide-Jørgensen 2008: 6). Hemiparasit merupakan tumbuhan parasit berklorofil, mampu berfotosintesis dan hanya mengambil air serta nutrien dari tumbuhan inang melalui haustorium (Nickrent & Musselman 2004: 1). Sementara itu, holoparasit memiliki ciri tidak berklorofil, tidak mampu melakukan fotosintesis, mengambil air dan nutrien dari xilem dan floem inang. Umumnya holoparasit merupakan parasit akar tetapi terdapat pula parasit batang yang telah kehilangan klorofilnya (Heide-Jørgensen 2008: 7). Intensitas kerusakan ..., Ika Pratiwi, FMIPA UI, 2016 Salah satu contoh tumbuhan hemiparasit yaitu benalu. Benalu juga termasuk ke dalam tumbuhan parasit aerial (Mathiasen dkk. 2008: 988). Benalu dapat dibagi menjadi tiga famili yaitu Loranthaceae, Viscaceae dan Misodendraceae. Famili yang paling banyak tesebar di wilayah tropis yaitu Loranthaceae dan Viscaceae, sedangkan Misodendroceae hanya memiliki 1 genus dengan 7 spesies yang tersebar di Argentina dan Chili (Nickrent 2009: 1--4). Di kawasan Malesiana (Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua Nugini dan Kepulauan Solomon) terdapat 23 genus dan 193 spesies dari famili Loranthaceae, sedangkan famili Viscaceae hanya terdapat 4 genus dan 26 spesies. Di Pulau Jawa terdapat 37 spesies dari famili Loranthaceae dengan jumlah spesies yang terbesar terdapat di Jawa Barat yaitu sebanyak 28 spesies (Backer & Brink 1965: 40). Benalu memiliki peran ekologi sebagai kelompok keystone resource yaitu sekelompok tumbuhan yang memiliki peranan penting terhadap suatu komunitas atau ekosistem karena dimanfaatkan oleh banyak jenis mahkluk hidup lainnya (Watson 2001: 221-222). Selain itu, benalu juga berpotensi dijadikan tumbuhan obat seperti untuk mengobati luka dan infeksi pada kulit, mengobati hipertensi, obat batuk dan juga obat anti kanker (Rahayu dkk. 2006: 248). Benalu yang tumbuh pada pohon inang yang tidak spesifik menyebabkan kandungan senyawa pada benalu berbeda-beda, bergantung kepada jenis inangnya (Luttge 2008: 188- 189). Persebaran benalu dari satu jenis inang ke jenis inang yang lain sangat mudah terjadi karena dipengaruhi oleh perilaku makan burung dan tempat hinggapnya burung. Burung akan memilih pohon yang memiliki tajuk rimbun, serta kemiringan cabang yang hampir tegak lurus dengan batang utama. Cabang digunakan oleh burung sebagai tempat bertengger, bersarang, berlindung dari predator dan mencari makan (Devkota 2005: 85). Burung juga sering menyebarkan biji benalu di tempat yang agak tinggi pada pohon, dengan demikian biji
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