CODE MIXING ANALYSIS OF THE JUDGES COMMENTS AND THE HOST UTTERANCES ON FIVE EPISODES OF WORKSHOP ROUND IN SINGING COMPETITION SEASON 6

By:

By:

Nopita Mulyani

106026001012

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH 2011

1

CODE MIXING ANALYSIS OF THE JUDGES COMMENTS AND THE HOST UTTERANCES ON FIVE EPISODES OF WORKSHOP ROUND IN INDONESIAN IDOL SINGING COMPETITION SEASON 6

A Thesis Submitted to Faculty of Adab and Humanities In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Strata 1

By:

By:

NOPITA MULYANI

106026001012

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2011

ABSTRACT

Nopita Mulyani, Code Mixing Analysis of the Judges Comments and the Host Utterances on Five Episodes of Workshop Round in Indonesian Idol Singing Competition Season 6. Thesis: Faculty of Adab and Humanities, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

This research is aimed to know the word and phrase that appeared in particular code mixing data and the factors influencing the code mixing. Moreover, the writer used descriptive method by analyzing the linguistics form and the factors. It is analyzed descriptively based on related theory of word, phrase and Weinrich theory. After collecting the data, then the writer identified and classified the data which were needed from the comments of the judges and the utterances of the host of Indonesian Idol Singing Competition Season 6. This research explained about the kind of word class and phrase and factors influencing code mixing. The findings that the writer got from the analysis were many words and phrases found in the judges’ comments and host’s utterance. Thirteen data of code mixing contained phrase namely 9 data of noun phrase. Six data contained code mixing in words and all of them were nouns. In this case, the code mixing occurred because of some factors such as pernicious homonimy, oversight, low frequency of word, social value, introduction and development of a new culture.

APPROVEMENT

CODE MIXING ANALYSIS OF THE JUDGES COMMENTS AND THE HOST UTTERANCES ON FIVE EPISODES OF WORKSHOP ROUND IN INDONESIAN IDOL SINGING COMPETITION SEASON 6

A Thesis Submitted to Faculty of Adab and Humanities In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Strata 1

Nopita Mulyani 106026001012

Approved by:

Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd NIP. 19650919 200003 1 002

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2011 LEGALIZATION

Name : Nopita Mulyani NIM : 106026001012 Title : Code Mixing Analysis of the Judges Comments and the Host Utterances on Five Episodes of Workshop Round in Indonesian Idol Singing Competition Season 6

The thesis has been defended before the Faculty Letters and Humanities’Examination Committee on February 14, 2011. It has been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of strata one.

Jakarta, February 14, 2011

The Examination Committee

Signature Date

1. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd (Chair Person) 19640710 199303 1 006

2. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum (Secretary) 19781003 200112 2 002

3. Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd (Advisor) 19650919 200003 1 002

4. Moh. Supardi, M. Hum (Examiner I)

5. Inayatul Chusna, M.Hum (Examiner II) 19780126 200312 2 002

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Jakarta, January 25th, 2011

Nopita Mulyani ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, the writer would like to express the most gratitude and praise to Allah SWT, the Lord of the universe for His help, affection and generosity in completing her study in the State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta.

Then, peace and blessing are upon to our beloved prophet Muhammad SAW and all of his family, his disciplines, and his followers.

The thesis is submitted in partial accomplishment of the requirement for the Strata 1 Degree to the Faculty of Adab and Humanities, English Letters

Department, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

In the terms of completing her study, the writer would like to express her deepest gratitude to the Dean of Faculty of Adab and Humanities, Dr. Abd. Wahid

Hasyim, M.Ag; The Head of English Letters Department, Drs. A. Saefuddin,

M.Pd; The Secretary of English Letters, Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum; Zahriel Anasy,

M.Pd; and to all lecturers who have taught her a lot of things during my study.

The writer’s big family deserves her deepest esteem more than anyone else does; her lovely parents (Sudirmantoro and Fitriyah), her elder sister (Eka Dewi

Rahayu), her brother in law (Tatang Sumarna), her lovely nephew (Muhammad

Raisul Fauzan Syahidan) and her younger brother (Hery Aprianto), since they always support her financially, morally and spiritually.

In addition, the writer is deeply thankful to the individuals too numerous to mention who have sent her suggestions, corrections, and criticisms, especially

Dr. M. Farkhan, M.Pd as her thesis advisor, whose every guidance, patience, support and encouragement from the first to the final level that enable her to develop an understanding of the subject.

In addition, the writer would like to thank to the following fellows and acquaintances; Selermun (Nuni, Yesika, Kiki, Nana and Jule) for a lot of memories, laughs, moments and nice friendship. The student of class A 2006 and for being her classmates – for the joy of the friendship with Anggi, Mira, Ulfa,

Zhoya, Indah, Tita, Jabbar, Aryo, Jay, Ayunk, Galih, Lazu, Deny, Ocha, Feby,

Dana, and whom cannot be voiced, for their memories, their laughs, their activities, their supports, their spirit, their souls, their love conveyed her into life- mature. Finally, the writer’s great thanks to the entire place that gave her pleasures within her study process.

Jakarta, January 25th, 2011

The Writer

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ...... i

APPROVEMENT ...... ii

LEGALIZATION ...... iii

DECLARATION ...... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... vii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...... 1

A. Background of the Study ...... 1

B. Focus of the Study ...... 5

C. Research Question ...... 5

D. Significance of the Study ...... 5

E. Research Methodology ...... 6

1. Objective of the Research ...... 6

2. Method of the Research ...... 6

3. Data Analysis ...... 6

4. Instrument of the Research ...... 7

5. Unit Analysis ...... 7

F. Time and Place of the Research ...... 7

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAME WORK ...... 8

A. Code Switching and Code Mixing ...... 8

B. Word ...... 10

C. Phrase ...... 14 D. Language Function ...... 15

E. Factors Influencing Code Mixing ...... 17

CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDING ...... 21

A. Data Description ...... 21

B. Data Analysis ...... 23

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...... 33

A. Conclusion ...... 33

B. Suggestion ...... 34

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 35

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Language plays an important role in human life. It is used to communicate

with other people. Besides, language is also used to express the idea in human

thought into many forms like poem, short story, song, etc. Language that is

used by a speaker reflects the thought, behavior and the culture of the speaker

himself. In communicating with others, the people have their own styles. The

style that they use is not the same. The different kind of style that they use

depends on the social context like the people around them. It is also

determined by their educational background, status, etc. We can also see it in

how many languages that they use when communicating with other people.

In monolingual society, the people only use one code or one language in

communicating with others. They only mix the style or dialect when they are

talking. But, the people that live in the bilingual or multilingual society

usually use two or more codes or languages to communicate with other

people.1

Based on Nababan statement, bilingualism is people’s habit of using two

languages in their interaction with other people.2 Mackey and Fishman in

Chaer dan Agustina stated that bilingualism can be defined as using two

1Dra. Aslinda, M.Hum and Dra. Leni Syafyahya, M.Hum, Pengantar Sosiolinguistik (Bandung : PT. Refika Aditama, 2007), p.16 2P. W. J. Nababan, Sosiolinguistik : Suatu Pengantar (Jakarta : PT. Gramedia, 1984), p .27 languages by a speaker in his interaction with other people.3 Kridalaksana

stated that bilingualism is the using of two or more languages by a person or a

community.4 A speaker who is able to speak in two or more languages is

unimpeded to communicate with others based on what they need by

determining the people they speak with, in what situation and the purpose of

communication itself. Therefore, we often see the code switching and code

mixing in a conversation.

There are many factors that influence people using code mixing, such as

the speaker uses another language to soften the aim of the utterance, to avoid

ambiguous meaning, the word in another language is easier to remember and

the sense of the word is more stable and the limitation of the word of the

speaker’s language.5

Indonesian people are the plural society with many kinds of ethnic groups,

cultures, customs, religions, and languages. They usually communicate with

two or more languages. Most of Indonesian people are bilingual; they are able

to communicate in two languages; national and traditional language.

According to Hoffman and Stork as quoted by Alwasilah, traditional language

or vernacular language is general language, which is the original language of a

country, like native European language in middle era.6

3Abdul Chaer and Leony Agustina, Sosiolinguistik:Perkenalan Awal (Jakarta:Rineka Cipta, 2004), p.84 4Harimurti Kridalaksana, Kamus Linguistik (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2008), p.36 5Uriel Weinreich, Languages in Contact : Finding and Problem (New York : Mouton Publishers The Houge, 1963) 6A. Chaedar and Alwasilah, Sosiologi Bahasa, (Bandung : Angkasa, 1990), p.73 Nowadays, as everything becomes more sophisticated, English has become a language that many people in Indonesia speak in their daily communication. In addition, globalization era forces people to develop their skills in many fields especially language. The language that has become an international language is English. So, there’s no wonder that many people in

Indonesia is capable to speak English fluently.

The using of English has entered many fields like politics, economy, education, art and entertainment. There are many announcers in the radio program mixed English in their conversation. Many writers also mixed

English in the novel they wrote and the journalists especially in the teenage magazine also mixed their articles with some English phrases and vocabularies. The famous people like politician, singer, actor or actress mix

English in their daily conversation like Cinta Laura, Manohara and Agnes

Monica. Many musicians also put some of the English words or phrases in their song lyrics. In addition, television programs especially the hosts also mix

English in presenting a program. One of them is Indonesian Idol.

Indonesian Idol is an annual Indonesian singing competition which began its first season in 2004. Part of the Idol franchise, it is based on the British reality program Pop Idol. It is aired on RCTI, one of Indonesia’s largest commercial television networks. Indonesian Idol became one of the most highly publicized music competitions in Indonesia. After Indonesian Idol’s appearance on Indonesian television, many new similarly themed reality shows were aired.7 In this season, Indonesian Idol has 4 judges. They are

Erwin Guttawa, Anang Hermansyah, Rossa and Agnes Monica.

The host of Indonesian Idol, Daniel Mananta frequently mixed English when he was presenting the program. Beside Daniel, the judges of Indonesian

Idol 2010 also mixed English when they were giving the comment to the contestants of Indonesian Idol. For example:

Host: “Kalo anda ingin Igo menjadi the next superstar untuk Indonesian

Idol 2010, ketik IGO”.

The utterance above contains a code mixing which is the next superstar

that can be classified as a noun phrase with superstar as the head word. The

speaker uses phrase the next superstar because of introduction and

development of the new culture.

The comment of the judges and the utterance of the host make the writer curious to analyze about code mixing which was used by the judges and also the host of Indonesian Idol.

The writer wants to analyze the kind of word classes, and phrases that are frequently appeared when the judges and the host of Indonesian Idol season 6 on RCTI mixed code when they gave comment or gave the utterances.

Besides, the writer also wants to analyze the factors that influence the people mix code in their utterances.

7 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_idol accessed April 19th 2010 10.36 pm B. Focus of the Study

In this research the writer has to limit discussion by focusing only the

word class and phrase that appeared in Indonesian Idol and the factors that

influence using code mixing. Data resource is taken from the transcript of

the comments of the judges and the utterances of the host of Indonesian

Idol which is taken from Indonesian Idol Workshop round Season 6

program on RCTI television station.

C. Research Question

Based on the focus of the study above, the research questions are:

1. What kind of word class and phrase that appeared in code mixing

used by the judges and the host of Indonesian Idol?

2. What are the factors that influence the judges and the host of

Indonesian Idol using code mixing?

D. Significance of the Study

The significance of this research are as follows:

1. Practically, this research is expected of giving valuable knowledge

in the development of linguistics in sociolinguistics field in general

and especially in the study of code mixing.

2. Theoretically, this research can be a reference to many linguistics

fields especially in sociolinguistics field for the language researcher and the reader. For the researcher, this research can

enlarge knowledge about sociolinguistics especially code mixing.

E. Research Methodology

1. Objective of the Research

This research has some objectives:

a) To describe kind of word class and phrase that appeared in

code mixing used by the judges and the host of Indonesian

Idol

b) To identify the factors that influence the judges and the host

of Indonesian Idol using code mixing

2. Method of the Research

This research uses descriptive method by collecting data from the

source related to research. The writer records the conversations as

many as possible, listens to all conversations, transcribes the

conversations, finds the code mixing used in the conversation and

analyzes the data using theory of code mixing and word class and

phrase.

3. Data Analysis

In this research, the writer uses qualitative data analysis technique.

The writer chooses and classifies code mixing into the categories

based on the word class and phrase and the factors that influence

the judges and the host of Indonesian Idol using code mixing. 4. Instrument of the Research

The instrument in this research is the writer herself as the

instrument to get the data. The process of the collecting data in this

research is divided into three steps, namely (a) the writer records

Indonesian Idol program on television, (b) the writer watches the

video and writes the script, (c) the writer chooses the code mixing

in the script, (d) the writer analyzes the data to know what kind of

word class and phrase appeared in code mixing used by the judges

and the presenter of Indonesian Idol and the factors that influence

the judges and the host of Indonesian Idol using code mixing.

5. Unit Analysis

Unit analysis in this research is the comments of the judges and the

utterances of the host of Indonesian Idol Season 6 program on

television.

F. Time and Place of the Research

This research is conducted on the eighth semester in 2010 in the English

Letters Department Faculty of Adab and Humanities Syarif Hidayatullah

State Islamic University Jakarta and in the libraries that provide the theory

that the writer needs. CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Code Switching and Code Mixing

Before explaining about code switching and code mixing, the writer will

explain about code. Based on Kridalaksana, code is symbol or the expression

that is used to describe particular meaning, language system in a community,

and particular variety in a language. The code can be a variety that related to the

element of language like sentence, clause, phrase and word which have the

limitation because the code is chosen by the speaker based on his necessity in

communicating. So, language can be identified as a code.8

Code switching and code mixing is one of the effects of bilingualism.

Nababan stated that in bilingualism, code shifting is frequently appeared. The

shifting can be a code switching and code mixing. The definition of code

switching based on Appel is the condition where the switching code happens

because of the changing of situation.9 Kridalaksana explained code switching as

using the variation of a language or with other language to adapt with the role,

situation or the existence of other participant. Based on Kridalaksana definition

above, the code shifting happens not only between the different language but

also the variation of the same language. Based on the definitions above, code

switching can be defined as language switching or its variation that happen

8 Harimurti Kridalaksana (2006), op. cit. p. 13

9Abdul Chaer and Leony Agustina (2004) op. cit. p. 31

because of the changing of situation, topics and the existence of other participant

that has just come.

Nababan stated that code mixing is the situation that happens when a

person mix two or more languages in the conversation without any situational

force that push him to do it.10 Kridalaksana explained that code mixing is using

language element from one language to another language to extend language

style, including word, clause, idiom, etc. Code switching is different from code

mixing. Code mixing is only focused on the using of the element of language

while code switching is the using of language or its variety. Code switching

happens because the changing of situation that affects on the using of language

or its variety. However, there is no situation that pushes a person to mix the

code. Something that changes in code mixing is only the element of language

itself such as word, clause, idiom, etc.

Fasold explained the criterion that distinguished code switching from

code mixing:

“One criterion that is sometimes offered to distinguish switching from mixing is that the grammar of the clause determined the language. By the criterion, if a person uses a word or a phrase from another language, he has mixed, not switched. But if one clause has the grammatical structure of one language and in the next is constructed of one language and the text is constructed according to the grammar of another, a switch has occurred.”11 According to Fasold, code switching can be distinguished from code

mixing based on the grammar. If a person used a word or a phrase in other

language, he has mixed. However, if a clause is arranged based on the

10P. W. J. Nababan(1984) op. cit. p. 30

11 Ralph Fasold, The Sociolinguistics of Society (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1984) p.182 grammar of a language and next clause is arranged by another language, he

has switched. The examples of code switching and code mixing are as

follows:

“It was not the best performance, tapi saya cukup suka sama cara kamu berimprovisasi” (Code Switching) “Saya actually agak-agak bingung mau komentar nya gimana, ya klo buat saya bagus tapi ga bagus banget” (Code Mixing)

So, in this research the writer analyzed code mixing based on Fasold’s

theory. The writer described word class and phrase in the particular data of

code mixing.

B. Word

A word may be defined as the smallest portions of a sentence which can be

pronounced alone and still retain meaning.12 Some words may contain more than

one such element, each adding a measure of meaning to the completed word.

There are eight word classes in English. They are part of speech as a part of

central core (noun, pronoun and verb) or a modifier (adjective, adverb) or a

connector (preposition, conjunction) and another part of speech is interjection.13

1. Noun

A noun is the name of an object or idea. It is used to define a word

denoting a thing, place, person, quality, or action and functioning in a

sentence as the subject or object of action expressed by a verb or as the

object or a preposition. Nouns are divided into two main classes,

12Patrick D. Hazard and Mary E. Hazard, Language and Literary Today (Chicago: Science Research Associates, Inc. 1987) , p.31

13 Marcella Frank, Modern English : A Practical Reference Guide (USA: New York University, 1972), p. 25

common and proper. A common noun never begins with a capital letter

unless it is the first word in a sentence: man, boy, girl, house, river, tree,

etc. A proper noun is the official name of a single object or sometimes of

a single group of objects. A proper noun always begins with a capital

letters: God, the Deity, Galileo, Baltimore, the Romans, Boston, etc.14

2. Adjective

An adjective is a word used to describe or limit a noun or pronoun. It is

used to modify a noun or pronoun. When adjectives precede the nouns

they qualify, they are said to be attributive. For example: small casks,

nice girl. The adjective system allows us to compare one thing with

another and grade them on the same adjectival quality. Example: small,

smaller, the smallest.

3. Verb

A verb is a word that expresses action or state of being. Among verbs

expressing action are walk, run, ride, go come, look, see, call, shout, etc.

among verbs expressing emotion and state of being are be, exist, seem,

appear, remain, etc. in English, verb has three moods: the indicative,

which expresses actuality; the subjunctive, which express contingency;

and the imperative which expresses command (I run; I might run; Run!).

4. Adverb

An adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, an adverb, or in

some cases a noun or pronoun. According to their meaning, adverbs are

divided into six classes. They are adverb of place: here, there, away,

14James G.Fernald, English Grammar Simplified (New York: Barnes & Noble Book, 1963), p. 54

inside; adverb of time: yesterday, today, next, soon, now, then,

immediately; adverb of manner: hard, fast, well, slow, nicely, slowly;

adverb of cause: therefore; adverb of number: first, secondly; adverb of

degree: very, completely, less, almost; adverb of frequency: often,

sometimes, always, never, once.

5. Preposition

Preposition is words that combine with a noun or pronoun to form a

phrase. The basic role of a preposition is to detail the position of

something, its physical location or direction, or a more abstract

relationship to other things. They are on, at, in during, since, by, from,

until, for, many, before, etc.

6. Conjunction

A conjunction is a part of speech that connects words, phrases, clauses,

or sentences, or that shows relation between sentences. There are two

kinds of conjunction. They are coordinate conjunction namely: and, but,

however, nevertheless, neither…nor; which join independent clause.

Another is subordinate conjunction: where, when, after, while, because,

if, unless, since, whether.

7. Pronoun

A pronoun is an identifying word used instead of a noun and inflected in

the same way nouns are. Pronouns may be divided into six classes or

groups, as follows: personal pronoun (I, you, he, she, it, we, they);

demonstrative pronouns (this, that, such); interrogative pronouns is a

pronoun used to ask a question (who, which); indefinite pronouns (each, either, some, any, many, few, all, none), relative pronoun is a pronoun

that relates to an antecedent and at the same time joins to it a limiting or

qualifying clause (who, which, what, that).

8. Interjection

An interjection is a word used, independently of all grammatical relation,

to express strong feeling or to awaken attention or interest: Ah! Hallo!

Ho! Alas! Various parts of speech may be used as exclamations to

express surprise or sudden emotion or intense feeling of any kind. They

have the force of interjections and are called exclamatory nouns or

adjectives, etc.: What! Never! Good! Heavens! Mercy!15

C. Phrases

A phrase is a group of related words that does not have a subject and a predicate.

A phrase performs the function of a single part of speech. A phrase is often

thought of simply as a multiword unit, contrasting with the single word. In

English there are five types of phrases, according to the grammar of the key

word or head. The head word is often the first word of the phrase.16

Phrase may be classified by the type of head word.

1. Prepositional phrase

A phrase with a preposition as head word and followed by a noun or

pronoun object. For example: In love, in the classroom, after dinner.

2. Noun phrase

15 Ibid. p. 56.

16Muhammad Farkhan, Introduction to Linguistics (Jakarta: UIN Jakarta Press, 2006) p. 82

Noun phrase is a phrase with a noun as head word with other modifying

words on either side of it. The noun phrase is premodified by determiners

and adjectives (one or more). The most common modifiers of nouns are

adjectives. For example: The nice boy, a girl in the car.

3. Verb phrase

Verb phrase is a phrase with a verb as head word and one or more

auxiliary verbs. For example: Read text books, pull out.

4. Adjective phrase

Adjective phrase is a phrase with an adjective as head word. For

example: Full of toys.

5. Adverbial phrase

Adverbial phrase is a phrase with adverb as head word. For example:

Very carefully, too hot.

D. Language Function

Jakobson (1960) in Pesona Bahasa classified function of the language into six

kinds:

1) Expressive Function. This function is oriented to the speaker or the

writer as the news sender. The most important thing here is the feeling of

the creator, not the response of the reader or news receiver. Poetry,

novel, drama can be the example of this function.

2) Informative function. The main idea of informative function is external

situation; the expression being said or written is oriented to the fact of a

topics or reality outside the language, including report text of a particular theory or idea. This kind of text is usually use contemporary, nonregional

and nonclass language style.

3) Vocative function. The center of attention in vocative text is the reader or

the news receiver. Vocative means invite, appeal the news receiver to

act, think, feel or react as the text wants.

4) Aesthetic function. The main purpose of the text that has aesthetic

function is to give satisfy feeling and happy, through the rhyme or

metaphor.

5) Phatic function. It is usually used as an instrument to communicate and

make more personal greeting among the language user. In English, there

are many phatic expressions like “have a nice day”, “it’s hot today” etc.

6) Metalingual function. It is the language usage for language itself such as

language for explaining, defining, etc. Metalingual function is

universal.17

Based on the speaker, language has personal function. Jacobson called it

emotive function. Emotive function means that the speaker not only expresses

the emotion through the language but also shows the emotion when saying the

utterances.

Based on the listener, language has the directive function. It means that language

can lead listener’s behaviour. In this case, language is not only to make the

listener do something but also do something based on what the speaker wants.

17 Kushartanti, et al., Pesona Bahasa. (Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2005), p. 51 Based on the contact between the speaker and the listener, language has phatic

function. Language here has the function to build a relationship, maintain and

show friendly attitude and social solidarity.

Based on the topics, language has referential function. In this case, language has

the function as an instrument to describe an object or event around the speaker.

This function gives a concept that language is an instrument to state the thought,

to state how speaker opinion about the environment around him is.

Based on the message, language has the imaginative function. Language is used

to deliver the thought, idea, feeling, whether it is the real or imaginative things

like poetry, fairy tale, etc. This function is similar to informative and expressive

function.

E. Factors Influencing Code Mixing

The factors that influence code mixing based on Weinrich (1963) can be

distinguished into two types, they are attitudinal type and linguistic type.

1. Attitudinal type

a) Need for synonym. It means that the speaker used another language to

soften the aim of the utterance. For example:

“Hpnya blackmarket jadi tidak diperjualbelikan di Indonesia. Kalau

diservice selain datanya hilang ada resiko terburuk mati total.”

The word blackmarket was intentionally used by the speaker to inform

that the hand phone was smuggled and did not have any official license

in Indonesia. The speaker worried that the customer would be

embarrassed or offended if the speaker used the word in Bahasa Indonesia. So, the word blackmarket is English element that can soften

the utterance.

b) Social Value. The speaker took the word from other language by

considering social factor. In this case, the speaker mixed code with

another language which is English to show that the speaker was an

educated and modern person. The people used to judge someone from the

language he used especially in village. When a speaker mixed his

language with other languages especially English, the people would think

that he was a modern and an educated person because he was capable to

speak English. So, the speaker used to insert a word or a phrase of

foreign language especially English in his utterance because of social

value.

c) Introduction and development of new culture. There are many

terminologies in every field like marketing, fashion, business, automotive

that using foreign language. So, it can be the factor that influences code

mixing by the speaker. The terminologies are actually not the speaker’s

mother tongue.

2. Linguistic type

Linguistics factors that influence a speaker mixed code are as follows:

a) Low frequency of word. It means that the word in another language is

easier to remember and the sense of the word is more stable.

For example: “Kita disini menyediakan handset original untuk hp mas

supaya menghasilkan suara jernih dan bagus.” The word original is the insertion of foreign language which is English.

The customer of telecommunication device is more frequently to hear it.

If the speaker used the word in Bahasa Indonesia which is “asli”, the

meaning becomes unstable because in telecommunication terminology,

“asli” probably means first class or second class quality that actually

can’t be categorized as “asli”. But, if the speaker used word original, the

customer was sure that the product was really original. b) Pernicious Homonymy. If the speaker used the word from his own

language, the word could make a homonymy problem namely ambiguous

meaning. For example:

“Untuk speakernya Ibu sudah kami urgentkan dipusat mudah-

mudahan dalam minggu ini sudah datang dan hpnya bisa segera kami

perbaiki.”

Urgent means “darurat”. The word urgent becomes an ambiguous

meaning if it is used by a customer services of telecommunication

company because the word “darurat” is usually used in medical

terminology. c) Oversight, the limitation of the word of the speaker’s language. Many

kinds of field such as fashion, automotive, business, sports, etc have the

terminologies from another language that make the speaker difficult to

find similar word in speaker’s language. For example: the word hang in

multimedia field, the word chic in fashion field, etc. d) End (Purpose and Goal), namely the result or the consequence that is

wanted. End include persuading, convincing, explaining the listener to do what the speaker said. The speaker should use code mixing to reach the

goal. 18

18 Uriel Weinreich (1963) Loc. cit. CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDING

A. Data Description

In this chapter, the writer will discuss about the research finding. The data in this research is taken from five episodes of Workshop round in Indonesian Idol season 6 program. The things that the writer did first is watching and recording some episodes of this program. The writer recorded the utterances as many as possible, listened to all utterances and transcribed all of the utterances. Then, the writer chose randomly the data that using code mixing. Next, the writer put the data into the table. Finally the writer analyzed the data using the theory of code mixing and linguistics form especially part of speech and phrase and the factors that influence code mixing.

In this research, there are 14 data that the writer analyzed. The writer analyzed the presenter and the judges' utterances in mixing code. Most of the data that the writer analyzed is Agnes' utterances because she frequently mixed English in her utterances when she was giving comments to the finalists out of four judges.

The data that the writer used in this research are taken from five episodes of

Indonesian Idol program especially in the first round of Indonesian Idol program namely “Workshop”. This stage was to decrease twenty four contestants into fourteen contestants that would be the finalists of Indonesian Idol and went to the “Spektakuler” show.

Linguistics Forms Factors No. Utterances Corpus Part of Phrase Influencing Speech Kalo buat saya low 1. kamu bisa relax noun ------frequency of berkomunikasi word dengan penonton, kamu relax Tapi pembukaannya low 2. kamu turun terus pitch noun ------frequency of pitchnya word Pada saat lagi chorus kamu banyak banget yang turun- 3. chorus noun ------social value turun, kayanya kamu kurang pemanasan Kalo anda ingin Igo introduction menjadi the next and the next Noun 4. superstar untuk ------development superstar phrase Indonesian idol of the new 2010, ketik igo culture Tapi kalo ternyata Rehearsal Noun karena ini masalah low monitor, pada saat frequency of kamu GR pada saat word kamu rehearsal kamu harus bisa sound ------5. Noun beraniin diri untuk engineer phrase oversight ngomong sama orang sound engineernya bahwa monitornya kurang kedengeran Klo misalnya memang itu ternyata kamu kurang 6. vocalization, ya vocalization noun ------Oversight berarti next time kamu harus lebih banyak vocalization chest voice Oversight Pergantian dari

chest voice kamu Noun

sama ke falset kamu phrase pop idol introduction 7. sangat luar biasa ------and halus. kalo buat saya Noun development kamu bisa jadi pop phrase of the new idol culture Hanya ada satu Agnes Monica dan pernicious 8. saya tahu lagu itu trademark noun ------homonymy memang udah menjadi trademarknya Agnes Semua penyanyi itu Low pernah ngalamin adrenaline Noun 9. ------frequency of yang namanya rush phrase word adrenaline rush Sebelum melihat penampilan mereka, our low Noun 10. kita akan menyapa gorgeous ------frequency of phrase dulu our gorgeous judges word judges. Line voting sudah introduction dibuka mulai dari and sekarang jadinya Noun 11. Line voting ------development anda bias langsung phrase of the new sms dan dukung culture idola favorit anda Saya pernah ngasih mic Noun 12. tau kamu mengenai ------oversight technique phrase mic technique Memang masalah introduction suara itu jangan and dianggap enteng. Ya Noun development 13. ear monitor ------memang kita semua phrase of new disini pake ear culture. monitor ya.

B. Data Analysis

Datum 1:

“Kalo buat saya kamu bisa berkomunikasi dengan penonton, kamu relax.”

The utterance above contains only one word of code mixing. It is the word relax which is a noun. Relax means “mengendurkan, bersenang-senang, bersantai”. The factor that influences the speaker using this word is because of low frequency of word. This word has more stable meaning than the word “bersantai”. The speaker meant relax here to show that the contestant sang without any pressure. The people in Indonesia also more familiar with the word relax while the word “bersantai” or “bersenang-senang” refers to having ourselves fun. “Bersantai” refers to sitting on a lounge chair while you’re not doing anything.

Datum 2:

“Tapi pembukaannya kamu turun terus pitchnya.”

The utterance above has one code mixing. It is the word pitch which is a noun. It is the music terminology. The word pitch means “pola titinada” but this meaning in

Bahasa Indonesia is not familiar at all. Since 2003, there have been many singing competitions on Indonesian television. The judges or the commentators usually used the word pitch when they were giving comments to the contestant, so the word is more familiar to the people in Indonesia rather than its meaning in Bahasa Indonesia. In fact, the Indonesian Idol viewers did not know the real meaning of the word pitch in Bahasa

Indonesia. It has more stable meaning if it is said in English. So, the speaker used this word because of low frequency of word.

Datum 3:

“Pada saat lagi chorus kamu banyak banget yang turun-turun, kayanya kamu kurang pemanasan.”

In the utterance the speaker only used one code mixing. It is word chorus which is a noun. It is a music terminology. However, Bahasa Indonesia has the similar word with chorus. Chorus means “refrein” or “ulangan lagu” in Bahasa Indonesia. In Kamus

Besar Bahasa Indonesia, the word refrein has been inserted. Refrein means “bagian yang diulang (terutama dalam nyanyian).” The speaker used it because of social value.

Actually the word refrein or reff is more familiar in Bahasa Indonesia. In cassette or compact disc, the word refrein is more frequently used rather than chorus. So, the speaker used the word chorus to show the people that she had good competence in singing technique. By using the word chorus, the audience would more appreciate her as a professional singer who understood about music terminology.

Datum 4:

“Kalo anda ingin Igo menjadi the next superstar untuk Indonesian idol 2010, ketik igo.”

The next superstar is the only phrase in this utterance. This phrase contains of three words. They are the as a determiner, next as an adjective and superstar as a noun.

The head word in this phrase is superstar so it can be classified as a noun phrase.

The speaker used phrase the next superstar because of introduction and development of the new culture. As the Indonesian Idol has reached six season, there have been five champions of this singing competition. This singing competition is aimed to bear a new superstar every year. So, the host or the judges usually use the next superstar as the new terminology to name the next champion whom haven’t found yet.

Datum 5:

“Tapi kalo ternyata karena ini masalah monitor, pada saat kamu GR pada saat kamu rehearsal kamu harus bisa beraniin diri untuk ngomong sama orang sound engineernya bahwa monitornya kurang kedengeran.”

In this utterance, there are a word and a phrase in English. They are word rehearsal which is noun and phrase sound engineer. The phrase sound engineer consists of two words which is sound as a noun and engineer as a noun too. The head word of this phrase is engineer. The phrase is a noun phrase.

Sound engineer is the terminology in music. Based on Oxford dictionary, sound engineer is a person who works in a recording or broadcasting studio and whose job is to control the levels and balance of sound. Based on Budi Pasadena, sound engineering in Indonesia frequently known as an operator. The speaker used the phrase sound engineer because of oversight. The writer didn’t find any word that similar to sound engineer in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. So, the writer concluded that the speaker used this phrase because of oversight. There’s no appropriate word similar with the definition of the phrase sound engineer in Bahasa Indonesia.

Based on Oxford dictionary, rehearsal is time that is spent practicing a play or piece of music in preparation for a public performance. In John Echols and Hasan

Shadily dictionary, rehearsal means “latihan, ulangan, repetisi”. The speaker used this word because of low frequency of word. If the speaker used word “latihan”, the audience would be confused of it. The word “latihan” did not clearly explain the complete definition of rehearsal itself.

Datum 6:

“Klo misalnya memang itu ternyata kamu kurang vocalization, ya berarti next time kamu harus lebih banyak vocalization.”

In the utterance above, there are two code mixing. They are word vocalization and the other is phrase next time. Word vocalization is a noun while next time is an adverbial phrase. Next time contains two words namely next which is a n adverb and time which is a noun. The head word of the phrase is next.

The speaker used the word vocalization because of social value. The word vocalization is singing terminology. Vocalization means the act of vocalizing, or the state being vocalized. There’s no similar word in Bahasa Indonesia to state the word vocalization clearly. So, the speaker used this word because of oversight.

Datum 7: “Pergantian dari chest voice kamu sama ke falset kamu sangat luar biasa halus, kalo buat saya kamu bisa jadi pop idol.”

The utterance above has two phrases without any single word in English. The first phrase is chest voice that has two words, chest and voice. Chest is a noun and voice is a noun. So, the phrase chest voice is a noun phrase. There is another phrase in this utterance namely pop idol. This phrase is same as the phrase before. It can be categorized as a noun phrase. The word pop in the phrase is a noun and the other word idol is also a noun.

The writer neither found word falset in Oxford dictionary nor in Kamus Besar

Bahasa Indonesia. However the writer only found word falsetto. It is an English word.

Falsetto means an unusually high voice, especially that men use to sing very high notes.

The phrase chest voice is frequently used in singing competition. It is the singing terminology. A few people in Indonesia know that the meaning of the phrase chest voice in Bahasa Indonesia is “suara dada.” The writer ever found in one of music programs on television, a famous vocal couch, Bertha said the phrase “suara dada” not chest voice when she was teaching the contestant of a singing competition. However, based on

Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, there is no phrase in Bahasa Indonesia that similar to chest voice phrase. So, the writer concluded that the judge used the phrase chest voice because of oversight.

The phrase pop idol is a new phrase in music terminology. It is now frequently used because nowadays there are many singing competition that bears many new stars.

They are usually the champion of the contest and the people called them as a pop idol.

So, the speaker uses the phrase as introduction and development of new culture. Datum 8:

“Hanya ada satu Agnes Monica dan saya tahu lagu itu memang udah menjadi trademarknya Agnes.”

The utterance above has only one code mixing namely trademark. This word can be categorized as a noun. The meaning of trademark in Bahasa Indonesia is “cap or merek dagang.” The speaker used the word trademark because of pernicious homonymy. The speaker used the word in English rather than in Bahasa Indonesia because it has more stable meaning. The word “merek dagang” refers to a product while

Agnes Monica is not a product. So, the listener would not be confused of it.

Datum 9:

“Semua penyanyi itu pernah ngalamin yang namanya adrenaline rush.”

Adrenaline rush is the mixing phrase in this utterance. This phrase contains two words, they are adrenaline which is a noun and rush which is also a noun. So, the phrase above is a noun phrase.

The speaker used the phrase adrenaline rush because it is difficult to find the right meaning of the phrase in Bahasa Indonesia. This phrase cannot be satisfactorily translated into Bahasa Indonesia. This phrase is frequently used by Indonesian people if they face any challenges. The speaker used this phrase because of low frequency of word.

Datum 10:

“Sebelum melihat penampilan mereka, kita akan menyapa dulu our gorgeous judges.”

This datum has one phrase of code mixing namely our gorgeous judges. It is a noun phrase. The phrase is made of three words which is our as a possessive pronoun, gorgeous as an adjective while judges as a noun. Although this phrase contains three words that has different word class, but this phrase has a head word namely judges. So, this phrase can be classified as noun phrase.

Based on John Echols dictionary, gorgeous in Bahasa Indonesia means “indah, permai.” In Oxford dictionary, gorgeous means very beautiful and attractive, giving pleasure and enjoyment. The speaker used this phrase because of low frequency of word. Gorgeous involves outer and inner appearance especially the personality. The word gorgeous has more stable meaning if it is said in English rather than in Bahasa

Indonesia.

Datum 11:

“Line voting sudah dibuka mulai dari sekarang jadinya anda bisa langsung sms dan dukung idola favorit anda”

In this utterance there is only one code mixing. It is the phrase line voting that consists of two words, line as a noun and voting as a noun. The head word of this phrase is voting and the phrase can be categorized as noun phrase.

For the last ten years, there have been many reality shows on television station in Indonesia including singing competition like Akademi Fantasi Indosiar (Indosiar),

Kontes Dangdut TPI (TPI), Kontes Dangdut Indosiar (Indosiar), Mendadak Dangdut

(TPI), Idola Cilik (RCTI), Mamamia (Indosiar), Stardut (Indosiar), Dreamband (Trans

7).19 A few years before, the champion in singing competition was still determined by the judges. However, in the next decade, the champion is determined by line voting.

Television viewers sent message to a fix number to vote their . Other reality shows outside singing competition like Seleb Dance (ANTV), Penghuni Terakhir (Antv),

Indonesian Model (Indosiar), Katakan Cinta (RCTI), and The Master (RCTI) also

19 http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acara_realitas follow the line voting method. Till now, line voting has been a new method to determine who the champion of the show is. So, the speaker used the phrase line voting because of introduction and development of new culture.

Datum 12:

“Saya pernah ngasih tau kamu mengenai mic technique”

Mic technique is the only code mixing in the utterance above. Mic is the brief form of microphone. Microphone is a noun and technique is also a noun. The head word of this phrase is technique and it can be categorized as a noun phrase.

Mic technique is microphone technique, specifically vocal microphone technique, refers to how you hold (and possibly move) the microphone when singing.20

Mic technique is a singing terminology. This word doesn’t have the similar meaning in

Bahasa Indonesia. So, the speaker used this word because of oversight.

Datum 13: “Memang masalah suara itu jangan dianggap enteng ya, memang kita semua disini pake ear monitor ya”

The utterance above contains one code mixing. It is the phrase ear monitor that can be classified as noun phrase with monitor as the head word. This phrase contains two words namely ear as a noun and monitor as a noun too.

An in-ear monitor is a small, custom-fit earpiece headphone, consisting of a high quality driver combination tuned to offer a specific frequency response, or "sound signature".21 A few years ago, the judges in a singing festival only could listen to the contestants’ voice via sound system. The judges couldn’t clearly listen to the contestants’ voice when they were singing. However, today as everything becomes

20 http://www.rodbest.com/Downloads/MICROPHONE%20TECHNIQUE.pdf 21 http://homerecording.about.com/od/recordingglossary/g/what_is_an_in_ear_monitor.htm more sophisticated and technology has been developed, more device and equipment’s been created. One of them is ear monitor. This device can facilitate the judges in singing competition to listen to the contestants’ voice more clearly. The speaker used this phrase as an introduction and development of new culture. CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

In this research, the writer found and analyzed 13 data which contained

Code Mixing case in Indonesian Idol Singing Competition Season 6. As

explained in Chapter 3, the 13 data analyzed were the comments of the judges

especially Agnes Monica and the utterances of Daniel Mananta as a host when

he was presenting the program.

The writer used theory of word and phrase for the first research question

and the theory of Weinrich, about the factors influencing Code Mixing. The

writer also used Jacobson theory about language function that Code Mixing

occurs not only on dialogue but also on monologue.

From 13 data, the writer found 9 data contained Code Mixing in phrase.

All of the data are noun phrase. The data also contained Code Mixing in word.

There are 6 data and all the data are noun.

The second research question is about the factor influencing Code

Mixing. The writer found 6 factors. They were pernicious homonimy in 1

datum, oversight in 4 data, low frequency of word in 5 data, introduction and

development of a new culture in 4 data and social value in 1 datum.

B. Suggestion The writer expected that this research can be a reference for the student college especially for the linguistics students who wanted to extend their knowledge in Sociolinguistics especially in Code Mixing fields. The writer is opened to receive any suggestion and critics. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Farkhan, Muhammad. Introduction to Linguistics. Jakarta: UIN Jakarta Press, 2006.

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Fasold, Ralph. The Sociolinguistics of Society. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1984.

Fernald, James G. English Grammar Simplified. New York: Barnes & Noble Book, 1963.

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Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Pusat Bahasa Edisi Keempat Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2008

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Kushartanti, et. al. Pesona Bahasa. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2005.

Hornby, A.S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Sixth Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000

Saville-Troike, Muriel. The Ethnography of Communication. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1982.

Nababan, P. W. J. Sosiolinguistik: Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1993.

Hazard, Patrick D. and Mary E. Hazard. Language and Literary Today. Chicago: Science Research Associates, Inc., 1987.

Suwito. Sosiolingistik Pengantar Awal. Solo : Hendri Offset, 1985. Weinreich, Uriel. Languages in Contact: Finding and Problem. New York : Mouton Publishers the Houge, 1963 http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acara_realitas accessed on Feb, 17th 2011 08:27 http://www.rodbest.com/Downloads/MICROPHONE%20TECHNIQUE.pdf accessed on Feb, 17th 2011 10:25 http://homerecording.about.com/od/recordingglossary/g/what_is_an_in_ear_monitor.ht m accessed on Feb, 17th 2011 07:32 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DETAILS

Name : Nopita Mulyani Place and date of birth: Jakarta, November 21st 1987 Gender : Female Religion : Islam Marital Status : Single Nationality : Indonesia Address : Jl.Saibun Rt.011/04 No. 51 Susukan Ciracas Jak-Tim 13750 Handphone : 0856 101 8989 Phone : 021 877 81 431 Email : [email protected] Id. No : 09.5410.611187.0191

FORMAL EDUCATION

University/school Faculty/Majoring Year Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic English Letters 2006-2010 University Jakarta Department SMAN 58 Jakarta Sciences 2003-2006 MTsN 7 MODEL Jakarta - 2000-2003 SDN Susukan 08 pagi - 1994-2000

NON FORMAL EDUCATION

------

ORGANIZATION EXPERIENCES

Year Position 2006-2009 Committee of BEM-J English Letters Department State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta 2003-2005 Committee of ROHIS 58 Jakarta 2003-2004 Committee of OSIS SMAN 58 Jakarta

CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP EXPERIENCE Time and Place Status Program Organizer Jakarta, May 12th, Committee The 7th BEM-J English 2007 Anniversary of Letters Department English Letters Department