Medical Glossary

AAD allergic airway disease, an inflammatory neurotransmitter acetylcholine, producing disorder of the airways caused by allergens. ­choline. AAPH 2,2¢-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydro- Acne vulga´ris also known as chronic acne, chloride, a water-soluble azo compound used usually occurring in adolescence, with come- extensively as a free radical generator, often in dones (blackheads), papules (red pimples), the study of lipid peroxidation and the charac- nodules (inflamed acne spots), and pustules terization of antioxidants. (small inflamed pus-filled lesions) on the face, Abeta aggregation amyloid beta protein (Abeta) neck, and upper part of the trunk. aggregation is associated with Alzheimer’s Acidosis increased acidity. disease (AD), it is a major component of the Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome extracellular plaque found in AD brains. (AIDS) an epidemic disease caused by an Abdominal distension referring to generalised infection by human immunodeficiency virus distension of most or all of the abdomen. Also (HIV-1, HIV-2), retrovirus that causes immune referred to as stomach bloating often caused system failure and debilitation and is often by a sudden increase in fibre from consump- accompanied by infections such as tuberculo- tion of vegetables, and beans. sis. Ablation therapy the destruction of small areas Acridone an organic compound based on the of myocardial tissue, usually by application acridine skeleton, with a carbonyl group at the of electrical or chemical energy, in the treat- 9 position. ment of some tachyarrhythmias. ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone (or corti- Abortifacient a substance that causes or induces cotropin), a polypeptide tropic hormone pro- abortion. duced and secreted by the anterior pituitary Abortivum a substance inducing abortion. gland. Abscess a swollen infected, inflamed area filled Activating transcription factor (ATF) a pro- with pus in body tissues. tein (gene) that binds to specific DNA ABTS 2.2 azinobis-3-ethylhenthiazoline-6-sul- sequences regulating the transfer or transcrip- fonic acid, a type of mediator in chemical reac- tion of information from DNA to mRNA. tion kinetics of specific enzymes. Activator protein-1 (AP-1) a heterodimeric ACAT acyl CoA: acyltransferase. protein transcription factor that regulates gene ACE see angiotensin-converting enzyme. expression in response to a variety of stimuli, Acetogenins natural products from the of including cytokines, growth factors, stress, the family ; are very potent inhib- and bacterial and viral infections. AP-1 in turn itors of the NADH-ubiquinone reductase regulates a number of cellular processes (Complex I) activity of mammalian mitochon- including differentiation, proliferation, and dria. apoptosis. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an enzyme that Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases a group of enzymes degrades (through its hydrolytic activity) the that catalyzes the initial step in each cycle of

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 1, Fruits, 739 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-8661-7, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 740 Medical Glossary

b -oxidation in the mitochondria Adrenalectomized having had the adrenal of cells. glands surgically removed. Adaptogen a term used by herbalists to refer to Adrenergic having to de with adrenaline a natural herb product that increases the body’s ­(epinephrine) and/or noradrenaline (norepi- resistance to stresses such as trauma, stress nephrine). and fatigue. Adrenergic receptors a class of G protein- Adaptogenic increasing the resistance of the coupled receptors that are targets of the nora- body to stress. drenaline (norepinephrine) and adrenaline Addison’s disease is a rare endocrine disorder. (epinephrine). It occurs when the adrenal glands cannot pro- Adulterant an impure ingredient added into a duce sufficient hormones (corticosteroids). It preparation. is also known as chronic adrenal insufficiency, Advanced Glycation End products hypocortisolism or hypocorticism. (AGEs) resultant products of a chain of chem- Adenocarcinoma a cancer originating in glan- ical reactions after an initial glycation reac- dular tissue. tion. AGEs may play an important adverse Adenoma a benign tumour from a glandular role in process of atherosclerosis, diabetes, origin. aging and chronic renal failure. Adenosine receptors a class of purinergic, Aegilops an ulcer or fistula in the inner corner of G-protein coupled receptors with adenosine as the eye. endogenous ligand. In humans, there are four Afferent something that so conducts or carries

adenosine receptors. A1 receptors and A2A play towards, such as a blood vessel, fibre, or nerve. roles in the heart, regulating myocardial oxygen Agammaglobulinaemia an inherited disorder in consumption and coronary blood flow, while which there are very low levels of protective

the A2A receptor also has broader anti-inflam- immune proteins called immunoglobulins. Cf. matory effects throughout the body. These two x-linked agammaglobulinaemia. receptors also have important roles in the brain, Agalactia lack of milk after parturition (birth). regulating the release of other neurotransmitters Agglutinin a protein substance, such as an anti-

such as dopamine and glutamate, while the A2B body, that is capable of causing agglutination

and A3 receptors are located mainly peripher- (clumping) of a particular antigen. ally and are involved in inflammation and Agglutination clumping of particles. immune responses. Agonist a drug that binds to a receptor of a cell ADH see alcohol dehydrogenase. and triggers a response by the cell. Adipocyte a cell involved in the synthesis Ague a fever (such as from malaria) that is and storage of . marked by paroxysms of chills, fever, and Adiponectin a protein in humans that modulates sweating that recurs with regular intervals. several physiological processes, such as AHR AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a cytoso- metabolism of glucose and fatty acids, and lic protein transcription factor. immune responses. AIDS see Acquired Immunodeficiency Syn- Adipose tissues body fat, loose connective tis- drome. sue composed of adipocytes (fat cells). Akathisia a movement disorder often caused by Adoptogen containing smooth pro-stressors long-term use of antipsychotic medications. which reduce reactivity of host defense sys- Akt signaling pathway Akt are protein kinases tems and decrease damaging effects of vari- involved in mammalian cellular signaling, ous stressors due to increased basal level of inhibits apoptotic processes. mediators involved in the stress response. Akt/FoxO pathway Cellular processes involving Adrenal glands star-shaped endocrine glands Akt and FoxO transcription factors that play a that sit on top of the kidneys. role in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. Medical Glossary 741

Alanine transaminase (ALT) also called Alopecia is the loss of hair on the body. Serum Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase Alopecia areata is a particular disorder affect- (SGPT) or Alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), ing hair growth (loss of hair) in the scalp and an enzyme present in hepatocytes (liver cells). elsewhere. When a cell is damaged, it leaks this enzyme ALP see Alkaline phosphatase. into the blood. Alpha-adrenoceptor receptors postulated to ALAT, (Alanine aminotransferase) see Ala- exist on nerve cell membranes of the sympa- nine transaminase. thetic nervous system in order to explain the Albumin water soluble proteins found in egg specificity of certain agents that affect only white, blood serum, milk, various animal tis- some sympathetic activities (such as vasocon- sues and juices and tissues. striction and relaxation of intestinal muscles Albuminaria excessive amount of albumin in the and contraction of smooth muscles). urine, a symptom of severe kidney disease. Alpha amylase a-amylase a major form of Aldose reductase, aldehyde reductase an amylase found in humans and other mammals enzyme in metabolism that con- that cleaves alpha-bonds of large sugar mole- verts glucose to sorbitol. cules. Alexipharmic an antidote, remedy for poison. ALT see Alanine transaminase. Alexiteric a preservative against contagious and Alterative a medication or treatment which grad- infectious diseases, and the effects of poi- ually induces a change, and restores healthy sons. functions without sensible evacuations. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) an enzyme Alveolar macrophage a vigorously phagocytic involved in the break-down of alcohol. macrophage on the epithelial surface of lung Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) an enzyme in the alveoli that ingests carbon and other inhaled cells lining the biliary ducts of the liver. ALP particulate matter. Also called coniophage or levels in plasma will rise with large bile duct dust cell. obstruction, intrahepatic cholestasis or infil- Alzheimer’s disease a degenerative, organic, trative diseases of the liver. ALP is also pres- mental disease characterized by progressive ent in bone and placental tissues. brain deterioration and dementia, usually Allergenic having the properties of an antigen occurring after the age of 50. (allergen), immunogenic. Amastigote refers to a cell that does not have Allergic pertaining to, caused, affected with, or any flagella, used mainly to describe a certain the nature of the allergy. phase in the life-cycle of trypanosome proto- Allergy a hypersensitivity state induced by zoans. exposure to a particular antigen (allergen) Amenorrhea the condition when a woman fails resulting in harmful immunologic reactions on to have menstrual periods. subsequent exposures. The term is usually used Amidolytic cleavage of the amide structure. to refer to hypersensitivity to an environmen- Amoebiasis state of being infected by amoeba tal antigen (atopic allergy or contact dermati- such as Entamoeba histolytica. tis) or to drug allergy. Amoebicidal lethal to amoeba. Allogeneic cells or tissues which are genetically Amyloid beta (Ab or Abeta) a peptide of 39–43 different because they are derived from sepa- amino acids that appear to be the main con- rate individuals of the same species. Also stituent of amyloid plaques in the brains of refers to a type of immunological reaction that Alzheimer’s disease patients. occurs when cells are transplanted into a Amyotrophy progressive wasting of muscle tis- genetically different recipient. sues. adj. amyotrophic. Allostasis the process of achieving stability, or Anaemia a blood disorder in which the blood homeostasis, through physiological or behav- is deficient in red blood cells and in haemo- ioral change. globin. 742 Medical Glossary

Anaesthesia condition of having sensation Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a type of inflam- temporarily suppressed. matory arthritis that targets the joints of the Anaesthetic a substance that decreases partially spine. or totally nerve the sense of pain. Annexitis also called adnexitis is a pelvic inflam- Analeptic a central nervous system (CNS) stim- matory disease involving the inflammation ulant medication. of the ovaries or fallopian tubes. Analgesia term describing relief, reduction or Anodyne a substance that relieves or soothes suppression of pain. adj. analgetic. pain by lessening the sensitivity of the brain Analgesic a substance that relieves or reduces or nervous system. Also called an analgesic. pain. Anorectal relating to the rectum and anus. Anaphoretic an antiperspirant. Anorectics appetite suppressants, substances Anaphylaxis a severe, life-threatening allergic which reduce the desire to eat. Used on a short response that may be characterized by symp- term basis clinically to treat obesity. Also called toms such as reduced blood pressure, wheez- anorexigenics. ing, vomiting or diarrhea. Anorexia lack or loss of desire to eat. Anaphylactic adj. see anaphylaxis. Anorexic having no appetite to eat. Anaphylotoxins are fragments (C3a, C4a or Anorexigenics see anorectics. C5a) that are produced during the pathways Antagonist a substance that acts against and of the complement system. They can trigger blocks an action. release of substances of endothelial cells, Antalgic a substance used to relive a painful mast cells or phagocytes, which produce a condition. local inflammatory response. Antecubital vein This vein is located in the Anaplasia a reversion of differentiation in cells antecubital fossa -the area of the arm in front of and is characteristic of malignant neoplasms the elbow. (tumours). Anterior uveitis is the most common form of Anaplastic adj. see anaplasia. ocular inflammation that often causes a pain- Anasarca accumulation of great quantity of ful red eye. fluid in body tissues. Anthelmintic an agent or substance that is Androgen male sex hormone in vertebrates. destructive to worms and used for expulsion Androgens may be used in patients with breast of internal parasitic worms in animals and cancer to treat recurrence of the disease. humans. Angina pectoris, Angina chest pain or chest Anthocyanins a subgroup of antioxidant fla- discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle vonoids, are glucosides of anthocyanidins. does not get enough blood. Which are beneficial to health. They occur as Angiogenesis a physiological process involving water-soluble vacuolar pigments that may the growth of new blood vessels from pre- appear red, purple, or blue according to pH in existing vessels. plants. Angiogenic adj. see angiogenesis. Anthrax a bacterial disease of cattle and ship Angiotensin an oligopeptide hormone in the that can be transmitted to man though unpro- blood that causes blood vessels to constrict, cessed wool. and drives blood pressure up. It is part of the Anthropometric pertaining to the study of renin-angiotensin system. human body measurements. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) an exo- Antiamoebic a substance that destroys or sup- peptidase, a circulating enzyme that partici- presses parasitic amoebae. pates in the body’s renin-angiotensin system Antiamyloidogenic compounds that inhibit the (RAS) which mediates extracellular volume formation of Alzheimer’s b-amyloid fibrils (i.e. that of the blood plasma, lymph and inter- (fAb) from amyloid b-peptide (Ab) and desta- stitial fluid), and arterial vasoconstriction. bilize fAb. Medical Glossary 743

Antianaphylactic agent that can prevent the Antidiarrhoeal having the property of stopping occurrence of anaphylaxis (life threatening or correcting diarrhoea, an agent having such allergic response). action. Antiangiogenic a drug or substance used to stop Antidote a remedy for counteracting a poison. the growth of tumours and progression of can- Antidopaminergic a term for a chemical that cers by limiting the pathologic formation of prevents or counteracts the effects of dop- new blood vessels (angiogenesis). amine. Antiarrhythmic a substance to correct irregular Antidrepanocytary anti-sickle cell anaemia. heartbeats and restore the normal rhythm. Antidysenteric an agent used to reduce or treat Antiasmathic drug that treats or ameliorates dysentery and diarrhea. asthma. Antidyslipidemic agent that will reduce the Antiatherogenic that protects against athero- abnormal amount of lipids and lipoproteins in genesis, the formation of atheromas (plaques) the blood. in arteries. Anti-edematous reduces or suppresses edema. Antibacterial substance that kills or inhibits Anti-emetic an agent that stops vomiting. . Antifebrile a substance that reduces fever, also Antibilious an agent or substance which helps called antipyretic. remove excess bile from the body. Antifeedant preventing something from being Antibiotic a chemical substance produced by a eaten. microorganism which has the capacity to Antifertility agent that inhibits formation of inhibit the growth of or to kill other microor- ova and sperm and disrupts the process of ganisms. fertilization (antizygotic). Antiblennorrhagic a substance that treats blenor- Antifilarial effective against human filarial rhagia a conjunctival inflammation resulting worms. in mucus discharge. Antifungal an agent that kills or inhibits the Antibody a gamma globulin protein produced growth of fungi. by a kind of white blood cell called the plasma Antigen a substance that prompts the production cell in the blood used by the immune system of antibodies and can cause an immune to identify and neutralize foreign objects response. adj. antigenic. (antigen). Antigenotoxic an agent that inhibits DNA Anticarcinomic a substance that kills or inhibits adduct formation, stimulates DNA repair carcinomas (any cancer that arises in epithe- mechanisms, and possesses antioxidant func- lium/tissue cells). tions. Anticephalalgic headache-relieving or pre- Antiganacratia anti- menstruation. venting. Antigastralgic preventing or alleviating gastric Anticestodal a chemical destructive to tape- colic. worms. Antihematic agent that stops vomiting. Anticholesterolemic a substance that can pre- Antihemorrhagic an agent which stops or pre- vent the build up of cholesterol. vents bleeding. Anticlastogenic having a suppressing effect of Antihepatotoxic counteracting injuries to the chromosomal aberrations. liver. Anticoagulant a substance that thins the blood Antiherpetic having activity against Herpes and acts to inhibit blood platelets from sticking Simplex Virus (HSV). together. Antihistamine an agent used to counteract the Antidepressant a substance that suppresses effects of histamine production in allergic depression or sadness. reactions. Antidiabetic a substance that prevents or allevi- Antihyperalgesia the ability to block enhanced ates diabetes. Also called antidiabetogenic. sensitivity to pain, usually produced by nerve 744 Medical Glossary

injury or inflammation, to nociceptive stimuli. an endorphin or similar opium-containing adj. antihyperalgesic. substance opioid combines with a receptor. Antihypercholesterolemia term to describe Antinociceptive having an analgesic effect. lowering of cholesterol level in the blood or Antinutrient are natural or synthetic compounds blood serum. that interfere with the absorption of nutrients Antihypercholesterolemic agent that lowers and are commonly found in food sources and chlosterol level in the blood or blood serum. beverages. Antihyperlidemic promoting a reduction of lipid Antioestrogen a substance that inhibits the bio- levels in the blood, or an agent that has this logical effects of female sex hormones. action. Antiophidian anti venoms of snake. Antihypersensitive a substance used to treat Antiosteoporotic substance that can prevent excessive reactivity to any stimuli. osteoporosis. Antihypertensive a drug used in medicine and Antiovulatory substance suppressing ovula- pharmacology to treat hypertension (high tion. blood pressure). Antioxidant a chemical compound or sub- Antiinflammatory a substance used to reduce stance that inhibits oxidation and protects or prevent inflammation. against free radical activity and lipid oxida- Antileishmanial inhibiting the growth and prolif- tion such as E, , or beta- eration of Leishmania a of flagellate carotene (converted to vitamin B), carotenoids protozoans that are parasitic in the tissues of and flavonoids which are thought to protect vertebrates. body cells from the damaging effects of oxi- Antileprotic therapeutically effective against dation. Many foods including and vege- leprosy. tables contain compounds with antioxidant Antilithiatic an agent that reduces or suppresses properties. Antioxidants may also reduce the urinary calculi (stones) and acts to dissolve risks of cancer and age-related macular those already present. degeneration(AMD). Antileukaemic anticancer drugs that are used to Antipaludic antimalarial. treat leukemia. Antiperiodic substance that prevents the recur- Antimalarial an agent used to treat malaria and/ rence of symptoms of a disease e.g. malaria. or kill the malaria-causing organism, Plasmo- Antiperspirant a substance that inhibits sweat- dium spp. ing. Also called antisudorific, anaphoretic. Antimelanogenesis obstruct production of mel- Antiphlogistic a traditional term for a sub- anin. stance used against inflammation, an anti- Antimicrobial a substance that destroys or inflammatory. inhibits growth of disease-causing bacteria, Antiplatelet agent drug that decreases platelet viruses, fungi and other microorganisms. aggregation and inhibits thrombus formation. Antimitotic inhibiting or preventing mitosis. Antiplasmodial suppressing or destroying plas- Antimutagenic an agent that inhibits mutations. modia. Antimycotic antifungal. Antiproliferative preventing or inhibiting the Antineoplastic said of a drug intended to inhibit reproduction of similar cells. or prevent the maturation and proliferation of Antiprostatic drug to treat the prostate. neoplasms that may become malignant, by Antiprotozoal suppressing the growth or repro- targeting the DNA. duction of protozoa. Antineuralgic a substance that stops intense Antipruritic alleviating or preventing itching. intermittent pain, usually of the head or face, Antipyretic a substance that reduces fever or caused by neuralgia. quells it. Also known as antithermic. Antinociception reduction in pain: a reduction in Antirheumatic relieving or preventing rheu- pain sensitivity produced within neurons when matism. Medical Glossary 745

Antiscorbutic a substance or plant rich in Anxiolytic a drug prescribed for the treatment of vitamin C that is used to counteract scurvy. symptoms of anxiety. Antisecretory inhibiting or diminishing secretion. Aperient a substance that acts as a mild laxative Antisense refers to antisense RNA strand by increasing fluids in the bowel. because its sequence of nucleotides is the Aperitif an appetite stimulant. complement of message sense. When mRNA Aphonia loss of the voice resulting from dis- forms a duplex with a complementary anti- ease, injury to the vocal cords, or various psy- sense RNA sequence, translation of the mRNA chological causes, such as hysteria. into the protein is blocked. This may slow or Aphrodisiac an agent that increases sexual halt the growth of cancer cells. activity and libido and/or improves sexual per- Antiseptic preventing decay or putrefaction, a formance. substance inhibiting the growth and develop- Apnoea suspension of external breathing. ment of microorganisms. Apoliprotein B (APOB) primary apolipoprotein Anti-sickling agent an agent used to prevent or of low-density lipoproteins which is responsi- reverse the pathological events leading to sick- ble for carrying cholesterol to tissues. ling of erythrocytes in sickle cell conditions. Apoplexy a condition in which the brain’s Antispasmodic a substance that relieves spasms function stops with loss of voluntary motion or inhibits the contraction of smooth muscles; and sense. smooth muscle relaxant, muscle-relaxer. Appendicitis is a condition characterized by Antispermatogenic preventing or suppressing inflammation of the appendix. Also called epi- the production of semen or spermatozoa. typhlitis. Antisudorific see antiperspirant. Appetite stimulant a substance to increase or Antisyphilitic a drug (or other chemical agent) stimulate the appetite. Also called aperitif. that is effective against syphilis. Aphthae white, painful oral ulcer of unknown Antithermic a substance that reduces fever and cause. temperature. Also known as antipyretic. Apthous ulcer canker sore in the lining of the Antithrombotic preventing or interfering with mouth. the formation of thrombi. Aphthous stomatitis a canker sore, a type of Antitoxin an antibody with the ability to neu- painful oral ulcer or sore inside the mouth or tralize a specific toxin. upper throat, caused by a break in the mucous Antitumoral substance that acts against the membrane. Also called aphthous ulcer. growth, development or spread of a tumour. Apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1) a major protein Antitussive a substance that depresses coughing. component of high density lipoprotein (HDL) Antiulcerogenic an agent used to protect against in plasma. The protein promotes cholesterol the formation of ulcers, or is used for the treat- efflux from tissues to the liver for excretion. ment of ulcers. Apolipoprotein B (APOB) is the primary apoli- Antivenin an agent used against the venom of a poprotein of low-density lipoproteins (LDL or snake, spider, or other venomous animal or “bad cholesterol”), which is responsible for insect. carrying cholesterol to tissues. Antivinous an agent or substance that treats Apolipoprotein E (APOE) the apolipoprotein addiction to alcohol. found on intermediate density lipoprotein and Antiviral substance that destroys or inhibits the ­chylomicron that binds to a specific receptor growth and viability of infectious viruses. on liver and ­peripheral cells. Antivomitive a substance that reduces or sup- Apoptogenic ability to cause death of cells. presses vomiting. Apoptosis death of cells. Antizygotic see antifertility. Aphthous ulcer also known as a canker sore, Anuria absence of urine production. is a type of oral ulcer, which presents as a 746 Medical Glossary

painful open sore inside the mouth or upper Aspartate transaminase (AST) also called throat. Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase Apurinic lyase a DNA enzyme that catalyses a (SGOT) or aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) chemi­cal reaction. is similar to ALT in that it is another enzyme Arachidonate cascade includes the cyclooxy- associated with liver parenchymal cells. It is genase (COX) pathway to form prostanoids increased in acute liver damage, but is also and the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway to gen- present in red blood cells, and cardiac and erate several oxygenated fatty acids, collec- skeletal muscle and is therefore not specific to tively called eicosanoids. the liver. Ariboflavinosis a condition caused by the dietary Asphyxia failure or suppression of the respi- deficiency of riboflavin that is characterized by ratory process due to obstruction of air flow mouth lesions, seborrhea, and vascularization. to the lungs or to the lack of oxygen in Aromatase an enzyme involved in the produc- inspired air. tion of estrogen that acts by catalyzing the con- Asphyxiation the process of undergoing version of testosterone (an androgen) to estra- asphyxia. diol (an estrogen). Aromatase is located in Asthenia a nonspecific symptom characterized estrogen-producing cells in the adrenal glands, by loss of energy, strength and feeling of ovaries, placenta, testicles, adipose (fat) tissue, weakness. and brain. Asthenopia weakness or fatigue of the eyes, Aromatic having a pleasant, fragrant odour. usually accompanied by headache and dim- Aromatherapy a form of alternative medicine ming of vision. adj. asthenopic. that uses volatile liquid plant materials, such Asthma a chronic illness involving the respira- as essential oils and other scented compounds tory system in which the airway occasionally from plants for the purpose of affecting a per- constricts, becomes inflamed, and is lined with son’s mood or health. excessive amounts of mucus, often in response Arrhythmias abnormal heart rhythms that can to one or more triggers. cause the heart to pump less effectively. Also Astringent a substance that contracts blood called dysrhythmias. vessels and certain body tissues (such as Arsenicosis see arsenism. mucous membranes) with the effect of reduc- Arsenism an incommunicable disease resulting ing secretion and excretion of fluids and/or from the ingestion of ground water containing has a drying effect. unsafe levels of arsenic, also known as arsen- Ataxia (loss of co-ordination) results from the icosis. degeneration of nerve tissue in the spinal cord Arteriosclerosis imprecise term for various dis- and of nerves that control muscle movement orders of arteries, particularly hardening due in the arms and legs. to fibrosis or calcium deposition, often used as ATF-2 activating transcription factor 2. a synonym for atherosclerosis. Athlete’s foot a contagious skin disease caused Arthralgia is pain in the joints from many by parasitic fungi affecting the foot, hands, possible causes. causing itching, blisters and cracking. Also Arthritis inflammation of the joints of the body. called dermatophytosis. ASATor AST aspartate aminotransferase, see Atherogenic having the capacity to start or aspartate transaminase. accelerate the process of atherogenesis. Ascaris a genus of parasitic intestinal round Atherogenesis the formation of lipid deposits in worms. the arteries. Ascites abnormal accumulation of fluid within Atheroma a deposit or degenerative accumula- the abdominal or peritoneal cavity. tion of lipid-containing plaques on the inner- Ascorbic acid See vitamin C. most layer of the wall of an artery. Medical Glossary 747

Atherosclerosis the condition in which an artery Azotaemia a higher than normal blood level of wall thickens as the result of a build-up of urea or other nitrogen containing compounds fatty materials such as cholesterol. in the blood. Atherothrombosis medical condition character- Babesia a protozoan parasite (malaria–like) of ized by an unpredictable, sudden disruption the blood that causes a hemolytic disease (rupture or erosion/fissure) of an atheroscle- known as Babesiosis. rotic plaque, which leads to platelet activation Babesiosis malaria-like parasitic disease caused and thrombus formation. by Babesia, a genus of protozoal piroplasms. Atonic lacking normal tone or strength. Bactericidal lethal to bacteria. Atony insufficient muscular tone. Balanitis is an inflammation of the glans (head) Atresia a congenital medical condition in which of the penis. a body orifice or passage in the body is abnor- BALB/c mice Balb/c mouse was developed in mally closed or absent. 1923 by McDowell. It is a popular strain and Atretic ovarian follicles an involuted or closed is used in many different research disciplines, ­ovarian follicle. but most often in the production of monoclo- Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac nal antibodies. arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm) and Balm aromatic oily resin from certain trees and involves the two upper chambers (atria) of shrubs used in medicine. the heart. Baroreceptor a type of interoceptor that is Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder stimulated by pressure changes, as those in (ADHD, ADD or AD/HD) is a neurobehav- blood vessel wall. ioral developmental disorder, primarily char- Barrett’s esophagus (Barrett esophagitis) a acterized by “the co-existence of attentional disorder in which the lining of the esophagus problems and hyperactivity. is damaged by stomach acid. Augmerosen a drug that may kill cancer cells by Basophil a type of white blood cell with coarse blocking the production of a protein that granules within the cytoplasm and a bilobate makes cancer cells live longer. Also called (two-lobed) nucleus. bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide. BCL-2 a family of apoptosis rtegulator proteins Auricular of or relating to the auricle or the ear in humans encoded by the B-cell lymphoma 2 in general. (BCL-2) gene. Aurones [2-benzylidenebenzofuran-3(2H)- BCL-2 antisense oligonucleotide see aug- ones] are the secondary plant metabolites and mereson. is a subgroup of flavonoids. See flavonoids. BCR/ABL a chimeric oncogene, from fusion of Autolysin an enzyme that hydrolyzes and BCR and ABL cancer genes associated with destroys the components of a biological cell or chronic myelogenous leukaemia. a tissue in which it is produced. Bechic a remedy or treatment of cough. Autophagy digestion of the cell contents by Belching, or burping refers to the noisy release enzymes in the same cell. of air or gas from the stomach through the Autopsy examination of a cadaver to determine mouth. or confirm the cause of death. Beri-beri is a disease caused by a deficiency of

Avidity Index describes the collective interac- thiamine (vitamin B1) that affects many sys- tions between antibodies and a multivalent tems of the body, including the muscles, heart, antigen. nerves, and digestive system. Avulsed teeth is tooth that has been knocked out. Beta-carotene naturally-occurring retinol (vita- Ayurvedic traditional Hindu system of medicine min A) precursor obtained from certain fruits based largely on homeopathy and naturopathy. and vegetables with potential antineoplastic Azoospermia is the medical condition of a male and chemopreventive activities. As an anti- not having any measurable level of sperm in oxidant, beta carotene inhibits free-radical his semen. damage to DNA. This agent also induces cell 748 Medical Glossary

differentiation and apoptosis of some tumour mals, after the formation of the morula, but cell types, particularly in early stages of tum- before implantation. origenesis, and enhances immune system Blastocystotoxic agent that suppresses further activity by stimulating the release of natural development of the blastocyst through to the killer cells, lymphocytes, and monocytes. ovum stage. Beta-thalassemia an inherited blood disorder Blebbing Bulging e.g. membrane blebbing also that reduces the production of hemoglobin. called membrane bulging or ballooning. Beta-lactamase enzymes produced by some Bleeding diathesis is an unusual susceptibility bacteria that are responsible for their resistance to bleeding (hemorrhage) due to a defect in to beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins. the system of coagulation. BHT butylated hydroxytoluene (phenolic com- Blennorrhagia gonorrhea. pound), an antioxidant used in foods, cosmet- Blennorrhea inordinate discharge of mucus, ics, pharmaceuticals, and petroleum products. especially a gonorrheal discharge from the Bifidobacterium is a genus of Gram-positive, urethra or vagina. non-motile, often branched anaerobic bacte- Blepharitis inflammation of the eyelids. ria. Bifidobacteria are one of the major genera Blister thin vesicle on the skin containing serum of bacteria that make up the gut flora. Bifido- and caused by rubbing, friction or burn. bacteria aid in digestion, are associated with a Blood brain barrier (BBB) is a separation of lower incidence of allergies and also prevent circulating blood and cerebrospinal fluid some forms of tumour growth. Some bifido- (CSF) in the central nervous system (CNS). bacteria are being used as probiotics. Boil localized pyrogenic, painful infection, orig- Bile fluid secreted by the liver and discharged inating in a hair follicle. into the duodenum where it is integral in the Borborygmus rumbling noise caused by the digestion and absorption of fats. muscular contractions of peristalsis, the pro- Bilharzia, bilharziosis see Schistosomiasis. cess that moves the contents of the stomach Biliary relating to the bile or the organs in which and intestines downward. the bile is contained or transported. Bowman Birk inhibitors type of serine protei- Biliary infections infection of organ(s) associ- nase inhibitor. ated with bile, comprise: (a) acute cholecys- Bouillon a broth in French cuisine. titis: an acute inflammation of the gallblad- Bradicardia as applied to adult medicine, is der wall; (b) cholangitis: inflammation of the defined as a resting heart rate of under 60 beats bile ducts. per minute. Biliousness old term used in the eighteenth and Bradyphrenia referring to the slowness of nineteenth centuries pertaining to bad diges- thought common to many disorders of the tion, stomach pains, constipation, and exces- brain. sive flatulence. Brain derived neutrophic factor (BDNF) a Bilirubin a breakdown product of heme (a part protein member of the neutrophin family that of haemoglobin in red blood cells) produced plays an important role in the growth, mainte- by the liver that is excreted in bile which nance, function and survival of neurons. The causes a yellow discoloration of the skin and protein molecule is involved in the modulation eyes when it accumulates in those organs. of cognitive and emotional functions and in Biotin also known as vitamin B7. See vitamin the treatment of a variety of mental disorders. B7. Bright’s disease chronic nephritis. Bitter a medicinal agent with a bitter taste and Bronchial inflammation see bronchitis. used as a tonic, alterative or appetizer. Bronchiectasis a condition in which the airways Blackhead see comedone. within the lungs (bronchial tubes) become Blain see chilblain. damaged and widened. Blastocyst blastocyst is an embryonic structure Bronchitis is an inflammation of the main air formed in the early embryogenesis of mam- passages (bronchi) to your lungs. Medical Glossary 749

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) a medical pro- hormones and enzymes, and transmitting cedure in which a bronchoscope is passed impulses throughout the nervous system. through the mouth or nose into the lungs and Dietary sources include milk, yoghurt, cheese, fluid is squirted into a small part of the lung Chinese cabbage, kale, broccoli, some green and then recollected for examination. leafy vegetables, fortified cereals, beverages Bronchopneumonia or bronchial pneumonia; and soybean products. inflammation of the lungs beginning in the ter- Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) a class minal bronchioles. of drugs and natural substances that disrupt Broncho-pulmonary relating to the bronchi and the calcium (Ca2+) conduction of calcium lungs. channels. Bronchospasm is a difficulty in breathing caused Calculus (calculi) hardened, deposits by a sudden constriction of the muscles in the that can form a blockage in the urinary system. walls of the bronchioles as occurs in asthma. Calculi infection most calculi arise in the kid- Brown fat brown adipose tissue (BAT) in mam- ney when urine becomes supersaturated with a mals, its primary function is to generate body salt that is capable of forming solid crystals. heat in animals or newborns that do not shiver. Symptoms arise as these calculi become Bubo inflamed, swollen lymph node in the neck impacted within the ureter as they pass toward or groin. the urinary bladder. Buccal of or relating to the cheeks or the mouth Caligo dimness or obscurity of sight, dependent cavity. upon a speck on the cornea. Bullae blisters; circumscribed, fluid-containing, Calmodulin is a CALcium MODULated pro- elevated lesions of the skin, usually more than teIn that can bind to and regulate a multitude 5 mm in diameter. of different protein targets, thereby affecting Bursitis condition characterized by inflamma- many different cellular functions. tion of one or more bursae (small sacs) of syn- cAMP dependent pathway cyclic adenosine ovial fluid in the body. monophosphate is a G protein-coupled recep- C-jun NH(2)-terminal kinase enzymes that tor triggered signaling cascade used in cell belong to the family of the MAPK superfam- communication in living organisms. ily of protein kinases. These kinases mediate a Cancer a malignant neoplasm or tumour in nay plethora of cellular responses to such stressful part of the body. stimuli, including apoptosis and production of Candidiasis infections caused by members of the inflammatory and immunoregulatory cytok- fungus genus that range from superfi- ines in diverse cell systems. cf: MAPK. cial, such as oral thrush and vaginitis, to sys- c-Src a cellular non-receptor tyrosine kinase. temic and potentially life-threatening diseases. Cachexia physical wasting with loss of weight, Canker see chancre. muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness caused by Carboxypeptidase an enzyme that hydrolyzes disease. the carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) end of a Caco-2 cell line a continuous line of heteroge- peptide bond. It is synthesized in the pancreas neous human epithelial colorectal adenocarci- and secreted into the small intestine. noma cells. Carbuncle is an abscess larger than a boil, usu- Cadaver a dead body, corpse. ally with one or more openings draining pus Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA) is a transport protein in onto the skin. the plasma membrane of cells that serves to Carcinogenesis production of carcinomas. adj remove calcium (Ca2+) from the cell. carcinogenic. Calcium (Ca) is the most abundant mineral in Carcinoma any malignant cancer that arises the body found mainly in bones and teeth. It from epithelial cells. is required for muscle contraction, blood ves- Carcinosarcoma a rare tumour containing car- sel expansion and contraction, secretion of cinomatous and sarcomatous components. 750 Medical Glossary

Cardiac relating to, situated near or affecting Capases cysteine-aspartic acid proteases, are a the heart. family of cysteine proteases, which play Cardiac asthma acute attack of dyspnoea with essential roles in apoptosis (programmed cell wheezing resulting from a cardiac disorder. death). Cardialgia heartburn. Catalase (CAT) enzyme in living organisms Cardinolides cardiac glycosides with a 5-mem- that catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen bered lactone ring in the side chain of the ste- peroxide to water and oxygen. roid aglycone. Catalepsy indefinitely prolonged maintenance Cardinolide glycoside cardenolides that contain of a fixed body posture; seen in severe cases of structural groups derived from sugars. catatonic schizophrenia. Cardioactive having an effect on the heart. Catamenia menstruation. Cardiogenic shock is characterized by a decreased Cataplasia Degenerative reversion of cells or pumping ability of the heart that causes a shock- tissue to a less differentiated form. like state associated with an inadequate circu- Cataplasm a medicated poultice or plaster. A soft lation of blood due to primary failure of the moist mass, often warm and medicated, that is ventricles of the heart to function effectively. spread over the skin to treat an inflamed, aching Cardiomyocytes cardiac muscle cells. or painful area, to improve the circulation. Cardiotonic something which strengthens, Cataractogenesis formation of cataracts. tones, or regulates heart functions without Catarrh, Catarrhal inflammation of the mucous overt stimulation or depression. membranes especially of the nose and throat. Cardiovascular pertaining to the heart and Catechins are polyphenolic antioxidant plant blood vessels. metabolites. They belong to the family of fla- Caries tooth decay, commonly called cavities. vonoids; tea is a rich source of catechins. See Cariogenic leading to the production of caries. flavonoids. Carminative substance that stops the formation Catecholamines hormones that are released by of intestinal gas and helps expel gas that has the adrenal glands in response to stress. already formed, relieving flatulence: relieving Cathartic is a substance which accelerates def- flatulence or colic by expelling gas. ecation. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) also Caustic having a corrosive or burning effect. known as carnitine acyltransferase I or CAT1 Cauterization a medical term describing the is a mitochondrial enzyme, involved in con- burning of the body to remove or close a verting long chain fatty acid into energy. part of it. Carotenes are a large group of intense red and CD 28 is one of the molecules expressed on T yellow pigments found in all plants ; these are cells that provide co-stimulatory signals, hydrocarbon carotenoids (subclass of tetrater- which are required for T cell (lymphocytes) penes) and the principal carotene is beta-caro- activation. tene which is a precursor of vitamin A. CD31 also known as PECAM-1 (Platelet Carotenoids a class of natural fat-soluble pig- Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1), a ments found principally in plants, belonging member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, to a subgroup of terpenoids containing eight that mediates cell-to-cell adhesion. isoprene units forming a C40 polyene chain. CD68 a glycoprotein expressed on monocytes/ Carotenoids play an important potential role macrophages which binds to low density lipo- in human health by acting as biological anti- protein. oxidants. See also carotenes. Cecal ligation tying up the cecam. Carotenodermia yellow skin discoloration Cell adhesion molecules (CAM) glycoproteins caused by excess blood carotene. located on the surface of cell membranes Carpopedal spasm spasm of the hand or foot, involved with binding of other cells or with or of the thumbs and great toes. the extra-cellular matrix. Medical Glossary 751

Cellular respiration is the set of the metabolic Chemoembolization a procedure in which the reactions and processes that take place in blood supply to the tumour is blocked surgi- organisms’ cells to convert biochemical energy cally or mechanically­ and anticancer drugs are from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate administered directly into the tumour. (ATP), and then release waste products. The Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines, which reactions involved in respiration are catabolic stimulate migration of inflammatory cells reactions that involve the oxidation of one towards tissue sites of inflammation. molecule and the reduction of another. Chemosensitizer a drug that makes tumour cells Cellulitis a bacterial infection of the skin that more sensitive to the effects of chemotherapy. tends to occur in areas that have been dam- Chickenpox is also known as varicella, is a highly aged or inflamed. contagious illness caused by primary infection Central nervous system part of the vertebrate with varicella zoster virus (VZV). The virus nervous system comprising the brain and spi- causes red, itchy bumps on the body. nal cord. Chilblains small, itchy, painful lumps that Central venous catheter a catheter placed into develop on the skin. They develop as an abnor- the large vein in the neck, chest or groin. mal response to cold. Also called perniosis or Cephalagia pain in the head, a headache. blain. Cephalic relating to the head. Chlorosis Iron deficiency anemia characterized Ceramide oligosides oligosides with an by greenish yellow colour. N-acetyl-sphingosine moiety. Cholagogue is a medicinal agent which pro- Cerebral embolism a blockage of blood flow motes the discharge of bile from the system. through a vessel in the brain by a blood clot Cholecalcifereol a form of vitamin D, also that formed elsewhere in the body and trav- called vitamin D3. See vitamin D. eled to the brain. Cholecyst gall bladder. Cerebral ischemia is the localized reduction of Cholecystitis inflammation of the gall bladder. blood flow to the brain or parts of the brain Cholecystokinin a peptide hormone that plays a due to arterial obstruction or systematic hyper- key role in facilitating digestion in the small fusion. intestine. Cerebral infarction is the ischemic kind of Cholethiasis presence of gall stones (calculi) in stroke due to a disturbance in the blood ves- the gall bladder. sels supplying blood to the brain. Cholera an infectious gastroenteritis caused by Cerebral tonic substance that can alleviate poor enterotoxin-producing strains of the bacterium concentration and memory, restlessness, Vibrio cholera and characterized by severe, uneasiness, and insomnia. watery diarrhea. Cerebrosides are glycosphingolipids which are Choleretic stimulation of the production of bile important components in animal muscle and by the liver. nerve cell membranes. Cholesterol a soft, waxy, steroid substance Cerebrovascular disease is a group of brain found among the lipids (fats) in the blood- dysfunctions related to disease of the blood stream and in all our body’s cells. vessels supplying the brain. Choline a water soluble, organic compound, cGMP cyclic guanosine monophosphate is a usually grouped within the Vitamin B com- cyclic nucleotide derived from guanosine plex. It is an essential nutrient and is needed triphosphate (GTP). cGMP is a common regu- for physiological functions such as structural lator of ion channel conductance, glycogenol- integrity and signaling roles for cell mem- ysis, and cellular apoptosis. It also relaxes branes, cholinergic neuro-­transmission (ace- smooth muscle tissues. tylcholine synthesis). Chalcones a subgroup of flavonoids. Cholinergic activated by or capable of liberat- Chancre a painless lesion formed during the ing acetylcholine, especially in the parasym- primary stage of syphilis. pathetic nervous system. 752 Medical Glossary

Cholinergic system a system of nerve cells somes that result in the gain, loss, or rear- that uses acetylcholine in transmitting nerve rangements of chromosomal segments. Adj. impulses. clastogenic. Cholinomimetic having an action similar to Claudication limping, impairment in walking. that of acetylcholine; called also parasym- Clyster enema. pathomimetic. C-myc codes for a protein that binds to the DNA Chonotropic affecting the time or rate, as the of other genes and is therefore a transcription rate of contraction of the heart. factor. Choriocarcinoma a quick-growing malignant, CNS Depressant anything that depresses, or slows, trophoblastic, aggressive cancer that occurs in the sympathetic impulses of the central nervous a woman’s uterus (womb). system (i.e., respiratory rate, heart rate). Chromium (Cr) is required in trace amounts in Coagulopathy a defect in the body’s mechanism humans for sugar and lipid metabolism. Its for blood clotting, causing susceptibility to deficiency may cause a disease called chro- bleeding. mium deficiency. It is found in cereals, Cobalamin vitamin B12. See vitamin B12. legumes, nuts and animal sources. Co-carcinogen a chemical that promotes the Chromosome long pieces of DNA found in the effects of a carcinogen in the production of center (nucleus) of cells. cancer. Chronic persisting over extended periods. Cold an acute inflammation of the mucous mem- Chyle a milky bodily fluid consisting of lymph brane of the respiratory tract especially of the and emulsified fats, or free fatty acids. nose and throat caused by a virus and accom- Chylomicrons are large lipoprotein particles panied by sneezing and coughing. that transport dietary lipids from the intestines Collagen protein that is the major constituent of to other locations in the body. Chylomicrons cartilage and other connective tissue; com- are one of the five major groups of lipopro- prises the amino acids hydroxyproline, pro- teins (chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL) line, glycine, and hydroxylysine. that enable fats and cholesterol to move within Collagenases enzymes that break the peptide the water-based solution of the bloodstream. bonds in collagen. Chylorus milky (having fat emulsion). Colic a broad term which refers to episodes of Chyluria also called chylous urine, is a medical uncontrollable, extended crying in a baby who condition involving the presence of chyle is otherwise healthy and well fed. (emulsified fat) in the urine stream, which Colitis inflammatory bowel disease affecting the results in urine appearing milky. tissue that lines the gastrointestinal system. Chymopapain an enzyme derived from papaya, Collyrium a lotion or liquid wash used as a used in medicine and to tenderize meat. cleanser for the eyes, particularly in diseases Cicatrizant the term used to describe a product of the eye. that promotes healing through the formation Colorectal relating to the colon or rectum. of scar tissue. Coma a state of unconsciousness from which a Cirrhosis chronic liver disease characterized by patient cannot be aroused. replacement of liver tissue by fibrous scar tis- Comedone a blocked, open sebaceous gland sue and regenerative nodules/lumps leading where the secretions oxidize, turning black. progressively to loss of liver function. Also called blackhead. C-Kit Receptor a protein-tyrosine kinase recep- Comitogen agent that is considered not to induce tor that is specific for stem cell factor. this cell growth alone but to promote the effect of interaction is crucial for the development of the mitogen. hematopoietic, gonadal, and pigment stem Concoction a combination of crude ingredients cells. that are prepared or cooked together. Clastogen is an agent that can cause one of two Condyloma, Condylomata acuminata genital types of structural changes, breaks in chromo- warts, venereal warts, anal wart or anogenital Medical Glossary 753

wart, a highly contagious sexually transmitted suppressing ACTH secretion, for suppression infection caused by epidermotropic human of immune response and as antineoplastic, papillomavirus (HPV). anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory agents. Conjunctivitis sore, red and sticky eyes caused Corticosterone a 21-carbon steroid hormone of by eye infection. the corticosteroid type produced in the cortex Constipation a very common gastrointestinal of the adrenal glands. disorder characterised by the passing of hard, Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone made by dry bowel motions (stools) and difficulty of the adrenal glands. bowel motion. Cornification is the process of forming an epi- Consumption term used to describe wasting of tis- dermal barrier in stratified squamous epithe- sues including but not limited to tuberculosis. lial tissue. Consumptive afflicted with or associated with Coryza a word describing the symptoms of a pulmonary tuberculosis. head cold. It describes the inflammation of the Contraceptive an agent that reduces the likeli- mucus membranes lining the nasal cavity hood of or prevents conception. which usually gives rise to the symptoms of Contraindication a condition which makes a nasal congestion and loss of smell, among particular treatment or procedure inadvisable. other symptoms. Contralateral muscle muscle of opposite limb COX-1 see cyclooxygenase -1. (leg or arm). COX-2 see cyclooxygenase-2. Contusion another term for a bruise. A bruise, CPY1B1, CPY1A1 a member of the cytochrome or contusion, is caused when blood vessels are P450 superfamily of heme-thiolate monooxy- damaged or broken as the result of a blow to genase enzymes. the skin. Creatin a nitrogenous organic acid that occurs Convulsant a drug or physical disturbance that ­naturally in vertebrates and helps to supply induces convulsion. energy to muscle. Convulsion rapid and uncontrollable shaking of Creatine phosphokinase (CPK, CK) enzyme the body. that catalyses the conversion of creatine and Coolant that which reduces body temperature. consumes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to Copper (Cu) is essential in all plants and ani- create phosphocreatine and adenosine diphos- mals. It is found in a variety of enzymes, includ- phate (ADP). ing the copper centers of cytochrome c oxidase CREB cAMP response element-binding, a pro- and the enzyme superoxide dismutase (contain- tein that is a transcription factor that binds to ing copper and ). In addition to its enzy- certain DNA sequences called cAMP response matic roles, copper is used for biological elec- elements. tron transport. Because of its role in facilitating Crohn Disease an inflammatory disease of the iron uptake, copper deficiency can often pro- intestines that affect any part of the gastroin- duce anemia-like symptoms. Dietary sources testinal tract. include curry powder, mushroom, nuts, , Crossover study a longitudinal, balance study wheat germ, whole grains and animal meat. in which participants receive a sequence of Copulation to engage in coitus or sexual inter- different treatments or exposures. course. adj. copulatory. Croup is an infection of the throat (larynx) and Cordial a preparation that is stimulating to the windpipe (trachea) that is caused by a virus ( heart. Also called laryngotracheobronchitis). Corn or callus is a patch of hard, thickened skin Curretage surgical procedure in which a body on the foot that is formed in response to pres- cavity or tissue is scraped with a sharp instru- sure or friction. ment or aspirated with a cannula. Corticosteroids a class of steroid hormones that Cutaneous pertaining to the skin. are produced in the adrenal cortex, used clini- Cyanogenesis generation of cyanide. adj. cyano- cally for hormone replacement therapy, for genetic. 754 Medical Glossary

Cyclooxygenase (COX) an enzyme that is Debility weakness, relaxation of muscular fibre. responsible for the formation of prostanoids – Debridement is the process of removing non- prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thrombox- living tissue from pressure ulcers, burns, and anes that are each involved in the inflamma- other wounds. tory response. Two different COX enzymes Debriding agent substance that cleans and treat existed, now known as COX-1 and COX-2. certain types of wounds, burns, ulcers. Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) is known to be Deciduogenic relating to the uterus lining that is present in most tissues. In the gastrointestinal shed off at childbirth. tract, COX-1 maintains the normal lining of Decoction a medical preparation made by boil- the stomach. The enzyme is also involved in ing the ingredients. kidney and platelet function. Decongestant a substance that relieves or Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is primarily pres- reduces nasal or bronchial congestion. ent at sites of inflammation. Defibrinated plasma blood whose plasma com- Cysteine proteases are enzymes that that ponent has had fibrinogen and fibrin degrade polypeptides possessing a common removed. catalytic mechanism that involves a nucleo- Degranulation cellular process that releases philic cysteine thiol in a catalytic triad. They antimicrobial cytotoxic molecules from secre- are found in fruits like papaya, pineapple, and tory vesicles called granules found inside kiwifruit. some cells. Cystitis a common urinary tract infection that Demulcent an agent that soothes internal mem- occurs when bacteria travel up the urethra, branes. Also called emollient. infect the urine and inflame the bladder lining. Dendritic cells are immune cells and form part Cystorrhea discharge of mucus from the bladder. of the mammalian immune system, function- Cytochrome P450 3A CYP3A a very large and ing as antigen presenting cells. diverse superfamily of heme-thiolate proteins Dentition a term that describes all of the upper found in all domains of life. This group of and lower teeth collectively. enzymes catalyze many reactions involved in Deobstruent a medicine which removes obstruc- drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, tions; also called an aperient. steroids and other lipids. Deoxypyridinoline (Dpd) a crosslink product Cytokine nonantibody proteins secreted by cer- of collagen molecules found in bone and tain cells of the immune system which carry excreted in urine during bone degradation. signals locally between cells. They are a cate- Depilatory an agent for removing or destroying gory of signaling molecules that are used hair. extensively in cellular communication. Depressant a substance that diminish functional Cytopathic any detectable, degenerative changes activity, usually by depressing the nervous in the host cell due to infection. system. Cytoprotective protecting cells from noxious Depurative an agent used to cleanse or purify chemicals or other stimuli. the blood, it eliminates toxins and purifies the Cytosolic relates to the fluid of the cytoplasm in system. cells. Dermatitis inflammation of the skin causing Cytostatic preventing the growth and prolifera- discomfort such as eczema. tion of cells. Dermatophyte a fungus parasitic on the skin. Cytotoxic of or relating to substances that are Dermatosis is a broad term that refers to any toxic to cells; cell-killing. disease of the skin, especially one that is not D-galactosamine an amino sugar with unique accompanied by inflammation. hepatotoxic properties in animals. Dermonecrotic pertaining to or causing necro- Dandruff scurf, dead, scaly skin among the sis of the skin. hair. Desquamation the shedding of the outer layers Dartre condition of dry, scaly skin. of the skin. Medical Glossary 755

Detoxifier a substance that promotes the removal and small intestine undigested and reach the of toxins from a system or organ. large intestine virtually unchanged. Scientific Diabetes a metabolic disorder associated with evidence suggest that a diet high in dietary fibre inadequate secretion or utilization of insulin can be of value for treating or preventing such and characterized by frequent urination and disorders as constipation, irritable bowel syn- persistent thirst. See diabetes mellitus. drome, diverticular disease, hiatus hernia and Diabetes mellitus (DM) (sometimes called haemorrhoids. Some components of dietary “sugar diabetes”) is a set of chronic, metabolic fibre may also be of value in reducing the level disease conditions characterized by high blood of cholesterol in blood and thereby decreasing sugar (glucose) levels that result from defects a risk factor for coronary heart disease and the in insulin secretion, or action, or both. Diabe- development of gallstones. Dietary fibre is ben- tes mellitus appears in two forms. eficial in the treatment of some diabetics. Diabetes mellitus type I (formerly known as Digalactosyl diglycerides are the major lipid juvenile onset diabetes), caused by deficiency components of chloroplasts. of the pancreatic hormone insulin as a result of Diosgenin a steroid-like substance that is destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of involved in the production of the hormone the pancreas. Lack of insulin causes an increase progesterone, extracted from of of fasting blood glucose that begins to appear Dioscorea yam. in the urine above the renal threshold. Dipsomania pathological use of alcohol. Diabetes mellitus type II (formerly called non- Discutient an agent (as a medicinal application) insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or adult- which serves to disperse morbid matter. onset diabetes), the disorder is characterized Disinfectant an agent that prevents the spread of by high blood glucose in the context of insulin infection, bacteria or communicable disease. resistance and relative insulin deficiency in Diuresis increased urination. which insulin is available but cannot be prop- Diuretic a substance that increases urination erly utilized. (diuresis). Diads two adjacent structural units in a polymer Diverticular disease is a condition affecting the molecule. large bowel or colon and is thought to be Dialysis is a method of removing toxic sub- caused by eating too little fibre. stances (impurities or wastes) from the blood DMBA 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene. A poly- when the kidneys are unable to do so. cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco Diaphoresis is profuse sweating commonly smoke that is a potent carcinogen. associated with shock and other medical emer- DNA deoxyribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid that gency conditions. contains the genetic instructions used in the Diaphoretic a substance that induces perspira- development and functioning of all known liv- tion. Also called sudorific. ing organisms. Diaphyseal pertaining to or affecting the shaft DOCA desoxycorticosterone acetate – a steroid of a long bone (diaphysis). chemical used as replacement therapy in Addi- Diaphysis the main or mid section (shaft) of a son’s disease. long bone. Dopamine a catecholamine neurotransmitter Diarrhoea a profuse, frequent and loose dis- that occurs in a wide variety of animals, charge from the bowels. including both vertebrates and invertebrates. Diastolic referring to the time when the heart is Dopaminergic relating to, or activated by the in a period of relaxation and dilatation (expan- neurotransmitter, dopamine. sion). cf. systolic. Double blind refer to a clinical trial or experi- Dieresis surgical separation of parts. ment in which neither the subject nor the Dietary fibre is a term that refers to a group of researcher knows which treatment any partic- food components that pass through the stomach ular subject is receiving. 756 Medical Glossary

Douche a localised spray of liquid directed into contractions that may cause twisting or jerk- a body cavity or onto a part. ing movements of muscles. DPPH 2,2 diphenyl -1- picryl-hydrazyl – a crys- Dysuria refers to difficult and painful urination. talline, stable free radical used as an inhibitor EC 50 median effective concentration that of free radical reactions. produces desired effects in 50% of the test Dracunculiasis also called guinea worm disease population. (GWD), is a parasitic infection caused by the Ecbolic a drug (as an ergot alkaloid) that tends nematode, Dracunculus medinensis. to increase uterine contractions and that is Dropsy an old term for the swelling of soft tis- used especially to facilitate delivery. sues due to the accumulation of excess water. Ecchymosis skin discoloration caused by the adj. dropsical. escape of blood into the tissues from ruptured Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody blood vessels. flux) is a disorder of the digestive system that ECG see electrocardiography. results in severe diarrhea containing mucus EC–SOD extracellular superoxide dismutase, and blood in the feces. It is caused usually by a tissue enzyme mainly found in the extra- a bacterium called Shigella. cellular matrix of tissues. It participates in Dysesthesia an unpleasant abnormal sensation the detoxification of reactive oxygen species produced by normal stimuli. by catalyzing the dismutation of superoxide Dyskinesia the impairment of the power of vol- radicals. untary movement, resulting in fragmentary or Eczema is broadly applied to a range of persis- incomplete movements. adj. dyskinetic. tent skin conditions. These include dryness Dyslipidemia abnormality in or abnormal amount and recurring skin rashes which are character- of, lipids and lipoproteins in the blood. ized by one or more of these symptoms: red- Dysmenorrhea is a menstrual condition charac- ness, skin edema, itching and dryness, crust- terized by severe and frequent menstrual cramps ing, flaking, blistering, cracking, oozing, or and pain associated with menstruation. bleeding. Dysmotility syndrome a vague, descriptive Eczematous rash dry, scaly, itchy rash. term used to describe diseases of the muscles ED 50 is defined as the dose producing a response of the gastrointestinal tract (esophagus, stom- that is 50% of the maximum obtainable. ach, small and large intestines). Edema formerly known as dropsy or hydropsy, Dyspedia indigestion followed by nausea. is characterized swelling caused by abnormal Dyspepsia refers to a symptom complex of epi- accumulation of fluid beneath the skin, or in gastric pain or discomfort. It is often defined one or more cavities of the body. It usually as chronic or recurrent discomfort centered in occurs in the feet, ankles and legs, but it can the upper abdomen and can be caused by a involve the entire body. variety of conditions. Edematogenic producing or causing edema. Dysphagia swallowing disorder. EGFR proteins epidermal growth factor recep- Dysphonia a voice disorder, an impairment in tor (EGFR) proteins – Protein kinases are the ability to produce voice sounds using the enzymes that transfer a phosphate group from vocal organs. a phosphate donor onto an acceptor amino Dysplasia refers to abnormality in development. acid in a substrate protein. Dyspnoea shortness of breath, difficulty in EGR-1 early growth response 1, a human gene. breathing. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules made by Dysrhythmias see arrhythmias. oxygenation of arachidonic acid, a 20-carbon Dystocia abnormal or difficult child birth or essential fatty acid, includes prostaglandins labour. and related compounds. Dystonia a neurological movement disorder Elastase a serine protease that also hydrolyses characterized by prolonged, repetitive muscle amides and esters. Medical Glossary 757

Electrocardiography or ECG, is a transtho- Endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules, racic interpretation of the electrical activity of vesicles and sacs around the nucleus that are the heart over time captured and externally interconnected. recorded by skin electrodes. Endosteum the thin layer of cells lining the Electromyogram (EMG) a test used to medullary cavity of a bone. record the electrical activity of muscles. An Endosteul pertaining to the endosteum. electromyogram (EMG) is also called a Endotoxemia the presence of endotoxins in the ­myogram. blood, which may result in shock. adj. endo- Electuary a medicinal paste composed of pow- toxemic. ders, or other medical ingredients, incorpo- Endotoxin toxins associated with certain bacte- rated with sweeteners to hide the taste, suit- ria, unlike an ‘exotoxin’ is not secreted in able for oral administration. soluble form by live bacteria, but is a struc- Elephantiasis a disorder characterized by tural component in the bacteria which is chronic thickened and edematous tissue on the released mainly when bacteria are lysed. genitals and legs due to various causes. Enema liquid injected into the rectum either as a Embrocation lotion or liniment that relieves purgative or medicine, Also called clyster. muscle or joint pains. Enteral term used to describe the intestines or Embryotoxic term that describes any chemical other parts of the digestive tract. which is harmful to an embryo. Enteral administration involves the esophagus, Emesis vomiting, throwing up. stomach, and small and large intestines (i.e., Emetic an agent that induces vomiting, cf: the gastrointestinal tract). ­antiemetic. Enteritis refers to inflammation of the small Emetocathartic causing vomiting and purging. intestine. Emmenagogue a substance that stimulates, ini- Enterocolic disorder inflamed bowel disease. tiates, and/or promotes menstrual flow. Emme- Enterocytes tall columnar cells in the small nagogues are used in herbal medicine to bal- intestinal mucosa that are responsible for the ance and restore the normal function of the final digestion and absorption of nutrients. female reproductive system. Enterohemorrhagic causing bloody diarrhea and Emollient an agent that has a protective and colitis, said of pathogenic microorganisms. soothing action on the surfaces of the skin and Enteropooling increased fluids and electrolytes membranes. within the lumen of the intestines due to Emulsion a preparation formed by the suspen- increased levels of prostaglandins. sion of very finely divided oily or resinous liq- Enterotoxin is a protein toxin released by a uid in another liquid. microorganism in the intestine. Encephalitis inflammation of the brain. Enterotoxigenic of or being an organism con- Encephalopathy a disorder or disease of the taining or producing an enterotoxin. brain. Entheogen a substance taken to induce a spiri- Endocytosis is the process by which cells absorb tual experience. material (molecules such as proteins) from Enuresis bed-wetting, a disorder of elimination outside the cell by engulfing it with their cell that involves the voluntary or involuntary membrane. release of urine into bedding, clothing, or Endometriosis is a common and often painful other inappropriate places. disorder of the female reproductive system. Enophthalmos a condition in which the eye The two most common symptoms of endo- falls back into the socket and inhibits proper metriosis are pain and infertility. eyelid function. Endometritis refers to inflammation of the Envenomation is the entry of venom into a per- endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus. son’s body, and it may cause localised or sys- Endometrium the inner lining of the uterus. temic poisoning. 758 Medical Glossary

Eosinophilia the state of having a high concen- Erysipelas is an intensely red Streptococcus tration of eosinophils (eosinophil granulo- bacterial infection that occurs on the face and cytes) in the blood. lower extremities. Eosinophils (or, less commonly, acidophils), are Erythema abnormal redness and inflammation white blood cells that are one of the immune of the skin, due to vasodilation. system components. Erythematous characterized by erythema. Epididymis a structure within the scrotum Erythroleukoplakia an abnormal patch of red attached to the backside of the testis and whose and white tissue that forms on mucous mem- coiled duct provides storage, transit and matu- branes in the mouth and may become cancer. ration of spermatozoa. Tobacco (smoking and chewing) and alcohol Epididymitis a medical condition in which there may increase the risk of erythroleukoplakia. is inflammation of the epididymis. Erythropoietin (EPO) a hormone produced by Epigastralgia pain in the epigastric region. the kidney that promotes the formation of red Epilepsy a common chronic neurological disor- blood cells (erythrocytes) in the bone marrow. der that is characterized by recurrent unpro- Eschar a slough or piece of dead tissue that is voked seizures. cast off from the surface of the skin. Epileptiform resembling epilepsy or its mani- Escharotic capable of producing an eschar; a festations. caustic or corrosive agent. Epileptogenesis a process by which a normal Estradiol is the predominant sex hormone pres- brain develops epilepsy, a chronic condition in ent in females, also called oestradiol. which seizures occur. adj. epileptogenic. Estrogen female hormone produced by the ova- Episiotomy a surgical incision through the ries that play an important role in the estrous perineum made to enlarge the vagina and cycle in women. assist childbirth. Estrogen receptor (ER) is a protein found in Epistaxis acute hemorrhage from the nostril, high concentrations in the cytoplasm of breast, nasal cavity, or nasopharynx (nose-bleed). uterus, hypothalamus, and anterior hypophy- Epstein Barr Virus herpesvirus that is the caus- sis cells; ER levels are measured to determine ative agent of infectious mononucleosis. It is a breast CA’s potential for response to hor- also associated with various types of human monal manipulation. cancers. Estrogen receptor positive (ER+) means that Epithelioma a usually benign skin disease most estrogen is causing the tumour to grow, and commonly occurring on the face, around the that the breast cancer should respond well to eyelids and on the scalp. hormone suppression treatments. Ergocalciferol a form of vitamin D, also called Estrogen receptor negative (ER-) tumour is vitamin D2. See vitamin D. not driven by estrogen and need another test to Ergonic increasing capacity for bodily or men- determine the most effective treatment. tal labor especially by eliminating fatigue Estrogenic relating to estrogen or producing symptoms. estrus. ERK (extracellular signal regulated kinases) Estrus sexual excitement or heat of female; or widely expressed protein kinase intracellular period of this characterized by changes in the signalling molecules which are involved in sex organs. functions including the regulation of meiosis, Euglycaemia normal blood glucose concen- mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differen- tration. tiated cells. Exanthematous characterized by or of the Eructation the act of belching or of casting nature of an eruption or rash. up wind from the stomach through the Excitotoxicity is the pathological process by mouth. which neurons are damaged and killed by Eruption a visible rash or cutaneous ­disruption. glutamate and similar substances. Medical Glossary 759

Excipient a pharmacologically inert substance Fibrates hypolipidemic agents primarily used used as a diluent or vehicle for the active for decreasing serum triglycerides, while ingredients of a medication. increasing High density lipoprotein (HDL). Exocytosis the cellular process by which cells Fibril a small slender fibre or filament. excrete waste products or chemical trans- Fibrin insoluble protein that forms the essential mitters. portion of the blood clot. Exophthalmos or exophthalmia or proptosis Fibrinolysis a normal ongoing process that dis- is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the solves fibrin and results in the removal of orbit. small blood clots. Expectorant an agent that increases bronchial Fribinolytic causing the dissolution of fibrin by mucous secretion by promoting liquefaction enzymatic action. of the sticky mucous and expelling it from the Fibroblast type of cell that synthesizes the body. extracellular matrix and collagen, the struc- Exteroceptive responsiveness to stimuli that are tural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, external to an organism. and play a critical role in wound healing. Extrapyramidal side effects are a group of Fibromyalgia a common and complex chronic symptoms (tremour, slurred speech, akathisia, pain disorder that affects people physically, dystonia, anxiety, paranoia and bradyphrenia) mentally and socially. Symptoms include that can occur in persons taking antipsychotic debilitating fatigue, sleep disturbance, and medications. joint stiffness. Also referred to as FM or FMS. Extravasation discharge or escape, as of blood Fibrosarcoma a malignant tumour derived from from the vein into the surrounding tissues. fibrous connective tissue and characterized by Familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) also immature proliferating fibroblasts or undiffer- called Corino de Andrade’s disease, a neuro- entiated anaplastic spindle cells. degenerative autosomal dominant genetically Fibrosis the formation of fibrous tissue as a transmitted, fatal, incurable disease. reparative or reactive process. Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an Filarial pertaining to a thread-like nematode inherited condition in which numerous polyps worm. form mainly in the epithelium of the large Filariasis a parasitic and infectious tropical dis- intestine. ease, that is caused by thread-like filarial nem- Familial dysautonomia a genetic disorder that atode worms in the superfamily Filarioidea. affects the development and survival of auto- Fistula an abnormal connection between two nomic and sensory nerve cells. parts inside of the body. FasL or CD95L Fas ligand is a type-II trans- 5’-Nucleotidase (5’-ribonucleotide phosphohy- membrane protein that belongs to the tumour drolase), here before Fistula-in-ano necrosis factor (TNF) family. Fistula-in-ano a track connecting the internal Fauces the passage leading from the back of the anal canal to the skin surrounding the anal ori- mouth into the pharynx. fice. Favus a chronic skin infection, usually of the 5’-Nucleotidase (5’-ribonucleotide phosphohy- scalp, caused by the fungus, Trichophyton drolase), an intrinsic membrane glycoprotein schoenleinii and characterized by the develop- present as an ectoenzyme in a wide variety of ment of thick, yellow crusts over the hair fol- mammalian cells, hydrolyzes 5’-nucleotides licles. Also termed tinea favosa. to their corresponding nucleosides. Febrifuge an agent that reduces fever. Also Flatulence is the presence of a mixture of gases called an antipyretic. known as flatus in the digestive tract of mam- Febrile pertaining to or characterized by fever. mals expelled from the rectum. Excessive Fetotoxic toxic to the fetus. flatulence can be caused by lactose -intoler 760 Medical Glossary

ance, certain foods or a sudden switch to a Flux an excessive discharge of fluid. high fibre. FMD (Flow Mediated Dilation) a measure of Flavans a subgroup of flavonoids. See fla- endothelial dysfunction which is used to eval- vonoids. uate cardiovascular risk. Flavanols a subgroup of flavonoids, are a class Follicular atresia the break-down of the ovarian of flavonoids that use the 2-phenyl-3,4-di- follicles. hydro-2H-chromen-3-ol skeleton. These com- Fomentation treatment by the application of pounds include the catechins and the catechin war, moist substance. gallates. They are found in chocolate, fruits Fontanelle soft spot on an infant’s skull. and vegetables. See flavonoids. Framboesia see yaws. Flavanones a subgroup of flavonoids, constitute FRAP ferric reducing ability of plasma, an assay >90% of total flavonoids in citrus. The major used to assess antioxidant property. dietary flavanones are hesperetin, naringenin Friedreich’s ataxia is a genetic inherited disor- and eriodictyol. der that causes progressive damage to the ner- Flavivirus A family of viruses transmitted by vous system resulting in symptoms ranging mosquitoes and ticks that cause some impor- from muscle weakness and speech problems tant diseases, including dengue, yellow fever, to heart disease. cf. ataxia. tick-borne encephalitis and West Nile fever. Functional food is any fresh or processed food Flavones a subgroup of flavonoids based on the claimed to have a health-promoting or disease- backbone of 2-phenylchromen-4-one (2-phe- preventing property beyond the basic function nyl-1-benzopyran-4-one). Flavones are mainly of supplying nutrients. Also called medicinal found in cereals and herbs. food. Flavonoids (or bioflavonoids) are a group of Furuncle is a skin disease caused by the infec- polyphenolic antioxidant compounds in that tion of hair follicles usually caused by Staphy- are occur in plant as secondary metabolites. lococcus aureus, resulting in the localized They are responsible for the colour of fruit and accumulation of pus and dead tissue. vegetables. Twelve basic classes (chemical Furunculosis skin condition characterized by types) of flavonoids have been recognized: fla- persistent, recurring boils. vones, isoflavones, flavans, flavanones, fla- GABA gamma aminobutyric acid, required vanols, flavanolols, anthocyanidins, catechins as an inhibitory neurotransmitter to block (including proanthocyanidins), leukoanthocy- the transmission of an impulse from one anidins, chalcones, dihydrochalcones, and cell to another in the central nervous sys- aurones. Apart from their antioxidant activity, tem, which prevents over-firing of the nerve flavonoids are known for their ability to cells. It is used to treat both epilepsy and strengthen capillary walls, thus assisting cir- hypertension. culation and helping to prevent and treat bruis- GADD 152 a pro-apoptotic gene. ing, varicose veins, bleeding gums and nose- Galactogogue a substance that promotes the bleeds, heavy menstrual bleeding and are also flow of milk. anti-inflammatory. Galactophoritis inflammation of the milk Flourine F is an essential chemical element that ducts. is required for maintenance of healthy bones Galactopoietic increasing the flow of milk; and teeth and to reduce tooth decay. It is found milk-producing. in sea weeds, tea, water, seafood and dairy Gall bladder a small, -shaped muscular sac, products. located under the right lobe of the liver, in Fluorosis a dental health condition caused by a which bile secreted by the liver is stored until child receiving too much fluoride during tooth needed by the body for digestion. Also called development. cholecyst, cholecystis. Medical Glossary 761

Gallic acid equivalent (GAE) measures the as glomerular nephritis. Adj. glomerulone- total phenol content in terms of the standard phritic. Gallic acid by the Folin-Ciocalteau assay. Glomerulosclerosis a hardening of the glomer- Gamma GT (GGT) Gamma-glutamyl trans- ulus in the kidney. peptidase, aliver enzyme. Glossal pertaining to the tongue. Gastralgia (heart burn) – pain in the stomach or GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1 is derived from abdominal region. It is caused by excess of acid, the transcription product of the proglucagon or an accumulation of gas, in the stomach. gene, associate with type 2-diabetes therapy. Gastric pertaining to or affecting the stomach. Gluconeogenesis a metabolic pathway that Gastric emptying refers to the speed at which results in the generation of glucose from non- food and drink leave the stomach. carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate. Gastritis inflammation of the stomach. adj. gluconeogenic. Gastrocnemius muscle the big calf muscle at Glucose transporters (GLUT or SLC2A fam- the rear of the lower leg. ily) are a family of membrane proteins found Gastrotonic (Gastroprotective) substance that in most mammalian cells. strengthens, tones, or regulates gastric func- Glucosyltranferase an enzyme that enable the tions (or protects from injury) without overt transfer of glucose. stimulation or depression. Glucuronidation a phase II detoxification path- Gavage forced feeding. way occurring in the liver in which glucuronic Gene silencing suppression of the expression of acid is conjugated with toxins. a gene. Glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) Genotoxin a chemical or other agent that damages catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from cellular DNA, resulting in mutations or cancer. an amino acid (Glu) to a 2-keto-acid to gener- Genotoxic describes a poisonous substance ate a new amino acid and the residual 2-keto- which harms an organism by damaging its acid of the donor amino acid. DNA thereby capable of causing mutations or Glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT) see cancer. Alanine aminotransferase. Ghrelin a gastrointestinal peptide hormone Glutathione (GSH) a tripeptide produced in the secreted by epithelial cells in the stomach human liver and plays a key role in intermedi- ­lining. ary metabolism, immune response and health. Gingival Index an index describing the clinical It plays an important role in scavenging free severity of gingival inflammation as well as its radicals and protects cells against several toxic location. oxygen-derived chemical species. Gingivitis refers to gingival inflammation Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) the general induced by bacterial biofilms (also called name of an enzyme family with peroxidase plaque) adherent to tooth surfaces. activity whose main biological role is to pro- Glaucoma a group of eye diseases in which the tect the organism from oxidative damage. optic nerve at the back of the eye is slowly Glutathione S-transferase (GST) a major destroyed, leading to impaired vision and group of detoxification enzymes that partici- blindness. pate in the detoxification of reactive electro- Gleet a chronic inflammation (as gonorrhea) of philic compounds by catalysing their conjuga- a bodily orifice usually accompanied by an tion to glutathione. abnormal discharge. Glycation or glycosylation a chemical reaction Glioma is a type of tumour that starts in the in which glycosyl groups are added to a pro- brain or spine. It is called a glioma because it tein to produce a glycoprotein. arises from glial cells. Glycogenolysis is the catabolism of glycogen by Glomerulonephritis (GN) a renal disease char- removal of a glucose monomer through cleav- acterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, or age with inorganic phosphate to produce glu- small blood vessels in the kidneys. Also known cose-1-phosphate. 762 Medical Glossary

Glycometabolism metabolism (oxidation) of GSTM 2 glutathione S transferase M2, a major glucose to produce energy. group of detoxification enzymes. Glycosuria or glucosuria is an abnormal condi- Gynecopathy any or various diseases specific to tion of osmotic diuresis due to excretion of women. glucose by the kidneys into the urine. Haemagogic promoting a flow of blood. Glycosylases a family of enzymes involved in Haematemesis, Hematemesis is the vomiting base excision repair. of blood. Goitre an enlargement of the thyroid gland lead- Haematinic improving the quality of the blood, ing to swelling of the neck or larynx. its haemoglobin level and the number of eryth- Gonadotroph a basophilic cell of the anterior rocytes. pituitary specialized to secrete follicle-stimu- Haematochezia passage of stools containing lating hormone or luteinizing hormone. blood. Gonatropins protein hormones secreted by Haematochyluria, hematochyluria the dis- gonadotrope cells of the pituitary gland of ver- charge of blood and chyle (emulsified fat) in tebrates. the urine, see also chyluria. Gonorrhoea a common sexually transmitted Haematoma, hematoma a localized accumula- bacterial infection caused by the bacterium tion of blood in a tissue or spece composed of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. clotted blood. Gout a disorder caused by a build-up of a waste Haematometra, hematometra a medical con- product, uric acid, in the bloodstream. Excess dition involving bleeding of or near the uric acid settles in joints causing inflamma- uterus. tion, pain and swelling. Haematopoiesis, hematopoiesis formation of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) com- blood cellular components from the hae- prise a large and diverse family of proteins matopoietic stem cells. whose primary function is to transduce extra- Haematopoietic (adj) relating to the formation cellular stimuli into cells. and development of blood cells. Granulation the condition or appearance of Haematuria, Hematuria is the presence of being granulated (becoming grain-like). blood in the urine. Hematuria is a sign that Gravel sand-like concretions of uric acid, cal- something is causing abnormal bleeding in a cium oxalate, and mineral salts formed in the person’s genitourinary tract. passages of the biliary and urinary tracts. Haeme oxygenase (HO-1, encoded by Hmox1) Gripe water is a home remedy for babies with is an inducible protein activated in systemic colic, gas, teething pain or other stomach ail- inflammatory conditions by oxidant stress, an ments. Its ingredients vary, and may include enzyme that catalyzes degradation of heme. alcohol, bicarbonate, ginger, dill, fennel and Haemochromatosis is a condition in which the chamomile. body takes in too much iron. Grippe an epidemic catarrh; older term for influ- Haemodialysis, Hemodialysis a method for enza. removing waste products such as potassium GSH see Glutathione. and urea, as well as free water from the blood GSH-Px Glutathione peroxidase, general name when the kidneys are in renal failure. of an enzyme family with peroxidase activity Haemolyis lysis of red blood cells and the whose main biological role is to protect the release of haemoglobin into the surrounding organism from oxidative damage. fluid (plasma). adj. haemolytic. GSSG glutathione disulfides are biologically Haemoptysis, hemoptysis is the coughing up of important intracellular thiols, and alterations blood from the respiratory tract. The blood in the GSH/GSSG ratio are often used to can come from the nose, mouth, throat, the assess exposure of cells to oxidative stress. airway passages leading to the lungs. GSTM glutathione S transferase M1, a major Haemorrhage, hemaorrhage bleeding, dis- group of detoxification enzymes. charge of blood from blood vessels. Medical Glossary 763

Haemorrhoids, Hemorrhoids a painful condi- Hemoglobinopathies genetic defects that pro- tion in which the veins around the anus or duce abnormal hemoglobins and anemia. lower rectum are enlarged, swollen and Hemolytic anemia anemia due to hemolysis, inflamed. Also called piles. the breakdown of red blood cells in the blood Haemostasis, hemostasis a complex process vessels or elsewhere in the body. which causes the bleeding process to stop. Hemorrhagic colitis an acute gateroenteritis Haemostatic, hemostatic something that stops characterized by overtly bloody diarrhea that bleeding. is caused by Escherichia coli infection. Halitosis (bad breath) a common condition caused Hemolytic-uremic syndrome is a disease char- by sulfur-producing bacteria that live within the acterized by hemolytic anemia, acute renal surface of the tongue and in the throat. failure (uremia) and a low platelet count. Hallucinogen drug that produces hallucinogen. Hepa-1c1c7 a type of hepatoma cells. Hallucinogenic inducing hallucinations. Hepatalgia pain or discomfort in the liver area. Hapten a small molecule that can elicit an Heptalgia pain in the liver and spleen. immune response only when attached to a Hepatectomy the surgical removal of part or all large carrier such as a protein. of the liver. HBeAg hepatitis B e antigen. Hepatic relating to the liver. HBsAg hepatitis B s antigen. Hepatic cirrhosis affecting the liver, characterize Heartburn burning sensation in the stomach by hepatic fibrosis and regenerative nodules. and esophagus caused by excessive acidity of Hepatitis inflammation of the liver. the stomach fluids. Hepatitis A (formerly known as infectious hep- Heat rash any condition aggravated by heat or atitis) is an acute infectious disease of the liver hot weather such as intertrigo. caused by the hepatovirus hepatitis A virus. Helminthiasis a disease in which a part of the Hepatocarcinogenesis represents a linear and body is infested with worms such as pinworm, progressive cancerous process in the liver in roundworm or tapeworm. which successively more aberrant monoclonal Hemagglutination a specific form of agglutina- populations of hepatocytes evolve. tion that involves red blood cells. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) also called Hemagglutination–inhibition test measures of malignant hepatoma, is a primary malignancy the ability of soluble antigen to inhibit the (cancer) of the liver. agglutination of antigen-coated red blood cells Hepatocytolysis cytotoxicity (dissolution) of by antibodies. liver cells. Hemagglutinin refers to a substance that causes Hepatoma cancer of the liver. red blood cells to agglutinate. Hepatopathy a disease or disorder of the liver. Hemangioma blood vessel. Hepatoprotective (liver protector) a substance Hematocrit is a blood test that measures the that helps protect the liver from damage by percentage of the volume of whole blood that toxins, chemicals or other disease processes. is made up of red blood cells. Hepatoregenerative a compound that promotes Hematopoietic pertaining to the formation of hepatocellular regeneration, repairs and restores blood or blood cells. liver function to optimum performance. Hematopoietic stem cell is a cell isolated from Hepatotonic (liver tonic ) a substance that is the blood or bone marrow that can renew tonic to the liver – usually employed to nor- itself, and can differentiate to a variety of spe- malize liver enzymes and function. cialized cells. Hernia occurs when part of an internal organ Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) an enzyme that bulges through a weak area of muscle. catalyses the degrdation of heme; an induc- HER- 2 human epidermal growth factor recep- ible stress protein, confers cytoprotection tor 2, a protein giving higher aggressiveness in against oxidative stress in-vitro and in-vivo. breast cancer, also known as ErbB-2, ERBB2. 764 Medical Glossary

Herpes a chronic inflammation of the skin or 5’-mononucleotides and pyrophosphate. The mucous membrane characterized by the devel- enzyme is important in purine biosynthesis as opment of vesicles on an inflammatory base. well as central nervous system functions. Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 – (HSV-1 and Hippocampus a ridge in the floor of each lateral HSV-2) are two species of the herpes virus ventricle of the brain that consists mainly of family which cause a variety of illnesses/ gray matter. infections in humans such cold sores, chicken- Hippocampal pertaining to the hippocampus. pox or varicella, shingles or herpes zoster Histaminergic liberated or activated by hista- (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and various mine, relating to the effects of histamine at cancers, and can cause brain inflammation histamine receptors of target tissues. (encephalitis). HSV-1 is commonly associated Histaminergic receptors are types of G-protein with herpes outbreaks of the face known as coupled receptors with histamine as their cold sores or fever blisters, whereas HSV-2 is endogenous ligand. more often associated with genital herpes. HIV see Human immunodeficiency virus. They are also called Human Herpes Virus 1 Hives (urticaria) is a skin rash characterised by and 2 (HHV-1 and HHV-2) and are neurotro- circular wheals of reddened and itching skin. pic and neuroinvasive viruses; they enter and Hodgkin’s disease disease characterized by hide in the human nervous system, accounting enlargement of the lymph glands, spleen and for their durability in the human body. anemia. Herpes zoster or simply zoster, commonly Homeodomain transcription factor a protein known as shingles and also known as zona, is domain encoded by a homeobox. Homeobox a viral disease characterized by a painful skin genes encode transcription factors which typi- rash with blisters. cally switch on cascades of other genes. Heterophobia term used to describe irrational Homeostasis describes the physical and chemi- fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against cal parameters that an organism must maintain heterosexuals. to allow proper functioning of its component HDL-C (HDL Cholesterol) high density lipo- cells. protein-cholesterol, also called “good choles- Homeotherapy treatment or prevention of dis- terol”. See also high-density lipoprotein. ease with a substance similar but not indenti- Hiatus hernia occurs when the upper part of the cal to the causative agent of the disease. stomach pushes its way through a tear in the Hormonal (female) substance that has a hor- diaphragm. mone-like effect similar to that of estrogen High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is one of the and/or a substance used to normalize female five major groups of lipoproteins which enable hormone levels. cholesterol and triglycerides to be transported Hormonal (male) substance that has a hormone- within the water based blood stream. HDL can like effect similar to that of testosterone and/or remove cholesterol from atheroma within a substance used to normalize male hormone arteries and transport it back to the liver for levels. excretion or re-utilization—which is the main HRT hormone replacement therapy, the adminis- reason why HDL-bound cholesterol is some- tration of the female hormones, oestrogen and times called “good cholesterol”, or HDL-C. A progesterone, and sometimes testosterone. high level of HDL-C seems to protect against HSP27 is an ATP-independent, 27 kDa heat cardiovascular diseases. cf. LDL. shock protein chaperone that confers protec- HGPRT, HPRT (hypoxanthine-guanine phos- tion against apoptosis. phoribosyl transferase) an enzyme that cat- HSP90 a 90 kDa heat shock protein chaperone alyzes the conversion of 5-phosphoribosyl-1- that has the ability to regulate a specific subset pyrophosphate and hypoxanthine, guanine, or of cellular signalling proteins that have been 6-mercaptopurine to the corresponding implicated in disease processes. Medical Glossary 765 hTERT – (TERT) telomerase reverse tran- brain) in warm-blooded animals. Also called scriptase is a catalytic subunit of the enzyme rabies. telomerase in humans. It exerts a novel protec- Hydropsy see dropsy. tive function by binding to mitochondrial Hyperalgesia an increased sensitivity to pain, DNA, increasing respiratory chain activity which may be caused by damage to nocicep- and protecting against oxidative stress– tors or peri­pheral nerves. induced damage. Hyperammonemia, hyperammonaemia a HT29 cells are human intestinal epithelial cells metabolic disturbance characterised by an which produce the secretory component of excess of ammonia in the blood. Immunoglobulin A (IgA), and carcinoembry- Hypercholesterolemia high levels of choles- onic antigen (CEA). terol in the blood that increase a person’s risk Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) a DNA her- for cardiovascular disease leading to stroke or pes virus which is the leading cause of con- heart attack. genital viral infection and mental retardation. Hyperemia is the increased blood flow that Human factor X a coagulation factor also occurs when tissue is active. known by the eponym Stuart-Prower factor or Hyperemesis severe and persistent nausea and as thrombokinase, is an enzyme involved in vomiting (morning sickness) during pregnancy. blood coagulation. It synthesized in the liver Hyperglycemic, hyperglycaemia high blood and requires vitamin K for its synthesis. sugar; is a condition in which an excessive Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) a ret- amount of glucose circulates in the blood rovirus that can lead to acquired immunodefi- plasma. ciency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in Hyperglycemic a substance that raises blood humans in which the immune system begins sugar levels. to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunis- Hyperinsulinemia a condition in which there tic infections. are excess levels of circulating insulin in the Humoral immune response (HIR) is the aspect blood; also known as pre-diabetes. of immunity that is mediated by secreted anti- Hyperkalemia is an elevated blood level of the bodies (as opposed to cell-mediated immu- electrolyte potassium. nity, which involves T lymphocytes) produced Hyperleptinemia Increased serum leptin level. in the cells of the B lymphocyte lineage Hyperpiesia persistent and pathological high (B cell). blood pressure for which no specific cause can HUVEC human umbilical vien endothelial be found. cells. Hypermethylation an increase in the inherited Hyaluronidase enzymes that catalyse the hydro- methylation of cytosine and adenosine resi- lysis of certain complex like dues in DNA. hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfates. Hyperpropulsion using water pressure as a Hydatidiform a rare mass or growth that forms force to move objects; used to dislodge calculi inside the uterus at the beginning of a preg- in the urethra. nancy. Hyperpyrexia is an abnormally high fever. Hydrocholeretic an agent that stimulates an Hypertension commonly referred to as “high increased output of bile of low specific gravity. blood pressure” or HTN, is a medical condi- Hydrogogue a purgative that causes an abun- tion in which the arterial blood pressure is dant watery discharge from the bowel. chronically elevated. Hydronephrosis is distension and dilation of Hypertensive characterized or caused by the renal pelvis and calyces, usually caused by increased tension or pressure as abnormally obstruction of the free flow of urine from the high blood pressure. kidney. Hypertriglyceridaemia or hypertriglycemia a Hydrophobia a viral neuroinvasive disease that disorder that causes high triglycerides in the causes acute encephalitis (inflammation of the blood. 766 Medical Glossary

Hypertrophy enlargement or overgrowth of an Icteric hepatitis an infectious syndrome of hep- organ. atitis characterized by jaundice, nausea, fever, Hyperuricemia is a condition characterized by right-upper quadrant pain, enlarged liver and abnormally high level of uric acid in the blood. transaminitis (increase in alanine aminotrans- Hypoadiponectinemia low plasma adiponectin ferase (ALT) and/or aspartate aminotrans- concentrations associated with obesity and ferase (AST)). type 2 diabetes; that is closely related to the Icterus neonatorum jaundice in newborn infants. degree of insulin resistance and hyperinsuline- Idiopathic of no apparent physical cause. mia than to the degree of adiposity and glu- IgE Immunoglobin E – a class of antibody that cose tolerance. plays a role in allergy. Hypoalbuminemia a medical condition where IGFs insulin-like growth factors, polypeptides levels of albumin in blood serum are abnor- with high sequence similarity to insulin. mally low. IgG Immunoglobin G – the most abundant Hypocalcemic tetany a disease caused by an immunoglobin (antibody) and is one of the abnormally low level of calcium in the blood major activators of the complement pathway. and characterized by hyperexcitability of the IgM Immunoglobin M – primary antibody neuromuscular system and results in carpope- against A and B antigens on red blood cells. dal spasms. IKAP is a scaffold protein of the IvarKappa- Hypocholesterolemic (cholesterol-reducer), a Beta kinase complex and a regulator for substance that lowers blood cholesterol levels. kinases involved in pro-inflammatory cytokine Hypocorticism see Addison’s disease. signaling. Hypocortisolism see Addison’s disease. IKappa B or IkB-beta, a protein of the NF- Hypoglycemic - an agent that lowers the con- Kappa-B inhibitor family. centration of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Ileus a temporary disruption of intestinal peri- Hypoperfusion decreased blood flow through stalsis due to non-mechanical causes. an organ, characterised by an imbalance of Immune modulator a substance that affects or oxygen demand and oxygen delivery to tis- modulates the functioning of the immune sues. system. Hypophagic under-eating. Immunodeficiency a state in which the immune Hypotensive characterised by or causing dimin- system’s ability to fight infectious disease is ished tension or pressure, as abnormally low compromised or entirely absent. blood pressure. Immunogenicity the property enabling a sub- Hypothermia a condition in which an organ- stance to provoke an immune response. ism’s temperature drops below that required Immunomodulatory capable of modifying or for normal metabolism and body functions. regulating one or more immune functions. Hypothermic relating to hypothermia, with Immunoreactive reacting to particular antigens subnormal body temperature. or haptens. Hypoxaemia is the reduction of oxygen specifi- Immunostimulant agent that stimulates an cally in the blood. immune response. Hypoxia a shortage of oxygen in the body. Immunosuppression involves a process that IC 50 the median maximal inhibitory concentra- reduces the activation or efficacy of the tion; a measure of the effectiveness of a com- immune system. pound in inhibiting biological or biochemical Immunotoxin a man-made protein that consists function. of a targeting portion linked to a toxin. Iceterus jaundice, yellowish pigmentation of Impetigo a contagious, bacterial skin infection the skin. characterized by blisters that may itch, caused Ichthyotoxic a substance which is poisonous by a Streptoccocus bacterium or Staphylococ- to fish. cus aureus and mostly seen in children. Medical Glossary 767

Impotence a sexual dysfunction characterized muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose from by the inability to develop or maintain an erec- the blood, storing it as glycogen in the liver tion of the penis. and muscle. Insulin deficiency is often the Incontinence (fecal) the inability to control cause of diabetes and exogenous insulin is bowel’s movement. used to control diabetes. Incontinence (urine) the inability to control Insulinotropic changing the action of insulin. urine excretion. Integrase an enzyme produced by a retrovirus Index of structural atypia (ISA) index of struc- (such as HIV) that enables its genetic mate- tural abnormality. rial to be integrated into the DNA of the Induration hardened, as a soft tissue that infected cell. becomes extremely firm. Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling Infarct an area of living tissue that undergoes glycoproteins known as cytokines produced necrosis as a result of obstruction of local by the cells of the immune system of most ver- blood supply. tebrates in response to challenges such as Infarction is the process of tissue death (necro- viruses, parasites and tumour cells. sis) caused by blockage of the tissue’s blood Interleukins a group of naturally occurring pro- supply. teins and is a subset of a larger group of cel- Inflammation a protective response of the body lular messenger molecules called cytokines, to infection, irritation or other injury, aimed at which are modulators of cellular behavior. destroying or isolating the injuries and charac- Interleukin-1 (IL-1) a cytokine that could induce terized by redness, pain, warmth and swelling. fever, control lymphocytes, increase the num- Influenza a viral infection that affects mainly ber of bone marrow cells and cause degenera- the nose, throat, bronchi and occasionally, tion of bone joints. Also called endogenous lungs. pyrogen, lymphocyte activating factor, haemo- Infusion a liquid extract obtained by steeping poetin-1 and mononuclear cell factor, amongst something (e.g. herbs) that are more volatile others that IL-1 is composed of two distinct or dissolve readily in water, to release their proteins, now called IL-1a and IL-1b. active ingredients without boiling. Interleukin 1 Beta (IL-1b) a cytokine protein Inguinal hernia a henia into the inguinal canal produced by activated macrophages. cytokine of the groin. is an important mediator of the inflammatory Inhalant a medicinal substance that is adminis- response, and is involved in a variety of cel- tered as a vapor into the upper respiratory pas- lular activities, including cell proliferation, sages. differentiation, and apoptosis. iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthases through Interleukin 2 (IL-2) a type of cytokine immune its product, nitric oxide (NO), may contribute system signaling molecule that is instrumental to the induction of germ cell apoptosis. It plays in the body’s natural response to microbial a crucial role in early sepsis-related microcir- infection. culatory dysfunction. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) an interleukin that acts as Inotropic affecting the force of muscle con- both a pro-inflammatory and anti-inflamma- traction. tory cytokine. Insecticide an agent that destroys insects. adj. Interleukin 8 (IL-8) a cytokine produced by insecticidal. macrophages and other cell types such as epi- Insomnia a sleeping disorder characterized by thelial cells and is one of the major mediators the inability to fall asleep and/or the inability to of the inflammatory response. remain asleep for a reasonable amount of time. Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL) is one Insulin a peptide hormone composed of 51 of the five major groups of lipoproteins (chylo- amino acids produced in the islets of Langer- microns, VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL) that enable hans in the pancreas causes cells in the liver, fats and cholesterol to move within the water- 768 Medical Glossary

based solution of the bloodstream. IDL is fur- skeleton. They act as phytoestrogens in mam- ther degraded to form LDL particles and, like mals. See flavonoids. LDL, can also promote the growth of atheroma Isomers substances that are composed of the and increase cardiovascular diseases. same elements in the same proportions and Interstitial pertaining to the interstitium. hence have the same molecular formula but Interstitium the space between cells in a tissue. differ in properties because of differences in Intertrigo an inflammation (rash) caused by the arrangement of atoms. microbial infection in skin folds. Jamu traditional Indonesian herbal medicine. Intima innermost layer of an artery or vein. Jaundice refers to the yellow color of the skin Intoxicant substance that produce drunkenness and whites of the eyes caused by excess biliru- or intoxication. bin in the blood. Intraperitoneal (IP) the term used when a JNK (Jun N-terminal Kinase), also known as chemical is contained within or administered Stress Activated Protein Kinase (SAPK), through the peritoneum (the thin, transparent belongs to the family of MAP kinases. membrane that lines the walls of the abdo- Jurkat cells a line of T lymphocyte cells that are men). used to study acute T cell leukemia. Intromission the act of putting one thing into KB cell a cell line derived from a human carci- another. noma of the nasopharynx, used as an assay for Intubation refers to the placement of a tube into antineoplastic (anti-tumour) agents. an external or internal orifice of the body. Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV) also Iodine (I) is an essential chemical element that known as human herpesvirus-8, is a gamma 2 is important for hormone development in the herpesvirus or rhadinovirus. It plays an impor- human body. Lack of iodine can lead to an tant role in the pathogenesis of Kaposi sarcoma enlarged thyroid gland (goitre) or other iodine (KS), multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) deficiency disorders including mental retarda- of the plasma cell type, and primary effusion tion and stunted growth in babies and children. lymphoma and occurs in HIV patients. Iodine is found in dairy products, seafood, Keratin a sulphur-containing protein which is a kelp, seaweeds, eggs, some vegetables and major component in skin, hair, nails, hooves, iodised salt. horns, and teeth. IP see Intraperitoneal. Keratinocyte is the major constituent of the epider- Iron (Fe) is essential to most life forms and to mis, constituting 95% of the cells found there. normal human physiology. In humans, iron is Keratinophilic having an affinity for keratin. an essential component of proteins involved in Keratomalacia an eye disorder that leads to a oxygen transport and for haemoglobin. It is dry cornea. also essential for the regulation of cell growth Kidney stones (calculi) are hardened mineral and differentiation. A deficiency of iron limits deposits that form in the kidney. oxygen delivery to cells, resulting in fatigue, Kinin is any of various structurally related poly- poor work performance, and decreased immu- peptides, such as bradykinin, that act locally nity. Conversely, excess amounts of iron can to induce vasodilation and contraction of result in toxicity and even death. Dietary smooth muscle. sources include, certain cereals, dark green Kininogen either of two plasma a2-globulins leafy vegetables, dried fruit, legumes, seafood, that are kinin precursors. poultry and meat. Knockout gene knockout is a genetic technique Ischemia an insufficient supply of blood to an in which an organism is engineered to carry organ, usually due to a blocked artery. genes that have been made inoperative. Ischuria retention or suppression of urine. Kunitz protease inhibitors a type of protein Isoflavones a subgroup of flavonoids in which contained in legume seeds which functions as the basic structure is a 3-phenyl chromane a protease inhibitor. Medical Glossary 769

Kupffer cells are resident macrophages of the and is transmitted by the bite of certain spe- liver and play an important role in its normal cies of sand fly. physiology and homeostasis as well as partici- Lenticular opacity also known as or related to pating in the acute and chronic responses of cataract. the liver to toxic compounds. Leprosy a chronic bacterial disease of the skin L-Dopa (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) is an and nerves in the hands and feet and, in some amino acid that is formed in the liver and con- cases, the lining of the nose. It is caused by the verted into dopamine in the brain. Mycobacterium leprae. Also called Hansen’s Labour process of childbirth involving muscu- disease. lar contractions. Leptin is a 16 kDa protein hormone with impor- Lactagogue an agent that increases or stimulates tant effects in regulating body weight, metab- milk flow or production. Also called a galact- olism and reproductive function. agogue. Lequesne Algofunctional Index is a widespread Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme that cat- international instrument (10 questions survey) alyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate. and recommended by the World Health Orga- Lactation secretion and production of milk. nization (WHO) for outcome measurement in Lactic acidosis is a condition caused by the hip and knee diseases such as osteoarthritis. buildup of lactic acid in the body. It leads to Leucocyte white blood corpuscles, colourless, acidification of the blood (acidosis), and is con- without haemoglobin that help to combat sidered a distinct form of metabolic acidosis. infection. LAK cell a lymphokine-activated killer cell i.e. Leucoderma a skin abnormality characterized a white blood cell that has been stimulated to by white spots, bands and patches on the skin; kill tumour cells. they can also be caused by fungus and tinea. Laparotomy a surgical procedure involving an Also see vitiligo. incision through the abdominal wall to gain Leucorrhoea commonly known as whites, access into the abdominal cavity. adj. laparo- refers to a whitish discharge from the female tomized. genitals. Larvacidal an agent which kills insect or para- Leukemia, leukaemia a cancer of the blood or site larva. bone marrow and is characterized by an abnor- Laryngitis is an inflammation of the larynx. mal proliferation (production by multiplica- Laxation bowel movement. tion) of blood cells, usually white blood cells Laxatives substances that are used to promote (leukocytes). bowel movement. Leukocytopenia abnormal decrease in the LC 50 median lethal concentration, see LD 50. number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in LD 50 median lethal dose – the dose required the blood. to kill half the members of a tested popula- Leukomyelopathy any diseases involving the tion. Also called LC 50 (median lethal con- white matter of the spinal cord. centration). Leukopenia a decrease in the number of circu- LDL see low-density lipoprotein. lating white blood cells. LDL Cholesterol see low-density lipoprotein. Leukoplakia condition characterized by white LDL receptor (LDLr) a low-density lipopro- spots or patches on mucous membranes, espe- tein receptor gene. cially of the mouth and vulva. Lectins are sugar-binding proteins that are Leukotriene a group of hormones that cause the highly specific for their sugar moieties. They inflammatory symptoms of hay-fever and play a role in biological recognition phenom- asthma. ena involving cells and proteins. Levarterenol see Norepinephrine. Leishmaniasis a disease caused by protozoan LexA repressor or Repressor LexA is repressor parasites that belong to the genus Leishmania enzyme that represses SOS response genes 770 Medical Glossary

coding for DNA polymerases required for Lutein a carotenoid, occurs naturally as yellow repairing DNA damage. or orange pigment in some fruits and leafy Libido sexual urge. vegetables. It is one of the two carotenoids Lichen planus a chronic mucocutaneous disease contained within the retina of the eye. Within that affects the skin, tongue, and oral mucosa. the central macula, zeaxanthin predominates, Ligroin a volatile,, inflammable fraction of whereas in the peripheral retina, lutein pre- petroleum, obtained by distillation and used as dominates. Lutein is necessary for good a solvent. vision and may also help prevent or slow Liniment liquid preparation rubbed on skin, down atherosclerosis, the thickening of arter- used to relieve muscular aches and pains. ies, which is a major risk for cardiovascular Lipodiatic having lipid and lipoprotein lower- disease. ing property. Luteolysis is the structural and functional deg- Lipodystrophy a medical condition character- radation of the corpus luteum (CL) that occurs ized by abnormal or degenerative conditions at the end of the luteal phase of both the of the body’s adipose tissue. estrous and menstrual cycles in the absence of Lipolysis is the breakdown of fat stored in fat pregnancy. cells in the body. Lymphadenitis-cervical inflammation of the Lipoxygenase a family of iron-containing lymph nodes in the neck, usually caused by an enzymes that catalyse the dioxygenation of infection. polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipids contain- Lymphatitis inflammation of lymph vessels and ing a cis,cis-1,4- pentadiene structure. nodes. Lithiasis formation of urinary calculi (stones). Lymphadenopathy a term meaning “disease of Lithontripic removes stones from kidney, gall the lymph nodes – lymph node enlargement”. bladder. Lymphoblastic pertaining to the production of Lotion a liquids suspension or dispersion of lymphocytes. chemicals for external application to the body. Lymphocyte a small white blood cell (leuco- Lovo cells colon cancer cells. cyte) that plays a large role in defending the Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a type of body against disease. Lymphocytes are respon- lipoprotein that transports cholesterol and trig- sible for immune responses. There are two lycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues. main types of lymphocytes: B cells and T High levels of LDL cholesterol can signal cells. Lymphocytes secrete products (lym- medical problems like cardiovascular disease, phokines) that modulate the functional activi- and it is sometimes called “bad cholesterol”. ties of many other types of cells and are often LTB4 a type of leukotriene, a major metabolite present at sites of chronic inflammation. in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Lymphocyte B cells the B cells make antibodies It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function that attack bacteria and toxins. (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered Lymphocyte T cells T cells attack body cells free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and themselves when they have been taken over by metabolism). It induces skin inflammation. viruses or have become cancerous. Luciferase is a generic name for enzymes com- Lymphoma a type of cancer involving cells of monly used in nature for bioluminescence. the immune system, called lymphocytes. Lumbago is the term used to describe general Lymphopenia abnormally low number of lym- lower back pain. phocytes in the blood. Lung abscess necrosis of the pulmonary tissue Lysosomes are small, spherical organelles con- and formation of cavities containing necrotic taining digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases debris or fluid caused by microbial infections. and other proteases (cathepsins)). Lusitropic an agent that affects diastolic relax- Maceration softening or separating of parts by ation. soaking in a liquid. Medical Glossary 771

Macrophage a type of large leukocyte that trav- Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) path- els in the blood but can leave the bloodstream way that regulates mitochondrial oxygen con- and enter tissue; like other leukocytes it pro- sumption and oxidative capacity. tects the body by digesting debris and foreign Mammogram an x-ray of the breast to detect cells. tumours. Macular degeneration a disease that gradually Mandibular relating to the mandible, the human destroys the macula, the central portion of the jaw bone. retina, reducing central vision. Manganese is an essential element for heath. It Macules small circumscribed changes in the is an important constituent of some enzymes color of skin that are neither raised (elevated) and an activator of other enzymes in physio- nor depressed. logic processes. Manganese superoxide dis- Maculopapular describes a rash characterized mutase (MnSOD) is the principal antioxidant by raised, spotted lesions. enzyme in the mitochondria. Manganese-acti- Magnesium (M g) is the fourth most abundant vated enzymes play important roles in the mineral in the body and is essential to good metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, health. It is important for normal muscle and and cholesterol. Manganese is the preferred nerve function, steady heart rhythm, immune cofactor of enzymes called glycosyltrans- system, and strong bones. Magnesium also ferases which are required for the synthesis of helps regulate blood sugar levels, promotes proteoglycans that are needed for the forma- normal blood pressure, and is known to be tion of healthy cartilage and bone. Dietary involved in energy metabolism and protein source include whole grains, fruit, legumes synthesis and plays a role in preventing and (soybean and by-products), green leafy vege- managing disorders such as hypertension, car- tables, beetroot and tea. diovascular disease, and diabetes. Dietary MAO activity monoamine oxidase activity. sources include legumes (e.g. soya bean and MAPK (Mitogen-activated protein kinase) by-products), nuts, whole unrefined grains, these kinases are strongly activated in cells fruit (e.g. banana, apricots), okra and green subjected to osmotic stress, UV radiation, dis- leafy vegetables. regulated K+ currents, RNA-damaging agents, MAK cell macrophage-activated killer cell, acti- and a multitude of other stresses, as well as vated nacrophage that much more phagocytic inflammatory cytokines, endotoxin, and with- than monocytes. drawal of a trophic factor. The stress-respon- Malaise a feeling of weakness, lethargy or dis- sive MAPKs mediate a plethora of cellular comfort as of impending illness. responses to such stressful stimuli, including Malaria is an infection of the blood by Plasmo- apoptosis and production of inflammatory and dium parasite that is carried from person to immunoregulatory cytokines in diverse cell person by mosquitoes. There are four species systems. of malaria parasites that infect man: Plasmo- Marasmus is one of the three forms of serious dium falciparum, so called ‘malignant tertian protein-energy malnutrition. fever’, is the most serious disease, Plasmo- Mastectomy surgery to remove a breast. dium vivax, causing a relapsing form of the Masticatory a substance chewed to increase disease, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmo- salivation. Also called sialogue. dium ovale. Mastitis a bacterial infection of the breast which Malassezia a fungal genus (previously known as usually occurs in breastfeeding mothers. Pityrosporum) classified as yeasts, naturally Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) a member found on the skin surfaces of many animals of a group of enzymes that can break down including humans. It can cause hypopigmen- proteins, such as collagen, that are normally tation on the chest or back if it becomes an found in the spaces between cells in tissues opportunistic infection. (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Matrix 772 Medical Glossary

metalloproteinases are involved in wound Metaphysis is the portion of a long bone healing, angiogenesis, and tumour cell metas- between the epiphyses and the diaphysis of tasis. See also metalloproteinase. the femur. MBC minimum bacterial concentration – the Metaphyseal pertaining to the metaphysis. lowest concentration of antibiotic required to Metaplasia transformation of one type of one kill an organism. mature differentiated cell type into another MDA Malondialdehyde is one of the most fre- mature differentiated cell type. quently used indicators of lipid peroxidation. Metastasis is the movement or spreading of can- Measles an acute, highly communicable rash ill- cer cells from one organ or tissue to another. ness due to a virus transmitted by direct con- Metetrus the quiescent period of sexual inactiv- tact with infectious droplets or, less com- ity between oestrus cycle. monly, by airborne spread. Metroptosis the slipping or falling out of place Megaloblastic anemia an anemia that results of an organ (as the uterus). from inhibition of DNA synthesis in red blood Metrorrhagia uterine bleeding at irregular cell production, often due to a deficiency of intervals, particularly between the expected vitamin B12 or folate and is characterized by menstrual periods. many large immature and dysfunctional red MIC minimum inhibitory concentration – low- blood cells (megaloblasts) in the bone marrow. est concentration of an antimicrobial that will Melaene (melena) refers to the black, “tarry” inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism. feces that are associated with gastrointestinal Micelle a submicroscopic aggregation of mole- hemorrhage. cules. Melanogenesis production of melanin by living Micellization formation process of micelles. cells. Microangiopathy (or microvascular disease) is Melanoma malignant tumour of melanocytes an angiopathy affecting small blood vessels in which are found predominantly in skin but the body. also in the bowel and the eye and appear as Microfilaria a pre-laval parasitic worm of the pigmented lesions. family Onchocercidae, found in the vector and Melatonin a hormone produced in the brain by in the blood or tissue fluid of human host. the pineal gland, it is important in the regula- Micronuclei small particles consisting of acen- tion of the circadian rhythms of several bio- tric fragments of chromosomes or entire chro- logical functions. mosomes, which lag behind at anaphase of Menarche the first menstrual cycle, or first men- cell division. strual bleeding, in female human beings. Microsomal PGE2 synthase is the enzyme that Menorrhagia heavy or too-frequent menstrual catalyses the final step in prostaglandin E2 periods. (PGE2) biosynthesis. Menopausal refer to permanent cessation of Microvasculature the finer vessels of the body, menstruation. as the arterioles, capillaries, and venules. Menses see menstruation. Micturition urination, act of urinating. Menstruation the approximately monthly dis- Migraine a neurological syndrome character- charge of blood from the womb in women of ized by altered bodily perceptions, severe, childbearing age who are not pregnant. Also painful headaches, and nausea. called menses. Adj. menstrual. Mimosine is an alkaloid, b-3-hydroxy-4 pyri- Mesangial cells are specialized cells around done amino acid, it is a toxic non-protein free blood vessels in the kidneys, at the mesan- amino acid and is an antinutrient. gium. Mineral apposition rate MAR, rate of addition Metalloproteinase enzymes that breakdown of new layers of mineral on the trabecular sur- proteins and requiring zinc or calcium atoms faces of bones. for proper function. Miscarriage spontaneous abortion. Medical Glossary 773

Mitochondrial complex I the largest enzyme in Monoclonal antibodies are produced by fusing the mitochondrial respiratory oxidative phos- single antibody-forming cells to tumour cells phorylation system. grown in culture. Mitochondrial permeability transition Monocyte large white blood cell that ingest (MPT) is an increase in the permeability of microbes, other cells and foreign matter. the mitochondrial membranes to molecules of Monogalactosyl diglyceride are the major lipid less than 1,500 Da in molecular weight. MPT components of chloroplasts. is one of the major causes of cell death in a Monorrhagia is heavy bleeding and that’s usu- variety of conditions. ally defined as periods lasting longer than Mitogen an agent that triggers mitosis, elicit 7 days or excessive bleeding. all the signals necessary to induce cell pro- Morbidity a diseased state or symptom or can liferation. refer either to the incidence rate or to the prev- Mitogenic able to induce mitosis or transforma- alence rate of a disease. tion. Morelloflavone a biflavonoid extracted from Mitogenicity process of induction of mitosis. Garcinia dulcis, has shown antioxidative, anti- Mitomycin a chemotherapy drug that is given as viral, and anti-inflammatory properties. a treatment for several different types of can- Morphine the major alkaloid of opium and a cer, including breast, stomach, oesophagus potent narcotic analgesic. and bladder cancers. MTTP microsomal triglyceride transfer protein Mitosis cell division in which the nucleus divides that is required for the assembly and secretion into nuclei containing the same number of of triglyceride -rich lipoproteins from both chromosomes. enterocytes and hepatocytes. MMP matrix metalloproteinases, a group of Mucositis painful inflammation and ulceration peptidases involved in degradation of the of the mucous membranes lining the diges- extracellular matrix (ECM). tive tract. Molecular docking is a key tool in structural Mucous relating to mucus. molecular biology and computer-assisted drug Mucolytic capable of reducing the viscosity of design. mucus, or an agent that so acts. Molluscidal destroying molluscs like snails. Mucus viscid secretion of the mucous mem- Molt 4 cells MOLT4 cells are lymphoblast-like brane. in morphology and are used for studies of Multidrug resistance (MDR) ability of a living apoptosis, tumour cytotoxicity, tumorigenic- cell to show resistance to a wide variety of ity, as well as for antitumour testing. structurally and functionally unrelated com- Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential element that pounds. forms part of several enzymes such as xanthine Muscarinic receptors are G protein-coupled oxidase involved in the oxidation of xanthine acetylcholine receptors found in the plasma to uric acid and use of iron. Molybdenum con- membranes of certain neurons and other centrations also affect protein synthesis, cells. metabolism, and growth. Dietary sources Mutagen an agent that induces genetic mutation include meat, green beans, eggs, sunflower by causing changes in the DNA. seeds, wheat , lentils, and cereal grain. Mutagenic capable of inducing mutation (used Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is an isozyme mainly for extracellular factors such as X-rays of monoamine oxidase. It preferentially deami- or chemical pollution). nates norepinephrine (noradrenaline), epineph- Mycosis an infection or disease caused by a rine (adrenaline), serotonin, and dopamine. fungus. Monoaminergic of or pertaining to neurons that Myelocyte is a young cell of the granulocytic secrete monoamine neurotransmitters (e.g., series, occurring normally in bone marrow, dopamine, serotonin). but not in circulating blood. 774 Medical Glossary

Myeloid leukaemia (Chronic) a type of can- NAFLD Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. cer that affects the blood and bone marrow, Narcotic an agent that produces narcosis, in characterized by excessive number of white moderate doses it dulls the senses, relieves blood cells. pain and induces sleep; in excessive dose it Myeloma cancer that arise in the plasma cells a cause stupor, coma, convulsions and death. type of white blood cells. Nasopharynx upper part of the alimentary con- Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a peroxidase tinuous with the nasal passages. enzyme most abundantly present in neutrophil Natriuresis the discharge of excessive large granulocytes (a subtype of white blood cells). amount of sodium through urine. adj. natri- It is an inflammatory enzyme produced by uretic. activated leukocytes that predicts risk of coro- Nausea sensation of unease and discomfort in nary heart disease. the stomach with an urge to vomit. Myeloproliferative disorder disease of the bone Necropsy see autopsy. marrow in which excess cells are produced. Necrosis morphological changes that follow cell Myocardial relating to heart muscles tissues. death, usually involving nuclear and cytoplas- Myocardial infarction (MI) is the rapid devel- mic changes. opment of myocardial necrosis caused by a Neoplasia abnormal growth of cells, which may critical imbalance between oxygen supply and lead to a neoplasm, or tumour. demand of the myocardium. Neoplasm tumour; any new and abnormal Myocardial ischemia an intermediate condition growth, specifically one in which cell multi- in coronary artery disease during which the plication is uncontrolled and progressive. heart tissue is slowly or suddenly starved of Neoplasms may be benign or malignant. oxygen and other nutrients. Neoplastic transformation conversion of a tis- Myopia near – or short-sightedness. sue with a normal growth pattern into a malig- Myosarcoma a malignant muscle tumour. nant tumour. Myotonia dystrophica an inherited disorder of Nephrectomised kidneys surgically removed. the muscles and other body systems character- Nephrectomy surgical removal of the kidney. ized by progressive muscle weakness, pro- Nephric relating to or connected with a kidney. longed muscle contractions (myotonia), cloud- Nephrin is a protein necessary for the proper ing of the lens of the eye (cataracts), cardiac functioning of the renal filtration barrier. abnormalities, balding, and infertility. Nephritis is inflammation of the kidney. Myringosclerosis also known as tympanoscle- Nephrolithiasis process of forming a kidney rosis or intratympanic tympanosclerosis, is a stone in the kidney or lower urinary tract. condition caused by calcification of collagen Nephropathy a disorder of the kidney. tissues in the tympanic membrane of the mid- Nephrotic syndrome nonspecific disorder in dle ear. which the kidney glomeruli are damaged, caus- Mytonia a symptom of certain neuromuscular ing them to leak large amounts of protein. disorders characterized by the slow relaxation Nephrotoxicity poisonous effect of some sub- of the muscles after voluntary contraction or stances, both toxic chemicals and medication, electrical stimulation. on the kidney. Myotube a developing skeletal muscle fibre Nerve growth factor (NGF) a small protein that with a tubular appearance. induces the differentiation and survival of par- N-nitrosmorpholine a human carcinogen. ticular target neurons (nerve cells). N-nitrosoproline an indicator for N-nitrosation Nervine a nerve tonic that acts therapeutically of amines. upon the nerves, particularly in the sense of a NADPH The reduced form of nicotinamide ade- sedative that serves to calm ruffled nerves. nine dinucleotide phosphate that serves as an Neuralgia is a sudden, severe painful disorder electron carrier. of the nerves. Medical Glossary 775

Neuraminidase inhibitors a class of antiviral NIH3T3 cells a mouse embryonic fibroblast cell drugs targeted at the influenza viruses whose line used in the cultivation of keratinocytes. mode of action consists of blocking the func- Nitrogen (N) is an essential building block of tion of the viral neuraminidase protein, thus amino and nucleic acids and proteins and is preventing the virus from reproducing. essential to all living organisms. Protein rich Neurasthenia a condition with symptoms of vegetables like legumes are rich food sources fatigue, anxiety, headache, impotence, neural- of nitrogen. gia and impotence. NK cells Natural killer cells, a type of cytotoxic Neurasthenic a substance used to treat nerve lymphocyte that constitute a major component pain and/or weakness (i.e. neuralgia, sciatica, of the innate immune system. etc). NMDA receptor N-methyl-d-aspartate recep- Neurite refers to any projection from the cell tor. A brain receptor activated by the amino body of a neuron. acid glutamate, which when excessively stim- Neuritis an inflammation of the nerve character- ulated may cause cognitive defects in Alzheim- ized by pain, sensory disturbances and impair- er’s disease. ment of reflexes. adj. neuritic. Nootropics are substances which are claimed to Neuritogenesis the first step of neuronal dif- boost human cognitive abilities (the functions ferentiation, takes place as nascent neurites and capacities of the brain). Also popularly bud from the immediate postmitotic neu- referred to as “smart drugs”, “smart nutrients”, ronal soma. “cognitive enhancers” and “brain enhancers”. Neuroblastoma a common extracranial cancer Noradrenalin see Norepinephrine. that forms in nerve tissues, common in Norepinephrine a substance, both a hormone infancy. and neurotransmitter, secreted by the adrenal Neuroleptic refers to the effects on cognition medulla and the nerve endings of the sympa- and behavior of antipsychotic drugs that thetic nervous system to cause vasoconstric- reduce confusion, delusions, hallucinations, tion and increases in heart rate, blood pressure, and psychomotor agitation in patients with and the sugar level of the blood. Also called psychoses. levarterenol, noradrenalin. Neuropharmacological relating the effects of Normoglycaemic having the normal amount of drugs on the neurosystem. glucose in the blood. Neuroradiology is a subspecialty of radiology Nosocomial infections infections which are a focusing on the diagnosis and characterization result of treatment in a hospital or a healthcare of abnormalities of the central and peripheral service unit, but secondary to the patient’s nervous system. adj. neuroradiologic. original condition. Neurotrophic relating to neutrophy i.e. the Nulliparous term used to describe a woman nutrition and maintenance of nervous tissue. who has never given birth. Neutropenia a disorder of the blood, character- Nyctalopia night blindness, impaired vision in ized by abnormally low levels of neutrophils. dim light and in the dark, due to impaired Neutrophil a type of white blood cell, specifi- function of certain specialized vision cells. cally a form of granulocyte. Nycturia excessive urination at night; especially Neutrophin protein that induce the survival, common in older men. development and function of neurons. Occulsion closure or blockage (as of a blood NF-kappa B (NF-kB) nuclear factor kappa B, vessel). is an ubiquitous rapid response transcription Odontalgia toothache. adj. odontalgic. factor in cells involved in immune and inflam- Odontopathy any disease of the teeth. matory reactions. Oedema see edema. Niacin Vitamin B3. See vitamin B3. Oligonucleosome type of nucleosome that form Niacinamide an amide of niacin, also known as the fundamental repeating units of eukaryotic nicotinamide. See vitamin B3. chromatin. 776 Medical Glossary

Oligoarthritis an inflammation of two, three or Oncogenes genes carried by tumour viruses four joints. that are directly and solely responsible for Oligospermia or oligozoospermia refers to the neoplastic (tumorous) transformation of semen with a low concentration of sperm, host cells. commonly associated with male infertility. Ophthalmia severe inflammation of eye, or the Oliguria decreased production of urine. conjunctiva or deeper structures of the eye . Omega 3 fatty acids are essential polyunsatu- Also called ophthalmitis. rated fatty acids that have in common a final Ophthalmia (Sympathetic) inflammation of carbon–carbon double bond in the n − 3 posi- both eyes following trauma to one eye. tion. Dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids Opiate drug derived from the opium plant. include fish oil and certain plant/nut oils. The Opioid receptors a group of G-protein coupled three most nutritionally important omega 3 receptors located in the brain and various fatty acids are alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapen- organs that bind opiates or opioid substances. taenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid Optic placode an ectodermal placode from (DHA). Research indicates that omega 3 fatty which the lens of the embryonic eye develops; acids are important in health promotion and also called lens placode. disease and can help prevent a wide range of ORAC (Oxygen radical absorbance capacity) medical problems, including cardiovascular a method of measuring antioxidant capacities disease, depression, asthma, and rheumatoid in biological samples. arthritis. Oral submucous fibrosis a chronic debilitating Omega 6 fatty acids are essential polyunsatu- disease of the oral cavity characterized by rated fatty acids that have in common a final inflammation and progressive fibrosis of the carbon–carbon double bond in the n − 6 posi- submucosa tissues. tion. Omega-6 fatty acids are considered Oral thrush an infection of yeast fungus, Can- essential fatty acids (EFAs) found in vegetable dida albicans, in the mucous membranes of oils, nuts and seeds. They are essential to the mouth. human health but cannot be made in the body. Orchidectomy surgery to remove one or both Omega-6 fatty acids – found in vegetable oils, testicles. nuts and seeds – are a beneficial part of a Orchidectomised with testis removed. heart-healthy eating. Omega-6 and omega-3 Orchitis an acute painful inflammatory reaction PUFA play a crucial role in heart and brain of the testis secondary to infection by different function and in normal growth and develop- bacteria and viruses. ment. (LA) is the main omega-6 Orofacial dyskinesia abnormal involuntary fatty acid in foods, accounting for 85–90% of movements involving muscles of the face, the dietary omega-6 PUFA. Other omega 6 mouth, tongue, eyes, and occasionally, the acids include gamma-linolenic acid or GLA, neck – may be unilateral or bilateral, and con- sometimes called gamoleic acid, eicosadi- stant or intermittent. enoic acid, arachidonic acid and docosadi- Ostalgia, Ostealgia pain in the bones, also enoic acid. called osteodynia. Omega 9 fatty acids are not essential polyun- Osteoarthritis is the deterioration of the joints saturated fatty acids that have in common a that becomes more common with age. final carbon–carbon double bond in the n − 9 Osteoarthrosis chronic noninflammatory bone position. Some n − 9s are common compo- disease. nents of animal fat and vegetable oil. Two Osteoblast a mononucleate cell that is respon- n − 9 fatty acids important in industry are: sible for bone formation. (18:1, n − 9), which is a main com- Osteoblastic relating to osteoblasts. ponent of olive oil and erucic acid (22:1, n − 9), Osteocalcin a noncollagenous protein found in which is found in rapeseed, wallflower , bone and dentin, also refer to as bone gamma- and mustard seed. carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein. Medical Glossary 777

Osteoclasts a kind of bone cell that removes bone tension of the cervix and vagina during labor, tissue by removing its mineralized matrix. and after stimulation of the nipples, facilitat- Osteoclastogenesis the production of osteoclasts. ing birth and breastfeeding, respectively. Osteodynia pain in the bone. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) a Osteomalacia refers to the softening of the method of measuring antioxidant capacities in bones due to defective bone mineralization. biological samples. Osteomyelofibrosis a myeloproliferative disor- Oxyuriasis infestation by pinworms. der in which fibrosis and sclerosis finally lead Ozoena discharge of the nostrils caused by to bone marrow obliteration. chronic inflammation of the nostrils. Osteopenia reduction in bone mass, usually P53 (also known as protein 53 or tumour protein caused by a lowered rate of formation of new 53), is a tumour suppressor protein that in bone that is insufficient to keep up with the humans is encoded by the TP53 gene. rate of bone destruction. P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1, MDR1) a cell Osteoporosis a disease of bone that leads to an membrane-associated drug-exporting protein increased risk of fracture. that transports a variety of drug substrates Osteoprotegerin also called osteoclastogenesis from cancer cells. inhibitory factor (OCIF), a cytokine, which Palpitation rapid pulsation or throbbing of the can inhibit the production of osteoclasts. heart. Osteosacrcoma a malignant bone tumour. Also Paludism state of having symptoms of malaria called osteogenic sarcoma. characterized by high fever and chills. Otalgia earache, pain in the ear. Pancreatitis inflammation of the pancreas. Otic placode a thickening of the ectoderm on Pantothenic acid vitamin B5. See vitamin B5. the outer surface of a developing embryo from Papain a protein degrading enzyme used medic- which the ear develops. inally and to tenderize meat. Otitis inflammation of the inner or outer parts of Papilloma a benign epithelial tumour growing the ear. outwardly like in finger-like fronds. Otorrhea running drainage (discharge) exiting Papule a small, solid, usually inflammatory ele- the ear. vation of the skin that does not contain pus. Ovariectomised with one or two ovaries Paradontosis is the inflammation of gums and removed. other deeper structures, including the bone. Ovariectomy surgical removal of one or both Paralytic person affected with paralysis, per- ovaries. taining to paralysis. Oxidation the process of adding oxygen to a Parasympathetic nervous system subsystem compound, dehydrogenation or increasing the of the nervous systems that slows the heart electro-negative charge. rate and increases intestinal and gland activity Oxidoreductase activity catalysis of an oxida- and relaxes the sphincter muscles. tion-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible Parasympathomimetic having an action resem- chemical reaction. One substrate acts as a bling that caused by stimulation of the para- hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxi- sympathetic nervous system. dized, while the other acts as hydrogen or Parenteral administration administration by electron acceptor and becomes reduced. intravenous, subcutaneous or intramuscular Oxytocic adj. hastening or facilitating child- routes. birth, especially by stimulating contractions of Paresis a condition characterised by partial loss the uterus. of movement, or impaired movement. Oxytocin is a mammalian hormone that also Paresthesia is an abnormal sensation of the skin, acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. It is such as burning, numbness, itching, hyperes- best known for its roles in female reproduc- thesia (increased sensitivity) or tingling, with tion: it is released in large amounts after dis- no apparent physical cause. 778 Medical Glossary

Parenteral is a route of administration via the Periodontal ligament (PDL) is a group of spe- veins that involves piercing the skin or mucous cialized connective tissue fibres that essen- membrane. tially attach a tooth to the bony socket. Parotitis inflammation of salivary glands. Periodontitis is a severe form of gingivitis in Paroxysm a sudden outburst of emotion or which the inflammation of the gums extends action, a sudden attack, recurrence or intensi- to the ­supporting structures of the tooth. Also fication of a disease. called pyorrhea. Paroxystic relating to an abnormal event of the Peripheral neuropathy refers to damage to body with an abrupt onset and an equally sud- nerves of the peripheral nervous system. den return to normal. Peristalsis a series of organized, wave-like mus- PARP see poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. cle contractions that occur throughout the Parturition act of child birth. digestive tract. PCE/PCN ratio polychromatic erythrocyte/nor- Perlingual through or by way of the tongue. mochromatic erythrocyte ratio use as a mea- Perniosis an abnormal reaction to cold that sure of cytotoxic effects. occurs most frequently in women, children, pCREB phosphorylated cAMP (adenosine 3’5’ and the elderly. Also called chilblains. cyclic monophosphate)-response element Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors binding protein. (PPARs) a family of nuclear receptors that PDEF acronym for prostate-derived ETS factor, are involved in lipid metabolism, differenti- an ETS (epithelial-specific E26 transforming ation, proliferation, cell death, and inflam- sequence) family member that has been iden- mation. tified as a potential tumour suppressor. Pertussis whooping cough, sever cough. Pectoral pertaining to or used for the chest and Peyers Patches patches of lymphoid tissue or respiratory tract. lymphoid nodules on the walls of the ileal- pERK phosphorylated extracellular signal-reg- small intestine. ulated kinase, protein kinases involved in PGE-2 Prostaglandin E2, a hormone-like sub- many cell functions. stance that is released by blood vessel walls in Peliosis see purpura. response to infection or inflammation that acts Pellagra is a systemic nutritional wasting dis- on the brain to induce fever. ease caused by a deficiency of vitamin B3 Phagocytes are the white blood cells that protect (niacin). the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harm- Pemphigus neonatorum Staphylococcal ful foreign particles, bacteria and dead or scalded skin syndrome, a bacterial disease of dying cells. adj. phagocytic. infants, characterized by elevated vesicles or Phagocytosis is process the human body uses to blebs on a normal or reddened skin. destroy dead or foreign cells. Peptic ulcer a sore in the lining of the stom- Pharmacognosis the branch of pharmacology ach or duodenum, the first part of the small that studies the composition, use, and history intestine. of drugs. (Per os by way of the mouth) Percutanous per- Pharmacopoeia authoritative treatise contain- tains to a medical procedure where access to ing directions for the identification of drug inner organs or tissues is done via needle samples and the preparation of compound puncture of the skin. medicines, and published by the authority of a Periapical periodontitis is the inflammation of government or a medical or pharmaceutical the tissue adjacent to the tip of the tooth’s society and in a broader sense is a general ref- . erence work for pharmaceutical drug specifi- Perifuse To flush a fresh supply of bathing fluid cations. around all of the outside surfaces of a small Pharyngitis, Pharyngolaryngitis inflammation piece of tissue immersed in it. of the pharynx and the larynx. Medical Glossary 779

Phenolics class of chemical compounds consist- and is found in the bones and teeth. It plays an ing of a hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded directly important role in the body’s utilization of car- to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. bohydrates and fats; in the synthesis of protein Pheochromocytoma is a tumour that usually for the growth, maintenance, and repair of originates from the adrenal glands’ chromaf- cells and tissues. It is also crucial for the pro- fin cells, causing overproduction of cate- duction of ATP, a molecule the body uses to cholamines, powerful hormones that induce store energy. Main sources are meat and milk; high blood pressure and other symptoms. fruits and vegetables provides small amounts. Phlebitis is an inflammation of a vein, usually in Photoaging is the term that describes damage to the legs. the skin caused by intense and chronic expo- Phlegm abnormally viscid mucus secreted by sure to sunlight resulting in premature aging the mucosa of the respiratory passages during of the skin. certain infectious processes. Photocarcinogenesis represents the sum of a Phlegmon a spreading, diffuse inflammation of complex of simultaneous and sequential bio- the soft or connective tissue due to infection chemical events that ultimately lead to the by Streptococci bacteria. occurrence of skin cancer. Phoroglucinol a white, crystalline compound Photopsia an affection of the eye, in which the used as an antispasmodic, analytical reagent, patient perceives luminous rays, flashes, cor- and decalcifier of bone specimens for micro- uscations, etc. scopic examination. Photosensitivity sensitivity toward light. Phosphatidylglycerol is a glycerophospholipid Phthisis an archaic name for tuberculosis. found in pulmonary active surface lipoprotein Phytohemagglutinin a lectin found in plant that and consists of a L-glycerol 3-phosphate back- is involved in the stimulation of lymphocyte bone ester-bonded to either saturated or unsat- proliferation. urated fatty acids on carbons 1 and 2. Phytonutrients certain organic components of Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI 3-kinases plants, that are thought to promote human or PI3Ks) a group of enzymes involved in health. Fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, cellular functions such as cell growth, prolif- nuts and teas are rich sources of phytonutri- eration, differentiation, motility, survival and ents. Phytonutrients are not ‘essential’ for life. intracellular trafficking, which in turn are Also called phytochemicals. involved in cancer. Phytosterols a group of steroid alcohols, cho- Phospholipase an enzyme that hydrolyzes phos- lesterol-like phytochemicals naturally occur- pholipids into fatty acids and other lipophilic ring in plants like vegetable oils, nuts and substances. legumes. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) a small lipolytic Piebaldism rare autosomal dominant disorder enzyme that releases fatty acids from the sec- of melanocyte development characterized by ond carbon group of glycerol. Plays an essen- distinct patches of skin and hair that contain tial role in the synthesis of prostaglandins and no pigment. leukotrienes. Piles see haemorrhoids. Phospholipase C enzymes that cleaves phos- Pityriasis lichenoides is a rare skin disorder of pholipase. unknown aetiology characterised by multiple Phospholipase C gamma (PLC gamma) papules and plaques. enzymes that cleaves phospholipase in cellu- PKC protein kinase C, a membrane bound lar proliferation and differentiation, and its enzyme that phosphorylates different intracel- enzymatic activity is upregulated by a variety lular proteins and raised intracellular Ca levels. of growth factors and hormones. PKC Delta inhibitors Protein Kinase C delta Phosphorus (P) is an essential mineral that ­inhibitors that induce apoptosis of haematopoi- makes up 1% of a person’s total body weight etic cell lines. 780 Medical Glossary

Placode a platelike epithelial thickening in the (Polydypsia excessive thirst) Polymorphnu- embryo where some organ or structure later clear having a lobed nucleus. Used especially develops. of neutrophilic white blood cells. Plasma the yellow-colored liquid component of Polyneuritis widespread inflammation of the blood, in which blood cells are suspended nerves. Plasma kallikrien a serine protease, synthesized Polyneuritis gallinarum a nervous disorder in in the liver and circulates in the plasma. birds and poultry. Plasmin a proteinase enzyme that is responsible Polyp a growth that protrudes from a mucous for digesting fibrin in blood clots. membrane. Plasminogen the proenzyme of plasmin, whose Polyphagia medical term for excessive hunger ­primary role is the degradation of fibrin in the or eating. vasculature. Polyuria a condition characterized by the pas- Plaster poultice. sage of large volumes of urine with an increase Platelet activating factor (PAF) is an acety- in urinary frequency. lated derivative of glycerophosphorylcholine, Pomade a thick oily dressing. released by basophils and mast cells in imme- Porphyrin any of a class of water-soluble, diate hypersensitive reactions and mac- nitrogenous biological pigments. rophages and neutrophils in other inflamma- Postpartum Depression depression after preg- tory reactions. One of its main effects is to nancy; also called postnatal depression. induce platelet aggregation. Postprandial after mealtime. PLC gamma phospholipase C gamma plays a Potassium (K) is an element that’s essential for central role in signal transduction. the body’s growth and maintenance. It’s nec- Pleurisy is an inflammation of the pleura, the essary to keep a normal water balance between lining of the pleural cavity surrounding the the cells and body fluids, for cellular enzyme lungs, which can cause painful respiration and activities and plays an essential role in the other symptoms. Also known as pleuritis. response of nerves to stimulation and in the Pneumonia an inflammatory illness of the lung contraction of muscles. Potassium is found in caused by bacteria or viruses. many plant foods and fish (tuna, halibut): Pneumotoxicity damage to lung tissues. chard, mushrooms, spinach, fennel, kale, mus- Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious viral disease tard greens, Brussel sprouts, broccoli, cauli- that may attack the central nervous system and flower, cabbage winter squash, eggplant, can- is characterized by symptoms that range from taloupe, tomatoes, parsley, cucumber, bell a mild non-paralytic infection to total paraly- pepper, turmeric, ginger root, apricots, straw- sis in a matter of hours; also called polio or berries, and banana. infantile paralysis. Poultice is a soft moist mass, often heated and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) a protein medicated, that is spread on cloth over the skin involved in a number of cellular processes espe- to treat an aching, inflamed, or painful part of cially DNA repair and programmed cell death. the body. Also called cataplasm. Polyarthritis is any type of arthritis which PPARs peroxisome proliferator-activated recep- involves five or more joints. tors – a group of nuclear receptor proteins that Polychromatic erythrocyte (PCE) an imma- function as transcription factors regulating the ture red blood cell containing RNA, that can expression of genes. be differentiated by appropriate staining tech- Prebiotics a category of functional food, defined niques from a normochromatic erythrocyte as non-digestible food ingredients that benefi- (NCE), which lacks RNA. cially affect the host by selectively stimulating Polycythaemia a type of blood disorder charac- the growth and/or activity of one or a limited terised by the production of too many red number of bacteria in the colon, and thus blood cells. improve host health. cf. probiotics. Medical Glossary 781

Pre-eclampsia see toxemia. Prostaglandin E2 (PEG -2) one of the prosta- Prenidatory referring to the time period between glandins, a group of hormone-like substances fertilization and implantation. that participate in a wide range of body func- Prenylated flavones flavones with an isoprenyl tions such as the contraction and relaxation of group in the 8-position, has been reported to smooth muscle, the dilation and constriction have good anti-inflammatory properties. of blood vessels, control of blood pressure, Proangiogenic promote angiogensis (formation and modulation of inflammation. and development of new blood vessels). Prostaglandin E synthase an enzyme that in Probiotics are dietary supplements and live humans is encoded by the glutathione-depen- microorganisms containing potentially benefi- dent PTGES gene. cial bacteria or yeasts that are taken into the Prostanoids term used to describe a subclass of alimentary system for healthy intestinal func- eicosanoids (products of COX pathway) con- tions. cf. prebiotics. sisting of: the prostaglandins (mediators of Progestational of or relating to the phase of the inflammatory and anaphylactic reactions), the menstrual cycle immediately following ovu- thromboxanes (mediators of vasoconstriction) lation, characterized by secretion of proges- and the prostacyclins (active in the resolution terone. phase of inflammation.) Prognosis medical term to describe the likely Prostate a gland that surround the urethra at the outcome of an illness. bladder in the male. Prolapsus to fall or slip out of place. Prostate cancer a disease in which cancer devel- Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) a ops in the prostate, a gland in the male repro- new marker to study human colonic cell pro- ductive system. Symptoms include pain, dif- liferation. ficulty in urinating, erectile dysfunction and Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) a most other symptoms. common cause of failure in retinal reattach- Protein kinase C (PKC) a family of enzymes ment surgery. Characterized by the formation involved in controlling the function of other of cellular membrane on both surfaces of the proteins through the phosphorylation of retina and in the vitreous. hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine amino Promastigote the flagellate stage in the develop- acid residues on these proteins. PKC enzymes ment of trypanosomatid protozoa, character- play important roles in several signal trans- ized by a free anterior flagellum. duction cascades. Promyelocytic leukemia a subtype of acute Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) a group of myelogenous leukemia (AML), a cancer of enzymes that remove phosphate groups from the blood and bone marrow. phosphorylated tyrosine residues on proteins. Pro-oxidants chemicals that induce oxidative Proteinase a protease (enzyme) involved in the stress, either through creating reactive oxygen hydrolytic breakdown of proteins, usually by species or inhibiting antioxidant systems. splitting them into polypeptide chains. Prophylaxis prevention or protection against Proteinuria means the presence of an excess of disease. serum proteins in the urine. Proptosis see exophthalmos. Proteolysis cleavage of the peptide bonds in Prostacyclin a prostaglandin that is a metabolite protein forming smaller polypeptides. adj. of arachidonic acid, inhibits platelet aggrega- proteolytic. tion, and dilates blood vessels. Proteomics the large-scale study of proteins, Prostaglandins a family of C 20 lipid com- particularly their structures and functions. pounds found in various tissues, associated Prothrombin blood-clotting protein that is con- with muscular contraction and the inflamma- verted to the active form, factor IIa, or throm- tion response such as swelling, pain, stiffness, bin, by cleavage. redness and warmth. Prothyroid good for thyroid function. 782 Medical Glossary

Proto-oncogene A normal gene which, when Pyridoxal a chemical form of vitamin B6. See altered by mutation, becomes an oncogene vitamin B6. that can contribute to cancer. Pyridoxamine a chemical form of vitamin B6. Prurigo a general term used to describe itchy See vitamin B6. eruptions of the skin. Pyridoxine a chemical form of vitamin B6. See Pruritis defined as an unpleasant sensation on vitamin B6. the skin that provokes the desire to rub or Pyrolysis decomposition or transformation of a scratch the area to obtain relief; itch, itching. compound caused by heat. adj. pyrolytic. adj. pruritic. PYY Peptide a 36 amino acid peptide secreted PSA Prostate Specific Antigen, a protein which by L cells of the distal small intestine and is secreted into ejaculate fluid by the healthy colon that inhibits gastric and pancreatic prostate. One of its functions is to aid sperm secretion. movement. QT interval is a measure of the time between Psoriasis a common chronic, non-contagious the start of the Q wave and the end of the T autoimmune dermatosis that affects the skin wave in the heart’s electrical cycle. A pro- and joints. longed QT interval is a biomarker for ventric- Psychoactive having effects on the mind or ular tachyarrhythmias and a risk factor for behavior. sudden death. Psychonautics exploration of the psyche by Quorum sensing (QS) the control of gene means of approaches usch as meditation, expression in response to cell density, is used prayer, lucid dreaming, brain wave entrain- by both gram-negative and gram-positive bac- ment etc. teria to regulate a variety of physiological Psychotomimetic hallucinogenic. functions. Psychotropic capable of affecting the mind, Radioprotective serving to protect or aiding in emotions, and behavior. protecting against the injurious effect of radi- Pthysis silicosis with tuberculosis. ations. Ptosis drooping of the upper eye lid. RAGE is the receptor for advanced glycation PTP protein tyrosine phosphatase. end products, a multiligand receptor that prop- PTPIB protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B agates cellular dysfunction in several inflam- Puerperal pertaining to child birth. matory disorders, in tumours and in diabetes. Pulmonary embolism a blockage (blood clot) RAS see renin-angiotensin system or recurrent of the main artery of the lung. aphthous stomatitis. Purgative a substance used to cleanse or purge, Rash a temporary eruption on the skin, see especially causing the immediate evacuation uticaria. of the bowel. Reactive oxygen species species such as super- Purpura is the appearance of red or purple dis- oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radi- colorations on the skin that do not blanch on cal. At low levels, these species may function applying pressure. Also called peliosis. in cell signalling processes. At higher levels, Purulent containing pus discharge. these species may damage cellular macromol- Pustule small, inflamed, pus-filled lesions. ecules (such as DNA and RNA) and partici- Pyelonephritis an ascending urinary tract infec- pate in apoptosis (programmed cell death). tion that has reached the pyelum (pelvis) of Rec A is a 38 kDa Escherichia coli protein essen- the kidney. tial for the repair and maintenance of DNA. Pyodermatitis refers to inflammation of the Recticulocyte non-nucleated stage in the devel- skin. opment of the red blood cell. Pyorrhea see periodontitis. Recticulocyte lysate cell lysate produced from Pyretic referring to fever. reticulocytes, used as an in-vitro translation Pyrexia fever of unknown origin. system. Medical Glossary 783

Recticuloendothelial system part of the immune tendons. Rheumatic diseases are characterized system, consists of the phagocytic cells located by the signs of inflammation – redness, heat, in reticular connective tissue, primarily mono- swelling, and pain. cytes and macrophages. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, sys- Recurrent aphthous stomatitis, or RAS is a temic autoimmune disorder that most com- common, painful condition in which recurring monly causes inflammation and tissue damage ovoid or round ulcers affect the oral mucosa. in joints (arthritis) and tendon sheaths, together Redox homeostasis is considered as the cumu- with anemia. lative action of all free radical reactions and Rhinitis irritation and inflammation of some antioxidant defenses in different tissues. internal areas of the nose and the primary Refrigerant a medicine or an application for symptom of rhinitis is a runny nose. allaying heat, fever or its symptoms. Rhinoplasty is surgery to repair or reshape the Renal calculi kidney stones. nose. Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) also called Rhinorrhea commonly known as a runny nose, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system characterized by an unusually significant (RAAS) is a hormone system that regulates amount of nasal discharge. blood pressure and water (fluid) balance. Rhinosinusitis inflammation of the nasal cavity Reperfusion the restoration of blood flow to an and sinuses. organ or tissue that has had its blood supply Rho GTPases Rho-guanosine triphosphate cut off, as after a heart attack. hydrolase enzymes are molecular switches Reporter gene a transfected gene that produces that regulate many essential cellular pro- a signal, such as green fluorescence, when it is cesses, including actin dynamics, gene tran- expressed. scription, cell-cycle progression and cell Resistin A cysteine-rich protein secreted by adi- adhesion. pose tissue of mice and rats. Ribosome inactivating proteins protein that Resolutive a substance that induces subsidence are capable of inactivating ribosomes. of inflammation. Rickets is a softening of the bones in children Resolvent reduce inflammation or swelling. potentially leading to fractures and deformity. Resorb to absorb or assimilate a product of the Ringworm dermatophytosis, a skin infection body such as an exudates or cellular growth. caused by fungus. Restenosis is the reoccurrence of stenosis, a nar- Roborant restoring strength or vigour, a tonic. rowing of a blood vessel, leading to restricted Rotavirus the most common cause of infectious blood flow. diarrhea (gastroenteritis) in young children Resveratrol is a phytoalexin produced naturally and infants, one of several viruses that causes by several plants when under attack by patho- infections called stomach flu. gens such as bacteria or fungi. It is a potent Rubefacient a substance for external applica- antioxidant found in red grapes and other tion that produces redness of the skin e.g. by plants. causing dilation of the capillaries and an Retinol a form of vitamin A, see vitamin A. increase in blood. Retinopathy a general term that refers to some S.C. abbreviation for sub-cutaneous, beneath the form of non-inflammatory damage to the ret- layer of skin. ina of the eye. S-T segment the portion of an electrocardio- Revulsive counterirritant, used for swellings. gram between the end of the QRS complex Rheumatic pertaining to rheumatism or to and the beginning of the T wave. Elevation or abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system. depression of the S-T segment is the charac- Rheumatism, Rheumatic disorder, Rheumatic teristics of myocardial ischemia or injury and diseases refers to various painful medical coronary artery disease. conditions which affect bones, joints, muscles, Sapraemia see septicaemia. 784 Medical Glossary

Sarcoma cancer of the connective or supportive it is incorporated into proteins to make seleno- tissue (bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood ves- proteins, which are important antioxidant sels) and soft tissues. enzymes. It is found in avocado, nut, SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome, the lentils, sunflower seeds, tomato, whole grain name of a potentially fatal new respiratory dis- cereals, seaweed, seafood and meat. ease in humans which is caused by the SARS Sensorineural bradyacuasia hearing impair- coronavirus (SARS-CoV) ment of the inner ear resulting from damage to Satiety state of feeling satiated, fully satisfied the sensory hair cells or to the nerves that sup- (appetite or desire). ply the inner ear. Scabies a transmissible ectoparasite skin infection Sepsis a condition in which the body is fighting characterized by superficial burrows, intense a severe infection that has spread via the pruritus (itching) and secondary infection. bloodstream. Scarlatina scarlet fever, an acute, contagious Sequela an abnormal pathological condition disease caused by infection with group A resulting from a disease, injury or trauma. streptococcal bacteria. Serine proteinase peptide hydrolases which Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by have an active centre histidine and serine several species of fluke of the genus Schisto- involved in the catalytic process. soma. Also known as bilharzia, bilharziosis or Serotonergic liberating, activated by, or involv- snail fever. ing serotonin in the transmission of nerve Schizophrenia a psychotic disorder (or a group impulses. of disorders) marked by severely impaired Serotonin a monoamine neurotransmitter syn- thinking, emotions, and behaviors. thesized in serotonergic neurons in the central Sciatica a condition characterised by pain deep nervous system. in the buttock often radiating down the back of Sepsis condition in which the body is fighting a the leg along the sciatic nerve. severe infection that has spread via the blood- Scleroderma a disease of the body’s connective stream. tissue. The most common symptom is a thick- Septicaemia a systemic disease associated with ening and hardening of the skin, particularly the presence and persistence of pathogenic of the hands and face. microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Scrofula a tuberculous infection of the skin on Sequelae a pathological condition resulting the neck caused by the bacterium Mycobacte- from a prior disease, injury, or attack. rium tuberculosis. Sexual potentiator increases sexual activity Scrophulosis see scrofula. and potency, enhances sexual performance Scurf abnormal skin condition in which small due to increased blood flow and efficient flakes or sales become detached. metabolism. Scurvy a state of dietary deficiency of vitamin C Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) infections (ascorbic acid) which is required for the syn- that are transmitted through sexual activity. thesis of collagen in humans. SGOT, Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transami- Secretagogue a substance that causes another nase an enzyme that is normally present in substance to be secreted. liver and heart cells. SGOT is released into Sedative having a soothing, calming, or tran- blood when the liver or heart is damaged. Also quilizing effect; reducing or relieving stress, called aspartate transaminase (AST). irritability, or excitement. SGPT, Serum glutamic pyruvic transami- Seizure the physical findings or changes in nase an enzyme normally present in serum behavior that occur after an episode of abnor- and body tissues, especially in the liver; it is mal electrical activity in the brain. released into the serum as a result of tissue Selenium (Se) a trace mineral that is essential to injury, also called Alanine transaminase good health but required only in tiny amounts; (ALT), Medical Glossary 785

Shiga–like toxin a toxin produced by the bacte- Skp1 (S-phase kinase-associated protein 1) is a rium Escherichia coli which disrupts the func- core component of SCF ubiquitin ligases and tion of ribosomes, also known as verotoxin. mediates protein degradation. Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) com- Smallpox is an acute, contagious and devastat- prises a diverse group of organisms capable ing disease in humans caused by Variola virus of causing severe gastrointestinal disease in and have resulted in high mortality over the humans. centuries. Shiga toxin a toxin produced by the bacterium Snuff powder inhaled through the nose. Shigella dysenteriae, which disrupts the func- SOD superoxide dismutase, is an enzyme that tion of ribosomes. repairs cells and reduces the damage done to Shingles skin rash caused by the Zoster virus them by superoxide, the most common free (same virus that causes chicken pox) and is radical in the body. medically termed Herpes zoster. Sodium (Na) is an essential nutrient required for Sialogogue salivation-promoter, a substance used health. Sodium cations are important in neu- to increase or promote the excretion of saliva. ron (brain and nerve) function, and in influ- Sialoproteins glycoproteins that contain sialic encing osmotic balance between cells and the acid as one of their carbohydrates. interstitial fluid and in maintenance of total Sialyation reaction with sialic acid or its deriva- body fluid homeostasis. Extra intake may tives; used especially with oligosaccharides. cause a harmful effect on health. Sodium is Sialyltransferases enzymes that transfer sialic naturally supplied by salt intake with food. acid to nascent oligosaccharide. Soleus muscle smaller calf muscle lower down Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder the leg and under the gastrocnemius muscle. that affects red blood cells. People with sickle Somites mesodermal structures formed during cell disease have red blood cells that contain embryonic development that give rise to seg- mostly hemoglobin S, an abnormal type of mented body parts such as the muscles of the hemoglobin. Sometimes these red blood cells body wall. become sickle-shaped (crescent shaped) and Somites Mesodermal structures formed during have difficulty passing through small blood embryonic development that give rise to seg- vessels. mented body parts such as the muscles of the Side stich is an intense stabbing pain under the body wall. lower edge of the ribcage that occurs while Soporific a sleep inducing drug. exercising. SOS response a global response to DNA dam- Signal transduction cascade refers to a series age in which the cell cycle is arrested and of sequential events that transfer a signal DNA repair and mutagenesis are induced. through a series of intermediate molecules Spasmolytic checking spasms, see antispas- until final regulatory molecules, such as tran- modic. scription factors, are modified in response to Spermatorrhoea medically an involuntary ejac- the signal. ulation/drooling of semen usually nocturnal Silicon (Si) is required in minute amounts by the emissions. body and is important for the development of Spermidine an important polyamine in DNA healthy hair and the prevention of nervous dis- synthesis and gene expression. orders. Lettuce is the best natural source of Spleen organ that filters blood and prevents Silicon. infection. Sinapism signifies an external application, in Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is an enigmatic the form of a soft plaster, or poultice. protein tyrosine kinase functional in a number Sinusitis inflammation of the nasal sinuses. of diverse cellular processes such as the regu- SIRC cells Statens Seruminstitut Rabbit Cornea lation of immune and inflammatory responses. (SIRC) cell line. Splenitis inflammation of the spleen. 786 Medical Glossary

Splenocyte is a monocyte, one of the five major accompanied with the unsatisfying feeling of types of white blood cell, and is characteristi- a remaining volume inside and a desire to pass cally found in the splenic tissue. something that will not pass. Splenomegaly is an enlargement of the spleen. Straub tail condition in which an animal carries Sprain to twist a ligament or muscle of a joint its tail in an erect (vertical or nearly vertical) without dislocating the bone. position. Sprue is a chronic disorder of the small intestine Striae gravidarum a cutaneous condition char- caused by sensitivity to gluten, a protein found acterized by stretch marks on the abdomen in wheat and rye and to a lesser extent oats and during and following pregnancy. barley. It causes poor absorption by the intes- Stricture an abnormal constriction of the inter- tine of fat, ­protein, carbohydrates, iron, water, nal passageway within a tubular structure such and A, D, E, and K. as a vessel or duct Sputum matter coughed up and usually ejected Strongyloidiasis an intestinal parasitic infection from the mouth, including saliva, foreign in humans caused by two species of the para- material, and substances such as mucus or sitic nematode Strongyloides. The nematode phlegm, from the respiratory tract. or round worms are also called thread worms. Stanch to stop or check the flow of a bodily fluid Styptic a short stick of medication, usually like blood from a wound. anhydrous aluminum sulfate (a type of alum) Statin a type of lipid-lowering drug. or titanium dioxide, which is used for stanch- Status epilepticus refers to a life-threatening ing blood by causing blood vessels to contract condition in which the brain is in a state of at the site of the wound. Also called hemo- persistent seizure. static pencil. see antihaemorrhagic. STD sexually transmitted disease. Subarachnoid hemorrhage is bleeding in the Steatorrhea is the presence of excess fat in feces area between the brain and the thin tissues that which appear frothy, foul smelling and floasts cover the brain. because of the high fat content. Sudatory medicine that causes or increases Steatosis refer to the deposition of fat in the sweating. Also see sudorific. interstitial spaces of an organ like the liver, Sudorific a substance that causes sweating. fatty liver disease. Sulfur Sulfur is an essential component of all Sterility inability to produce offspring, also living cells. Sulfur is important for the synthe- called asepsis. sis of sulfur-containing amino acids, all poly- Steroidogenic relating to steroidogenisis, the peptides, proteins, and enzymes such as gluta- production of steroids. thione an important sulfur-containing Stimulant a substance that promotes the activity tripeptide which plays a role in cells as a of a body system or function. source of chemical reduction potential. Sulfur Stomachic (digestive stimulant), an agent that is also important for hair formation. Good stimulates or strengthens the activity of the plant sources are garlic, onion, leeks and other stomach; used as a tonic to improve the appe- Alliaceous vegetables, Brassicaceous vegeta- tite and digestive processes. bles like cauliflower, cabbages, Brussels Stomatitis oral inflammation and ulcers, may be sprout, Kale; legumes – beans, green and red mild and localized or severe, widespread, and gram, soybeans; horse radish, water cress, painful. wheat germ. Stomatology medical study of the mouth and its Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) arises from diseases. the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta, Stool faeces. just inferior to the origin of the celiac trunk, Strangury is the painful passage of small quan- and supplies the intestine from the lower part tities of urine which are expelled slowly by of the duodenum to the left colic flexure and straining with severe urgency; it is usually the pancreas. Medical Glossary 787

Superoxidae mutase (SOD) antioxidant enzyme. Tachycardia a false heart rate applied to adults Suppuration the formation of pus, the act of to rates over 100 beats per minute. becoming converted into and discharging pus. Tachyphylaxia a decreased response to a medi- Supraorbital located above the orbit of the eye. cine given over a period of time so that larger SYK, Spleen tyrosine kinase is a human pro- doses are required to produce the same tein and gene. Syk plays a similar role in trans- response. mitting signals from a variety of cell surface Tachypnea abnormally fast breathing. receptors including CD74, Fc Receptor, and Taenia a parasitic tapeworm or flatworm of the integrins. genus, Taenia. Sympathetic nervous system the part of the Taeniacide an agent that kills tapeworms. autonomic nervous system originating in the TBARS see thiobarbituric acid reactive sub- thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord stances. that in general inhibits or opposes the physio- T-cell a type of white blood cell that attacks logical effects of the parasympathetic nervous virus-infected cells, foreign cells and cancer system, as in tending to reduce digestive secre- cells. tions or speed up the heart. TCA cycle see Tricarboxylic acid cycle. Syncope fainting, sudden loss of consciousness TCID50 median tissue culture infective dose; followed by the return of wakefulness. that amount of a pathogenic agent that will Syneresis expulsion of liquid from a gel, as produce pathological change in 50% of cell contraction of a blood clot and expulsion of cultures. liquid. Tendonitis is inflammation of a tendon. Syngeneic genetically identical or closely Tenesmus a strong desire to defaecate. related, so as to allow tissue transplant; immu- Teratogen is an agent that can cause malforma- nologically compatible. tions of an embryo or fetus. adj. teratogenic. Synovial lubricating fluid secreted by synovial Testicular torsion torsion of the spermatic cord, membranes, as those of the joints. is a surgical emergency because it causes Synoviocyte located in the synovial membrane, strangulation gonadal blood supply with sub- there are two types. Type A cells are more sequent testicular necrosis and atrophy. numerous, have phagocytic characteristics Tetanus an acute, potentially fatal disease and produce degradative enzymes. Type B caused by tetanus bacilli multiplying at the cells produce synovial fluid, which lubricates site of an injury and producing an exotoxin the joint and nurtures nourishes the articular that reaches the central nervous system pro- cartilage. ducing prolonged contraction of skeletal mus- Syphilis is perhaps the best known of all the cle fibres. Also called lockjaw. STD’s. Syphilis is transmitted by direct con- Tete acute dermatitis caused by both bacterial tact with infection sores, called chancres, and fungal infection. syphilitic skin rashes, or mucous patches on Tetter any of a number of skin diseases. the tongue and mouth during kissing, necking, Th cells or T helper cells a subgroup of lym- petting, or sexual intercourse. It can also be phocytes that helps other white blood cells in transmitted from a pregnant woman to a fetus immunologic processes. after the fourth month of pregnancy. Thermogenic tending to produce heat, applied Systolic the blood pressure when the heart is to drugs or food (fat burning food). contracting. It is specifically the maximum Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances arterial pressure during contraction of the left (TBARS) a well-established method for ventricle of the heart. screening and monitoring lipid peroxidation. Tachyarrhythmia any disturbance of the heart Thrombocythaemia a blood condition charac- rhythm in which the heart rate is abnormally terize by a high number of platelets in the increased. blood. 788 Medical Glossary

Thrombocytopenia a condition when the bone primary role of TNF is in the regulation of marrow does not produce enough platelets immune cells. TNF is also able to induce apop- (thrombocytes) like in leukaemia. totic cell death, to induce inflammation, and to Thromboembolism formation in a blood vessel inhibit tumorigenesis and viral replication. of a clot (thrombus) that breaks loose and is Tocolytics medications used to suppress prema- carried by the blood stream to plug another ture labor. vessel. Tocopherol fat soluble organic compounds Thrombogenesis formation of a thrombus or belonging to vitamin E group. See vitamin E. blood clot. Tocotrienol fat soluble organic compounds Thrombophlebitis occurs when there is inflam- belonging to vitamin E group. See vitamin E. mation and clot in a surface vein. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of pro- Thromboplastin an enzyme liberated from teins that play a key role in the innate immune blood platelets that converts prothrombin into system. thrombin as blood starts to clot, also called Tonic substance that acts to restore, balance, thrombokinase. tone, strengthen, or invigorate a body system Thrombosis the formation or presence of a without overt stimulation or depression. thrombus (clot). Tonic clonic seizure a type of generalized sei- Thromboxanes any of several compounds, zure that affects the entire brain. originally derived from prostaglandin precur- Tonsillitis an inflammatory condition of the ton- sors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of sils due to bacteria, allergies or respiratory platelets and constriction of blood vessels. problems. Thromboxane B2 the inactive product of throm- Topoisomerases a class of enzymes involved in boxane. the regulation of DNA supercoiling. Thrombus a fibrinous clot formed in a blood Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a method vessel or in a chamber of the heart. of feeding that bypasses the gastrointestinal Thrush a common mycotic infection caused by tract. yeast, Candida albicans, in the digestive tract Toxemia is the presence of abnormal substances or vagina. In children it is characterized by in the blood, but the term is also used for a white spots on the tongue. serious condition in pregnancy that involves Thymocytes are T cell precursors which develop hypertension and proteinuria. Also called pre- in the thymus. eclampsia. Thyrotoxicosis or hyperthyroidism – an over- Tracheitis is a bacterial infection of the trachea; active thyroid gland, producing excessive cir- also known as bacterial tracheitis or acute bac- culating free thyroxine and free triiodothyro- terial tracheitis. nine, or both. Trachoma a contagious disease of the con- TIMP-3 a human gene belongs to the tissue junctiva and cornea of the eye, producing inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) painful sensitivity to strong light and exces- gene family. see MMP. sive tearing. Tincture solution of a drug in alcohol. TRAIL acronym for tumour necrosis factor- Tinea ringworm, fungal infection on the skin. related apoptosis-inducing ligand, is a cytokine Tinea favosa See favus. that preferentially induces apoptosis in tumour Tinnitus a noise in the ears, as ringing, buzzing, cells. roaring, clicking, etc. Tranquilizer a substance drug used in calming Tisane a herbal infusion used as tea or for person suffering from nervous tension or medicinal purposes. anxiety. TNF alpha cachexin or cachectin and formally Transaminase also called aminotransferase is known as tumour necrosis factor-alpha, a an enzyme that catalyzes a type of reaction cytokine involved in systemic inflammation. between an amino acid and an a-keto acid. Medical Glossary 789

Transaminitis increase in alanine aminotrans- the standard, Trolox also referred to as TEAC ferase (ALT) and/or aspartate aminotransferase (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity). (AST) to >5 times the upper limit of normal. Trypanocidal destructive to trypanosomes. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization Trypanosomes protozoan of the genus Try- (TACE) is an interventional radiology proce- panosoma. dure involving percutaneous access of to the Trypanosomiasis human disease or an infection hepatic artery and passing a catheter through caused by a trypanosome. the abdominal artery aorta followed by radiol- Trypsin an enzyme of pancreatic juice that hydro- ogy. It is used extensively in the palliative lyzes proteins into smaller polypeptide units. treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carci- Trypsin inhibitor small protein synthesized in noma (HCC) the exocrine pancreas which prevents conver- Transcriptional activators are proteins that sion of trypsinogen to trypsin, so protecting bind to DNA and stimulate transcription of itself against trypsin digestion. nearby genes. Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection of the Transcriptional coactivator PGC-1 a potent lungs caused by a bacterium called Mycobac- transcriptional coactivator that regulates oxi- terium tuberculosis, characterized by the for- dative metabolism in a variety of tissues. mation of lesions (tubercles) and necrosis in Transcriptome profiling to identify genes the lung tissues and other organs. involved in peroxisome assembly and function. Tumorigenesis formation or production of TRAP 6 thrombin receptor activating peptide tumours. with 6 amino acids. Tumour an abnormal swelling of the body other Tremorine a chemical that produces a tremor than those caused by direct injury. resembling parkinsonian tremor. Tussis a cough. Triacylglycerols or triacylglyceride, is a glycer- Tympanic membrane ear drum. ide in which the glycerol is esterified with Tympanitis infection or inflammation of the three fatty acids. inner ear. Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) a series Tympanophonia increased resonance of one’s of enzymatic reactions in aerobic organisms own voice, breath sounds, arterial murmurs, involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl units etc., noted especially in disease of the mid- and producing high-energy phosphate com- dle ear. pounds, which serve as the main source of cel- Tympanosclerosis see myringoslcerosis. lular energy. Also called citric acid cycle, Tyrosinase a copper containing enzyme found Krebs cycle. in ­animals and plants that catalyses the oxida- Trichophytosis infection by fungi of the genus tion of phenols (such as tyrosine) and the pro- Trichophyton. duction of melanin and other pigments from Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a neuropathic tyrosine by oxidation. disorder of one or both of the facial trigeminal UCP1 an uncoupling protein found in the mito- nerves, also known as prosopalgia. chondria of brown adipose tissue used to gen- Triglycerides a type of fat (lipids) found in the erate heat by non-shivering thermogenesis. blood stream. UCP – 2 enzyme uncoupling protein 2 enzyme, Trismus continuous contraction of the muscles a mitochondrial protein expressed in adipo- of the jaw, specifically as a symptom of teta- cytes. nus, or lockjaw; inability to open mouth fully. Ulcer an open sore on an external or internal TrKB receptor also known as TrKB tyrosine body surface usually accompanied by disinte- kinase , a protein in humans that acts as a cata- gration of tissue and pus. lytic receptor for several neutrophins. Ulcerative colitis is one of two types of inflam- Trolox Equivalent measures the antioxidant matory bowel disease – a condition that causes capacity of a given substance, as compared to the bowel to become inflamed and red. 790 Medical Glossary

Ulemorrhagia bleeding of the gums. ants, Variola major and Variola minor. The Ulitis inflammation of the gums. disease is characterised by fever, weakness Unguent ointment. and skin eruption with pustules that form Unilateral ureteral obstruction unilateral scabs that leave scars. blockage of urine flow through the ureter of Varicose veins are veins that have become one kidney, resulting in a backup of urine, dis- enlarged and twisted. tension of the renal pelvis and calyces, and Vasa vasorum is a network of small blood ves- hydronephrosis. sels that supply large blood vessels. plur. vasa Uraemia an excess in the blood of urea, creati- vasori. nine and other nitrogenous end products of Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) a protein and amino acids metabolism, more polypeptide chemical produced by cells that correctly referred to as azotaemia. stimulates the growth of new blood vessels. Uraemic of or involving excess nitrogenous Vasoconstrictor drug that causes constriction of waste products in the urine (usually due to blood vessels. kidney insufficiency). Vasodilator drug that causes dilation or relax- Urethra tube conveying urine from the bladder ation of blood vessels. to the external urethral orifice. Vasodilatory causing the widening of the lumen Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra of blood vessels. caused by infection. Vasospasm refers to a condition in which blood Urinary pertaining to the passage of urine. vessels spasm, leading to vasoconstriction and Urinogenital relating to the genital and urinary subsequently to tissue ischemia and death organs or functions. (necrosis). Urodynia pain on urination. VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor. Urolithiasis formation of stone in the urinary Venereal disease (VD) term given to the dis- tract (kidney bladder or urethra). eases syphilis and gonorrhoea. Urticant a substance that causes wheals to Venule a small vein, especially one joining cap- form. illaries to larger veins. Urticaria (or hives) is a skin condition, com- Vermifuge a substance used to expel worms monly caused by an allergic reaction, that is from the intestines. characterized by raised red skin welts. Verotoxin a Shiga-like toxin produced by Uterine relating to the uterus. Escherichia coli, which disrupts the function Uterine relaxant an agent that relaxes the mus- of ribosomes, causing acute renal failure. cles in the uterus. Verruca plana is a reddish-brown or flesh-col- Uterine stimulant an agent that stimulates the ored, slightly raised, flat-surfaced, well- uterus (and often employed during active demarcated papule on the hand and face, also childbirth). called flat wart. Uterotonic giving muscular tone to the uterus. Vertigo an illusory, sensory perception that the Uterotrophic causing an effect on the uterus. surroundings or one’s own body are revolving; Uterus womb. dizziness. Vagotomy the surgical cutting of the vagus Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) a type of nerve to reduce acid secretion in the stomach. lipoprotein made by the liver. VLDL is one of Vagus nerve a cranial nerve, that is, a nerve con- the five major groups of lipoproteins (chylomi- nected to the brain. The vagus nerve has crons, VLDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein, branches to most of the major organs in the low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipopro- body, including the larynx, throat, windpipe, tein (HDL)) that enable fats and cholesterol to lungs, heart, and most of the digestive system. move within the water-based solution of the Variola or smallpox, a contagious disease unique bloodstream. VLDL is converted in the blood- to humans, caused by either of two virus vari- stream to low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Medical Glossary 791

Vesical calculus calculi (stones) in the urinary doxal, and pyridoxamine. Vitamin B6 is bladder needed in enzymes involved in protein metab- Vesicant a substance that causes tissue blis- olism, red blood cell ­metabolism, efficient tering. functioning of nervous and immune systems Viremia a medical condition where viruses enter and hemoglobin formation. Deficiency causes the bloodstream and hence have access to the anaemia and peripheral neuropathy. rest of the body. Vitamin B 7 also called biotin or vitamin H, an Visceral fat intra-abdominal fat, is located essential water-soluble vitamin, is involved in inside the peritoneal cavity, packed in between the synthesis of fatty acids amino acids and internal organs and torso. glucose, in energy metabolism. Biotin pro- Vitamin any complex, organic compound, found motes normal health of sweat glands, bone in various food or sometimes synthesized in marrow, male gonads, blood cells, nerve tis- the body, required in tiny amounts and are sue, skin and hair, Deficiency causes dermati- essential for the regulation of metabolism, tis and enteritis. normal growth and function of the body. Vitamin B9 also called folic acid, an essential Vitamin A retinol, fat-soluble vitamins that play water-soluble vitamin. Folate is especially an important role in vision, bone growth, important during periods of rapid cell division reproduction, cell division, and cell differen- and growth such as infancy and pregnancy. tiation, helps regulate the immune system in Deficiency during pregnancy is associated preventing or fighting off infections. Vitamin with birth defects such as neural tube defects. A that is found in colorful fruits and vegeta- Folate is also important for production of red bles is called provitamin A carotenoid. They blood cells and prevent anemia. Folate is can be made into retinol in the body. Defi- needed to make DNA and RNA, the building ciency of vitamin A results in night blindness blocks of cells. It also helps prevent changes and keratomalacia. to DNA that may lead to cancer. Vitamin B1 also called thiamine, water-soluble Vitamin B12 a water-soluble vitamin, also vitamins, dissolve easily in water, and in gen- called cobalamin as it contains the metal eral, are readily excreted from the body they cobalt. It helps maintain healthy nerve cells are not readily stored, consistent daily intake and red blood cells, and DNA production. is important. It functions as coenzyme in the Vitamin B12 is bound to the protein in food. metabolism of carbohydrates and branched Deficiency causes megaloblastic anaemia. chain amino acids, and other cellular pro- Vitamin C also known as ascorbic acid is an cesses. Deficiency results in beri-beri disease. essential water-soluble vitamin. It functions as Vitamin B2 also called riboflavin, an essential cofactor for reactions requiring reduced cop- water-soluble vitamin that functions as coen- per or iron metallonzyme and as a protective zyme in redox reactions. Deficiency causes antioxidant. Deficiency of vitamin C causes ariboflavinosis. scurvy. Vitamin B3 comprises niacin and niacinamide, Vitamin D a group of fat-soluble, prohormone water-soluble vitamin that function as coen- vitamin, the two major forms of which are zyme or co-substrate for many redox reactions vitamin D2 (or ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 and is required for energy metabolism. Defi- (or cholecalciferol). Vitamin D obtained from ciency causes pellagra. sun exposure, food, and supplements is bio- Vitamin B5 also called pantothenic acid, a logically inert and must undergo two hydroxy- water-soluble vitamin that function as coen- lations in the body for activation. Vitamin D is zyme in fatty acid metabolism. Deficiency essential for promoting calcium absorption in causes paresthesia. the gut and maintaining adequate serum cal- Vitamin B6 water-soluble vitamin, exists in cium and phosphate concentrations to enable three major chemical forms: pyridoxine, pyri- normal growth and mineralization of bone and 792 Medical Glossary

prevent hypocalcemic tetany. Deficiency Wheal a firm, elevated swelling of the skin. Also causes rickets and osteomalacia. Vitamin D called a weal or welt. has other roles in human health, including White fat white adipose tissue (WAT) in mam- modulation of neuromuscular and immune mals, store of energy. cf. brown fat. function, reduction of inflammation and mod- Whitlow painful infection of the hand involving ulation of many genes encoding proteins that one or more fingers that typically affects the regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and terminal phalanx. apoptosis. Whooping cough acute infectious disease usu- Vitamin E is the collective name for a group of ally in children caused by a Bacillus bacterium fat-soluble compounds and exists in eight and accompanied by catarrh of the respiratory chemical forms (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and passages and repeated bouts of coughing. delta-tocopherol and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, X-linked agammaglobulinemia also known as and delta-tocotrienol). It has pronounced anti- X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia, XLA, oxidant activities stopping the formation of Bruton type agammaglobulinemia, Bruton Reactive Oxygen Species when fat undergoes syndrome, or sex-linked agammaglobuline- oxidation and help prevent or delay the chronic mia; a rare x-linked genetic disorder that diseases associated with free radicals. Besides affects the body’s ability to fight infection. its antioxidant activities, vitamin E is involved Xanthine oxidase a flavoprotein enzyme con- in immune function, cell signaling, regulation taining a molybdenum cofactor (Moco) and

of gene expression, and other metabolic pro- (Fe2S2) clusters, involved in purine metabo- cesses. Deficiency is very rare but can cause lism. In humans, inhibition of xanthine oxi- mild hemolytic anemia in newborn infants. dase reduces the production of uric acid, and Vitamin K a group of fat soluble vitamin and prevent hyperuricemia and gout.

consist of vitamin K1 which is also known as Xanthones unique class of biologically active phylloquinone or phytomenadione (also called phenol compounds with the molecular for-

phytonadione) and vitamin K2 (menaquinone, mula C13H8O2 possessing antioxidant prop- menatetrenone). Vitamin K plays an important erties, discovered in the mangosteen fruit. role in blood clotting. Deficiency is very rare Xenobiotics a chemical (as a drug, pesticide, but can cause bleeding diathesis. or carcinogen) that is foreign to a living Vitamin P a substance or mixture of substances organism. obtained from various plant sources, identified Xenograft a surgical graft of tissue from one as citrin or a mixture of bioflavonoids, thought species to an unlike species. to but not proven to be useful in reducing the Xerophthalmia a medical condition in which extent of hemorrhage. the eye fails to produce tears. Vitiligo a chronic skin disease that causes loss of Yaws an infectious tropical infection of the skin, pigment, resulting in irregular pale patches of bones and joints caused by the spirochete bac- skin. It occurs when the melanocytes, cells terium Treponema pertenue, characterized by responsible for skin pigmentation, die or are papules and pappiloma with subsequent defor- unable to function. Also called leucoderma. mation of the skins, bone and joints; also Vitreoretinopathy see proliferative vitreoretin- called framboesia. opathy. Yellow fever is a viral disease that is transmit- VLDL see very low density lipoproteins. ted to humans through the bite of infected Vomitive substance that causes vomiting. mosquitoes. Illness ranges in severity from an Vulnerary (wound healer), a substance used to influenza-like syndrome to severe hepatitis heal wounds and promote tissue formation. and hemorrhagic fever. Yellow fever virus Wart an infectious skin tumour caused by a viral (YFV) is maintained in nature by mosquito- infection. borne transmission between nonhuman pri- Welt see wheal. mates. Medical Glossary 793

Zeaxanthin a common carotenoid, found natu- metabolism: catalytic activity of enzymes, rally as coloured pigments in many fruit veg- immune function, protein synthesis, wound etables and leafy vegetables. It is important healing, DNA synthesis, and cell division. for good vision and is one of the two carote- It also supports normal growth and devel- noids contained within the retina of the eye. opment during pregnancy, childhood, and Within the central macula, zeaxanthin pre- adolescence and is required for proper dominates, whereas in the peripheral retina, sense of taste and smell. Dietary sources lutein predominates. include beans, nuts, pumpkin seeds, sun- Zinc (Zn) is an essential mineral for health. It flower seeds, whole wheat bread and animal is involved in numerous aspects of cellular sources. Scientific Glossary

Abaxial facing away from the axis, as of the Adventitious arising in abnormal positions, e.g. ­surface of an organ. roots arising from the stem, branches or , Abscission shedding of leaves, flowers, or fruits buds arising elsewhere than in the axils of following the formation of the abscission leaves zone. Adventive Not native to and not fully estab- Acaulescent lacking a stem, or stem very much lished in a new habitat or environment; locally reduced. or temporarily naturalized. e.g. an adventive Accrescent increasing in size after flowering or weed. with age. Aestivation refers to positional arrangement of Achene a dry, small, one-seeded, indehiscent the floral parts in the bud before it opens. one-seeded fruit formed from a superior Akinete a thick-walled dormant cell derived of one carpel as in sunflower. from the enlargement of a vegetative cell. It Acid soil soil that maintains a pH of less serves as a survival structure. than 7.0. Alfisols soil with a clay-enriched subsoil and Acidulous acid or sour in taste. relatively high native fertility, having under- Actinomorphic having radial symmetry, capable gone only moderate leaching, containing alu- of being divided into symmetrical halves by minium, iron and with at least 35% base satu- any plane, refers to a flower, calyx or corolla. ration, meaning that calcium, magnesium, and Aculeate having sharp prickles. potassium are relatively abundant. Acuminate tapering gradually to a sharp point. Alkaline soil soil that maintains a pH above 7.0, Acute () tapering at an angle of less than usually containing large amounts of calcium, 90° before terminating in a point as of sodium, and magnesium, and is less soluble apex and base. than acidic soils. Adaxial side closest to the stem axis. Alkaloids naturally occurring bitter, complex Aldephous having united together by organic-chemical compounds containing basic their filaments. nitrogen and oxygen atoms and having vari- Adherent touching without organic fusion as of ous pharmacological effects on humans and floral parts of different whorls. other animals. Adnate united with another unlike part as of sta- Alternate leaves or buds that are spaced along mens attached to petals. opposite sides of stem at different levels. Adpressed lying close to another organ but not Allomorphic with a shape or form different fused to it. from the typical.

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 1, Fruits, 794 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-8661-7, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 Scientific Glossary 795

Alluvial soil a fine-grained fertile soil deposited Apetalous lacking petals as of flowers with no by water flowing over flood plains or in river corolla. beds. Apical meristem active growing point. A zone Alluvium soil or sediments deposited by a river of cell division at the tip of the stem or the or other running water. root. Amplexicaul clasping the stem as base of Apically towards the apex or tip of a structure. ­certain leaves. Apiculate ending abruptly in a short, sharp, Anatomizing interconnecting network as small point. applied to leaf veins. Apiculum a short, pointed, flexible tip. Andisols are soils formed in volcanic ash and Apocarpous carpels separate in single individ- containing high proportions of glass and amor- ual pistils. phous colloidal materials. Apopetalous with separate petals, not united to Androdioecious with male flowers and bisexual other petals. flowers on separate plants. Aposepalous with separate , not united to Androecium male parts of a flower; comprising other sepals. the stamens of one flower. Appressed pressed closely to another structure Androgynous with male and female flowers in but not fused or united. distinct parts of the same . Aquatic a plant living in or on water for all or a Andromonoecious having male flowers and considerable part of its life span. bisexual flowers on the same plant. Arachnoid (Botany) formed of or covered with Angiosperm a division of seed plants with the long, delicate hairs or fibres. ovules borne in an ovary. Arborescent resembling a tree; applied to non- Annual a plant which completes its life cycle woody plants attaining tree height and to within a year. shrubs tending to become tree-like in size. Annular shaped like or forming a ring. Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) a type of mycor- Annulus circle or ring-like structure or marking; rhiza in which the fungus (of the phylum the portion of the corolla which forms a fleshy, Glomeromycota) penetrates the cortical cells raised ring. of the roots of a ­ and form unique Anthelate an open, paniculate cyme. structures such as arbuscules and vesicles. Anther the part of the containing These fungi help plants to capture nutrients sac which produces the pollen. such as phosphorus and micronutrients from Antheriferous containing anthers. the soil. Anthesis the period between the opening of the Archegonium a flask-shaped female reproduc- bud and the onset of flower withering. tive organ in mosses, ferns, and other related Anthocarp a false fruit consisting of the true plants. fruit and the base of the perianth. Areolate with areolea. Anthocyanidins are common plant pigments. Areole (Botany) a small, specialized, cushion- They are the sugar-free counterparts of antho- like area on a cactus from which hairs, cyanins. glochids, spines, branches, or flowers may Anthocyanins a subgroup of antioxidant fla- arise; an irregular angular specs marked out vonoids, are glucosides of anthocyanidins. on a surface e.g. fruit surface. pl. areolea. They occur as water-soluble vacuolar pig- Aril specialized outgrowth from the funiculus ments that may appear red, purple, or blue (attachment point of the seed) (or hilum) that according to pH in plants. encloses or is attached to the seed. adj. arillate. Antipetala situated opposite petals. Arillode a false aril; an aril originating from the Antisepala situated opposite sepals. micropyle instead of from the funicle or cha- Antrorse directed forward upwards. laza of the ovule, e.g. mace of nutmeg. 796 Scientific Glossary

Aristate bristle-like part or appendage, e.g. awns Bearded having a tuft of hairs. of grains and grasses. Berry a fleshy or pulpy indehiscent fruit from a Aristulate having a small, stiff, bristle-like part single ovary with the seed(s) embedded in the or appendage; a diminutive of aristate fleshy tissue of the pericarp. Articulate jointed; usually breaking easily at the Biconvex convex on both sides. nodes or point of articulation into segments. Biennial completing the full cycle from germi- Ascending arched upwards in the lower part and nation to fruiting in more than one, but not becoming erect in the upper part. more than 2 years. Ascospore spore produced in the ascus in Asco- Bifid forked, divided into two parts. mycete fungi. Bifoliolate having two leaflets. Ascus is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced Bilabiate having two lips as of a corolla or in Ascomycete fungi. pl. asci. calyx with segments fused into an upper and Asperulous refers to a rough surface with short, lower lip. hard projections. Bipinnate twice pinnate; the primary leaflets Attenuate tapered or tapering gradually to a point. being again divided into secondary leaflets. Auricle an ear-like appendage that occurs at the Bipinnatisect refers to a pinnately compound base of some leaves or corolla. leaf, in which each leaflet is again divided into Auriculate having auricles. pinnae. Awn a hair-like or bristle-like appendage on a Biserrate doubly serrate; with smaller regular, larger structure. asymmetric teeth on the margins of larger Axil upper angle between a lateral organ, such teeth. as a leaf and the stem that bears it. Bisexual having both sexes, as in a flower bear- Axile situated along the central axis of an ovary ing both stamens and pistil, hermaphrodite or having two or more locules, as in axile placen- perfect. tation. Biternate Twice ternate; with three pinnae each Axillary arising or growing in an axil. divided into three pinnules. Baccate beery-like, pulpy or fleshy. Blade lamina; part of the leaf above the sheath Barbate bearded, having tufts of hairs. or petiole. Barbellae short, stiff, hair-like bristles. adj. bar- Blotched see variegated. bellate. Bole main trunk of tree from the base to the first Bark is the outermost layers of stems and roots branch. of woody plants. Brachyblast a short, axillary, densely crowded Basal relating to, situated at, arising from or branchlet or shoot of limited growth, in which forming the base. the internodes elongate little or not at all. Basaltic soil soil derived from basalt, a common Bracket fungus shelf fungus. extrusive volcanic rock. a leaf-like structure, different in form Basidiospore a reproductive spore produced by from the foliage leaves, associated with an Basidiomycete fungi. inflorescence or flower. adj. bracteate. Basidium a microscopic, spore-producing struc- Bracteate possessing . ture found on the hymenophore of fruiting Bracteolate having bracteoles. bodies of Basidiomycete fungi. Bracteole a small, secondary, bract-like struc- Basifixed attached by the base, as certain anthers ture borne singly or in a pair on the or are to their filaments. calyx of a flower. adj. bracteolate. Basionym the synonym of a scientific name that Bristle a stiff hair. supplies the epithet for the correct name. Bulb a modified underground axis that is short Beak a prominent apical projection, especially and crowned by a mass of usually fleshy, of a carpel or fruit. adj. beaked. imbricate scales. adj. bulbous. Scientific Glossary 797

Bulbil A small bulb or bulb-shaped body, espe- Canopy uppermost leafy stratum of a tree. cially one borne in the leaf axil or an inflores- Cap see pileus. cence, and usually produced for asexual repro- Capitate growing together in a head. Also means duction. enlarged and globular at the tip. Bullate puckered, blistered. Capitulum a flower head or inflorescence hav- Burr type of seed or fruit with short, stiff bristles ing a dense cluster of sessile, or almost sessile, or hooks or may refer to a deformed type of flowers or florets. in which the grain has been misformed. Capsule a dry, dehiscent fruit formed from two Bush low, dense shrub without a pronounced or more united carpels and dehiscing at matu- trunk. rity by sections called valves to release the Buttress supporting, projecting outgrowth from seeds. adj. capsular. base of a tree trunk as in some Rhizophoraceae Carinate keeled. and Moraceae. Carpel a simple pistil consisting of ovary, Caducous shedding or falling early before matu- ovules, style and . adj. carpellary. rity refers to sepals and petals. Carpogonium female reproductive organ in red Caespitose growing densely in tufts or clumps; algae. pl. carpogonia. having short, closely packed stems. Carpophore part of the receptacle which is Calcareous composed of or containing lime or lengthened between the carpels as a central limestone. axis; any fruiting body or fruiting structure of Calcrete a hardpan consisting gravel and sand a fungus. cemented by calcium. Cartilaginous sinewy, having a firm, tough, Callus a condition of thickened raised mass of flexible texture (in respect of leaf margins). hardened tissue on leaves or other plant parts Caryopsis a simple dry, indehiscent fruit formed often formed after an injury but sometimes a from a single ovary with the seed coat united normal feature. A callus also can refer to an with the ovary wall as in grasses and cereals. undifferentiated plant cell mass grown on a Cataphyll a reduced or scarcely developed leaf culture medium. n. callosity. pl. calli, callosi- at the start of a plant’s life (i.e., cotyledons) or ties. adj. callose. in the early stages of leaf development. Calyptra the protective cap or hood covering Catkin a slim, cylindrical, pendulous flower the spore case of a moss or related plant. spike usually with unisexual flowers. Calyptrate operculate, having a calyptra. Caudate having a narrow, tail-like appendage. Calyx outer floral whorl usually consisting of Caudex thickened, usually underground base of free sepals or fused sepals (calyx tube) and the stem. calyx lobes. It encloses the flower while it is Caulescent having a well developed aerial still a bud. adj. calycine. stem. Calyx lobe one of the free upper parts of the Cauliflory botanical term referring to plants calyx which may be present when the lower which flower and fruit from their main stems part is united into a tube. or woody trunks. adj. cauliflorus. Calyx tube the tubular fused part of the calyx, Cauline borne on the aerial part of a stem. often cup shaped or bell shaped, when it is Chaffy having thin, membranous scales in the free from the corolla. inflorescence as in the flower heads of the sun- Campanulate shaped like a bell refers to calyx flower family. or corolla. Chalaza the basal region of the ovule where the Canaliculate having groove or grooves. stalk is attached. Candelabriform having the shape of a tall Chartaceous papery, of paper-like texture. branched candle-stick. Chasmogamous describing flowers in which Canescent covered with short, fine whitish or pollination takes place while the flower is grayish hairs or down. open. 798 Scientific Glossary

Chloroplast a chlorophyll-containing organelle Cleistogamous refers to a flower in which fertil- (plastid) that gives the green colour to leaves ization occurs within the bud i.e. without the and stems. Plastids harness light energy that is flower opening. cf. chasmogamous. used to fix carbon dioxide in the process called Climber growing more or less upwards by lean- photosynthesis. ing or twining around another structure. Chromoplast plastid containing colored pig- Clone all the plants reproduced, vegetatively, ments apart from chlorophyll. from a single parent thus having the same Chromosomes thread-shaped structures that genetic make-up as the parent. occur in pairs in the nucleus of a cell, con- Coccus one of the sections of a distinctly lobed taining the genetic information of living fruit which becomes separate at maturity; organisms. sometimes called a mericarp. pl. cocci. Cilia hairs along the margin of a leaf or corolla Coenocarpium a fleshy, multiple pseudocarp lobe. formed from an inflorescence rather than a Ciliate with a fringe of hairs on the margin as of single flower. the corolla lobes or leaf. Coherent touching without organic fusion, Ciliolate minutely ciliate. referring to parts normally together, e.g. floral Cilium a straight, usually erect hair on a margin parts of the same whorl. cf. adherent, adnate, or ridge. pl. cilia. connate. Cincinnus a monochasial cyme in which the lat- Collar boundary between the above- and below eral branches arise alternately on opposite ground parts of the plant axis. sides of the false axis. Colliculate having small elevations. Circinnate spirally coiled, with the tip inner- Column a structure formed by the united style, most. stigma and stamen(s) as in Asclepiadaceae Circumscissile opening by a transverse line and Orchidaceae. around the circumference as of a fruit. Comose tufted with hairs at the ends as of Cladode the modified photosynthetic stem of a seeds. plant whose foliage leaves are much reduced Composite having two types of florets as of the or absent. cf. cladophyll, phyllode. flowers in the sunflower family, Asteraceae. Cladophyll A photosynthetic branch or portion Compost organic matter (like leaves, mulch, of a stem that resembles and functions as a manure, etc) that breaks down in soil releasing leaf, like in asparagus. cf. cladode, phyllode. its nutrients. Clamp connection In the Basidiomycetes fungi, Compound describe a leaf that is further divided a lateral connection or outgrowth formed into leaflets or pinnae or flower with more between two adjoining cells of a hypha and than a single floret. arching over the septum between them. Compressed flattened in one plane. Clavate club shaped thickened at one end refer Conceptacles specialised cavities of marine to fruit or other organs. algae that contain the reproductive organs. Claw the conspicuously narrowed basal part of a Concolorous uniformly coloured, as in upper flat structure. and lower surfaces. cf. discolorous Clay a naturally occurring material composed Conduplicate folded together lengthwise. primarily of fine-grained minerals like kaolin- Cone a reproductive structure composed of an ite, montmorrillonite-smectite or illite which axis (branch) bearing sterile bract-like organs exhibit plasticity through a variable range of and seed or pollen bearing structures. Applied water content, and which can be hardened to Gymnospermae, Lycopodiaceae, Casuari- when dried and/or fired. naceae and also in some members of Pro- Clayey resembling or containing a large propor- teaceae. tion of clay. Conic cone shaped, attached at the broader end. Cleft incised halfway down. Conic-capitate a cone-shaped head of flowers. Scientific Glossary 799

Connate fused to another structure of the same Crenate round-toothed or scalloped as of leaf kind. cf. adherent, adnate, coherent. margins. Connective the tissue separating two lobes of an Crenulate minutely crenate, very strongly scal- anther. loped. Connivent converging. Crisped with a curled or twisted edge. Conspecific within or belonging to the same Crozier shaped like a shepherd’s crook. species. Crustaceous like a crust; having a hard crust or Contorted twisted. shell. Convolute refers to an arrangement of petals in Cucullate having the shape of a cowl or hood, a bud where each has one side overlapping the hooded. adjacent petal. Culm the main aerial stem of the Graminae Cordate heart-shaped as of leaves. (grasses, sedges, rushes and other monocots). Core central part. Culm sheath the plant casing (similar to a leaf) Coriaceous leathery texture as of leaves. that protects the young bamboo shoot during Corm a short, swollen, fleshy, underground growth, attached at each node of culm. plant stem that serves as a food storage organ Cultigen plant species or race known only in used by some plants to survive winter or other cultivation. adverse conditions Cultivar cultivated variety; an assemblage of cul- Cormel a miniature, new corm produced on a tivated individuals distinguished by any charac- mature corm. ters significant for the purposes of agriculture, Corolla the inner floral whorl of a flower, usu- forestry or horticulture, and which, when repro- ally consisting of free petals or a petals fused duced, retains its distinguishing features. forming a corolla tube and corolla lobes. adj. Cuneate wedge-shaped, obtriangular. corolline. Cupular cup-shaped, having a cupule. Corona a crown-like section of the staminal col- Cupule a small cup-shaped structure or organ, umn, usually with the inner and outer lobes as like the cup at the base of an acorn. in the Stapelieae. Cusp an elongated, usually rigid, acute point. cf. Coroniform crown shaped, as in the pappus of mucro. Asteraceae. Cuspidate terminating in or tipped with a sharp Cortex the outer of the stem or root of a plant, firm point or cusp. cf. mucronate. bounded on the outside by the epidermis and Cuspidulate constricted into a minute cusp. cf. on the inside by the endodermis containing cuspidate. undifferentiated cells. Cyathiform in the form of a cup, a little wid- Corymb a flat-topped, short, broad inflores- ened at the top. cence, in which the flowers, through unequal Cyathium a specialised type of inflorescence of pedicels, are in one horizontal plane and the plants in the genus Euphorbia and Chamae- youngest in the centre. adj. corymbose syce in which the unisexual flowers are clus- Costa a thickened, linear ridge or the midrib of tered together within a bract-like envelope. pl. the pinna in ferns. adj. costate. cyathia. Costapalmate having definite costa (midrib) Cylindric tubular or rod shaped. unlike the typical palmate leaf, but the leaflets Cylindric-acuminate elongated and tapering to are arranged radially like in a palmate leaf. a point. Cotyledon the primary seed leaf within the Cymbiform boat shaped, elongated and having embryo of a seed. the upper surface decidedly concave. Cover crop crop grown in between trees or in Cyme an inflorescence in which the lateral axis fields primarily to protect the soil from ero- grows more strongly than the main axis with sion, to improve soil fertility and to keep off the oldest flower in the centre or at the ends. weeds. adj. cymose 800 Scientific Glossary

Cymule a small cyme or one or a few flowers. Hymenomycetes (class of Basidiomycetes) Cystidium a relatively large cell found on the fungi. hymenium of a Basidiomycete, for example, Dimorphic having or occurring in two forms, as on the surface of a mushroom. of stamens of two different lengths or a plant Cystocarp fruitlike structure (sporocarp) devel- having two kinds of leaves. oped after fertilization in the red algae. Dioecious with male and female unisexual flow- Deciduous falling off or shedding at maturity or ers on separate plants. cf. monoecious. a specific season or stage of growth. Diploid a condition in which the chromosomes Decorticate to remove the bark, rind or husk in the nucleus of a cell exist as pairs, one set from an organ; to strip of its bark; to come off being derived from the female parent and the as a skin. other from the male. Decompound as of a compound leaf; consist- Diplobiontic life cycle life cycle that exhibits ing of divisions that are themselves com- alternation of generations, which features of pound. spore-producing multicellular sporophytes Decumbent prostrate, laying or growing on the and gamete-producing multicellular gameto- ground but with ascending tips. cf. ascending, phytes. mitoses occur in both the diploid and procumbent. haploid phases. Decurrent having the leaf base tapering down to Diplontic life cycle or gametic meiosis, a narrow wing that extends to the stem. wherein instead of immediately dividing Decussate having paired organs with successive meiotically to produce haploid cells, the pairs at right angles to give four rows as of zygote divides mitotically to produce a mul- leaves. ticellular diploid individual or a group of Deflexed bent downwards. more diploid cells. Dehisce to split open at maturity, as in a capsule. Dipterocarpous trees of the family Dipterocar- Dehiscent splitting open at maturity to release paceae, with two-winged fruit found mainly in the contents. cf. indehiscent. tropical lowland rainforest. Deltate triangular shape. Disc (Botany) refers to the usually disc shaped Deltoid shaped like an equilateral triangle. receptacle of the flower head in Asteraceae; Dendritic branching from a main stem or axis also the fleshy nectariferous organ usually like the branches of a tree. between the stamens and ovary; also used for Dentate with sharp, rather coarse teeth perpen- the enlarged style-end in Proteaceae. dicular to the margin. Disc floret the central, tubular 4 or 5-toothed or Denticulate finely toothed. lobed floret on the disc of an inflorescence, as Diageotropic the tendency of growing parts, of flower head of Asteraceae. such as roots, to grow at right angle to the line Disciform flat and rounded in shaped. cf. dis- of gravity. coid, radiate. Diadelphous having stamens in two bundles as Discoid resembling a disc; having a flat, circular in Papilionaceae flowers. form; disk-shaped cf. disciform, radiate. Dichasium a cymose inflorescence in which the Discolorous having two colours, as of a leaf branches are opposite and approximately which has different colors on the two surfaces. equal. pl. dichasia. adj. dichasial. cf. concolorous. Dichotomous divided into two parts. Dispersal dissemination of seeds. Dicotyledon angiosperm with two cotyledons. Distal site of any structure farthest from the Didymous arranged or occurring in pairs as of point of attachment. cf. proximal. anthers, having two lobes. Distichous referring to two rows of upright Digitate having digits or fingerlike projections. leaves in the same plane. Dikaryophyses or dendrophydia, irregularly, Dithecous having two thecae. strongly branched terminal hyphae in the Divaricate diverging at a wide angle. Scientific Glossary 801

Domatium a part of a plant (e.g., a leaf) that has Entisols soils that do not show any profile devel- been modified to provide protection for other opment other than an A horizon. organisms. pl. domatia. Ephemeral transitory, short-lived. Dormancy a resting period in the life of a plant Epicalyx a whorl of bracts, subtending and during which growth slows or appears to resembling a calyx. stop. Epicarp outermost layer of the pericarp of a Dorsal referring to the back surface. fruit. Dorsifixed attached to the back as of anthers. Epicormic attached to the corm. Drupaceous resembling a . Epicotyl the upper portion of the embryonic Drupe a fleshy fruit with a single seed enclosed axis, above the cotyledons and below the first in a hard shell (endocarp) which is tissue true leaves. embedded in succulent tissue (mesocarp) sur- Epigeal above grounds with cotyledons raised rounded by a thin outer skin (epicarp). adj. above ground. drupaceous. Epiparasite an organism parasitic on another Drupelet a small drupe. that parasitizes a third. Ebracteate without bracts. Epipetalous borne on the petals, as of stamens. Echinate bearing stiff, stout, bristly, prickly Epiphyte a plant growing on, but not parasitic hairs. on, another plant, deriving its moisture and Edaphic refers to plant communities that are nutrients from the air and rain e.g. some Orchi- distinguished by soil conditions rather than by daceae. adj. epiphytic. the climate. Erect upright, vertical. Eglandular without glands. cf. glandular. Essential oils volatile products obtained from Ellipsoid a 3-dimensional shape; elliptic in a natural source; refers to volatile products ­outline. obtained by steam or water distillation in a Elliptic having a 2-dimensional shape of an strict sense. ellipse or flattened circle. Etiolation to cause (a plant) to develop without Elongate extended, stretched out. chlorophyll by preventing exposure to sun- Emarginate refers to leaf with a broad, shallow light. notch at the apex. cf. retuse. Eutrophic having waters rich in mineral and Embryo (Botany) a minute rudimentary plant organic nutrients that promote a proliferation contained within a seed or an archegonium, of plant life, especially algae, which reduces composed of the embryonic axis (shoot end the dissolved oxygen content and often causes and root end). the extinction of other organisms. Endemic prevalent in or peculiar to a particular Excentric off the true centre. geographical locality or region. Excrescence abnormal outgrowth. Endocarp The hard innermost layer of the peri- Excurrent projecting beyond the tip, as the mid- carp of many fruits. rib of a leaf or bract. Endosperm tissue that surrounds and nourishes Exserted sticking out, protruding beyond some the embryo in the angiosperm seed. enclosing organ, as of stamens which project Endospermous refers to seeds having an beyond the corolla or perianth. endosperm. Exstipulate without stipules. cf. stipulate. Endotrophic as of mycorrhiza obtaining nutri- Extra-floral outside the flower. ents from inside. Extrose turned outwards or away from the axis Ensilage the process of preserving green food as of anthers. cf. introrse, latrorse. for livestock in an undried condition in airtight Falcate sickle shaped, crescent-shaped. conditions. Also called silaging. Fascicle a cluster or bundle of stems, flowers, Entire having a smooth, continuous margin stamens. adj. fasciculate. without any incisions or teeth as of a leaf. Fasciclode bundles. 802 Scientific Glossary

Fastigiate a tree in which the branches grow Fulvous yellow, tawny. almost vertically. Funiculus (Botany) short stalk which attaches Ferrosols soils with an iron oxide content of the ovule to the ovary wall. greater than 5%. Fusiform a 3-dimensional shape; spindle Ferruginous rust coloured, reddish-brown. shaped, i.e. broad in the centre and tapering at Fertile having functional sexual parts which are both ends thick, but tapering at both ends. capable of fertilisation and seed production. Gamete a reproductive cell that fuses with cf. sterile. another gamete to form a zygote. Gametes are Filament the stalk of a stamen supporting and haploid, (they contain half the normal (dip- subtending the anther. loid) number of chromosomes); thus when Filiform Having the form of or resembling a two fuse, the diploid number is restored. thread or filament. Gametophyte The gamete-producing phase in Fimbriate fringed. a plant characterized by alternation of gen- Fixed oils non volatile oils, triglycerides of fatty erations. acids. Gamosepalous with sepals united or partially Flaccid limp and weak. united. Flag leaf the uppermost leaf on the stem. Gall-flower short styled flower that do not Flaky in the shape of flakes or scales. develop into a fruit but are adapted for the Flexuous zig-zagging, sinuous, bending, as of development of a specific wasp within the fruit a stem. e.g. in the fig. Floccose covered with tufts of soft woolly hairs. Geniculate bent like a knee, refer to awns and Floral tube a flower tube usually formed by the filaments. basal fusion of the perianth and stamens. Geocarpic where the fruit are pushed into the Floret one of the small individual flowers of soil by the gynophore and mature. sunflower family or the reduced flower of the Geophyte a plant that stores food in an under- grasses, including the lemma and palea. ground storage organ e.g. a tuber, bulb or rhi- Flower the sexual reproductive organ of flower- zome and has subterranean buds which form ing plants, typically consisting of gynoecium, aerial growth. androecium and perianth or calyx and/or Geotextile are permeable fabrics which, when corolla and the axis bearing these parts. used in association with soil, have the ability Fluted as of a trunk with grooves and folds. to separate, filter, reinforce, protect, or drain. Fodder plant material, fresh or dried fed to ani- Glabrescent becoming glabrous. mals. Glabrous smooth, hairless without pubescence. Foliaceous leaf-like. Gland a secretory organ, e.g. a nectary, extra- Foliar pertaining to a leaf. floral nectary or a gland tipped, hair-like or Foliolate pertaining to leaflets, used with a num- wart-like organ. adj. glandular. cf. eglandular. ber prefix to denote the number of leaflets. Glaucous pale blue-green in colour, covered Foliose leaf-like. with a whitish bloom that rubs off readily. Follicle (Botany) a dry fruit, derived from a sin- Gley soils a hydric soil which exhibits a green- gle carpel and dehiscing along one suture. ish-blue-grey soil color due to wetland con- Forb any herb that is not grass or grass-like. ditions. Free central placentation The arrangement of Globose spherical in shape. ovules on a central column that is not con- Globular a three-dimensional shape; spherical nected to the ovary wall by partitions, as in the or orbicular; circular in outline. ovaries of the carnation and primrose. Glochids tiny, finely barbed hair-like spines Frond the leaf of a fern or cycad. found on the areoles of some cacti and other Fruit ripened ovary with adnate parts. plants. Fugacious shedding off early. Glochidiate having glochids. Scientific Glossary 803

Glochidote plant having glochids. Heliophilous sun-loving, tolerates high level of Glume one of the two small, sterile bracts at the ­sunlight. base of the grass spikelet, called the lower and Heliotropic growing towards sunlight. upper glumes, due to their position on the Herb a plant which is non-woody or woody at rachilla. Also used in Apiaceae, Cyperaceae the base only, the above ground stems usually for the very small bracts on the spikelet in being ephemeral. adj. herbaceous. which each flower is subtended by one floral Herbaceous resembling a herb, having a habit glume. adj. glumaceous. of a herb. Guttation the appearance of drops of xylem sap Hermaphrodite bisexual, bearing flowers with on the tips or edges of leaves of some vascular both androecium and gynoecium in the same plants, such as grasses and bamboos. flower. adj. hermaphroditic. Guttule small droplet. Heterocyst a differentiated cyanobacterial cell Gymnosperm a group of spermatophyte seed- that carries out nitrogen fixation. bearing plants with ovules on scales, which Heterogamous bearing separate male and are usually arranged in cone-like structures female flowers, or bisexual and female flow- and not borne in an ovary. cf. angiosperm. ers, or florets in an inflorescence or flower Gynoecium the female organ of a flower; a col- head, e.g. some Asteraceae in which the ray lective term for the pistil, carpel or carpels. florets may be neuter or unisexual and the disk Gynomonoecious having female flowers and florets may be bisexual. cf. homogamous. bisexual flowers on the same plant. cf. Heteromorphous having two or more distinct andromonoecious. forms. cf. homomorphous. Gynophore stalk that bears the pistil/carpel. Heterophyllous having leaves of different form. Habit the general growth form of a plant, com- Heterosporous producing spores of two sizes, prising its size, shape, texture and stem orien- the larger giving rise to megagametophytes tation, the locality in which the plant grows.. (female), the smaller giving rise to microg- Halophyte a plant adapted to living in highly ametophytes (male). Refer to the ferns and saline habitats. Also a plant that accumulates fern allies. cf. homosporous. high concentrations of salt in its tissues. adj. Heterostylous having styles of two different halophytic. lengths or forms. Hapaxanthic refer to palms which flowers only Heterostyly the condition in which flowers on once and then dies. c.f. pleonanthic. polymorphous plants have styles of different Haploid condition where nucleus or cell has a lengths, thereby facilitating cross-pollination. single set of unpaired chromosomes, the hap- Hilar of or relating to a hilum. loid number is designated as n. Hilum The scar on a seed, indicating the point Haplontic life cycle or zygotic meiosis wherein of attachment to the funiculus. meiosis of a zygote immediately after karyo- Hirsute bearing long coarse hairs. gamy, produces haploid cells which produces Hispid bearing stiff, short, rough hairs or bris- more or larger haploid cells ending its diploid tles. phase. Hispidulous minutely hispid. Hastate having the shape of an arrowhead but Histosol soil comprising primarily of organic with the basal lobes pointing outward at right materials, having 40 cm or more of organic angles as of a leaf. soil material in the upper 80 cm. Hastula a piece of plant material at the junction Hoary covered with a greyish layer of very of the petiole and the leaf blade; the hastula short, closely interwoven hairs. can be found on the top of the leaf, adaxial or Holdfast an organ or structure of attachment, the bottom, abaxial or both sides. especially the basal, root-like formation by Heartwood wood from the inner portion of which certain seaweeds or other algae are a tree. attached to a substrate. 804 Scientific Glossary

Holocarpic having the entire thallus developed Hypha is a long, branching filamentous cell of a into a fruiting body or sporangium. fungus, and also of unrelated Actinobacteria. Homochromous having all the florets of the pl. hyphae. same colour in the same flower head cf. het- Hypocotyl the portion of the stem below the erochromous. cotyledons. Homogamous bearing flowers or florets that do Hypodermis the cell layer beneath the epider- not differ sexually cf. heterogamous. mis of the pericarp. Homogenous endosperm endosperm with even Hypogeal below ground as of of surface that lacks invaginations or infoldings seed. of the surrounding tissue. Imbricate closely packed and overlapping. cf. Homogonium a part of a filament of a cyanobac- valvate. terium that detaches and grows by cell divi- Imparipinnate pinnately compound with a sin- sion into a new filament. pl. homogonia. gle terminal leaflet and hence with an odd Homomorphous uniform, with only one form. number of leaflets. cf. paripinnate. cf. heteromorphous. Inceptisols old soils that have no accumulation Homosporous producing one kind of spores. of clays, iron, aluminium or organic matter. Refer to the ferns and fern allies. cf. hetero- Incised cut jaggedly with very deep teeth. sporous. Included referring to stamens which do not Hurd fibre long pith fibre of the stem. project beyond the corolla or to valves which Hyaline colourless, almost transparent. do not extend beyond the rim of a capsular Hybrid the first generation progeny of the fruit. cf. exserted. sexual union of plants belonging to different Incurved curved inwards; curved towards the taxa. base or apex. Hybridisation the crossing of individuals from Indefinite numerous and variable in number. different species or taxa. Indehiscent not opening or splitting to release the Hydathode a type of secretory tissue in leaves, contents at maturity as of fruit. cf. dehiscent. usually of Angiosperms, that secretes water Indumentum covering of fine hairs or bristles through pores in the epidermis or margin of commonly found on external parts of plants. the leaf. Indurate to become hard, often the hardening Hydrophilous water loving; requiring water in developed only at maturity. order to be fertilized, referring to many aquatic Indusium an enclosing membrane, covering the plants. sorus of a fern. Also used for the modified Hygrochastic applied to plants in which the style end or pollen-cup of some Goodeniaceae opening of the fruits is caused by the absorp- (including Brunoniaceae). adj. indusiate. tion of water. Inferior said of an ovary or fruit that has Hygrophilous living in water or moist places. sepals, petals and stamens above the ovary. Hymenial cystidia the cells of the hymenium cf. superior. develop into basidia or asci, while in others Inflated enlarged and hollow except in the some cells develop into sterile cells called cys- case of a fruit which may contain a seed. cf. tidia. swollen. Hymenium spore-bearing layer of cells in cer- Inflexed Bent or curved inward or downward, as tain fungi containing asci (Ascomycetes) or petals or sepals. basidia (Basidiomycetes). Inflorescence a flower cluster or the arrange- Hypanthium cup-like receptacles of some ment of flowers in relation to the axis and to dicotyledonous flowers formed by the fusion each other on a plant. of the calyx, corolla, and androecium that sur- Infrafoliar located below the leaves. rounds the ovary which bears the sepals, pet- Infraspecific referring to any taxon below the als and stamens. species rank. Scientific Glossary 805

Infructescence the fruiting stage of an inflo- Lanceolate lance-shaped in outline, tapering rescence. from a broad base to the apex. Inrolled curved inwards. Landrace plants adapted to the natural environ- Integuments two distinct tissue layers that sur- ment in which they grow, developing naturally round the nucellus of the ovule, forming the with minimal assistance or guidance from testa or seed coat when mature. humans and usually possess more diverse phe- Intercalary of growth, between the apex and notypes and genotypes. the base; of cells, spores, etc., between two Laterite reddish–coloured soils rich in iron cells. oxide, formed by weathering of rocks under Interfoliar inter leaf. oxidizing and leaching conditions, commonly Internode portion of the stem, culm, branch, or found in tropical and subtropical regions. adj. rhizome between two nodes or points of lateritic. attachment of the leaves. Latex a milky, clear or sometimes coloured sap of Interpetiolar as of stipules positioned between diverse composition exuded by some plants. petioles of opposite leaves. Latrorse turned sideways, i.e. not towards or Intrastaminal within the stamens. away from the axis as of anthers dehiscing lon- Intricate entangled, complex. gitudinally on the side. cf. extrorse, introse. Introduced not indigenous; not native to the Lax loose or limp, not densely arranged or area in which it now occurs. crowded. Introrse turned inwards or towards the axis or Leaflet one of the ultimate segments of a com- pistil as of anthers. cf. extrorse, latrorse. pound leaf. Involucre a whorl of bracts or leaves that sur- Lectotype a specimen chosen after the original round one to many flowers or an entire inflo- description to be the type. rescence. Lemma the lower of two bracts (scales) of a Involute having the margins rolled inwards, grass floret, usually enclosing the palea, lodi- referring to a leaf or other flat organ. cules, stamens and ovary. Jugate of a pinnate leaf; having leaflets in pairs. Lenticel is a lens shaped opening that allows Juvenile young or immature, used here for gases to be exchanged between air and the leaves formed on a young plant which are dif- inner tissues of a plant, commonly found on ferent in morphology from those formed on an young bark, or the surface of the fruit. older plant. Lenticellate dotted with lenticels. Keel a longitudinal ridge, at the back of the leaf. Lenticular shaped like a biconvex lens. cf. len- Also the two lower fused petals of a ‘pea’ tiform. flower in the Papilionaceae, which form a Lentiform shaped like a biconvex lens, cf. len- boat-like structure around the stamens and ticular. styles, also called carina. adj. keeled. cf. stan- Leptomorphic temperate, running bamboo dard, wing. rhizome; usually thinner then the culms Labellum the modified lowest of the three pet- they support and the internodes are long als forming the corolla of an orchid, usually and hollow. larger than the other two petals, and often Liane a woody climbing or twining plant. spurred. Lignotuber a woody, usually underground, Laciniate fringed; having a fringe of slender, tuberous rootstock often giving rise to numer- narrow, pointed lobes cut into narrow lobes. ous aerial stems. Lamella a gill-shaped structure: fine sheets of Ligulate small and tongue shaped or with a little material held adjacent to one another. tongue shaped appendage or ligule, star shaped Lamina the blade of the leaf or frond. as of florets of Asteraceae. Lanate wooly, covered with long hairs which Ligule a strap-shaped corolla in the flowers are loosely curled together like wool. of Asteraceae; also a thin membranous out- 806 Scientific Glossary

growth from the inner junction of the grass Megaspore the large spore which may develop leaf sheath and blade. cf. ligulate. into the female gametophyte in heterosporous Limb the expanded portion of the calyx tube or ferns and fern allies. cf. microspore. the corolla tube, or the large branch of a tree. Megasporophyll a leaflike structure that bears Linear a 2-dimensional shape, narrow with megasporangia. nearly parallel sides. Megastrobilus (female cone, seed cone, or ovu- Linguiform tongue shaped cf. ligulate. late cone) contains ovules within which, when Lithosol a kind of shallow soils lacking well- fertilized by pollen, become seeds. The female defined horizons and composed of imperfectly cone structure varies more markedly between weathered fragments of rock. the different conifer families. Littoral of or on a shore, especially seashore. Meiosis the process of cell division that results Loam a type of soil mad up of sand, silt, and in the formation of haploid cells from diploid clay in relative concentration of 40%-40%- cells to produce gametes. 20% respectively. Mericarp a one-seeded portion of an initially Lobed divided but not to the base. syncarpous fruit (schizocarp) which splits Loculicidal opening into the cells, when a ripe apart at maturity. Cf. coccus. capsule splits along the back. Meristem the region of active cell division in Loculus cavity or chamber of an ovary. pl. plants, from which permanent tissue is derived. loculi. adj. meristematic Lodicules two small structures below the ovary -merous used with a number prefix to denote the which, at flowering, swell up and force open basic number of the three outer floral whorls, the enclosing bracts, exposing the stamens and e.g. a 5-merous flower may have five sepals, carpel. ten petals and 15 stamens. Lyrate pinnately lobed, with a large terminal Mesic moderately wet. lobe and smaller laterals ones which become Mesocarp the middle layer of the fruit wall progressively smaller towards the base. derived from the middle layer of the carpel Macronutrients chemical elements which are wall. cf. endocarp, exocarp, pericarp. needed in large quantities for growth and Mesophytes terrestrial plants which are adapted development by plants and include nitrogen, to neither a particularly dry nor particularly phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium. wet environment. Maculate spotted. Micropyle the small opening in a plant ovule Mallee a growth habit in which several to many through which the pollen tube passes in order woody stems arise separately from a lignotu- to effect fertilisation. ber; usually applied to certain low-growing Microsporangium the sporangium containing species of Eucalyptus. microspores in pteridophytes. cf. megasporan- Mangrove a distinctive vegetation type of trees gium. and shrubs with modified roots, often vivipa- Microspore a small spore which gives rise to rous, occupying the saline coastal habitats that the male gametophyte in heterosporous are subject to periodic tidal inundation. pteridophytes. Also for a pollen grain. cf. Marcescent withering or to decay without fall- megaspore. ing off. Midvein the main vascular supply of a simple Margin the edge of the leaf blade. leaf blade or lamina. Also called mid-rib. Medulla the pith in the stems or roots of certain Mitosis is a process of cell division which results plants; or the central portion of a thallus in in the production of two daughter cells from a certain lichens. single parent cell. Megasporangium the sporangium containing Mollisols soils with deep, high organic matter, mega­spores in fern and fern allies. cf. nutrient-enriched surface soil (A horizon), microsporangium. typically between 60 and 80 cm thick. Scientific Glossary 807

Monadelphous applied to stamens united by Mycorrhiza (vesicular arbuscular) endomyc- their filaments into a single bundle. orrhiza living in the roots of higher plants pro- Monocarpic refer to plants that flower, set seeds ducing inter-and intracellular fungal growth in and then die. root cortex and forming specific fungal struc- Monochasial a cyme having a single flower on tures, referred to as vesicles and arbuscles. each axis. abbrev. VAM. angiosperm having one coty- Native a plant indigenous to the locality or ledon. region. Monoecious having both male and female uni- Naviculate boat-shaped. sexual flowers on the same individual plant. Necrotic applied to dead tissue. cf. dioecious. Nectariferous having one or more nectaries. Monoembryonic seed the seed contains only Nectary a nectar secretory gland; commonly in one embryo, a true sexual (zygotic) embryo. a flower, sometimes on leaves, fronds or polyembryonic seed. stems. Monolete a spore that has a simple linear scar. Nervation venation, a pattern of veins or nerves Monopodial with a main terminal growing point as of leaf. producing many lateral branches progres- Node the joint between segments of a culm, sively. cf. sympodial. stem, branch, or rhizome; the point of the stem Monotypic of a genus with one species or a that gives rise to the leaf and bud. family with one genus; in general, applied to Nodule a small knoblike outgrowth, as those any taxon with only one immediately subordi- found on the roots of many leguminous, that nate taxon. containing Rhizobium bacteria which fixes Montane refers to highland areas located below nitrogen in the soil. the subalpine zone. Nomen Illegitimum illegitimate taxon deemed Mucilage a soft, moist, viscous, sticky secre- as superfluous at its time of publication either tion. adj. mucilaginous. because the taxon to which it was applied Mucous (Botany) slimy. already has a name, or because the name has Mucro a sharp, pointed part or organ, especially already been applied to another plant. abbrev. a sharp terminal point, as of a leaf. nom. illeg. Mucronate ending with a short, sharp tip or Nomen Nudum the name of a taxon which has mucro, resembling a spine. cf. cuspidate, never been validated by a description. abbrev. muticous. nom. nud. Mucronulate with a very small mucro; a dimin- Nomen Dubium an invalid proposed taxonomic utive of mucronate. name because it is not accompanied by a defi- Mulch protective cover of plant (organic) or nition or description of the taxon to which it non-plant material placed over the soil, pri- applies. abbrev. nom. dub. marily to modify and improve the effects of Nucellus central portion of an ovule in which the local microclimate and to control weeds. the embryo sac develops. Multiple fruit a fruit that is formed from a clus- Nucellar embryony a form of seed reproduc- ter of flowers. tion in which the nucellar tissue which sur- Muricate covered with numerous short hard rounds the embryo sac can produce addi- outgrowths. cf. papillose. tional embryos (polyembryony) which are Muriculate with numerous minute hard out- genetically identical to the parent plant. growths; a diminutive of muricate. This is found in many citrus species and in Muticous blunt, lacking a sharp point. cf. . mucronate. Nut a dry indehiscent 1-celled fruit with a hard Mycorrhiza the mutualistic symbiosis (non- pericarp. pathogenic association) between soil-borne Nutlet a small. 1-seeded, indehiscent lobe of a fungi with the roots of higher plants. divided fruit. 808 Scientific Glossary

Ob- prefix meaning inversely or opposite to. by fusion or cohesion of sepals and/or petals. Obconic a 3-dimensional shape; inversely conic; adj. operculate. cone shaped, conic with the vertex pointing Opposite describing leaves or other organs downward. which are borne at the same level but on oppo- Obcordate inversely cordate, broad and notched site sides of the stem. cf. alternate. at the tip; heart shaped but attached at the Orbicular of circular outline, disc-like. pointed end. Order a taxonomic rank between class and fam- Obdeltate inversely deltate; deltate with the ily used in the classification of organisms, i.e. broadest part at the apex. a group of families believed to be closely Oblanceolate inversely lanceolate, lance-shaped related. but broadest above the middle and tapering Orifice an opening or aperture. toward the base as of leaf. Organosols soils not regularly inundated by Oblate having the shape of a spheroid with the marine waters and containing a specific thick- equatorial diameter greater than the polar ness of organic materials within the upper part diameter; being flattened at the poles. of the profile. Oblong longer than broad with sides nearly par- Ovary the female part of the pistil of a flower allel to each other. which contains the ovules (immature seeds). Obovate inversely ovate, broadest above the Ovate egg-shaped, usually with reference to two middle. dimensions. Obpyramidal resembling a 4-sided pyramid Ovoid egg-shaped, usually with reference to attached at the apex with the square base fac- three dimensions. ing away from the attachment. Ovule the young, immature seed in the ovary Obpyriform inversely pyriform, resembling a which becomes a seed after fertilisation. adj. pear which is attached at the narrower end. cf. ovular.. pyriform. Ovulode a sterile reduced ovule borne on the Obspathulate inversely spathulate; resembling placenta, commonly occurring in Myrtaceae. a spoon but attached at the broadest end. cf. Oxisols refer to ferralsols. spathulate. Pachymorphic describes the short, thick, rhi- Obtriangular inversely triangular; triangular zomes of clumping bamboos with short, thick but attached at the apex. cf. triangular. and solid internode (except the bud-bearing Obtrullate inversely trullate; resembling a internodes, which are more elongated). cf. trowel blade with the broadest axis above the sympodial. middle. cf. trullate. Palate (Botany) a raised appendage on the lower Obtuse with a blunt or rounded tip, the con- lip of a corolla which partially or completely verging edges separated by an angle greater closes the throat. than 90°. Palea the upper of the two membraneous bracts -oid suffix denoting a 3-dimensional shape, e.g. of a grass floret, usually enclosing the lodi- spheroid. cules, stamens and ovary. pl. paleae. adj. pal- Ochraceous a dull yellow color. eal. cf. lemma. Ocreate having a tube-like covering around Paleate having glumes. some stems, formed of the united stipules; Palm heart refers to soft, tender inner core and sheathed. growing bud of certain palm trees which are Oleaginous oily. eaten as vegetables. Also called heart of palm, Oligotrophic lacking in plant nutrients and hav- palmito, burglar’s thigh, chonta or swamp cab- ing a large amount of dissolved oxygen bage. throughout. Palmate describing a leaf which is divided into Operculum a lid or cover that becomes detached several lobes or leaflets which arise from the at maturity by abscission, e.g. in Eucalyptus, same point. adj. palmately. also a cap or lid covering the bud and formed Palmito see palm heart. Scientific Glossary 809

Palustrial paludal, swampy, marshy. Pedicellate having pedicel. Palustrine marshy, swampy. Peduncle a stalk supporting an inflorescence. Palustrine herb vegetation that is rooted below adj. pedunculate water but grows above the surface in wetland Pellucid allowing the passage of light; transpar- system. ent or translucent. Panduriform fiddle shaped, usually with refer- Pellucid-dotted copiously dotted with immersed, ence to two dimensions. pellucid, resinous glands. Panicle a compound, indeterminate, racemose Peltate with the petiole attached to the lower inflorescence in which the main axis bears lat- surface of the leaf blade. eral racemes or spikes. adj. paniculate. Pendant hanging down. Pantropical distributed through-out the tropics. Pendulous drooping, as of ovules. Papilionaceous butterfly-like, said of the pea Penniveined or penni-nerved pinnately veined. flower or flowers of Papilionaceae, flowers Pentamerous in five parts. which are zygomorphic with imbricate petals, Perennial a plant that completes it life cycle one broad upper one, two narrower lateral or lives for more than 2 years. cf. annual, ones and two narrower lower ones. biennial. Papilla a small, superficial protuberance on the Perfoliate a leaf with the basal lobes united surface of an organ being an outgrowth of one around--and apparently pierced by--the epidermal cell. pl. papillae. adj. papillose. stem. Papillate having papillae. Pergamentaceous parchment-like. Papillose covered with papillae. Perianth the two outer floral whorls of the Pappus a tuft (or ring) of hairs, bristles or scales Angiosperm flower; commonly used when the borne above the ovary and outside the corolla calyx and the corolla are not readily distin- as in Asteraceae often persisting as a tuft of guishable (as in ). hairs on a fruit. adj. pappose. Pericarp (Botany). The wall of a ripened ovary; Papyraceous resembling parchment of paper. fruit wall composed of the exocarp, mesocarp Parenchyma undifferentiated plant tissue com- and endocarp. posed of more or less uniform cells. Persistent remaining attached; not falling off. Parietal describes the attachment of ovules to cf. caduceus. the outer walls of the ovaries. Petal free segment of the corolla. adj. petaline. Paripinnate pinnate with an even number of cf. lobe. leaflets and without a terminal leaflet. cf. Petiolar relating to the petiole. imparipinnate. Petiolate having petiole. -partite divided almost to the base into segments, Petiole leaf stalk. adj. petiolate. the number of segments written as a prefix. Petiolulate supported by its own petiolule. Patelliform shaped like a limpet shell; cap- Petiolule the stalk of a leaflet in a compound shaped and without whorls. leaf. adj. petiolulate. Patent diverging from the axis almost at right pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a angles. solution. It is defined as the cologarithm of the Peat is an accumulation of partially decayed activity of dissolved hydrogen ions (H+). vegetation matter. Phenology the study of periodic plant life cycle Pectin a group of water-soluble colloidal carbo- events as influenced by seasonal and interan- hydrates of high molecular weight found in nual variations in climate. certain ripe fruits. Phyllary a bract of the involucre of a composite Pectinate pinnatifid with narrow segments plant, term for one of the scale-like bracts resembling the teeth of a comb. beneath the flower-head in Asteraceae. Pedicel the stalk of the flower or stalk of a spike- Phylloclade a flattened, photosynthetic branch let in Poaceae. adj. pedicellate. or stem that resembles or performs the func- 810 Scientific Glossary

tion of a leaf, with the true leaves represented Pod a dry one to many-seeded dehiscent fruit, as by scales. applied to the fruit of Fabaceae i.e. Caesal- Phyllode a petiole that function as a leaf. adj. piniaceae, Mimosaceae and Papilionaceae. phyllodineous. cf. cladode. Podzol, Podsolic soil any of a group of acidic, Phyllopodia refer to the reduced, scale-like zonal soils having a leached, light-coloured, leaves found on the outermost portion of the gray and ashy appearance. Also called spo- corm where they seem to persist longer than dosol. typical sporophylls as in the fern Isoetes. Pollen cone male cone or microstrobilus or Phytoremediation describes the treatment of pollen cone is structurally similar across all environmental problems (bioremediation) conifers, extending out from a central axis through the use of plants which mitigate the are microsporophylls (modified leaves). environmental problem without the need to Under each microsporophyll is one or several excavate the contaminant material and dispose microsporangia (pollen sacs). of it elsewhere. Pollinia the paired, waxy pollen masses of flow- Pileus (Botany) cap of mushroom. ers of orchids and milkweeds. Piliferous (Botany) bearing or producing hairs, Polyandrous (Botany) having an indefinite as of an organ with the apex having long, hair- number of stamens. like extensions. Polyembryonic seed seeds contain many Pilose covered with fine soft hairs. embryos, most of which are asexual (nucellar) Pinna a primary division of the blade of a com- in origin and genetically identical to the mater- pound leaf or frond. pl. pinnae. nal parent. Pinnate bearing leaflets on each side of a cen- Polygamous with unisexual and bisexual flow- tral axis of a compound leaf; divided into ers on the same or on different individuals of pinnae. the same species. Pinnatifid, pinnatilobed a pinnate leaf parted Polymorphic with different morphological approximately halfway to midrib; when ­variants. divided to almost to the mid rib described as Polypetalous (Botany) having a corolla com- deeply pinnatifid or pinnatisect. posed of distinct, separable petals. Pinnatisect lobed or divided almost to the mid- Pome a fleshy fruit where the succulent tissues rib. are developed from the receptacle. Pinnule a leaflet of a bipinnate compound leaf. Pore a tiny opening. Pistil female part of the flower comprising the Premorse Abruptly truncated, as though bitten ovary, style, and stigma. or broken off as of a leaf. Pistillate having one or more pistils; having pis- Procumbent trailing or spreading along the tils but no stamens. ground but not rooting at the nodes, referring Placenta the region within the ovary to which to stems. cf. ascending, decumbent, erect. ovules are attached. pl. placentae. Prophyll a plant structure that resembles a leaf. Placentation the arrangement of the placentae Prostrate lying flat on the ground. and ovules in the ovary. Protandous relating to a flower in which the Plano- a prefix meaning level or flat. anthers release their pollen before the stigma Pleonanthic refer to palms in which the stem of the same flower becomes receptive. does not die after flowering. Proximal end of any structure closest to the Plicate folded like a fan. point of attachment. cf. distal. Plumose feather-like, with fine hairs arising lat- Pruinose having a thick, waxy, powdery coating erally from a central axis; feathery. or bloom. Pneumatophore modified root which allows Pseudocarp a false fruit, largely made up of tis- gaseous exchange in mud-dwelling shrubs, sue that is not derived from the ovary but from e.g. mangroves. floral parts such as the receptacle and calyx. Scientific Glossary 811

Pteridophyte a vascular plant which reproduces alluvial in origin and lacks a significant hori- by spores; the ferns and fern allies. zon layer formation. Puberulent covered with minute hairs or very Reniform kidney shaped in outline. fine down; finely pubescent. Repand with slightly undulate margin. Puberulous covered with a minute down. Replicate folded back, as in some corolla lobes. Pubescent covered with short, soft hairs. Resinous producing sticky resin. Pulvinate having a swelling, pulvinus at the Resupinate twisted through 180°. base as a leaf stalk. Reticulate having the appearance of a network. Pulvinus swelling at the base of leaf stalk. Retrorse bent or directed downwards or back- Pulviniform swelling or bulging. wards. cf. antrorse. Punctate marked with translucent dots or glands. Retuse with a very blunt and slightly notched Punctiform marked by or composed of points apex. cf. emarginated. or dots. Revolute with the margins inrolled on the lower Punctulate marked with minute dots; a diminu- (abaxial) surface. tive of punctate. Rhizine a root-like filament or hair growing Pusticulate characterized by small pustules. from the stems of mosses or on lichens. Pyrene the stone or pit of a drupe, consisting of Rhizoid root-like filaments in a moss, fern, fun- the hardened endocarp and seed. gus, etc. that attach the plant to the substra- Pyriform pear-shaped, a 3-dimensional shape; tum. attached at the broader end. cf. obpyriform. Rhizome a prostrate or underground stem con- Pyxidium seed capsule having a circular lid sisting of a series of nodes and internodes with (operculum) which falls off to release the seed. adventitious roots and which generally grows Raceme an indeterminate inflorescence with a horizontally. simple, elongated axis and pedicellate flowers, Rhizophore a stilt-like outgrowth of the stem youngest at the top. adj. racemose. which branches into roots on contact with the Rachilla the main axis of a grass spikelet. substrate. Rachis the main axis of the spike or other inflo- Rhombic shaped like a rhombus. rescence of grasses or a compound leaf. Rhomboid shaped like a rhombus. Radiate arranged around a common centre; as Rib a distinct vein or linear marking, often raised of an inflorescence of Asteraceae with- mar as a linear ridge. ginal, female or neuter, ligulate ray-florets and Riparian along the river margins, interface central, perfect or functionally male, tubular, between land and a stream. disc florets. cf. disciform, discoid. Rosette a tuft of leaves or other organs arranged Radical arising from the root or its crown, or spirally like petals in a rose, ranging in form the part of a plant embryo that develops into from a hemispherical tuft to a flat whorl. adj. a root. rosetted, rosulate. Ray the marginal portion of the inflorescence of Rostrate beaked; the apex tapered into a slen- Asteraceae and Apiaceae when distinct from der, usually obtuse point. the disc. Also, the spreading branches of a Rostrum a beak-like extension. compound umbel. Rosulate having a rosette. Receptacle the region at the end of a pedicel or Rotate wheel shaped; refers to a corolla with a on an axis which bears one or more flowers. very short tube and a broad upper part which adj. receptacular. is flared at right angles to the tube. cf. salver- Recurved curved downwards or backwards. form. Reflexed bent or turned downward. Rotundate rounded; especially at the end or Regosol soil that is young and undeveloped, ends. characterized by medium to fine-textured Rugae refers to a series of ridges produced by unconsolidated parent material that maybe folding of the wall of an organ. 812 Scientific Glossary

Rugose deeply wrinkled. Sclerotesta the innermost fleshy coating of Rugulose finely wrinkled. cycad seeds, usually located directly below Ruminate (Animal) chew repeatedly over an the sarcotesta. extended period. Scorpoid refers to a cymose inflorescence in Ruminate endosperm uneven endosperm sur- which the main axis appears to coil. face that is often highly enlarged by ingrowths Scutellum (Botany) any of various parts shaped or infoldings of the surrounding tissue. cf. like a shield. homogenous endosperm. Secondary venation arrangement of the lat- Saccate pouched. eral veins arising from the midrib in the leaf Sagittate shaped like an arrow head. lamina. Saline soils soils that contain excessive levels of Secund with the flowers all turned in the same salts that reduce plant growth and vigor by direction. altering water uptake and causing ion-specific Sedge a plant of the family Apiaceae, Cyper- toxicities or imbalances. aceae. Salinity is characterised by high electrical con- Segmented constricted into divisions. ductivities and low sodium ion concentrations Seminal root or seed root originate from the compared to calcium and magnesium scutellar node located within the seed embryo Salverform applies to a gamopetalous corolla and are composed of the radicle and lateral having a slender tube and an abruptly expanded seminal roots. limb. Senescence refers to the biological changes Samara an indehiscent, winged, dry fruit. which take place in plants as they age. Sand a naturally occurring granular material free segment of the calyx. adj. sepaline. composed of finely divided rock and mineral Septum a partition or cross wall. pl. septa. adj. particles range in diameter from 0.0625 mm to septate. 2 mm. adj. sandy Seriate arranged in rows. Saponins are plant glycosides with a distinctive Sericeous silky; covered with close-pressed, foaming characteristic. They are found in fine, straight silky hairs. many plants, but get their name from the soap- Serrate toothed like a saw; with regular, asym- wort plant (Saponaria). metric teeth pointing forward. Saprophytic living on and deriving nourishment Serrated toothed margin. from dead organic matter. Serratures serrated margin. Sapwood outer woody layer of the tree just adja- Serrulate with minute teeth on the margin. cent to and below the bark. Sessile without a stalk. Sarcotesta outermost fleshy covering of Cycad Seta a bristle or stiff hair. pl. setae. adj. setose, seeds below which is the sclerotesta. setaceous. Scabrid scurfy, covered with surface abrasions, Setaceous bristle-like. irregular projections or delicate scales. Setate with bristles. Scabrous rough to the touch. Setiform bristle shaped. Scale dry bract or leaf. Setulose with minute bristles. Scandent refer to plants, climbing. Sheathing clasping or enveloping the stem. Scape erect flowering stem, usually leafless, ris- Shrub a woody plant usually less than 5 m high ing from the crown or roots of a plant. adj. and many-branched without a distinct main scapose. stem except at ground level. Scapigerous with a scape. Silicula a broad, dry, usually dehiscent fruit Scarious dry, thin and membranous. derived from two or more carpels which usu- Schizocarp a dry fruit which splits into longitu- ally dehisce along two sutures. cf. siliqua. dinally multiple parts called mericarps or Siliqua a silicula which is at least twice as long cocci. adj. schizocarpous. as broad. Scientific Glossary 813

Silt is soil or rock derived granular material of a Spinescent ending in a spine; modified to form a grain size between sand and clay, grain parti- spine cles ranging from 0.004 to 0.06 mm in diam- Spinulate covered with small spines. eter. adj. silty. Spinulose with small spines over the surface. Simple refer to a leaf or other structure that is Spodosol see podsol. not divided into parts. cf. compound. Sporangium a spore bearing structure found in Sinuate with deep wavy margin. ferns, fern allies and gymnosperms. pl. spo- Sinuous wavy. rangia. adj. sporangial. Sinus an opening or groove, as occurs between Sporocarp a stalked specialized fruiting struc- the bases of two petals. ture formed from modified sporophylls, con- Sodicity is characterised by low electrical con- taining sporangia or spores as found in ferns ductivities and high sodium ion concentrations and fern allies. compared to calcium and magnesium. Sporophore a spore-bearing structure, espe- Sodic soils contains high levels of sodium salts cially in fungi. that affects soil structure, inhibits water move- Sporophyll a leaf or bract which bears or sub- ment and causes poor germination and crop tends sporangia in the fern allies, ferns and establishment and plant toxicity. gymnosperms. Soil pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of Sporophyte the spore-producing phase in the the soil. See pH. life cycle of a plant that exhibits alternation of Solitary usually refer to flowers which are borne generations. singly, and not grouped into an inflorescence Spreading bending or spreading outwards and or clustered. horizontally. Sorocarp fruiting body formed by some cellular Spur a tubular or saclike extension of the corolla slime moulds, has both stalk and spore mass. or calyx of a flower. Sorophore stalk bearing the sorocarp. Squama structure shaped like a fish scale. pl. Sorus a discrete aggregate of sporangia in ferns. squamae. pl. sori Squamous covered in scales. Spadix fleshy spike-like inflorescence with an Squarrose having rough or spreading scale-like unbranched, usually thickened axis and small processes. embedded flowers often surrounded by a Stamen the male part of a flower, consisting typ- spathe. pl. spadices. ically of a stalk (filament) and a pollen-bearing Spathe a large bract ensheathing an inflores- portion (anther). adj. staminal, staminate . cence or its peduncle. adj. spathaceous. Staminate unisexual flower bearing stamens but Spatheate like or with a spathe. no functional pistils. Spathulate spatula or spoon shaped; broad at Staminode a sterile or abortive stamen, often the tip and narrowed towards the base. reduced in size and lacking anther. adj. sta- Spicate borne in or forming a spike. minodial. Spiculate spikelet-bearing. Standard refers to the adaxial petal in the flower Spike an unbranched, indeterminate inflores- of Papilionaceae. cf. keel, wing. cence with sessile flowers or spiklets.adj. spi- Starch a polysaccharide carbohydrate consist- cate, spiciform. ing of a large number of glucose units joined Spikelet a small or secondary spike characteris- together by glycosidic bonds a-1-4 linkages. tics of the grasses and sedges and, generally Stellate star shaped, applies to hairs. composed of two glumes and one or more flo- Stem the main axis of a plant, developed from rets. Also applied to the small spike-like inflo- the plumule of the embryo and typically bear- rescence or inflorescence units commonly ing leaves. found in Apiaceae. Sterile lacking any functional sexual parts Spine a stiff, sharp, pointed structure, formed by which are capable of fertilisation and seed modification of a plant organ. adj. spinose. production. 814 Scientific Glossary

Stigma the sticky receptive tip of an ovary Subtend attached below something. with or without a style which is receptive to Subulate narrow and tapering gradually to a fine pollen. point, awl-shaped. Stilt root a supporting root arising from the Succulent fleshy, juicy, soft in texture and usu- stem some distance above the ground as in ally thickened. some mangroves, sometimes also known as a Sulcate grooved longitudinally with deep fur- prop root. rows. Stipe a stalk that support some other structure Sulcus a groove or depression running along the like the frond, ovary or fruit. internodes of culms or branches. Stipel secondary stipule at the base of a leaflet. Superior refers to the ovary is free and mostly pl. stipellae. adj. stipellate. above the level of insertion of the sepals, and Stipitate having a stalk or stipe, usually of an petals. cf. inferior. ovary or fruit. Suture line of dehiscence. Stipulated having stipules. Swidden slash-and-burn or shifting cultivation. Stipule small leaf-like, scale-like or bristle-like Symbiosis describes close and often long-term appendages at the base of the leaf or on the mutualistic and benefical interactions between petiole. adj. stipulate. different organisms. Stolon a horizontal, creeping stem rooting at the Sympetalous having petals united. nodes and giving rise to another plant at its tip. Sympodial refers to a specialized lateral growth Stoloniferous bearing stolon or stolons. pattern in which the apical meristem. cf Stoma a pore in the epidermis of the leaf or stem monopodial. for gaseous exchange. pl. stomata. Synangium an organ composed of united spo- Stone the hard endocarp of a drupe, containing rangia, divided internally into cells, each con- the seed or seeds. taining spores. pl. synangia. Stramineous chaffy; straw-liked. Syncarp an aggregate or multiple fruit formed Striae parallel longitudinal lines or ridges. adj. from two or more united carpels with a single striate. style. adj. syncarpous. Striate marked with fine longitudinal parallel Syncarpous carpels fused forming a compound lines or ridges. pistil. Strigose bearing stiff, straight, closely appressed Syconium a type of pseudocarp formed from a hair; often the hairs have swollen bases. hollow receptacle with small flowers attached Strobilus a cone-like structure formed from to the inner wall. After fertilization the ovaries sporophylls or sporangiophores. pl. strobili of the female flowers develop into one-seeded Style the part of the pistil between the stigma achenes, e.g. fig. and ovary. Tannins group of plant-derived phenolic com- Sub- a prefix meaning nearly or almost, as in pounds. subglobose or subequal. Taxon the taxonomic group of plants of any Subcarnose nearly fleshy. rank. e.g. a family, genus, species or any Sub-family taxonomic rank between the family infraspecific category. pl. taxa. and tribe. Tendril a slender, threadlike organ formed from Subglobose nearly spherical in shape. a modified stem, leaf or leaflet which, by coil- Subretuse faintly notched at the apex. ing around objects, supports a climbing plant. Subsessile nearly stalkless or sessile. Tepal a segment of the perianth in a flower in Subshrub intermediate between a herb and shrub. which all the perianth segments are similar in Subspecies a taxonomic rank subordinate to appearance, and are not differentiated into species. calyx and corolla; a sepal or petal. Substrate surface on which a plant or organism Tetrasporangium a sporangium containing four grows or attached to. haploid spores as found in some algae. Scientific Glossary 815

Terete having a circular shape when cross-­ Truncate with an abruptly transverse end as if sectioned or a cylindrical shape that tapers at cut off. each end. Tuber a stem, usually underground, enlarged as Terminal at the apex or distal end. a storage organ and with minute scale-like Ternate in threes as of leaf with three leaflets. leaves and buds. adj. tuberous. Testa a seed coat, outer integument of a seed. Tubercle a wart-like protuberance. adj. tuber- Thallus plant body of algae, fungi, and other culate. lower organisms. Tuberculate bearing tubercles; covered with Thyrse a dense, panicle-like inflorescence, as of warty lumps. the lilac, in which the lateral branches termi- Tuberization formation of tubers in the soil. nate in cymes. Tuft a densely packed cluster arising from an Tomentose refers to plant hairs that are bent and axis. adj. tufted. matted forming a wooly coating. Turbinate having the shape of a top; cone-shaped, Tomentellose mildly tomentose. with the apex downward, inversely conic. Torus receptacle of a flower. Turgid distended by water or other liquid. Transpiration evaporation of water from the Turion the tender young, scaly shoot such as plant through leaf and stem pores. asparagus, developed from an underground Tree that has many secondary branches sup- bud without branches or leaves. ported clear of the ground on a single main Turnery articles made by the process of turning. stem or trunk. Twining winding spirally. Triangular shaped like a triangle, 3-angled and Ultisols mineral soils with no calcareous mate- 3-sided. rial, have less than 10% weatherable minerals Tribe a category intermediate in rank between in the extreme top layer of soil, and with less subfamily and genus. the 35% base saturation throughout the soil. a hair-like outgrowth of the epidermis. Umbel an inflorescence of pedicellate flowers of Trichotomous divided almost equally into three almost equal length arising from one point on parts or elements. top of the peduncle. adj. umbellate. Tridentate three toothed or three pronged. Umbellet a secondary umbel of a compound Trifid divided or cleft into three parts or lobes. umbel. cf. umbellule. Trifoliate having three leaves. Umbellule an, a secondary umbel of a com- Trifoliolate a leaf having three leaflets. pound umbel.cf. umbellet. Trifurcate having three forks or branches. Uncinate bent at the end like a hook; unciform. Trigonous obtusely three-angled; triangular in Undershrub subshrub; a small, usually sparsely cross-section with plane faces. branched woody shrub less than 1 m high. cf. Tripartite consisting of three parts. shrub. Tripinnate relating to leaves, pinnately divided Undulate with an edge/margin or edges wavy in three times with pinnate pinnules. a vertical plane; may vary from weakly to Tripliveined main laterals arising above base of strongly undulate or crisped. cf. crisped. lamina. Unifoliolate a compound leaf which has been Triploid describing a nucleus or cell that has reduced to a single, usually terminal leaflet. three times (3n) the haploid number (n) of Uniform with one form, e.g. having stamens of chromosomes. a similar length or having one kind of leaf. cf. Triveined main laterals arising at the base of dimorphic. lamina. Uniseriate arranged in one row or at one level. Triquetrous three-edged; acutely 3-angled. Unisexual with one sex only, either bearing the Trullate with the widest axis below the middle and anthers with pollen, or an ovary with ovules, with straight margins; ovate but margins straight referring to a flower, inflorescence or individ- and angled below middle, trowel-shaped. ual plant. cf. bisexual. 816 Scientific Glossary

Urceolate shaped like a jug, urn or pitcher. Vesicle a small bladdery sac or cavity filled with Utricle a small bladdery pericarp. air or fluid. adj. vesicular. Valvate meeting without overlapping, as of Vestigial the remaining trace or remnant of an sepals or petals in bud. cf. imbricate. organ which seemingly lost all or most of Valve one of the sections or portions into which its original function in a species through evo- a capsule separates when ripe. lution. Variant any definable individual or group of indi- Vestiture covering; the type of hairiness, scali- viduals which may or may not be regarded as ness or other covering commonly found on the representing a formal taxon after examination. external parts of plants. cf. indumentums. Variegate, variegated diverse in colour or Vibratile capable of to and for motion. marked with irregular patches of different Villose covered with long, fine, soft hairs, finer colours, blotched. than in pilose. Variety a taxonomic rank below that of sub- Villous covered with soft, shaggy unmatted hairs. species. Vine a climbing or trailing plant. Vein (Botany) a strand of vascular bundle tissue. Violaxanthin is a natural xanthophyll pigment Velum a flap of tissue covering the sporangium with an orange color found in a variety of in the fern, Isoetes. plants like pansies. Velutinous having the surface covered with a Viscid sticky, being of a consistency that resists fine and dense silky pubescence of short fine flow. hairs; velvety. cf. sericeous Viviparous describes seeds or fruit which sprout Venation distribution or arrangement of veins in before they fall from the parent plant. a leaf. Whorl a ring-like arrangement of leaves, sepals, Veneer thin sheet of wood. stamens or other organs around an axis. Ventral (Botany) facing the central axis, opposed Winged having a flat, often membranous expan- to dorsal. sion or flange, e.g. on a seed, stem or one of Vernation the arrangement of young leaves the two lateral petals of a Papilionaceous or fronds in a bud or at a stem apex. cf. cir- flower or one of the petal-like sepals of Poly- cinnate galaceae. cf. keel, standard. Verrucose warty Xanthophylls are yellow, carotenoid pigments Verticil a circular arrangement, as of flowers, found in plants. They are oxidized derivatives leaves, or hairs, growing about a central point; of carotenes. a whorl. Xeromorphic plant with special modified struc- Verticillaster false whorl composed of a pair of ture to help the plant to adapt to dry condi- opposite cymes as in Lamiaceae. tions. Verticillate whorled, arranged in one or more Xerophyte a plant which naturally grows in dry whorls. regions and is often structurally modified to Vertisol a soil with a high content of expansive withstand dry conditions. montmorillonite clay that forms deep cracks Zygomorphic having only one plane of symme- in drier seasons or years. try, usually the vertical plane, referring to a Vertosols soils that both contain more than 35% flower, calyx or corolla. cf. actinomorphic. clay and possess deep cracks wider than 5 mm Zygote the fist cell formed by the union of two during most years. gametes in sexual reproduction. adj. zygotic. Common Name Index

A Australian pest pear, 687 Achiote, 515–517, 523 Avocado, 98, 576, 729 Adonidia palm, 257 African baobab, 527, 528 African fan palm, 293 B African oil palm, 335, 342 Babaco, 718–720 African sausage tree, 486 Baby kiwi, 5 Agrimony, 729 Bacang, 83–85, 129, 562 Alligator apple, 180 Bambangan, 131–134 Almonds, 140, 142, 409, 476, 553, 619, 630 Banana, 1, 45, 131, 252, 253, 282, 305, 433, 509, 563 Ambarella, 160–164 Baobab, 486, 527–534, 536 American , 584 Barbary fig, 660, 683 American dwarf palm tree, 438 Barberry fig, 660, 683 American pepper, 153 Beaded hazel, 471 Annato, 515–517, 519, 521, 523 Beetroot, 647 Annatto Belle of the night, 643, 650 plant, 515 Beluno, 79, 121, 122 tree, 515 Bengal currant, 241 Apple, 48, 50–53, 55–58, 60, 62, 63, 93, 99, 160, 161, Betel 171–173, 176, 180–184, 186, 190, 201, 202, 205, nut, 258, 260, 262, 266, 267, 272, 273 207, 209, 212, 216, 221, 222, 227, 293, 417, 433, nut palm, 260 531, 532, 594, 595, 597, 598, 609, 636, 637, 693 palm, 260 Apple cactus, 636, 637 pepper, 262 Apricot, 169 quid, 270, 271, 273 Araluen pear, 687 vine, 578 Arctic kiwi, 5 Betel quid, 264–273, 278, 279 Areca Big num num, 237 nut, 260–274, 278, 547 Bilimbi, 448–452, 465, 467, 468, 470 nut/dohra, 269 Bimbling plum, 448 nut palm, 260 Binjai, 79–81, 121, 123 quid, 266, 267. 269, 270, 278, 279 Biriba, 221–223 seed, 269 Biribah, 221 Arenavirus, 313 Blackcurrant, 34 Arenga fruit, 281 Black elder, 30, 38 Arenga palm, 280, 282 Black-fiber palm, 280 Areng palm, 280 Black sugar palm, 280 Argus pheasant-tree, 75 Black tiger shrimp, 578 Arnatto, 515, 516 Blume galip, 619 Arnotto dye plant, 515 Boab, 536–539 Asam kumbang, 135, 429 Bob wood, 180 Asam paya, 396, 397 Borassus palm, 293 Asian palmyra palm, 293 Bore tree, 30 Atemoya, 171–174 rubber, 249 Atlantic salmon, 379 Bottle tree, 527, 536 Australian areca palm, 277 Bour tree, 30 Australian baobab, 536 Bower actinidia, 5 Australian pepper, 153 Bower vine, 5

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 1, Fruits, 817 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-8661, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 818 Common Name Index

Brab tree, 293 Cobnut, 471 Brazilian pawpaw, 190 Cochineal cactus, 656 Brazilian peppertree, 153 Cochineal fig, 683 Brazilian plum, 166 Cochineal nopal cactus, 656 Breadfruit-vine, 252 Cochineal-plant, 656 Brine, 91, 92, 167, 183, 197, 235, 442, 491, Cochineal prickly-pear, 683 501, 502, 504 Cockroach, 158, 198 Broken bones plant, 497 Cocktail kiwi, 5 Bullock/bull's heart, 201, 203 Cocoa, 274, 303, 323, 337–339, 377, 445, 584 Bungua, 277 Coco de mer palm, 399 Burahol, 227–229 Coconut Burmese plum, 72 milk, 48, 92, 93, 305, 308–309, 314,315, 320, Bush banana, 231 322, 323, 405, 449, 570, 573 oil, 114, 216, 217, 274, 306, 309–325, 329, 338, 344, 352, 354–356, 379, C 573, 617, 620, 630 Cabbage looper, 217 palm, 301, 302, 310, 323, 326, 354 Cabbage palm, 263, 278, 282, 303, 336, 400, 420, 438 tree, 303, 323, 328 Cactus pear, 662, 664, 666–668, 671–674, 678, 689 water, 295, 305–308, 310, 314, 317, 320, Calabash, 480, 482, 483, 527 322, 327, 402 Calabash tree, 480, 483 Coffee, 48, 291, 303, 305, 306, 338, 410, 419, California pepper tree, 153 420, 473, 529, 725 Cambodian palm, 293 Coffee palm, 419 Canarium almond, 619 Common custard apple, 201 Canarium nut, 619 Common , 569 Candlenut, 328 Common elder, 30 Candlestick tree, 512 Common (black) elder, 38 Candle tree, 508, 512 Common filbert, 471 Carambola, 449, 451, 452, 454–462, 467, 470 Common hazelnut, 471 Carissa, 237–245 Common juniper, 723 , 45–63, 150 Common night blooming cereus, 643, 650 Cashew nut, 45, 46, 48, 50, 52–54, 56–59, 61–63 Common pest pear, 687 Cassava, 524 Common pistache, 142 Castor oil, 415, 492, 520, 578 Common pistachio, 142 Catechu, 260–274, 277, 278 Common prickly pear, 683, 687 Catfish, 381 Conderella plant, 643, 650 Catus pear, 668 Coolie tamarind (Trinidad), 454 Cerapu, 84, 85, 129, 562 Copra, 305, 306, 311, 315, 317, 323–325, 383, 401 Ceriman, 252–254 Copra oil, 311, 315, 317 Champagne fruit, 718 Corkwood, 180, 540 Cherimoya of the lowlands, 176 Corn, 92, 253, 291, 305, 316, 343, 354, 405, 666 Cherry, 169 Corn oil, 314, 317, 339, 353, 354, 356, 361, 362, 665 Chilean pepper tree, 153 Coromandel gooseberry, 454 Chile plum, 166 Cottonseed oil, 356, 543, 547 Chilli, 48, 70, 79, 91, 92, 162, 167, 498, 550, 571 Cotton silk tree, 540, 541 Chinese actinidia, 12 Cotton tree, 540, 541 Chinese betel-nut, 257 Cottonwood tree, 540 Chinese filbert, 471 Country gooseberry, 454 Chinese gooseberry, 20, 28 Cow apple, 180 Chinese hazel, 471 Cow okra, 508 Chinese hazelnut, 471 Cowpea weevil, 713, 714 Chinese olive, 630, 632 CPO. See Crude palm oil Christmas palm, 257 Cranberries, 476 Christ thorns, 241 Cream of tartar tree, 527, 536 Ciruela, 166, 167 Crude palm oil (CPO), 336, 337, 340, 342–349, Civet-cat fruit tree, 569 356, 361, 375, 377, 378, 671 Civet fruit, 569 Cucumber tree, 448, 486, 508 Clumping betel nut, 277 Custard apple, 171–173, 176, 186, 190, 201, Coastal prickly pear, 687 205, 207, 216, 221 Cob, 471 Cut-leaf-philodendron, 252 Common Name Index 819

D Food candle tree, 508 Dabai, 624–628 Fortune tree, 584 Dakka, 262 Fragrant mango, 93, 127 Danewort, 30 Fruit salad plant, 252 Date palm, 407–410, 412–416 Dates,336, 407–417, 574 Dead Rat tree, 527, 536 G Delicious monster, 252 Galip, 619–622 Dessert kiwi, 5 Galip nut, 619–621 Diamondback moth, 217 Gandaria, 69, 72 Dildo, 687 Gayndah pear, 687 Doleib, 293 Giant club cactus, 636 Double coconut, 399 Giant filbert, 471 Doub palm, 293 Ginger, 92, 529 Dragon fruit, 643, 645, 647, 648, 650–652, 654 Golden apple, 160, 161 Drooping prickly pear, 683 Gold kiwi, 12, 27 Dura, 286, 336, 343, 383, 393–395 Gold kiwifruit, 12, 15–17, 25, 27 Durian, 84, 85, 98, 129, 190, 550–553, 555–557, 559, Gomuti palm, 280 562, 563, 566, 568–580 Gooseberry, 5, 20, 28, 454 Durian daun, 85, 129, 552, 562, 563 Gourd tree, 480 Durian lai, 559, 563 Gouty stem tree, 536 Durian nyekak, 84, 85, 129, 562 Grapefruit, 56, 209, 460 Dwarf date-palm, 419 Grapes, 1, 6, 24, 52, 563 Dwarf elder, 38 Grass carp, 381 Dwarf juniper, 723 Greater , 427 Dwarf royal palm, 257 Great fan palm, 293 Green almond, 142 Green-fleshed actinidia, 20 E Green gram, 305 Edible-fruited rakum palm, 429 Green kiwi, 17, 27 Edible-fruited salak palm, 396, 423, 429, 432 Green kiwifruit, 10, 15–18, 20, 25, 27 Edible , 432 Ground juniper, 723 Egg mango, 124 Groundnut, 311, 627 Elder, 30, 31, 33, 37–41 Groundnut oil (GNO), 311, 337, 362, 544 Elderberry, 30–36, 39, 40 Guanabana, 186, 190, 191 Elder bush, 30 Guar, 321 Eltham Indian fig, 687 Guiana chestnut, 584, 588, 589 Erect prickly pear, 687 Gutka, 272 Erect prickly-pear cactus, 687 Guyana chestnut, 584 Escobilla, 153 Ethiopian sour tree, 527 European alder, 30 H European black elder, 30 Hackmatack, 723 European black elderberry, 30 Hardy kiwi, 5 European elder, 30 Hardy kiwifruit, 10 European elderberry, 30, 32 Hawthorn, 105 European filbert, 471 Hazel filbert, 471 European hazel, 471 Hazelnut, 471–478432–439 Head lice, 198, 216, 322 Hedge cactus, 636 F Hepatitis C virus, 272, 703 Fairy circle, 723 Herpes simplex virus, 35, 36, 111, 195, 244, 312, 532, 658 False date palm, 419 Herpes simplex virus type 1, 35, 36, 312, 658 False pepper, 153 Himalayan hazel, 471 False sago, 732 HIV. See Human immunodeficiency virus Feather palm, 419 Hog plum, 160, 166 Fennel, 262, 452 Horse savin, 723 Finger root, 231 Hue tree, 480 Five corner (Australian), 454 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 35, 101, 183 Five fingers (Guyana), 454 Hurricaneplant, 252 820 Common Name Index

I Kubal madu, 247, 248 Ice-apple, 293 Kubal tusu, 249, 250 Ilama, 176, 177 Kuini, 84, 85, 127, 129, 569 Indian earthworms, 205 Kurwini mango, 127 Indian fig, 660, 683, 687 Kwini, 127–129 Indian fig opuntia, 660 Kwini mango, 127 Indian-fig prickly-pear, 660 Indian mango, 87 Indian mombin, 160 L Indian nut, 260 Lamantan, 138, 139 Indian trumpet flower, 497 Lambert's filbert, 471 Isu, 552, 559, 563, 564 Lancewood, 221 Large num num, 237 Lemon, 52, 83, 91–93, 99, 162, 163, 176, 278, J 404, 409, 595, 688, 696, 708, 719 Jackfruit, 305 Lemongrass, 708 Jamaican apple, 201 Lettuce, 34 Jamaica plum, 166 Lice, 198, 205, 216, 217, 322 Jambu Lime, 6, 48, 91–93, 128, 172, 176, 245, 253, mawar, 85, 129, 562 262, 267, 272, 328, 430, 449, 455, 456, susu, 84, 129, 562 524, 594, 634, 669, 678, 696 Japanese actinidia, 5 Lipstick plant, 515 Java almond, 619, 630 Lipstick tree, 515, 523 Java cotton, 540 Liver sausage tree, 486 Java kapok, 540 Locust and wild honey, 252 Java olive, 619, 630 Lontar palm, 293 Jentik-jentik, 84, 85, 129, 562 Love nuts, 399 Jew plum, 160, 161 Jocote, 46, 166–168 Jocote fruit, 168 M Judas fruit, 527 Macaw fat, 335 June plum, 160, 161 Malabar chestnut, 584–586, 588 Jungle salak, 423, 425 Malayan pit viper, 113 Junin virus, 313 Malchangel, 723 Juniper, 723, 725–730 Maldive coconut, 399 Juniper berry, 723, 725, 726, 729 Mango, 1, 48, 52, 69, 72, 73, 87–115, 124–127, 129, Juniperi lignum, 729 150, 161, 169, 291, 449 Juniperi pseudo-fructus, 729 Mangosteen, 436, 576, 579 Mango tree, 87, 97, 99, 125 Mangrove annona, 180 K Mangrove palm, 402 Kalamansi, 712 Manila palm, 257 Kampong durian, 569 Marian plum, 69, 72 Kanari, 619, 630 Marian tree, 72 Kapok tree, 540, 542–544, 547, 548 Mastic tree, 153 Karanda, 237, 241, 243 Mauby, 320 Kemang, 121, 122 Melon tree, 693 Kembayau, 624, 633, 635 Merrill palm, 257 Kenari nut tree, 630 Mexican breadfruit, 252 Kepel, 227, 229 Midday marvel, 497 Kepel apple, 227 Mini kiwi, 5 Kerpis palm, 257 Mint, 91, 708 Kidney-nut, 45 Mission cactus, 660 King sago palm, 732 Mission prickly-pear, 660 Kiwi Molle, molle del peru, 153–158 fruit, 10, 16, 17, 20–25, 27, 436, 531 Money plant, 584, 587 gold, 12–15, 17, 18, 27 Money tree, 584 Kiwiberry, 5–7, 10 Mon fruit, 75, 77 Kiwifruit, 10, 12, 15–17, 20–28 Monkey apple, 180 Common Name Index 821

Monkey-bread tree, 527 Palm Monstera, 252–256 chestnut, 285, 287, 295, 404, 573, 584–586, 588, 589 Monster fruit, 252 oil, 324, 336, 337, 339, 340, 343–346, 393, 586, 711, Mountain common juniper, 723 olein, 337–340, 342, 346–349, 352–355, 369, 372, Mountain juniper, 723 377–379 Mountain soursop, 186, 187 stearin, 337–339, 345, 354, 378, 379 Mud mussels, 405 Palm kernel oil (PKO), 336–338,342, 346, Mukindu palm, 419 375, 376, 378, 379 Mummy apple, 693 Palm-pressed mesocarp fiber (PPF), 347, 379 Palmyra, 293–299 Palmyrah, 297 N Palmyra palm, 293–299 Nanettika fruit, 643, 650 Panama candle tree, 512 Nangai nut, 619 Papaw, 92, 693–694 Natal plum, 237, 239 Papaya, 48, 92, 492, 577, 610, 693–714 Nematodes, 322, 707 Papua New Guinea walnut, 75, 77 Netted custard apple, 201 Parainfluenza viruses, 150 New guinea walnut, 75, 77 Pawpaw, 55, 56, 707 Ngali nut, 619 Peach, 169, 286, 290, 666 Night blooming cereus, 636, 643, 650 Peach palm, 285 Nipa, 402–405 Peanut oil, 354, 356, 522 Nipah, 402, 405 Peanuts, 91, 144, 337, 354, 356, 473, 522, 529, Nipa palm, 402–405 570, 585, 588, Nopal, 656, 660–663, 666, 669, 671, Pecans, 50, 146, 476, 687 673, 678, 687 Pejibaye, 285, 287–290 Nopal cactus, 656 Pejibaye fruit, 289, 290 Nopalea grande, 656 Pelajau, 140, 141 Nopales opuntia, 656 Pelong tree, 140 Nopalito, 660, 662, 677 Pepper, 83, 143, 153, 154, 262, 283, 383, Nypa palm, 402 452, 529, 547, 697 Pepper berry tree, 153 Pepperina, 153 O Pepper rose, 153 Oil palm, 335–367, 369–383, 393, 394 Pepper tree, 153 Okra, 508, 529 Peruvian apple, 636, 637 Old field common juniper, 723 Peruvian apple cactus, 636 Olive, 84, 162, 404, 585, 586, 619, 624 Peruvian mastic tree, 153 Olive oil, 311, 318, 344, 352, 355, 356, 520, 543, 547, Peruvian pepper, 153 609, 624–627 Peruvian pepper-tree, 153 Onion, 1, 34, 91, 92, 498, 529, 546, 550, 571, 662 Peruvian tree, 153, 636 Orange, 6, 13, 14, 22, 48, 51, 52, 70, 73, 93, 98, 114, Peruvian tree cactus, 636 128, 164, 168, 169, 172, 181, 194, 239, 247, 248, Pest pear of Australia, 687 250, 264, 278, 288, 336, 341, 349, 397, 404, 409, Pest prickly-pear, 687 421, 430, 452, 517–519, 528, 531, 532, 552–555, Pewa nut, 285 558, 560, 561, 591, 595, 664, 665, 667, 669, 684, Pig canary, 616 698, 734 Pinang palm, 260 Orange-fleshed durian, 552 Pine, 50, 146, 165, 252, 577, 598 Otaheite apple, 160 Pineapple, 1, 48, 52, 169, 171, 253, 433, Ovo, 166, 167, 169 577–581, 605, 606, 608–611, 719 Ox-heart, 201 Pineapple sweetsop, 171 Oxyleyanus durian, 563 Pine fruit tree, 252 Pink pepper, 153 Pink pepper corns, 153 P Pipe tree, 30 Pacific walnut, 75 Pine wood nematode, 165 Padi mango, 124–125 Pisifera, 343, 393–395 Padi mango fruit, 125 oil palm, 393 Pajang, 85, 129, 131–134 palm, 393, 394 Pakan, 559, 687 Pistachio nut, 142, 146–150 822 Common Name Index

Pistachios, 143–148, 150, 476 Rollinia, 197, 221–225 Pistacia nut, 142 Ron palm, 293 Pitabu, 247 RPO. See Red palm oil Pitahaya, 636, 640–655 RPOL. See Red palm olein Pitaya, 221, 636, 640–648, 650, 653, 654 RPS. See Red palm shortening Plajau, 140 Plum, 69, 72, 160, 161, 166, 169, 237, 239, 241, 448, 650 Plum-mango, 72 S Poison ivy, 150 Saba nut, 584 Polio, 532 Sago cycas, 732 Poliovirus, 244 Sago palm, 732 Polynesian plum, 160,161 Sago palm of Japan, 732 Pond apple, 180–184 Sagwire-palme, 280 Potato, 60, 305, 336, 340 Saipan mango, 127 Prickly custard apple, 190 Salad oil, 306, 337, 356, 517 Prickly pear, 656, 660–668, 671, 673–677, 683, 687 Salak, 396, 423–429, 432–437 Prickly pear cactus, 667, 671, 673 Salak palm, 396, 423, 429, 432, 437 Prostrate juniper, 723 Sambu, 30 Provision tree, 584 Sausage tree, 486 Psitachio, 144 Saw palmetto, 438–445 Purple jobo, 166 Scarlet plum, 166 Purple mombin, 166 Scrub palmetto, 438 Purple pitaya, 645 Sea apple, 293 Purple plum, 166 Sea coconut, 399 Senegal calabash, 527 Senegal date palm, 419 Q Serenoa, 438–445 Queen of the night, 643,650 Serapit, 247 Sesame seeds, 144, 373, 409 Seychelles coconut, 399 R Seychelles nut, 399 Radish, 34, 537, 702 Seychelles nut palm, 399 Rakam, 429 Seychelles palm nut tree, 399 Rakum, 430, 431 Shaving brush tree, 584 Rakum palm, 429 Shrimp, 6, 21, 48, 70, 91, 162, 183, 197, 328, 337, 442, Rape seed, 324, 339 491, 501, 502, 504, 578, 579, 662 RBD. See Refined, bleached and deodorized Siberian gooseberry,5 RBDO. See Refined, bleached, and deodorized palm oil Siberian hazel, 471 RBD palm olein, 378 Siberian juniper, 723 RBDPO. See Refined, bleached and deodorized palm Sibu olive, 624 olein Silk cotton tree, 540, 541 Red Sindbis virus, 244, 532 dragon fruit, 647, 654, Siriguela, 169 mombin, 166–169 Smooth mountain prickly-pear, 660 pitayas,641 Smooth prickly-pear, 660 Red-fleshed dragon fruit, 645, 646 Snail, 58, 197 Red-fleshed durian, 552 Snake Red-fleshed pitaya, 644–646, 653 fruit, 432, 434–436, 576 Red palm oil (RPO), 337, 346, 348–351, 355, 357, 360, palm, 432 362, 363, 379 Snake-skinned fruit, 432 Red palm olein (RPOL), 340, 346, 349, 369 Sotetsu, 732, 733 Red palm shortening (RPS), 340 Sotetsu nut, 732 Red pitahaya, 643, 647 Sour gourd, 527, 536 Refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD), 306, 309, 336, Sour prickly pear, 687 337, 346, 355, 357, 378, 379 Soursop, 169, 186, 187, 190–194, 197, 198, 205 Refined, bleached, and deodorized palm oil (RBDO), Soursop fruit, 193, 194 346, 361 Southern spineless cactus, 687 Refined, bleached and deodorized palm olein (RBDPO), Soya bean, 314, 361, 459, 627, 700 340, 346, 354, 361, 362, 378 Soybean oil, 337, 340, 353, 354, 359, 364, 369, 379 Remayong, 427, 428 Spanish plum, 166 Common Name Index 823

Spelt nipa, 402 U Spineless cactus, 660, 687 Upside tree, 527 Spineless prickly pear, 687 Spiny pest pear, 687 Split-leaf philodendron, 252 V Starfruit, 454, 458–460 Veitchia palm, 257 Star fruit, 455, 456, 459–462 Velvet opuntia, 656 Star pickle,454 Vesicular stomatitis virus, 313 Strawberry peach, 20 Vi apple, 160 Strawberry pear, 643, 650 Vinepear, 5 Sugar apple, 173, 176, 190, 202, 207, 209, Virgin coconut oil (VCO), 306, 309–311, 315, 212, 221, 222 317, 318, 321, 324 Sugar cane, 296, 325, 405, 509, 529, 725 Virgin olive oil (VOO), 318, 520 Sugar palm, 91, 280, 282, 293, 295, 410 Sumac, 150 Sunflower, 146, 320, 356, 358, 359 W Sunflower seed oil (SSO), 356, 359, 360 Walnuts, 75, 77, 409, 476 Swamp date-palm, 419 Warm hand, 656 Sweet potato, 305 Water coconut, 295, 305–308, 310, 314, Sweet prickly pear, 687 317, 320, 322, 327, 402 Sweet sop, 171, 201, 207–211, 216 Watermelon, 577, 662 Swiss cheese plant, 252 Weeping pepper, 153 White dragon fruit, 647, 650, 654 White-flowered silk-cotton tree, 540 T White pelon tree, 140 Tahitian quince, 160 White silk cotton tree, 540 Tala palm, 293 White spot syndrome, 579 Tal-palm, 293 Wi apple, 160 Tamarind, 83, 93, 162, 396, 449, 451, 454, 455 Wild almond, 630 Tampoi kuning, 84, 85, 129, 562 Wild areca palm, 277 Tampoi putih, 85, 129, 562 Wild blueberries, 476 Tapioca, 282, 305 Wild breadnut, 588 Taravine, 5 Wild cachiman, 221 Taro, 305, 328 Wild chataigne, 588 Tea tree, 578 Wild chestnut,588 Tenera, 335, 343, 348, 383, 393–395 Wild cocoa, 584 Terebinth nut, 142 Wild custard apple, 186, 221 Thai cobra, 113 Wild date, 297, 407, 419–421 Tibetan filbert, 471 Wild date palm, 407, 419–421 Tibetan hazelnut, 471 Wild plum, 166 Tilapia, 379, 381 Wild soursop, 186 Tobacco tree, 678 Wild sugar apple, 221, 222 Toddy palm, 280, 293 Window-leaf, 252 Tree of damocles, 497 Wine palm, 293, 294, 336, 339, 343, 420, 421 Tree of medicine, 30 Wooly joint prickly pear, 656 Tree of music, 30 Tree sorrel, 448 Triandra palm, 277–279 Y Trinidad pachira, 588 Yellow dragonfruit, 640 Tuberous prickly-pear, 660 Yellow durian, 552 Tuna cactus, 660 Yellow dye, 158, 495, 515, 516 Tunita, 656 Yellow-fleshed actinidia, 12 Turkish filbert, 471 Yellow pitahaya, 640, 641 Turkish hazel, 471, 475 Yellow plum, 160 Tussar silkworm, 245 Yellowtaper candletree, 508 Scientific Name Index

A Aleurites moluccana, 328 Acajuba occidentalis, 45 Alpinia officinarum, 264 Acinetobacter calcoacetica, 157 Alternaria alternata, 157 Actinidia arguta, 5–10 amilcarianum, 45 Actinidia arguta var. arguta, 10 Anacardium corymbosum, 64 Actinidia arguta var. cordifolia, 5 Anacardium curatellifolium, 45 Actinidia arguta var. curta, 5 Anacardium excelsum, 64 Actinidia arguta var. dunnii, 5 Anacardium giganteum, 64 Actinidia arguta var. giraldii, 7, 10 Anacardium humile, 64 Actinidia arguta var. megalocarpa, 5 Anacardium kuhlmannianum, 45 Actinidia arguta var. purpurea, 5, 10 Anacardium mediterraneum, 45 Actinidia arguta var. rufa, 5 Anacardium microcarpum, 45 Actinidia callosa var. rufa, 5 Anacardium microsepalum, 64 Actinidia chartacea, 5 Anacardium occidentale, 45–64 Actinidia chinensis, 12–18, 20, 23, 25, 27 Anacardium occidentale var. americanum, 45 Actinidia chinensis f. jinggangshanensis, 12 Anacardium occidentale var. gardneri, 45 Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis, 12 Anacardium occidentale var. indicum, 45 Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa, 20 Anacardium occidentale var. longifolium, 45 Actinidia chinensis var. hispida, 20 Anacardium othonianum, 45 Actinidia chinensis var. jinggangshanensis, 12 Anacardium rondonianum, 45 Actinidia chinensis var. setosa, 20 Anacardium subcordatum, 45 Actinidia cordifolia, 5 Ananassa sativa, 593 Actinidia deliciosa, 7, 10, 13–17, 20–28 Ananas ananas, 593, 594 Actinidia giraldii, 5 Ananas bracteatus var. hondurensis, 593 Actinidia latifolia var. deliciosa, 20 Ananas comosus, 593–611 Actinidia megalocarpa, 5 Ananas domestica, 593 Actinidia melanandra var. latifolia, 5 Ananas duckei, 593 Actinidia multipetaloides, 12 Ananas parguazensis, 593 Actinidia platyphylla, 5 Ananas sativus, 593 Actinidia purpurea, 5 Ananas sativus var. duckei, 593 Actinidia rufa, 7 Ancylocladus coriaceus, 249 Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, 37, 578 Ancylocladus firmus, 249 Adansonia baobab, 527, 528 Ancylocladus minutiflorus, 249 Adansonia digitata, 527–534, 539 Ancylocladus nodosus, 249 Adansonia digitata var. congolensis, 527 Ancylocladus vriesianus, 249 Adansonia gibbosa, 536 Annona asiatica, 207 Adansonia gregorii, 534, 536–539 Annona atemoya, 171–174 Adansonia sphaerocarpa, 527 Annona australis, 180 Adansonia sulcata, 527 Annona biflora, 207, 221 Adonidia merrillii, 257–259 Annona bonplandiana, 190 Aedes aegypti, 59 Annona cearaensis, 190 Aegles marmelos, 501 Annona cherimolia, 171, 197 Aeromonas hydrophila, 451 Annona chrysocarpa, 180 Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, 578 Annona cinerea, 207 Agrimony eupatoria, 729 Annona diversifolia, 176–179 Agrobacterium tumefaciens, 728 Annona forskahlii, 207 Alcaligenes faecalis, 157, 483 Annona glabra, 180–184, 207

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 1, Fruits, 824 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-8661-7, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 Scientific Name Index 825

Annona humboldtiana, 180, 201 Arduina xylopicron, 240 Annona humboldtii, 180, 201 Artemia salina, 197, 491, 728 Annona klainii, 180 Arthrobacter globiformis, 483 Annona laevis, 201 Artocarpus integrifolia, 580 Annona laurifolia, 180 Artocarpus odoratissimus, 133 Annona longifolia, 201 Ascaris galli, 59 Annona lutescens, 201 Ascaris suum, 707 Annona macrocarpa, 190 Asparagus officinalis, 40 Annona marcgravii, 186 flavus, 112, 490 Annona microcarpa, 221 Aspergillus fumigatus, 112 Annona montana, 186–189 , 490, 503, 504, 638 Annona mucosa, 221 Aspergillus ochraceus, 157 Annona muricata, 174, 186, 188, 190–198, 203, 204 Aspergillus parasiticus, 157 Annona muricata var. borinquensis Morales, 190 Averrhoa acutangula, 454 Annona obtusiflora, 221 Averrhoa bilimbi, 448–452, 465, 467, 468, 470 Annona obtusifolia, 221 Averrhoa carambola, 451, 452, 545–462, 467, 470 Annona palustris, 180 Averrhoa dolichocarpa, 465–467, 470 Annona peruviana, 180 Averrhoa leucopetala, 468–470 Annona pisonis, 180, 186 Averrhoa obtusangula, 448 Annona pterocarpa, 221 Averrhoa pentandra, 454 Annona pteropetala, 221 Azadirachta indica, 501, 502 Annona reticulata, 194, 201–205, 221 Annona reticulata var. mucosa, 221 Annona senegalensis, 235 B Annona sericea, 190 Baccaurea macrocarpa, 85, 129, 562 Annona sieberi, 221 Baccaurea polyneura, 84, 129, 562 Annona sphaerocarpa, 186 Baccaurea reticulata, 84, 129, 562 Annona squamosa, 171, 194, 198, 205, 207–218 Bacillus cereus, 112, 150, 157, 477, 483, 491, 503, 522, Annona uliginosa, 180 539, 705, 706, 728 Anona bonplandiana, 190 Bacillus coagulans, 483 Anona cearaensis, 190 Bacillus megaterium, 503 Anona macrocarpa, 190 Bacillus pumilus, 112, 312, 522 Anopheles stephensi, 218 Bacillus subtilis, 40, 112, 157, 189, 216, 233, 312, 451, Anopheles subpictus, 59 483, 490, 491, 503, 533, 578, 706, 728 Antura edulis, 240 Bactris ciliata, 285 Antura hadiensis, 240 Bactris gasipaes, 285–292 Areca alicae, 277 Bactris insignis, 285 Areca borneensis, 277 Bactris macana, 285 Areca catechu, 260–274, 277, 278 Bactris speciosa, 285 Areca catechu var. dulcissima, 264 Bactris speciosa var. chichagui, 285 Areca faufel, 260 Bactris utilis, 285 Areca himalayana, 260 Beneckea natriegens, 157 Areca hortensis, 260 Berberis, 730 Areca humilis, 277 Bignonia africana, 486 Areca laxa, 277 Bignonia indica, 497 Areca nagensis, 277 Bignonia indica pentandra, 497 Areca nigra, 260 Bignonia quadripinnata, 497 Areca polystachya, 277 Biomphalaria glabrata, 58, 197 Areca triandra, 277–279 Biomphalaria straminea, 58 Areca triandra var. bancana, 277 Biomphalaria tenagophila, 58 Arenga gamuto, 280 Bixa acuminata, 515 Arenga pinnata, 280–284 Bixa americana, 515 Arenga saccarifera, 280 Bixa katagensis, 515 Arduina brownii, 240 Bixa odorata, 515 Arduina campenonii, 240 Bixa orleana Noronha, 515 Arduina edulis, 240 Bixa orellana, 515–524 Arduina grandiflora, 237 Bixa orellana f. leiocarpa, 515 Arduina inermis, 240 Bixa orellana var. leiocarpa, 515 Arduina laxiflora, 240 Bixa purpurea, 515 Arduina macrocarpa, 237 Bixa tinctaria, 515 826 Scientific Name Index

Bixa upatensis, 515 Caenorhabditis elegans, 728 Blattella germanica, 158, 198 Calamus salakka, 432 Bombax aquaticum, 584 Calamus zalacca, 429, 432 Bombax cumanense, 540 Calappa nucifera, 301 Bombax guineense, 540 Calloselasma rhodostoma, 113, 266 Bombax insigne, 584 Callosobruchus maculates, 713 Bombax macrocarpum, 584 Calosanthes indica, 497 Bombax mompoxense, 540 Canariopsis decumana, 616 Bombax occidentale, 540 Canarium amboinense, 619 Bombax orientale, 540 Canarium articulatum, 633 Bombax pentandrum, 540 Canarium beccarii, 624 Bombax rigidifolium, 584 Canarium caudatifolium, 633 Bombax spectabile, 588 Canarium commune, 619, 622, 630 Bombax spruceanum, 588 Canarium crassifolium, 633 Borassus flabellifer, 293–299 Canarium cuspidatum, 633 Borassus flabellifer var. aethiopicum, 293 Canarium decumanum, 616 Borassus flabelliformis, 293 Canarium gilvescens, 633 Borassus gomutus, 280 Canarium grandistipulatum, 619 Borassus sonneratii, 399 Canarium indicum, 619–622, 630 Borassus sundaicus, 293 Canarium kadondon, 633 Borassus tunicatus, 293 Canarium luzonicum, 622 Bothrops atrox, 483 Canarium mehenbethene, 619 Bouea angustifolia, 72 Canarium minahassae, 633 Bouea burmanica, 72 Canarium moluccanum, 619 Bouea burmanica var. kurzii, 72 Canarium montanum, 633 Bouea burmanica var. microphylla, 72 Canarium multifidum, 624 Bouea burmanica var. roxburghii, 72 Canarium nungi, 619 Bouea diversifolia, 72 Canarium odontophyllum, 624–628 Bouea gandaria, 69 Canarium palawanense, 624 Bouea macrophylla, 69–71 Canarium reticulatum, 633 Bouea microphylla, 72 Canarium rostriferum, 633 Bouea myrsinoides, 72 Canarium rostriferum var.cuspidatum, 633 Bouea oppositifolia, 71–74 Canarium shortlandicum, 619 Bouvardia terniflora, 509 Canarium subtruncatum, 619 Brahea serrulata, 438 Canarium vulgare, 630–632 Brevibacterium ammoniagenes, 58 Canarium zephyrinum, 619 Brickellia veronicaefolia, 509 Candida albicans, 25, 150, 312, 375, 483, 490, 491, 503, Brochothrix thermosphacata, 157 504, 533, 578, 658, 677, 706, 728, 776, 788 Bromelia ananas, 593 Candida glabrata, 728 Bromelia comosa, 593 Candida kefyr, 728 Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, 165 Candida krusei, 313, 728 Candida lusitaniae, 728 Candida parapsilosis, 150, 728 C Candida tropicalis, 728 Cabucala brachyantha, 240 Carandas edulis, 240 Cactus campechianus, 656 Carica bourgeaei, 693 Cactus chinensis, 660 Carica chrysopetala, 718 Cactus cochenillifer, 656 Carica citriformis, 693 Cactus decumanus, 660 Carica cubensis, 693 Cactus dillenii, 687 Carica hermaphrodita, 693 Cactus elongatus, 660 Carica jamaicensis, 693 Cactus ficus-indica, 660 Carica jimenezii, 693 Cactus indicus, 683 Carica mamaya, 693 Cactus lanceolatus, 660 Carica papaya, 492, 610, 693–714, 720 Cactus monacanthos, 683 Carica papaya fo. mamaya, 693 Cactus opuntia, 660, 687 Carica papaya fo. portoricensis, 693 Cactus opuntia var. inermis, 687 Carica papaya var. bady, 693 Cactus peruvianus, 636, 638 Carica papaya var. jimenezii, 693 Cactus repandus basionym, 636 Carica peltata, 693 Cactus strictus, 687 Carica pentagona, 718, 720 Scientific Name Index 827

Carica pinnatifida, 693 Carissa opaca Stapf ex Haines, 240 Carica portorricensis, 693 Carissa ovata, 240 Carica posopora, 693 Carissa ovata var. pubescens, 240 Carica rochefortii, 693 Carissa ovata var. stolonifera, 240 Carica sativa, 693 Carissa papuana, 240 Carica × heilbornii, 718 Carissa paucinervia, 240 Carica × heilbornii nothovar. Chrysopetala, 718 Carissa pilosa, 240 Carica × heilbornii nothovar. pentagona, 718 Carissa praetermissa, 237 Carissa africana, 237 Carissa pubescens, 240 Carissa brownii F. Muell. nom. illeg., 240 Carissa revoluta, 240 Carissa brownii var. angustifolia, 240 Carissa richardiana, 240 Carissa brownii var. ovata, 240 Carissa scabra, 240 Carissa campenonii, 240 Carissa sechellensis, 240 Carissa candolleana, 240 Carissa septentrionalis, 240 Carissa carandas, 237, 240, 243–245 , 240–245 Carissa carandas var. congesta, 240, 244 Carissa stolonifera, 240 Carissa carandas var. paucinervia, 240 Carissa suavissima, 240 Carissa cochinchinensis, 240 Carissa tomentosa, 240 Carissa comorensis, 240 Carissa velutina, 241 Carissa congesta, 240 Carissa villosa, 241 Carissa coriacea, 240 Carissa xylopicron, 241 Carissa cornifolia, 240 Carissa yunnanensis, 241 Carissa dalzellii, 240 Carolinea insignis, 588 Carissa densiflora, 240 Carolinea macrocarpa, 584 Carissa densifloravar. microphylla, 240 Carolinea princeps, 584 Carissa diffusa, 240 Caryota onusta, 280 Carissa dulcis, 240 Cassuvium pomiferum, 45 Carissa edulis, 240 Cassuvium reniforme, 45 Carissa edulis f.nummularis, 240 Ceiba anfractuosa, 540 Carissa edulis f.pubescens, 240 Ceiba caribaea, 540 Carissa edulis subsp. madagascariensis, 240 Ceiba casearia, 540 Carissa edulis var. ambungana, 240 Ceiba guineensis, 540 Carissa edulis var. comorensis, 240 Ceiba guineensis var. ampla, 540 Carissa edulis subsp. continentalis, 240 Ceiba occidentalis, 540 Carissa edulis var. densiflora, 240 Ceiba pentandra, 540–548 Carissa edulis var. horrida, 240 Ceiba pentandra fo. albolana, 540 Carissa edulis var. lucubea, 240 Ceiba pentandra fo. grisea, 540 Carissa edulis var. major, 240 Ceiba pentandra var. caribaea, 540 Carissa edulis var. microphylla, 240 Ceiba pentandra var. clausa, 540 Carissa edulis var. nummularis 240 Ceiba pentandra var. dehiscens, 540 Carissa edulis var. revoluta, 240 Ceiba pentandra var. indica, 540 Carissa edulis var. sechellensis, 240 Ceiba thonnerii, 540 Carissa edulis var. septentrionalis, 240 Ceiba thonningii, 540 Carissa edulis var. subtrinervia, 240 Cephalocereus remolinensis, 636 Carissa edulis var. tomentosa, 240 Cereus albispinus, 636 Carissa gangetica, 240 Cereus atroviridis, 636 Carissa grandiflora, 237 Cereus grenadensis, 636 Carissa hirsuta, 240 Cereus margaritensis, 636 Carissa horrida, 240 Cereus margaritensis var. micracanthus, 636 Carissa inermis, 240 Cereus megalanthus, 640 Carissa lanceolata, 240 Cereus peruvianus, 636, 638 Carissa laotica, 240 Cereus polyrhizus, 643 Carissa laotica var. ferruginea, 240 Cereus remolinensis, 636 Carissa laxiflora, 240 Cereus repandus, 636–638 Carissa macrocarpa, 237–239 Cereus triangularis, 650 Carissa macrophylla, 240 Cereus triangularis var. aphyllus, 650 Carissa madagascariensis, 240 Cereus triangularis var. major, 650 Carissa mitis, 240 Cereus tricostatus, 650 Carissa obovata, 240 Cereus trigonus, 650 Carissa oleoides, 240 Cereus trigonus var. guatemalensis, 650 828 Scientific Name Index

Cereus undatus, 650 Culex quinquefasciatus, 218 Chamaerops serrulata, 438 Curculigo latifolia, 580 Chilocarpus brachyanthus, 247 Curcuma, 128 Cinnamomum cassia, 264 Cuscuta chinensis, 501, 502 Citrobacter freundii, 157, 728 Cycas inermis, 732 Citrullus vulgaris, 110 Cycas miquelii, 732 Citrus aurantifolia, 414 Cycas revoluta, 732–736 Citrus sinensis, 114, 164, 169, 194, 532, 592 Cycas revoluta var. brevifrons, 732 Clarias gariepinus, 381 Cycas revoluta var. planifolia, 732 Clerodendron splendens, 233 Cycas revoluta var. prolifera, 732 Clostridium sporogenes, 157 Cycas revoluta var. robusta, 732 Clostridium tetani, 112 Cymbopogon citratus, 708 Cocos indica, 301 Cocos maldivica, 399 Cocos nana, 301 D Cocos nucifera, 297, 301–329 Dacryodes rostrata, 633–635 Cocos nucifera var. synphyllica, 301 Dactylopius coccus, 657, 685 Cocos nypa, 402 Damnacanthus esquirolii, 241 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, 676 Derris scandens, 503 Colubrina arborescens, 320 Detarium microcarpum, 532 Comeurya cumingiana, 75 Diglossophyllum serrulatum, 438 Condonum malaccense, 160 Dracontomelon brachyphyllum, 75 Connaropsis philippica, 454 Dracontomelon celebicum, 75 Corylus avellana f. aurea, 471 Dracontomelon cumingiana, 75 Corylus avellana f. contorta, 471 Dracontomelon cuspidatum, 633 Corylus avellana f. fuscorubra, 471 Dracontomelon dao, 75–77 Corylus avellana f. heterophylla, 471 Dracontomelon edule, 75 Corylus avellana f. pendula, 471 Dracontomelon lamiyo, 75 Corylus avellana var. aurea, 471 Dracontomelon laxum, 75 Corylus avellana var. contorta, 471 Dracontomelon mangiferum var. puberulum, 75 Corylus avellana var. fusco-rubra, 471 Dracontomelon mangiferum var. pubescens, 75 Corylus avellana var. heterophylla, 471 Dracontomelon sylvestre, 75 Corylus avellana var. pendula, 471 Dracontomelum mangiferum, 75 Corylus imeretica, 471 Dracontomelum puberulum, 75 Corylus maxima, 471, 478 Durio, 557, 570 Corylus pontica, 471 Durio acuminatissima, 569 Corylus tubulosa, 471 Durio affinis, 568 Corynebacterium diptheriae, 490 Durio conicus, 550 Corynebacterium xerosis, 58 , 550–551 Corypha obliqua, 438 Durio foetida, 569 Corypha repens, 438 Durio grandiflorus, 558 Crataegus oxyacantha, 105 , 552–555 Crescentia aculeata, 508 Durio kinabaluensis, 556–558 Crescentia acuminata, 480 , 84, 129, 556, 559–562 Crescentia angustifolia, 480 Durio kutejensis forma kinabaluensis, 556 Crescentia arborea, 480 Durio lowianus, 85, 129, 562 Crescentia cujete, 480–484 Durio oxleyanus, 558, 563–565 Crescentia cujete var. puberula, 480 Durio purureus, 558 Crescentia cuneifolia, 480 Durio sabahensis, 558 Crescentia edulis, 508 Durio testudinarum, 558, 566–568 Crescentia fasciculata, 480 , 555, 557, 569–581 Crescentia musaecarpa, 508 Crescentia ovata, 480 Crescentia pinnata, 486 E Crescentia plectantha, 480 Echis ocellatus, 546 Crescentia spathulata, 480 Elaeis dybowskii, 335 Crocidolomia binotalis, 184 Elaeis guineensis, 335–383, 393 Cryptococcus neoformans, 312 Elaeis guineensis f. androgyna, 335 Cryptosporidium parvum, 112 Elaeis guineensis f. caryolitica, 335 Cucumis melo, 110 Elaeis guineensis f. dioica, 335 Scientific Name Index 829

Elaeis guineensis f. dura, 335 Evia amara var. tuberculosa, 160 Elaeis guineensis f. fatua, 335 Evia dulcis, 160 Elaeis guineensis f. ramosa, 335 Elaeis guineensis f. semidura, 335 Elaeis guineensis f. tenera, 335 F Elaeis guineensis subsp. nigrescens, 335 Fonsecaea pedrosoi, 312 Elaeis guineensis subsp. virescens, 335 Fulchironia senegalensis, 419 Elaeis guineensis var. albescens, 335 Fusarium culmorum, 157 Elaeis guineensis var. angulosa, 335 Fusarium descencelulare, 677 Elaeis guineensis var. ceredia, 335 Fusarium lateritium, 677 Elaeis guineensis var. compressa, 335 Fusarium moniliforme, 677 Elaeis guineensis var. dura, 395 Fusarium oxysporum, 677 Elaeis guineensis var. gracilinux, 335 Fusarium solani, 677 Elaeis guineensis var. idolatrica, 335 Elaeis guineensis var. intermedia, 335 Elaeis guineensis var. leucocarpa, 335 G Elaeis guineensis var. macrocarpa, 335 Garcinia mangostana, 576 Elaeis guineensis var. macrocarya, 335 Garcinia prainiana, 84, 129, 562 Elaeis guineensis var. macrophylla, 335 Geloina coaxans, 405 Elaeis guineensis var. macrosperma, 335 Gleichenia linearis, 580 Elaeis guineensis var. madagascariensis, 335 Glycyrrhiza uralensis, 264 Elaeis guineensis var. microsperma, 335 Gomutus saccharifer, 280 Elaeis guineensis var. pisifera, 335, 393–395 Gossampinus alba, 540 Elaeis guineensis var. repanda, 335 Guanabanus muricatus, 190 Elaeis guineensis var. rostrata, 335 Guanabanus palustris, 180 Elaeis guineensis var. sempernigra, 335 Guanabanus squamosus, 207 Elaeis guineensis var. spectabilis, 335 Guilelma chontaduro, 285 Elaeis guineensis var. tenera, 348, 395 Guilielma ciliata, 285 Elaeis macrophylla, 335 Guilielma gasipaes, 285 Elaeis madagascariensis, 335 Guilielma gasipaes var. chichagui, 285 Elaeis melanococca, 335 Guilielma gasipaes var. chontaduro, 285 Elaeis melanococca var. semicircularis, 335 Guilielma gasipaes var. coccinea, 285 Elaeis nigrescens, 335 Guilielma gasipaes var. flava, 285 Elaeis tenera, 343 Guilielma gasipaes var. ochracea, 285 Elaeis virescens, 335 Guilielma insignis, 285 conferta, 396–397 Guilielma macana, 285 Eleiodoxa microcarpa, 396 Guilielma microcarpa, 285 Eleiodoxa orthoschista, 396 Guilielma speciosa, 285 Eleiodoxa scortechinii, 396 Guilielma speciosa var. coccinea, 285 Eleiodoxa xantholepis, 396 Guilielma speciosa var. flava, 285 Emblica officinalis, 104 Guilielma speciosa var. mitis, 285 Entamoeba histolytica, 197, 493 Guilielma speciosa var. ochracea, 285 Enterobacter aerogenes, 157, 483, 491 Guilielma utilis, 285 Enterobacter cloacae, 706 Gynura pseudochina var. hispida, 503 Enterococcus faecalis, 150, 483, 728 Epidermophyton floccosum, 157 Eriodendron anfractuosum, 540 H Eriodendron anfractuosuma a indicum, 540 Haemonchus contortus, 217 Eriodendron anfractuosum var. africanum, 540 Helicobacter pylori, 15, 25, 58, 149 Eriodendron anfractuosum var. caribaeum, 540 Heligmosomoides polygyrus, 707 Eriodendron anfractuosum var. indicum, 540 Hemisantiria rostrata, 633 Eriodendron caribaeum, 540 Henosepilachna vigintiocto-punctata, 184 Eriodendron guineense, 540 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, 580 Eriodendron occidentale, 540 Hippoxylon indicum, 497 Eriodendron orientale, 540 Histoplasma capsulatum, 157 Eriodendron pentandrum, 540 Holarrhena antidysenterica, 105 Erwinia chrysanthemi, 728 Hylocereus, 641, 654 Escherichia coli, 17, 25, 57, 112, 113, 150, 157, 169, Hylocereus costaricensis, 641 179, 216, 233, 298, 312, 451, 483, 491, 503, 520, Hylocereus guatemalensis, 650 522, 533, 578, 609, 610, 658, 705, 706, 728, 729 Hylocereus megalanthus, 640–641 830 Scientific Name Index

Hylocereus polyrhizus, 643–648, 654 Kigelia ikbaliae, 486 Hylocereus setaceus, 641 Kigelia impressa, 486 Hylocereus tricostatus, 650 Kigelia lanceolata, 486 Hylocereus undatus, 644, 645, 650–655 Kigelia moosa, 486 Hypericum perforatum, 36 Kigelia pinnata, 486, 489–493 Kigelia pinnata (Artemia salina), 491 Kigelia somalensis, 486 I Kigelia spragueana, 486 Ipomoea aquatica, 500 Kigelia talbotii, 486 Kigelia tristis, 486 Klebsiella, 113 J Klebsiella oxytoca, 729 Jasminonerium africanum, 237 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 112, 157, 451, 706 Jasminonerium densiflorum, 241 Jasminonerium dulce, 241 Jasminonerium edule, 241 L Jasminonerium grandiflorum, 237 Lactobacillus pentosus, 578 Jasminonerium inerme, 241 Lactuca sativa, 34 Jasminonerium laxiflorum, 241 Lahia kutejensis, 559 Jasminonerium macrocarpum, 237 Lannea macrocarpa, 532 Jasminonerium madagascariense, 241 Lannea welwitschii, 494 Jasminonerium ovatum, 241 Lawsonia inermis, 105 Jasminonerium pubescens, 241 Leishmania amazonensis, 321 Jasminonerium sechellense, 241 Leishmania braziliensis, 197 Jasminonerium suavissimum, 241 Leishmania donovani, 150, 225, 728 Jasminonerium tomentosum, 241 Leishmania panamensis, 197 Jasminonerium xylopicron 241 Leuconostoc cremoris, 157 Jatropha curcas, 524 Listeria monocytogenes, 157, 451, 477, 729 Juniperus canadensis, 723 Litsea petiolata, 501–502 Juniperus communis L. var., 723–730 Lodoicea callipyge, 399 Juniperus communis subsp. nana, 723 Lodoicea maldivica, 399–401 Juniperus communis var. charlottensis, 726 Lodoicea seychellarum, 399 Juniperus communis var. communis, 723 Lodoicea sonneratii, 399 Juniperus communis var. depressa, Loranthus europeas, 414 723, 727 Juniperus communis var. jackii, 726 Juniperus communis var. megistocarpa, 726 M Juniperus communis var. montana, 723 Maackia amurensis, 38 Juniperus communis var. saxatilis, 723, 727 Mamestra brassica, 184 Juniperus densa, 723 amba, 87 Juniperus nana, 723 Mangifera anisodora, 87 Juniperus sibirica, 723 Mangifera arbor, 87 Mangifera austroindica, 87 Mangifera austro-yunnanensis, 87 K Mangifera balba, 87 Kigelia, 494, 495 Mangifera bompardii, 87 Kigelia abyssinica, 486 Mangifera caesia, 79–81, 121–123 Kigelia acutifolia, 486 Mangifera caesia var. kemanga, 121 Kigelia aethiopica, 486 Mangifera caesia var. verticillata, 79 Kigelia aethiopica var. stenocarpa, 486 Mangifera caesia var. wanji, 79 Kigelia aethiopium, 486 Mangifera domestica, 87 Kigelia aethopica var. abyssinica, 486 Mangifera equina, 87 Kigelia aethopica var. bornuensis, 486 Mangifera foetida, 82–86, 127, 129, 133, 562 Kigelia aethopica var. usambarica, 486 Mangifera foetida var. bakkill, 127 Kigelia africana, 486–495 Mangifera foetida var. bombom, 127 Kigelia africana var. aethiopica, 486 Mangifera foetida var. kawini, 127 Kigelia africana var. elliptica, 486 Mangifera foetida var. mollis, 127 Kigelia angolensis, 486 Mangifera foetida var. odorata, 127 Kigelia elliottii, 486 Mangifera fragrans, 87 Kigelia elliptica, 486 Mangifera gladiata, 87 Scientific Name Index 831

Mangifera indica, 87–115, 124, 126 Monstera tacanaensis, 252 Mangifera integrifolia, 87 Moringa oleifera, 500, 501 Mangifera kemanga, 81, 121–123 Muehlenbeckia platyclada, 503 Mangifera kukula, 87 Mycobacterium aurum, 728 Mangifera langong, 135 Mycobacterium fortuitum,728 Mangifera laurina, 124–126 Mycobacterium phlei, 483, 533, 728 Mangifera linnaei, 87 Mycobacterium rodochrus, 483 Mangifera longipes, 124 Mycobacterium smegmatis, 233, 483, 728 Mangifera longipetiolata, 135 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 728 Mangifera maingayi, 135 Mangifera maritima, 87 Mangifera mekongensis, 87 N Mangifera montana, 87 Naja naja kaouthia, 113, 266 Mangifera oblongifolia, 127 Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 510, 522 Mangifera odorata, 84, 85, 127–130, 133, 562 Nenga nagensis, 277 Mangifera odorata var. pubescens, 127 Nephelium lappaceum, 580 Mangifera oppositifolia, 72 Nephelium longan, 580 Mangifera oppositifolia var. microphylla, 72 Nephelium mutabile, 580 Mangifera oppositifolia var. roxburghii, 72 Nephotettix cincticeps, 184 Mangifera orophila, 87 Nicotiana glauca, 678 Mangifera oryza, 87 Nipa fruticans, 402 Mangifera pajang, 85, 129, 131–134 Nipa litoralis, 402 Mangifera parih, 124 Nocardia brasiliensis, 197 Mangifera polycarpa, 121 Nopalea cochenillifera, 656–659 Mangifera quadrifida, 135–137 Normanbya merrillii, 257 Mangifera quadrifida var. spathulaefolia, 135 Nothoprotium sumatranum, 140 Mangifera racemosa, 87 Nypa arborescens, 402 Mangifera rigida, 135 Nypa fruticans, 402–405 Mangifera rostrata, 87 Mangifera rubra, 87 Mangifera rubropetala, 87 O Mangifera sativa, 87 Opuntia, 656, 658, 660–662, 664, 666, 668, 677 Mangifera siamensis, 87 Opuntia amyclaea, 660 Mangifera similis, 138–139 Opuntia anahuacensis, 687 Mangifera spathulaefolia, 135 Opuntia chinensis, 660 Mangifera sugenda, 87 Opuntia cochenillifera, 656 Mangifera sumatrana, 124 Opuntia compressa, 660 Mangifera sylvatica, 87 Opuntia cordobensis, 660 Mangifera torquenda, 138 Opuntia crassa, 660 Mangifera verticillata, 79 Opuntia decumana, 660 Mangifera viridis, 87 Opuntia dillenii, 687, 689 Martinezia ciliata, 285 Opuntia dillenii var. tehuantepecana, 687 Matania laotica, 72 Opuntia elongata, 660 Matisia cordata, 590, 592 Opuntia ficus-barbarica, 660 Maytenus senegalensis, 494 Opuntia ficus-indica, 660–678, 683, 684, 689 Mediocactus megalanthus, 640 Opuntia ficus-indica f. inermis, 673 Mentha arvensis, 708 Opuntia ficus-indica var. gymnocarpa, 660 Micrococcus flavus, 728 Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten, 666–669, 672–676 Micrococcus luteus, 189, 578, 728, 729 Opuntia gymnocarpa, 660 Micrococcus roseus, 483 Opuntia hispanica, 660 Micromelum minutum, 501, 502 Opuntia horrida, 687 Microsporum canis, 157, 728 Opuntia inermis, 687 Microsporum ferrugineum, 157 Opuntia lanceolata, 660 Microsporum gypseum, 157, 728 Opuntia lemaireana, 683 Molinema desetae, 197 Opuntia maritima, 687 Monstera borsigiana, 252 Opuntia maxima, 660 Monstera deliciosa, 252–256 Opuntia megacantha, 660 Monstera deliciosa var. borsigiana, 252 Opuntia monacantha, 683–685 Monstera deliciosa var. sierrana, 252 Opuntia occidentalis, 660 Monstera lennea, 252 Opuntia paraguayensis, 660 832 Scientific Name Index

Opuntia parvula, 660 Pentaspadon moszkowskii, 140 Opuntia robusta, 669 Pentaspadon motleyi, 140–141 Opuntia stricta, 668, 684, 687–691 Pentaspadon officinalis, 140 Opuntia stricta var. dillenii, 687 Pherentima posthuma, 205 Opuntia tuna-blanca, 660 Philodendron anatomicum, 252 Opuntia undosa, 660 Phoenix abyssinica, 419 Opuntia undulata, 660, 664, 668, 689 Phoenix baoulensis, 419 Opuntia vulgaris, 660, 683 Phoenix comorensis, 419 Opuntia vulgaris var. balearica, 687 Phoenix dactylifera, 407–417 Opuntia vulgaris var. lemaireana, 683 Phoenix djalonensis, 419 Orellana americana, 515, Phoenix dybowskii, 419 Orellana americana var. leiocarpa, 515 Phoenix equinoxialis, 419 Orellana americana var. normalis, 515 Phoenix leonensis, 419 Orellana orellana, 515 Phoenix reclinata, 419–422 Oreochromis niloticus, 379, 381 Phoenix reclinata var. comorensis, 419 Oroxylum indicum, 497–505 Phoenix reclinata var. madagascariensis, 419 Phoenix reclinata var. somalensis, 419 Phoenix spinosa, 419 P Phoenix sylvestris, 297 Pachira aquatica, 584–587, 589 Pholidocarpus tunicatus, 293 Pachira aquatica var. occidentalis, 584 Phoneix reclinata, 419–422 Pachira aquatica var. surinamensis, 584 Pilocereus albispinus, 636 Pachira grandiflora, 584 Pilocereus remolinensis, 636 Pachira insignis, 588–589 Pilocereus repandus, 636 Pachira longiflora, 584 Pimela decumana, 616 Pachira macrocarpa, 584 Piper betle, 262, 708 Pachira pustulifera, 584 Piper nigrum, 547 Pachira spruceana, 584, 588 Piptanthocereus peruvianus, 636 Pachira villosula, 584 Pistachio vera, 148 Paeonia suffruticosa, 264 Pistacia nigricans, 142 Paliurus dao, 75 Pistacia officinarum, 142 Paliurus edulis, 75 Pistacia reticulata, 142 Paliurus lamiyo, 75 Pistacia terebinthus, 142 Palma cocos, 301 Pistacia trifolia, 142 Palma oleosa, 335 Pistacia variifolia, 142 Papaya bourgeaei, 693 Pistacia vera, 142–151 Papaya carica, 492, 610, 693–714, 720 Pityrosporum ovale, 58 Papaya cimarrona, 693 Plasmodium berghei berghei, 235 Papaya citriformis, 693 Plasmodium falciparum, 112, 150, 197, 235, 493, 771 Papaya communis, 693 Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis, 112 Papaya cubensis, 693 Platyopuntia cordobensis, 660 Papaya cucumerina, 693 Platyopuntia ficus-indica, 660 Papaya edulis, 693 Plutella xylostella, 184, 217 Papaya edulis var. macrocarpa, 693 Plutella xylostella, 184 Papaya edulis var. pyriformis, 693 Pomum draconum, 75 Papaya hermaphrodita, 693 Pomum draconum silvestre, 75 Papaya papaya, 693 Porphyromonas gingivalis, 37, 57 Papaya peltata, 693 Poupartia dulcis, 160 Papaya rochefortii, 693 Poupartia mangifera, 75 Papaya vulgaris, 693 Propionibacterium acnes, 57, 58 Parinari curatelifolia, 532 Proteus spp., 150 Parkia biglobosa, 529 Proteus vulgaris, 113, 157, 491, 578, 706, Parmentiera aculeata, 508–511 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 111, 112, 150, 157, 179, 216, Parmentiera cereifera, 512–514 233, 312, 483, 491, 503, 578, 706, 729 Parmentiera edulis, 508–510 Pseudomonas fluorescens, 483, 539 Parmentiera foliolosa, 508 Psidium cattleianum, 459 Parmentiera lanceolata, 508 Psidium guajava, 59, 459 Penaeus monodon, 578 Psuedomonas aeruginosa, 533 chrysogenum, 57, 381 Ptychosperma polystachyum, 277 Pentaspadon minutiflora, 140 Pullularia pullularis, 490 Scientific Name Index 833

Q Salmonella enteritidis, 169, 442, 728 Quararibea cordata, 590–592 Salmonella paratyphi, 503 Salmonella sp., 533 Salmonella typhi, 169, 179, 233, 491, 706 R Salmonella typhimurium, 60, 234, 298, 451, 491, 504, Raphanus sativus, 34 520, 578, 729, 735 Rhus novoguineensis, 140 Sambucus alba, 30 Ricinus communis, 38 Sambucus arborescens, 30 Rollinia curvipetala, 221 Sambucus canadensis, 33 Rollinia deliciosa, 221 Sambucus ebulus, 38 Rollinia exsucca, 197 Sambucus florida, 30 Rollinia jimenezii, 221 Sambucus laciniata, 30 Rollinia jimenezii var. nelsonii, 221 Sambucus medullosa, 30 Rollinia mucosa, 221–225 Sambucus nigra, 30–41 Rollinia mucosa subsp. Aequatorialis, 221 Sambucus pyramidata, 30 Rollinia mucosa subsp. Portoricensis, 221 Sambucus virescens, 30 Rollinia mucosa var. macropoda, 221 Sambucus vulgaris, 30 Rollinia mucosa var. neglecta, 221 Santiria montana, 633 Rollinia neglecta, 221 Santiria rostrata, 633 Rollinia obtusiflora, 221 Santiria samarensis, 633 Rollinia orthopetala, 221 Saponaria officinalis, 36 Rollinia permensis, 221 Schinus angustifolia, 153 Rollinia pittieri, 197 Schinus areira, 153 Rollinia pterocarpa, 221 Schinus bituminosus, 153 Rollinia pulchrinervia, 221 Schinus huigan, 153 Rollinnia sieberi, 221 Schinus molle, 153–158 Schinus molle var. areira, 153 Schinus molle var. argentifolius, 153 S Schinus molle var. huigan, 153 Sabal serrulata, 438 Schinus molle var. huyngan, 153 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 53, 57, 63, 112, 578, Schinus occidentalis, 153 Saguerus australasicus, 280 Schinus terebinthifolius, 155, 156 Saguerus pinnatus, 280 Selenicereus inermis, 641 Saguerus pinnatus saccharifer, 280 Selenicereus megalanthus, 640 Saguerus rumphii, 280 Serenoa repens, 438–445 Saguerus saccharifer, 280 Serenoa repens f. glauca, 438 Sagus gomutus, 280 Serenoa serrulata, 438 Salacca affinis, 423–424 Serratia marcescens, 157 Salacca affinis var. borneensis, 423 Serratia sp., 728 Salacca beccarii, 429 Shigella boydii, 503 Salacca blumeana, 432 Shigella dysenteriae, 169, 503, 522 Salacca borneensis, 423 Shigella flexneri, 169, 706 Salacca conferta, 396 Shigella sonnei, 728 Salacca dubia, 423 Sitophilus oryzae, 217 Salacca edulis, 432, 435, 436 Sophia carolina, 584 Salacca edulis var. amboinensis, 432 Sotor aethiopium, 486 Salacca glabrescens, 425–426 Spathodea indica, 497 Salacca macrostachya, 429 Spondias cirouella, 166 Salacca magnifica, 427–428 Spondias crispula, 166 Salacca rumphii, 432 Spondias cytherea, 160–165 Salacca scortechinii, 396 Spondias dulcis, 160, 166 Salacca sumatrana, 437 Spondias mangifera, 160 Salacca wallichiana, 429–431 Spondias mangifera var. tuberculosa, 160 Salacca zalacca, 424, 425, 432–437 Spondias mexicana, 166 Salacca zalacca var. amboinensis, 432, 437 Spondias mombin, 166 Salacca zalacca var. zalacca, 432 Spondias myrobalanus, 166 Salakka edulis, 432 Spondias nigrescens, 166 Salmonella, 61, 413, 521, 533 Spondias purpurea, 166–170 Salmonella agona, 112 Spondias purpurea var. munita, 166 Salmonella enterica var. thyphimurium, 658 Spondias radlkoferi, 166 834 Scientific Name Index

Staphylococcus, 706 Trogoderma granarium, 158 Staphylococcus aureus, 57, 58, 111, 112, 150, 216, 233, Tropidopetalum javanicum, 69 312, 313, 318, 451, 477, 483, 490, 491, 503, 522, Trypanosoma brucei, 235, 493, 533, 545 533, 578, 706, 728, 729, 735 Trypanosoma brucei brucei, 493, 545 Staphylococcus burahol, 208–210 Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, 493 Staphylococcus citreus, 112 Trypanosoma congolense, 533 Staphylococcus epidermidis, 578, 728 Trypanosoma cruzi, 197 burahol, 227–229 Stenocereus peruvianus, 636 Straphylococcus aureus, 233, 451 U Streptococcus acidominimus, 578 Unona macrocarpa, 231 Streptococcus agalactiae, 451, 578 Urnularia rufescens, 247 Streptococcus aureus, 58, 112–113 Uvaria burahol, 227 Streptococcus bovis, 578 Uvaria chamae, 231–236 Streptococcus dysagalactiae, 578 Uvaria cristata, 231 Streptococcus faecalis, 533, 705 Uvaria cylindrica, 231 Streptococcus mitis, 112 Uvaria echinata, 231 Streptococcus mutans, 57, 58, 112, 149, 578 Uvaria nigrescens, 231 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 112, 483 Streptococcus pyogenes, 233, 483 Streptococcus salivarious, 149 V Streptococcus sanguis, 149 Vahea angustifolia, 247 Streptococcus sobrinus, 149 Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis, 721 Streptococcus uberis, 578 Vasconcellea Xheilbornii nothovar. cgrysopetala, 718 Strychnos spinosa, 532 Vasconcellea peltata, 693 Sublimia areca, 260 Vasconcellea stipulata, 721 Subpilocereus atroviridis, 636 Vasconcellea weberbaueri, 721 Subpilocereus grenadensis, 636 Vasconcellea xheilbornii, 718–721 Subpilocereus margaritensis, 636 Veitchia merrillii, 257 Subpilocereus margaritensis var. micracanthus, 636 Vibrio cholerae, 609 Subpilocereus remolinensis, 636 Vibrio harveyi, 578 Subpilocereus repandus, 636 Vibrio mimicus, 503 Swertia chirata, 105 Vibrio parahemolyticus, 503 Syzygium cumini, 459 Vibrio spp., 233 Syzygium jambos, 85, 129, 562 Syzygium malaccense, 85, 129, 562 W Warmingia pauciflora, 166 T Willughbeia angustifolia var. gracilior, 247 Tabernaemontana macrocarpa, 249 Willughbeia angustifolia, 247–248 Tanaecium pinnatum, 486 Willughbeia apiculata, 247 Tecoma africana, 486 Willughbeia burbidgei, 249 Terminalia, 165 Willughbeia coriacea, 249–250 Terminalia bellerica, 57 Willughbeia elmeri, 247 Tetranychus urticae, 184 Willughbeia firma, 249 Thermoascus aurantiacus, 112 Willughbeia firmavar. oblongifolia, 249 Tornelia fragrans, 252 Willughbeia firmavar. macrophylla, 249 Triatoma infestans, 158 Willughbeia firmavar. obtusifolia, 249 Tribolium castaneum, 158 Willughbeia firmavar. platyphylla, 249 Trichinella spiralis, 113 Willughbeia minutiflora, 249 Trichoderma reesei, 112 Willughbeia nodosa, 249 Trichoderma viride, 341 Willughbeia rufescens, 247 Trichophyton equinum, 157 Willughbeia vrieseana, 249 Trichophyton mentagrophytes, 157, 728 Willughbeiopsis rufescens, 247 Trichophyton rubrum, 157, 728 Trichophyton tonsurans, 157 Trichoplusia ni, 217 X Tripinnaria africana, 486 Xanthomonas phaseoli, 728 Trochostigma argutum, 5 Ximenia americana, 532 Trochostigma rufa, 5 Xylon pentandrum, 540 Scientific Name Index 835

Xylopia aromatica, 197 Z Xylopia frutescens, 207 Zalacca edulis, 576 Xylopiastrum macrocarpum, 231 Zingiber officinalis, 414 Zingiber sp., 498 Ziziphus mauritiana, 532 Y Yersinia enterocolitica, 728