Diversity, Potential and Conservation of Annonaceae in Bogor Botanic Gardens, Indonesia
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BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 19, Number 2, March 2018 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 591-603 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d190230 Diversity, potential and conservation of Annonaceae in Bogor Botanic Gardens, Indonesia TRI HANDAYANI Center for Plant Conservation, Indonesian Botanic Gardens (Bogor Botanic Gardens), Indonesian Institute of Sciences. Jl. Ir. H. Juanda No. 13 Bogor 16122, West Java, Indonesia. Tel.: +62-251-8322187, Fax.: +62-251-8322187, email: [email protected] Manuscript received: 4 December 2017. Revision accepted: 16 March 2018. Abstract. Handayani T. 2018. Diversity, potential and conservation of Annonaceae in Bogor Botanic Gardens, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 591-603. The Annonaceae is a large family of trees, shrubs and climbers consisting of about 109 genera and 2440 species. This family has important economic value for fresh fruit, cosmetics and perfumes, timber, traditional medicines, processed foods and beverages, insecticides, and ornamental plants. It also has an important role in forest ecosystems and in environmental management, as a key habitat organism. Despite its many uses, the family has not received special attention, and many of its species have been forgotten. Therefore, efforts are required to conserve the Annonaceae. Conservation of the Annonaceae depends upon ex-situ as well as in-situ methods. Conservation by ex situ approaches is considered effective because it can save from extinction species that are rare, endemic or of as yet recognized, unknown usefulness.The research reported in this paper aimed to determine Annonaceae diversity in Bogor Botanic Gardens (BBG), West Java, Indonesia as well as its current and potential utilization, with a view to developing ways of ensuring preservation of the collection within the Gardens. The study used direct observation of the Garden’s collection, compilation and scrutiny of relevant data from the long-term BBG registration database, analysis of past research data, and a literature study. Currently, BBG holds in its collection about 28 genera and 83 species of the Annonaceae family. The collection is estimated to cover 80% of the total species scattered across the Malesian region. Within the collection there are 49 tree species (59.04%), 14 shrub species (16.87%) and 20 liana species (24.09%). Most of the collections are from Java and Sumatra, while the fewest are from Maluku Islands and Papua. Among 40 species observed, 7 species are used for their fruit, 7 species have cosmetic or perfume uses, 22 species are a source of timber, 34 species have uses in traditional medicine, 6 species are used in the food or beverage industry, 19 species can be used as ornamental plants, 8 species for insecticides, and 4 species for other uses.The Annonaceae collections consist of young and old plants.Plants within the Gardens that are more than 100 years old include trees (7 species), shrubs (3 species) and a liana (1 species).The most widely used parts for traditional medicine are roots and leaves. This paper discusses the efforts taken by BBG to conserve the Annonaceae, include maintaining the diversity of the collection, researching the potential usefulness of the collection and exploring different approaches to its conservation. Keywords: Annonaceae, collection, conservation, research, potential INTRODUCTION and Akpapan 2012; Uyoh et al. 2013; Handayani 2016); timber (Nurfadilah et al. 2017); traditional medicines The human population of Indonesia continues to (Wang et al. 2002; Blessing et al. 2010; Purwantiningsih et increase from year to year. Increasing populations cause al. 2011; Wang et al. 2012; Rosandy et al. 2013; Biba et al. environmental problems due to over-exploitation of land, 2014; Enabulele et al. 2014); processed foods and expansion of plantations, and deforestation (Nagel 2011). beverages (Bele et al. 2011; Akpabio and Akpapan 2012; These activities have caused destruction of forests as Eze-Steven et al. 2013; Tatdao et al. 2014); ornamental habitats for flora and fauna. Forest destruction also causes plants (Handayani 2016; Handayani 2017); pesticides (Bele the loss of species that are known to the public, or et al. 2011; Cheng et al. 2012); and other comodities unknown and hence not available for potential utilization. (Wakhidah et al. 2017). Members of the Annonaceae play In order to prevent the possible flora extinction in the wild, an important ecological role in terms of species diversity, such as particular species of the family Annonaceae, especially in tropical rainforest ecosystems (Couvreur et al. conservation efforts are being undertaken at sites outside 2012). However, the Annonaceae populations in natural the flora’s natural habitats (ex situ conservation), such as in habitats continue to be threatened. Pressures on forest in the facilities of Bogor Botanical Gardens (BBG) in West the form of exploitation for forest products, and of Java, Indonesia. conversion to agricultural land, plantations, housing and The Annonaceae is a large family of trees, shrubs, and mining land occur continuously (Yusuf et al. 2005; Komara climbers, which occurs in tropical and subtropical regions. et al. 2016). Harvesting Annonaceous plants from the It consists of about 109 genera and 2440 species (Couvreur forest, as a source of timber or raw material for traditional et al. 2012). Economically, the family is important as a medicine is a direct cause of population decline of source of edible fruits (Aziz et al. 2016);cosmetics and particular species. This affects the balance of the forest perfumes (Leboeuf et al. 1982; Bele et al. 2011, Akpabio ecosystem. 592 BIODIVERSITAS 19 (2): 591-603, March 2018 Bogor Botanical Gardens is located in Bogor city, West Observations on the diversity of Annonaceae Java Province, Indonesia. As an ex-situ plant conservation Only plants that have been identified to species level institution, BBG plays important roles in preventing plant were observed as part of the assessment of diversity. Forty species extinction. Apart from this, the existence of BBG in species of trees, shrubs and lianas were used as observation the middle of downtown Bogor makes a very important samples. Observations focused on variation in species, contribution to the tackling of environmental problems in plant habit, flower color, coloration of new foliage, Bogor city and its surroundings.The Annonaceae is one of specimen origin, habitat, and reproductive traits. the families in the plant collection of BBG with a Observations were made by naked eye, camera, and particularly large number of species represented. The microscope. The size of trees was classified as small if the Annonaceae play an important role in the artificial forest had a high < 5 m and large trees were those with a high > 5 ecosystem of the Gardens. The plants have ecological, m. The floral diameter was measured with a ruler: flowers hydrological, and climatological functions. Many members were classified as small if they had a diameter < 2 cm; of the collection are large enough to represent significant medium flowers were 2-5 cm in diameter, and large carbon sinks within the ecosystem (Didi Usmadi, pers. flowers were those with a diameter > 5 cm. com.). They also contribute to the oxygen balance and provide habitats for other organisms. The loss of Observation of recent research activity conducted on Annonaceae in the wild and BBG would have impacts on Annonaceae the balance of these ecosystems and human life dependent The research reported here summarises all research on them. It is therefore essential that concerted efforts be recently carried out on the Annonaceae collection of BBG; taken both in the wild and within the BBG ex-situ this includes research done in greenhouses, in the open conservation facility, to provide for the preservation of the garden, and reported in published literature. All research family Annonaceae and the sustainability of their relating to seeds is generally carried out in a greenhouse. utilization by human society (Sari et al. 2005;Yusuf et al. Observations on reproductive aspects of the growing plants 2005; Nagel 2011; Couvreur et al. 2012; are conducted in the open gardens. Observations on insect The conservation of the Annonaceae involves both in visitors were carried out on 15 flowering plants.This study situ and ex-situ approaches. In situ conservation is indirect, also reviewed other research that was conducted at BBG. since the goal to protect the Annonaceae is not specific. In situ conservation focuses on species that grow in protected Observation of the potential uses of Annonaceae forest, national parks, indigenous forest, nature parks and Observations were made on 40 species in the BBG nature reserves (Hartini and Puspitaningtyas 2009). Ex situ plant collection. Observations of the potential uses of the conservation aims to preserve the Annonaceae directly plant were carried out directly, and included recording within botanical gardens, city forests, city parks, arboreta interesting aspects of the plants, such as the color of and community plantations. Due to its ability to preserve flowers, the color of young leaves, and the stature of trees. species that are rare, endemic or of unknown benefits, this Furthermore, interviews and information from the literature method is considered more effective in preventing were also used as source data. extinction of targeted species. This study aimed to: (i) determine the diversity of the Observation of the conservation of Annonaceae Annonaceae as represented in Bogor Botanic Gardens, (ii) Observations were conducted on conservation activities record the results of previous research carried out into related to the technical preservation of plant members of Annonaceae at BBG, (iii) explore the potential of the the Annonaceae. In situ conservation, location data were Annonaceae for utilization by society, and (iv) study the obtained from the literature. Data relating to technical ways to conserve the family’s diversity. aspects of plant conservation were collected from technicians working in BBG. Data relating to the collection were also observed directly and obtained from the MATERIALS AND METHODS Registration and Nursery Sub-Divisions.