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Feudics Misla feudics m Isla A Collection of Essays, 15 V W. H. ABDULLAH QUILLIAM, Shcikh-ul-hlam o f the British Idea, Author of “The Faith of Islam,” “The Religion of the Sword,” and other Works. LIVERPOOL: T he Crescent P rinting and P ublishing Comtany 32, E lizabeth Street. 1 8 9 0. Digitised by The British Library on behalf of Abdullah Quilliam Heritage Centre ~ www.abdullahquilliam.org Digitised by The British Library on behalf of Abdullah Quilliam Heritage Centre ~ www.abdullahquilliam.org 1?ird<Msi, Persian Post F Abdul Kasim Firdausi, tho great Persian poet, and tho § author of the grand opie poem, tho Slidli Ndmeh or Hook of Kings, but comparatively littlo is satisfactorily known. IIo is boliovod to have boon born at Tus, a city of Khornssan, about tlio year 950 (Christian era). In Daulot Shah’s account o f tho Porsian poets, his proper namo is stated to havo boon Ilussan, and that ho was tho son of Ishak Shorif Shah, ono of tho gardenors on tho domain of tho governor of Tus. Tho preface to a copy of tho Shah Nameh, which was collatod in tho 829th year of tho Hejira (about d82 years ago), by ordor of Bayisunghnr Bahador Khan, contains, howovor, a longor and moro interesting skotcli of tho life and achievements of tho poot. It is theroin stated that Yozdjird, tho last King of tho Sassanian raco, took considerable pains in collecting all tho chroniclos, historios, and traditions connected with Porsia and tho sovereigns of that country, from tho timo o f Kaiumors, a monarch who dwelt among tho mountains, and clothod himsolf in tho skins of boasts, to tho accession of tho Khosraus, which, by his direction, wero transcribed imo a book known as tho Bastan-Namoh. When tho ancient Persian monarchy was over­ thrown by tho Muslim conquosts, ihis work was found in tho library of Yozdjird. Tho chroniclo was afterwards continued to tho timo of Yozdjird. In tho fourth century of tho Hejira, ono of tho mouurchs of tho Samaniun dynasty directed Digitised by The British Library on behalf of Abdullah Quilliam Heritage Centre ~ www.abdullahquilliam.org 4 STUDIES IN ISLAM. tho poot Dukiki to versify that extensivo work, but the poot was assassinated by his own slave boforo ho had completed moro than a thousand distiches of tho poem. Nothing further was done until tho reign of Sultan Mahmoud Sabuktugin, in tho oarly part of tho following century. This illustrious monarch, who by his conquosts had oxtonded his dominions from tho mountains of Tartary to tho Indian Ocean, and from tho Tigris to tho Ganges, concoivod tho idea of further augmenting tho glories of his roign, by having proparod and published a history of tho kings o f Persia, and thoroforo ordorod tho literary characters of his court to conjointly prepare such a chronicle, using for thoir assistance all accossiblo records. While tlioy wore ongagod upon this arduous and laborious occupation, tho Sultan bocame aware of tho oxistonco of tho Bastan-Nameh, o f the nature of which ho had not previously boon aware. From this work Mahmud seloctod seven storios, which ho delivered to the samo numbor of poets, with instructions to put the narratives into vorso, in ordor that he might bo able to judge tho morits of oach composer. Tho poom on tho story of Itustom and Sohrab composod by tho poot Unsari was judgod by tho monarch to bo tho host, and consequently its author was commissioned to arrange the wliolo history into vorso. During theso evonts Firdausi was at his nativo city o f Tus, whoroho was cultivating his natural poetical talonts with assiduity and considerable success. Ho had heard of tho attempt of Dukiki, in fortnor timos to versify Persian history, and of tho determination of tho reigning monarch to givo his royal patronage to such an undertaking. Tho poet thereloro obtained a copy of tho Bastan-Nameh, and studiod it with grout zeal, and soon afterwards produced a poom describing tho battles of 2Johak and Foridun, which poom ho subsequently incorporated Digitised by The British Library on behalf of Abdullah Quilliam Heritage Centre ~ www.abdullahquilliam.org Finn a v si, tiie ptinsiAti Font. into his groat work tlio Shah Nameli. At this time he and his brother Mahsad wero following the occupation of husbandmen at Tus. I n some way or other Firdausi appears to have made an enemy of some ono who had some sort of control ovor tho humble class of work tho poet and his brother were engaged in. His enemy took every opportunity of heaping insults upon Firdausi, and linally tho poot finding these continued affronts unbearable determined to remain no longor at Tub, and sot out friendloss and alono on his way to Ghizni. On roaching tho vicinity of tho capital by accidont ho passed a garden where throo of the royal poets, Unsori, Usjudi, and Furroki wero sitting enjoying a banquet. Ono of thorn observing a stranger approach said : “ I f that follow comes liore lio will spoil our pleasuro, lot us thcroforo got rid of him at onco by scolding him away.” The other two of them disapproved of this harsh modo of procooding, and considered it would bo moro polito, and more considorato with their character and condition, to ovorcomo him by some stroke of learning, or a smart jeu do esprit. When tho straugor drow noar thoy politely addressed him, and said : “ You have como at an opportune moment, for wo aro just ongagod in composing extemporaneous vorses, and whoevor is ablo to follow them up, with promptitude and effect, shall bo admitted as an approvod companion to our social board." Firdausi oxprossed himself ns being ready and willing to submit to this test, and tho contost was at onco commenced by Unsori, who recited tho first lino of an apostropho to a beautiful woman:— “ Tho light of tho moon to thy beauty is weak.” Usjudi continued with : “ The rose is oclipsed by the bloom of thy cheek." Then Furroki took up tho strain : “ Thy oyo-lushos dart through the folds ot tho joshuu.” * 'Juthun, i.e. armour. Digitised by The British Library on behalf of Abdullah Quilliam Heritage Centre ~ www.abdullahquilliam.org c STUDIES IN ISLAM. Firdausi smiled, and without a moment’s pause, addod : “ Lilco the javelin of Giuw in the battle with I’oshun.” The three royal pools wore astounded at tho ready wit and apropos impromptu words of tho stranger, and boing entirely ignorant of tho story of Giuw and Poshun, enquired of him from whence tho allusion was derived. Firdausi replied that if tlioy would kindly listen with patienco ho would endeavour to relate to them tho dotails of the encounter. They readily assented to this, and tho poet poured out to them in rhyrno a graphic description of tho battlo, based upon tho legends in tho Bastan- Nameh. Tho three royal poets Bat entranced listening to tho mngnificcnt poetry which fell in such easy numbers from tho lips of tho stranger, and whon ho had iinishod his recital, invitod him to join in thoir banquet, and subsequently insisted on his accom­ panying them to tho court of tho Shah Mahmud, to whoso august patronage they recommended him. An instance o f pure disinterestedness highly commondable in tho rival poets. The three poets wero as good as thoir word, and through thoir eiforts Firdausi was introduced to tho Sultan. At this first interview between tho poet and the monarch, tho latter requested him to compose somo verses in his presence. Firdausi at onco complied, and making a profound salaam, exclaimed— “ Tko now born infant, whose pure lips aro yot Balmy with milk from its own mother’s broast, Lisps first tho name of Mahmud.” This clover compliment dolightod the Sultan, and satisfied him that tho poet before him was a man of moro than ordinary talents. The monarch then requested tho poet to prepare a poem on somo historical incident, and bring it to him whon finished. In pursuance of this commission Firdausi chose for his subject tho story of tho battles of Isfondiyar and Rustem ; and Digitised by The British Library on behalf of Abdullah Quilliam Heritage Centre ~ www.abdullahquilliam.org El 1W A VSl, TIIR PERSIAN POET. 7 on its completion apprisod tlio monarch that ho was ready to present it to his Majesty. The Sultan fixed a day on which the poet should rocito the poem boforo the whole court. The day arrived, and all tho aristocracy and tho leading poots and litorary men of Porsia wore present. Firdausi commenced his rocital amidst almost breathless silenco, and kept his audionco entranced throughout the description in his matchless verso of the conflict betweon tho two renowned warriors. It is said that when tho poot reachod the point in tho poem which describes how Isfendiyar and Rustem soizod thoir rospoctivo bows to rocommonco the combat, that tho Sultan Mahmud, who had hitherto beon soatod, was so carried away by tho graphic delineation o f tho sceno that he roso and' involuntarily wont through, in dumb show, tho actions of placing an arrow in tho bow-string, then being described by tho poet. And as Firdausi described tho flying of tho arrow through tho air, and it lodging in tho eyo of Isfendiyar, tho Sultan prossod his hands to his faco and sank into his seat as tho poot pronounced tho last lines of tho poem— 11 And darkness overspread bis sight, The earth to him was wrap’ t in night; Tho how droppod from his slackened hand, And down he sank upon tho sand.” Tho poem was concluded, and Firdausi made his obeisanco to tho Sultan.
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