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Yemen Crisis Student Officer: Albert Forum: Joint Crisis Committee Issue: Yemen Crisis Student Officer: Albert Pan, Kay Zin, Nandar Khine Tun Introduction The humanitarian crisis in Yemen is a continuous crisis in which at least 8.4 million people on the brink of starvation, 22.2 million people require humanitarian assistance, and approximately 400,000 children under the age of five are in life-threatening situations due to acute malnutrition, according to the United Nations. The Yemen crisis began with an international coalition by Saudi Arabia that was interrupted. This was first ignited when the Yemenis protested against the then president, Ali Abdullah Saleh, who led the country to widespread poverty and unemployment. These rebellions were led by a politically Shia rebellion group called the Houthis. In 2012, the then Vice - President of Yemen, Hadi, became the new President after Ali Abdullah Saleh got overthrown. The intent of the political transition was to bring stability. However, President Hadi had difficulties addressing the issues of food insecurity, corruption, and militant attacks. Political unrest caused groups such as the Al Qaeda and Daesh to attempt to take over the country. At the same time, the Houthis were attempting to do the same, but was lacking military power. They somehow formed an alliance with Ali Abdullah Saleh, who they had kicked out of office. Saudi Arabia saw this alliance as a threat, because it meant that Iran was backing the Houthis. This could raise the risk of Iranian influence affecting Saudi Arabia. This caused Saudi Arabia to create a wall and bombed Yemen in 2015 to drive the Houthis out. Almost ⅓ of the bombing targeted non-military zones, resulting in over 10,000 civilians’ deaths. In 2017, Saleh was killed by Houthi fighters. Definition of Key Terms Sunni: one of the two main branches of Islam, commonly described as orthodox, and differing from Shi’a in its understanding of the Sunna and in its acceptance of the first three caliphs (Google) ​ ​ Shi’a: one of the two main branches of Islam, followed by about a tenth of Muslims, especially in Iran, that rejects the first three Sunni caliphs and regards Ali, the fourth caliph, as Muhammad's first true successor (Google) ​ ​ Zaidi Shi’a: a branch of Sunni Muslim Sanaa: the largest city and the national capital of Yemen, and has been the chief economic, political, and religious centre of the Yemen Highlands (Britannica) ​ ​ President Mansur Hadi: current president of Yemen who have taken office since February 27, 2012; a former ​ ​ Field Marshal of the Yemen Armed Forces (Google, Wikipedia) ​ ​ Houthi: a Zaidi sect made up of mostly Sunnis which also include minorities of Muslims which are members of Shia sects Ansar Allah movement (also known as the Houthi movement): an Islamic religious-political-armed movement that emerged from Sa’dah in northern Yemen in the 1990s as a rebellion towards the Yemeni military (Wikipedia) ​ ​ AQAP (Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsulas): the biggest and most volatile branch of Al Qaeda Sectarian: conflict arisen from the differences between subdivisions such as sects within a group ​ Daesh: "one who crushes (or tramples down) something underfoot", History 19th Century Yemen In the 19th century, the area that is now Yemen was occupied by the British Empire and the Ottoman Empire. When the Ottoman Empire collapse, the area was taken over by the Shias. In the 1960s, the British Empire engaged in a war against Egypt and Saudi Arabia who were allies with the US and the Soviet Union. As a result of this war, Yemen was created and was led by Ali Abdullah Saleh in 1978. Arab Spring The Arab spring was a pro-democracy uprising staged by several Muslim countries, such as Tunisia, Morocco, Syria, Libya and Yemen. The Arab Spring began in the spring of 2011 and strived to heighten democracy and freedom in their respective countries. This event caused numerous civil wars within the countries and led to widespread conflict such as the Syrian Civil War and Libyan Civil War. The Arab Spring also directly caused the Yemeni Civil War, which was what started the Yemen crisis. Protest from the civilians caused the then president, Ali Abdullah Saleh, to resign from his position. Key Issues Famine Yemen is said to be the poorest nation in the Arab World and is now dealing with the worst man made humanitarian crisis as described by the UN. Because of the war, ​ around two thirds of the entire population are food insecure and in need of humanitarian assistance. Around 10 million people are at risk of starvation as well with severe acute malnutrition “threatening the lives of almost 400,000 children” under the age of five. ​ Save the Children estimates that 85,000 children with severe acute malnutrition may have died between April 2015 and October 2018. ​ Healthcare Yemen’s infrastructure is in shambles with only half of the country's 3,500 health facilities fully functioning so they are unable to provide for the estimated 16 million people lacking basic healthcare. Furthermore, the outbreak of cholera in Yemen has resulted in more than 1.2 million suspected cases and 2,500 related deaths since April 2017. The country does not have sufficient resources or supplies to deal with this and therefore the cholera has claimed the lives of thousands of people. Displacement of People The conflict in the country has led many people to be displaced because of the concerns for their own safety and to seek for shelter and food. It is reported that around three million people have been displaced and the latest Humanitarian Needs Overview for Yemen stated that more than 5.4 million people require assistance with shelter, core relief items (CRIs) and in collective centres. Political Instability & Armed Conflict The conflict started because of the transition of power from Saleh to Hadi to bring stability to Yemen but ended up being counterintuitive. Mr. Hadi was unable to deal with the several issues that rose up during his presidential tenure such as “attacks by ​ jihadists, a separatist movement in the south, the continuing loyalty of security personnel to Saleh, as well as corruption, unemployment and food insecurity.” (BBC) All of these problems arose when the Houthi movement took advantage of the weak government to take control over large territories. The movement gained further traction with the support of the disillusioned ordinary Yemenis and forces loyal to Saleh in a bid to take control of Yemen. A coalition led by Saudi Arabia along with the other Arab states and the logistical support of the US and UK and France to restore Hadi’s government from the Houthi rebels. There are internal rifts among these warring parties: the alliance between forces loyal to Saleh and the Houthis collapsed after the disagreement over control of the biggest mosque in the capital Sanaa, the Separatist rebels which combined forces with Hadi’s troops now demanded the removal of prime minister Hadi because of corruption and mismanagement, and the Saudi led coalition has different views over who to back in Yemen. In light of all of this, the AQAP and IS terrorists seized control of ​ territories in the South and has launched its own attacks most notably in Aden. Major Parties Involved and Their Views Houthi-Saleh alliance The Houthi-Saleh alliance was an alliance of convenience after the launch of two air strikes by the Arab coalition in the home of Ali Abdullah Saleh. The alliance was formalized through the ​ ​ formation of the Supreme Political Committee (SPC). It was a temporary alliance of convenience in the time of the Saudi-led war. Houthi Rebels Houthis was founded by Hussain al-Houthi to construct an Islamic revolution formed on Zaydi principles. The anti-Houthi bloc The bloc consists of three parties: Southern separatists, Sunni Islamists, and regional/tribal fighters. The aim of the southern separatists is for Southern Yemen to gain independence. Sunni Islamists, with Islah as their main member, aims to govern Yemen. The regional/tribal fighters from Mareb and Al Jawf, Taiz defend their region. Al Qaeda and the Islamic State Although not part of the anti-Houthi bloc, Al Qaeda and the Islamic state have claimed to be anti-Houthi. AQAP, a branch of Al Qaeda, considers the war a chance to make itself known as being able to defend the Sunnis of Yemen by giving security and basic needs. United States The United States supports Saudi Arabia in the Yemen war. Some of the bombs used to bomb Yemen were made in the United States. Russia At the time in which Saudi-led coalition began their air strikes against Saleh and the Houthis, Russia’s stance was anti-Saudi. Putin had called for the “immediate cessation of military ​ activities in Yemen.” Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia is the leader of an internationally-backed coalition in the Yemen crisis with the purpose of “restoring legitimacy.” Saudi representatives have said that the coalition had been “accidentally responsible for casualties among children.” Yemen Due to the acts of Al-Qaeda and Islamic State jihadist groups, Yemen plunged into civil war and ​ humanitarian crisis. The north and west of Yemen were seized by the Houthis. Yemen was at a ​ “level-three emergency” according to the UN in 2015. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) ​ UNICEF is providing basic needs--food, shelter, sanitation, education and health services--all throughout Yemen to help the children in need. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) The ICRC delivers basic needs, such as food, clean water, and household items, in Yemen. In 2017, the committee provided basic aid to 4 million people. The committee works with all parties involved and advocates for an end to hostilities.
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