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Remains of Rare and Extinct Birds from Illinois Indian Sites April]1958J PARmALEE,Remains of Birdsfrom Illinois Indian Sites 169 REMAINS OF RARE AND EXTINCT BIRDS FROM ILLINOIS INDIAN SITES BY PAUL W. PARMALEE A ½mzA•rdeal of informationconcerning past distributionand abun- dance may be derived from the remains of animals once utilized by aboriginal Indians. Identification of the shell and bone often found in considerablequantities in refuse pits and kitchen midden deposits enablesus to visualizebetter the ecologicaland environmentalconditions that existedin a given area in prehistorictimes. The extensiveprairies, thousands of miles of streams and rivers, and the countless numbers of sloughs,marshes, backwater ponds and lakes apparently provided an almost limitlesssupply of game to the Indians onceoccupying Illinois. The Indiansthat formerlyoccupied Illinois may be dividedinto three generalcategories, based primarily on time periodsand cultural traits: First, the Archaic,a prepotterygroup dating from about 8,000 (?) to 1,500 B.C. They apparently had no agricultureand dependedupon local flora and fauna for their existence. The Modoc Rock Shelter Site, Randolph County, is an archaic site in southwesternIllinois that con- tained large quantities of mollusk shells and bone. Remains of the Whitetail Deer (Odocoileusvirginianus) far outnumberall other species encountered,thus indicatingits apparentformer abundanceand impor- tance as a food to the people once occupyingthis site. In the case of birds, almost 80% were thoseof ducks,geese and swans(Fowler, Winters and Parmalee, 1956). The secondmajor group is referred to as the WoodlandCulture, occupyinga time period from about 1,500 B.C. to 1,200 A.D. and reachingthe climax of cultural developmentin the Hopewellphase--at or shortly after the time of Christ. This period saw the development of pottery and the beginningof agriculture, although wild game still formed a large percentageof their diet. Fanhal remainsrecovered from Hopewell and other Woodland village sites in Illinois also point to extensive use of waterfowl. All Indian sites in the state are, or were, locatedalong some body of water, a habitat that generallyprovided an abundant supply of mollusks,fish and birds; in almost all sites, the Anatidae constituteover 70% of the arian remains. The final prehistoriccultural faction, the Middle Mississippi,is thought to have lasted for about 350 years, from 1,200 to 1,550 A.D. Agricul- ture flourishedand the growingof corn and probablyother cropssupple- mented the diet of wild game to a greater extent than previously. Apparentlythe bow and arrow weredeveloped and, as indicatedby the fanhal material excavatedat the Cahokia Site (Madison Co.), there must [ Auk 170 PAR•IALEI•,Remains of Birdsfrom Illinois In•an Sites [Vol.75 have been more selective hunting for preferred game rather than indiscriminatecollecting. This is indicated by the large number of remainsof certain species(e.g. Whitetail Deer, squirrel(Sciurus spp.), Turkey, GreaterPrairie Chicken,Trumpeter Swan) uncovered recently at the Cahokia Site, probably the largest Middle Mississippisite in North America. Boneprovided the Indian with a sourceof raw materialfor the manu- facture of tools, ornaments and utensils. The awl, a tool (used as a punch)usually formed from a split or brokenlong bone sharpened at one end, is one of the bone artifacts generallyfound most abundantly and consistentlythrough all cultural levels. The ulna, metatarsal and metacarpalof deer, as well as splintersof theseand other heavy bones, were also used,but many of the finer awls were often fashionedfrom wing and leg bonesof birds,particularly the Turkey. Beadswere made from cut lengthsof wing bones,notably eagleand swan, and a variety of ornaments, tools and utensils were manufactured from bird bones. The functionor use of many, however,is often obscure. An unusual instrument,possibly a whistle or flute, was found with a burial in the CarlsonAnnis Mound in Kentucky and was tentatively identifiedby Dr. Wetmore as an ulna of the WhoopingCrane (Webb, 1950). The followingaccounts are noteworthy as indicatingprehistoric distribution and abundance of birds now extinct or rare in Illinois. ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES White Pelican (Pelecanuserythrorhynchos)--The distal end of a tarsometatarsuswas recoveredfrom Hopewell village refuse (Snyder Site, CalhounCounty) in July, 1955,by Mr. Perino. The proximalend of a cut humeruswas found in the middendebris at Cahokiaby Mr. Perino during the 1956fall excavations. Thesetwo recordsare thus far the only archaeozoologicalevidence of the White Pelican in Illinois. The bird is presentlylisted as a rare migrant in the state, although formerly,according to Nelson(Cory, 1909),they wereregular and rather commonmigrants. Brown Pelican(Pelecanus occidentalis)--The occurrence of this species in Illinois is accidentaland there are only three records(1873, 1903and 1948)(Smith and Parmalee,1955). A tibiotarsussection (plus a coracoid fragment probablyassignable to this species)was found in the archaic Modoc Rock Shelter,Randolph County in July, 1956, by the Illinois State Museumarchaeological field party, and remainsof this maritime speciesat the ModocSite is especiallynoteworthy since it is the first and only archaeologicalrecord for Illinois and falls in an early time period prior to at least 1,500 years B.C. Aprill19581 PA•A•,•, Remainsof Birds.fromIllinois Indian Sites 171 Trumpeter Swan (Olor buccinator)--"The Trumpeter Swan occurs sparinglyin Illinois and Wisconsinduring the migrations. It is fast be- cominga very rare bird, at least east of the Mississippi."(Cory, 1909). Judgingfrom the quantity of bonesexcavated by Mr. Gregory Perino at the CahokiaSite, this bird (now extirpated east of the Mississippi) must have been exceedinglyabundant in Illinois in prehistorictimes. The Indian apparentlyfavored the long bonesof the swan,primarily the humerus and ulna, for making beads and other objects since numerous ends of these bonesencountered at Cahokia showedevidence of having been cut off. Approximately375 bonesof the Trumpeter Swan were identifiedfrom the sampleof middenmaterial excavatedat Cahokiaby Mr. Perinoduring the latter part of 1956. Severalbones were identified as beingthose of the WhistlingSwan (Olorcolumbianus), but thesewere few in comparisonto O. buccinator.Several remainsof the Trumpeter Swanhave beenidentified from the Fisher Site (Will Co.), SnydersSite (Calhoun Co.), et.al., but the greatestconcentration found thus far has been at Cahokia. Although certain historic tribes found a market for swan skins (plumage)in England and Europe (Audubon, 1828), the prehistoricgroups probably utilized the flesh for food and their bones, in some instances, as ornaments. Swallow-tailed Kite (Elano'idesforficatus)--According to Ridgway (1889) and other early workers,this Kite was commonthroughout the state in former years, but now it is certainly of accidentaloccurrence; apparentlythere have been no recordssince 1906. A completefemur and tibiotarsuswere recovered from a refusepit at Cahokiain November, 1956,by Mr. Perino. There is arehaeozoologicalevidence of this species in Ohio (Goslin, 1955), and, although it was reported as formerly commonin Illinois prior to 1900 (and thereforeto be expectedin midden refuse), these two bones from Cahokia representthe first prehistoric records for the state. MississippiKite (Ictinia rnisisippiensis)--Cory(1909) states that, "The MississippiKite is not uncommonin southernIllinois in summer" and refers to a statement by Nelson that it is an "abundant summer residentin the southernportion of the state,probably occurs in northern Illinois." Althougha few recentIllinois records of this speciesare known (Smith and Parmalee, 1955), it is now of accidental occurrence. A completeleft humeruswas found in 1956in the lowerlevels of the Modoc Site, an extremely early time period. The two humeri identified by Wetmore(1932) from sitesin JacksonCounty, Ohio, represented a new Ohio recordas well as the first archaeozoologicalrecord. The Modoc Site humerusis the first archaeozoologicalrecord for the state. As in the caseof the Brown Pelican,this representsan extremelyearly time period. [ Auk 172 PAR•AL•, Remainsof Birds from Illinois Indian Sites tVol. 7s Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysa•tos)--Black(1937) lists over 40 records of this eaglecollected in Illinois althoughit is now generallyconsidered a rare migrant or visitant. A bill, tarsometatarsaland carpometacarpal were found at Cahokia in November, 1956, by Mr. Perino, which apparently representthe first occurrenceof this speciesfrom an Illinois Indiansite. Of•interestalso are the remains ofthe Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)from Cahokia, a locally commonwinter residentalong the large rivers and an uncommonnester along the MississippiRiver in southern Illinois; a single tarsometatarsal,two phalanx and 26 carpo- metacarpals,representing at least 16 individuals, were identified. The prevalence of carpometacarpals,the bone supporting the primaries, pointsto the possibilitythat the eagleswere killed for their plumageand that the wing tips were used for decoration,or for ceremonialor other functions. Greater Prairie Chicken (Tympanuchuscupido)--Although this bird is not consideredrare in Illinois, it is uncommon and the present dwindlingpopulations are in no way comparableto their formerdistribu- tion and abundancein early times. Approximately 120 bonesof this specieshave beenidentified from middenmaterial excavatedat Cahokia by Mr. Perino, a noteworthy recordsince it indicatesan abundant former populationin that area.
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