Code-Switching in Indonesian Artists' Twitter Tweets

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CODE-SWITCHING IN INDONESIAN ARTISTS’ TWITTER TWEETS

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

By Laurentius Pradipta Yunandra Student Number: 121214097

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2016

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ABSTRACT

Yunandra, Laurentius Pradipta. (2016). Code-switching in Indonesian Artists’ Twitter Tweets. Yogyakarta: Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Department of Language and Arts Education, English Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University. Nowadays, people cannot be separated from information technology. People use the information technology to communicate with one to another. The Social media websites are one kind of information technology used by people in communication. People call the websites as social media because of the function of the social media to connect people around the world. Therefore, the existence of the social media also brings a language phenomenon called code-switching. There were two questions in this research. First, which types of code- switching are used by the Indonesian artists in their tweets? Second, what factors influence Indonesian artists to switch their code in their tweets? This research was a sociolinguistics research and used discourse analysis to answer the two research questions. The data used in this research were collected from Indonesian artists’ Twitter tweets through observation. The research results showed that the types of code-switching occurred in Indonesian artists’ twitter tweets were tag-switching, inter-sentential switching, intra-sentential switching. The Indonesian artists also used some combination of the types mentioned in their tweets. Furthermore, the factors occurred in the Indonesian artist Twitter tweets were: no similar word in the language in use; the user do not know the word in the language in use; it is easier for the user to use the user own language or the user uses other languages which are easier for the user to use; the user wants to add emphasis; the user forget the term; and there is similarity between both languages. There were cases that the tweets were influenced by more than one factor and three factors provided by the experts do not influence the Indonesian artist to switch their code in their tweets.

Keywords: code-switching, Indonesian artists, Twitter

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ABSTRAK

Yunandra, Laurentius Pradipta. (2016). Code-switching in Indonesian Artists’ Twitter Tweets. Yogyakarta: Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Department of Language and Arts Education, English Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University. Dewasa ini, orang-orang tidak bisa dipisahkan dengan teknologi informasi. Orang-orang menggunakan teknologi informasi untuk berkomunikasi dengan orang lain. Website-website Media sosial adalah salah satu jenis teknologi informasi yang digunakan oleh orang-orang dalam berkomunikasi. Orang-orang menyebut website-website tersebut sebagai media sosial karena fungsi dari media sosial sebagai alat untuk menghubungkan orang-orang diseluruh dunia. Oleh karena itu, eksistensi dari media sosial juga membawa sebuah fenomena bahasa yaitu alih kode. Ada dua pertanyaan pada penelitian ini. Pertama, tipe alih kode mana yang digunakan oleh para artis Indonesia di cuitan-cuitan mereka? Kedua, faktor- faktor apa sajakah yang mempengaruhi artis-artis Indonesia mengalihkan kode mereka di cuitan-cuitan mereka? Penelitian ini adalah penelitian sosiolinguistik dan menggunakan analisis wacana untuk menjawab dua pertanyaan penelitian diatas. Data-data yang digunakan di penelitian ini diambil dari cuitan-cuitan dari Twitter para artis Indonesia. Data-data tersebut diambil melalui observasi. Hasil-hasil dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa tipe-tipe dari alih kode yang muncul di cuitan-cuitan Twitter para artis Indonesia adalah alih pembubuhan, alih antar kalimat, dan alih intra kalimat. Para artis Indonesia juga menggunakan beberapa kombinasi dari tipe-tipe tersebut di cuitan-cuitan mereka. Selanjutnya, faktor-faktor yang muncul dicuitan-cuitan Twitter para artis Indonesia adalah tidak ada kata-kata yang sama di bahasa yang digunakan; pengguna tidak tahu kata yang sesuai di bahasa yang digunakan; pengguna lebih mudah menggunakan bahasanya sendiri atau pengguna menggunakan bahasa-bahasa lain yang lebih mudah digunakan; pengguna ingin menambah penekanan; pengguna lupa akan istilah yang tepat digunakan; dan ada kesamaan antara kedua bahasa. Ditemukan juga kasus-kasus bahwa cuitan-cuitan terpengaruh oleh lebih dari satu faktor dan ada tiga faktor yang di ungkapkan oleh para ahli tidak mempengaruhi para artis Indonesia untuk mengalihkan kode mereka di cuitan-cuitan mereka.

Kata kunci: code-switching, Indonesian artists, Twitter

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would express my gratitude to my Lord Jesus Christ for blessing and guiding me to finish my thesis. I thank Him for everything that He has given to me.

Second, I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Drs. Barli Bram, M.Ed.,

Ph.D., for his support, guidance, and suggestions so that I could complete my thesis. I would also thank all the English Language Educatioan Study Program lecturers for sharing their knowledge and experience, and guidance during my study years in ELESP.

Then, I would like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents, Bapak

Honoratus Wahjoedi and Ibu Margaretha Nanik Kunaryani. They have managed everything I need during my study. I also thank my family for their support and prayers.

Last but not least, I thank all my friends who give me encouragment to finish my study and everyone who I cannot mention one by one. Their love gives me energy to finish my thesis.

Laurentius Pradipta Yunandra

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the introduction of this study. It consists of the research background, the research problems, the problem limitation, the research objectives, the research benefits, and the definition of terms. Each section is presented as follows.

A. Research Background

Nowadays, people cannot be separated from the information technology, especially people who live in urban areas. The information technology is used by people to help them to do communication. Communication is a natural basic need of human as a social being. Moreover, people cannot live without any interactions with one and another. The interactions between people will happen if the people have a system that can facilitate their needs of communication. The system that can facilitate their needs of communication is a language.

The language has an important role for the people since it is used as a facilitating system in the people’s communication. The language has several functions and one of its functions is a social or relational function. Without the language, the people will not know other people’s willingness, needs, or intentions. In other words, people will not able to communicate with other people.

In order to make the communication easier and better, people develop intermediary tools to facilitate their needs of communication. There are two kinds

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2 of intermediary tools, namely the media, the printed media such as newspapers, pamphlets, posters, brochures and the electronic media such as websites, radios, and televisions broadcasting. Websites are popular electronic media. The websites become popular since internet becomes available for many people.

People often use social media websites to facilitate their communication needs. There are many kinds of social media websites in the world such as

Facebook, MySpace, Twitter, Hi5, and Instagram. Twitter is one of the social media which has many users. Based on the statistics released by smartinsight.com on April 2016, Twitter has 320 millions users around the world. It means that

Twitter is on the ‘Top 10’ rank of popular social media in the world. Twitter is chosen by the researcher because it is the most frequent social media used by the researcher. The research is conducted since the researcher has a close connection to Twitter. It leads the curiosity of the researcher to find any language phenomena in Twitter.

Many of the Twitter users post their tweets using language combinations.

Expertise called these combinations as code-switching. Wardhaugh (1992) states that the code-switching is a strategy in communication to pass and break the border which is blocking the relations in a group of people when they are communicating one to another (p. 103). Since the code-switching as bilingual speech behaviour allows the speakers to make any alternation of languages in a conversation, the code-switching phenomena can be seen in many places

(Spolsky, 1998). There were a large number of studies had been done to discuss the code-switching phenomena.

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This research aims to discuss the code-switching in the Indonesian artists’

Twitter tweets. This research discusses the Indonesian artists’ Twitter tweets which contain code-switching. The data from the Twitter are gathered on the particular time explained on the research limitation.

The Indonesian artists as public figures often employ more than one language in their tweets. In the practical use of the languages, the Indonesian artists use code-switching in their Twitter tweets. The code-switching in

Indonesian artists’ Twitter tweets is interesting to be observed related to English education especially in Indonesia. Many Indonesian students put their idols as their role models. Then, the code-switching action done by their idols become their example to do the same thing. Therefore, the code-switching can facilitate the English learners, especially for English Language Education Study Program

(ELESP) students to learn more about the language.

The code-switching helps the English learners to bridge the gaps of communication because of the learner language deficiency. In other words, the learners may switch their code in order to help them learn English better. Code- switching is also a useful way for language learners to transfer their knowledge of the subject being learned by the learners (Pollard, 2002). This issue also happens in the researcher experiences. It also becomes the trigger for the researcher to conduct this research. This research aims to observe the types and the factors of code-switching in Indonesian artists’ Twitter tweets in order to assist the

Indonesian English learners to learn English more, specifically in sociolinguistics area.

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B. Research Problems

Based on the research background, there are two research problems formulated as follows:

1. Which types of code-switching are used by Indonesian artists in their

Twitter tweets?

2. What factors influence Indonesian artists to switch their code in their

Twitter tweets?

C. Research Limitation

This research is limited to discuss the types of code-switching used by

Indonesian artists in their tweets and the factors that influence Indonesian artists to switch their code in their tweets. The tweets of Indonesian artists are the main sources of the research. The researcher observed the Indonesian artists' Twitter tweets that were posted on 1st of May 2016 until 31st of May 2016. There are only tweets from Indonesian artists containing code-switching were used in this research. The findings of the research cannot be generalized to other code- switching phenomena due to a small size of the sample chosen for this research.

D. Research Objectives

There are two objectives in this research formulated as follows:

1. To analyse the types of code-switching used by Indonesian artists in their

tweets.

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2. To identify the factors influencing Indonesian artists to switch their code in their tweets.

E. Research Benefits

There are some benefits of this research for the following parties.

1. English Learners

This research is expected to give the English learners, particularly the

English as a foreign language (EFL) learners and English Language Study

Program students, to get more information about code-switching. The learners may be motivated to apply their knowledge about English language by trying to speak in English even though they are beginners. English learners might have limitations of English vocabulary. By allowing the English learners to switch their code during the class, the English learners seem to be given a chance to explore their knowledge of English. It helps the English learners grow their feeling of confidence. Being confidence is important because it leads the English learners to overcome their fear to speak using English, expand their capabilities to learn

English, and grow their belief of themselves that they can achieve more knowledge about the language. Besides, they become more aware of these phenomena in their environment.

2. English Teachers

This research is expected to make the English teachers become aware about code-switching phenomena in their environment, especially in the academic area. The English teachers can also use code-switching to help their students to

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6 learn English better. They may switch their code while they teach their students in order to make the students get a better understanding about the teaching.

Moreover, The English teachers may also use the code-switching as their teaching materials.

3. Future Researchers

This research is expected to give future researchers inspiration to conduct a further study about code-switching or in a wider area of the sociolinguistics studies. There are a lot of code-switching phenomena on the internet. Future researchers may conduct an investigation about the code-switching phenomena in different aspects of code-switching.

4. Society

This research is expected to give an introduction about the code-switching for the people who read the research. The researcher expects this research can be a medium for the society to be more aware of the sociolinguistics phenomena around their surroundings. Besides, this research can be useful information to reduce misunderstanding among people who are not accustomed to these phenomena.

F. Definition of Terms

There are two terms in this research, namely code-switching and Twitter, which are important for the reader to perceive. The terms are defined as follows:

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1. Code-Switching

Code-switching is defined as "the action of moving from one language, dialect or variety to another, depending on the circumstances" (Asher, 1994).

Within this research, the code-switching refers to the language switching from

Indonesian into English or vice versa in Indonesian artists’ Twitter tweets.

2. Twitter

Twitter is a micro blogging website that allows users to post, read, reply and quote messages which called tweet in the timeline. Every tweet in Twitter consists of 140 characters maximum. Twitter is used to share any thought or information between its users. The users can read the tweets from the followed users via the timeline. The timeline is a Twitter page that is made by the Twitter developer for the Twitter users. The Twitter users can see the tweets from people who are followed by them chronologically.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter is divided into three sections, namely the review of related studies, the theoretical description, and the theoretical framework. The review of related studies describes previous studies related to the research topic. The theoretical description describes the general description of code-switching, types of code-switching, factors that influence people to switch their code, and the definition of Twitter. Meanwhile, the theoretical framework elaborates the procedures which are organized to accomplish this study.

A. Review of Related Studies

Mandiri (2010) presents observations of code-switching which exists in a social networking Facebook. The research aimed to reveal the reasons for using code-switching on a social networking website Facebook. The research revealed that the most frequent type of code-switching within Facebook pages was intra- sentential switching. The research also found three possible reasons for doing code-switching. The reasons were the users face difficulties to find any exact meaning, the users wanted to be seen as a well-educated person, and there were special terms of the discussion.

Bista (2010) conducted a research in a Southern American university which proposes to identify and evaluate the factors affecting code-switching in a classroom among fifteen bilingual international students. The research result

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9 revealed that the main factor of code-switching phenomena in international classroom is incompetence in the second language.

Adityanto (2012) also conducted a research about "Code-switching in

Kompas and Republika Newspapers". The research result showed some types of code-switching that occurred in the data; there are diglossic code-switching, single word code-switching, phrase code-switching, clause code-switching, whole sentence code-switching, and integrated loanword code-switching. The phrase code-switching was the most frequent code-switching and clause code-switching was the least frequent.

There are six possible reasons showed in the result. The reasons were, the speaker quotes from other languages, the speaker talks with the different language, there is a certain purpose of the speaker, the effect of topical discussion, the effect of the first sentence, and the effect of conversation speaking situation.

The research also concluded that code-switching might support English learning.

It happened when it was using the correct grammar and become the obstruction if it is using the ungrammatical pattern.

In the research of Code-switching in Indonesian artists’ Twitter tweets the researcher is going to investigate the types of code-switching and the factors that influence Indonesian artists to switch their code in their tweets. Twitter is a unique social media, which only allow maximum 140 characters for every post and it makes the users of Twitter should use effective expressions which understandable for everyone who read their tweets via the timeline.

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B. Theoretical Description

This research presents sociolinguistics as a branch of linguistic study, the meaning of code-switching, types of code-switching, factors influence people to switch their code, and Twitter as a social networking website.

1. Sociolinguistics

Wardhaugh (1992) defines sociolinguistics as a study that tried to discover how the social structure can be understood better through the study of language itself (p. 13). Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistic study investigating the relationship between language and society. The goal of this study is making a better understanding of the structure goal in the sociology of the language.

People as parts of the society use the language as a system of communication. They need the language to transfer their idea or information which means there is a relation between the language and the society. In order to make the information or the idea clear; the people send their information or idea in a context and modify the language to make it acceptable to the addressee.

2. Code-switching

Wardhaugh (2006) states that people always employ a code when communicate with other people. Mostly, the code is mentioned as language. In a specific case, when there are two or more people communicate to each other, then mixing or shifting their languages, that action is called code-switching (para. 1).

There are various definitions of code-switching. In order to make the research become comprehensive, this research presents definitions of code- switching from several linguists. Based on Gumperz (1982), code-switching is PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

"juxtaposition within the same speech exchange of passages of speech belonging to different grammatical system or subsystems” (as cited in Romaine, 1995, p.

121). Similarly, Gal (1988) defines code-switching as a conversational strategy.

People use code-switching to wipe out any limitation between communication groups to create or change the interpersonal relations with their own idea and action (as cited in Wardhaugh 1992, p. 103). Moreover, Hoffman (1991) states that code-switching as "The alternate use of two languages or linguistic varieties within the same utterance or during the same conversation". In short, code- switching is a communication strategy using combination of languages.

The code-switching is commonly used by people who master at least two kinds of languages. Weinreich (1968) states "the practice of alternately using two languages will be called bilingualism, and the person involved, bilingual” (as cited in Romaine, 1995, p. 122). Therefore, people who have the ability to speak two languages are called as bilingual speakers. The reasons of the bilinguals like to shift their language because of the feeling of convenience (Spolsky, 1998).

Van Herk (2012) states that the speakers use code-switching which commonly motivated by their purpose. For example, a speaker (first speaker) is expressing his/her solidarity to another speaker (second speaker) in a conversation. The first speaker who is involved in a conversation or a discussion shifts his/her language when the second speaker who does not understand the language comes to join the discussion. This action aims to make the second speaker understand and follow the discussion.

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3. Types of Code-switching

There are some linguists classified code-switching into some categories.

Based on Poplack (1980), there are three types of code-switching (as cited in

Romaine, 1991, p. 122). Each point will be presented as follows. a. Tag-Switching

Tag-switching is a code-switching action when the speaker attaches or adds any tag or filler in a sentence. The speaker or the writer adds a word or words in a sentence without violating any grammar rule. The examples of tag- switching can be seen as follows.

1) It’s okay, bukan masalah, semua masih baik-baik saja.

2) By the way, apa kabar kamu sekarang?

3) She is beautiful, bukan? b. Inter-sentential switching

Inter-sentential switching is an action where the speaker switches his/her code in a full sentence or between sentences. There are the examples of intersentential switching:

4) Einstein merupakan seorang penemu terhebat abad ini. He is very genius.

Sudah banyak teori yang ia temukan dan yang paling terkenal adalah teori

tentang hukum relativitas.

5) Okay, this is a very interesting topic. Coba kamu jelaskan lebih dalam kepada

saya.

6) We are in a big trouble. Masalah kemarin ternyata telah dilaporkan oleh

orang itu. We need to make a good argument to explain that case. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

13 c. Intra-sentential switching

It is a code-switching action where the speaker switches the code within a sentence. The speaker switches his/her code in the form of sentence, word, phrase or clause. The switch depends on the speaker needs. The examples of intra- sentential switching can be seen as follows.

7) Nanti malam akan saya copy berkas yang sudah kamu berikan kepada saya.

8) Mau minum teh, susu, atau soft drink?

9) It’s easy to give comment, tapi kamu pernah mencobanya belum?

In addition, Asher (1994) explains six terms of code-switching, namely, diglossia, situational code-switching, metaphoric code-switching, conversational code-switching, single-word code-switching, and integrated loanwords.

Diglossia is a characteristic of speech community (Wardhaugh, 1992).

Diglossic communities have two varieties of code, there are high (H) and low (L) variety. The high (H) variety is used in formal discourse since it shows prestige and the low (L) variety is used in less formal discourse. The members of the diglossic speech community know when they have to change their speech between high to low and vice versa. People frequently use the H variety in a formal situation such as in an interview, a business meeting, and a plenary session. They change their language into the L variety while they come into a less formal situation such as talking with their friends or family outside the formal situation.

Situational code-switching happens when people in a conversation change the code based on the situation in which the situation take place. There is no topic change involved in this type of code-switching (Wardhaugh, 2006). Gumperz PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

(1982) states that situational switch involves the changes of participants. They speak one language in one situation and speak another language in another situation.

The example of situational code-switching can be seen in a conversation between a seller and a customer in Malioboro. The customer is a tourist from

Bandung who wants to buy a souvenir and the seller is a local inhabitant. Firstly, the customer tries to ask the seller about the souvenir by using the Javanese language as the local language. The purpose is to get a cheaper price. Then, the seller explains about the souvenir also by using the Javanese language, but the customer seems confused because of his/her language deficiency. The seller realizes it and re-explains his/her explanation by using Indonesian as the

Indonesian national language in order to make the customer understand the explanation.

Metaphoric code-switching occurs when there is a possibility of the role changing between speakers. People change the code as they redefine the situation

(Wardhaugh, 1992). This case of code-switching frequently happens in a conversation when the first speakers have a close relationship to another speaker.

The relationship may lead the code changing which usually used in the conversation.

For example, an applicant goes to a company to apply for a job. Then, the applicant meets a front officer who has any relationship with the applicant, such as a friend or family in the office. The applicant may talk informally for the first time to the front officer with the code which they usually used in their daily PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

15 interaction. Then the applicant and the front officer change the language code into formal in order to involve with the main purpose of the conversation.

Conversational code-switching is different from situational code- switching. It is not controlled by the changing of the topic or situation. It is also called style shifting or code mixing. For example, an Indonesian student who is studying English does not know the English terminology in a conversation; she/he will turn it into his/her native language, Indonesian, in order to make a complete sentence.

Single word code-switching or borrowing is a type of code-switching which involves a word in a switching action of a sentence. The speaker only adds or attaches a word within a sentence. The word that is used in the sentence is a specific terminology. It is used because of a lexical need (Wardhaugh, 1992). For example, an Indonesian said "Jadi, Samsung akan meluncurkan dua smartphone baru bulan ini". In that example, the speaker substitutes Indonesian words ponsel pintar into an English word smartphone.

Integrated loanword is a type of code-switching which happens in a morpheme level. Morpheme level means a speaker may integrate a word which is loaned from another language by an affix, prefix, or suffix. For example, a loaned

English word download integrated with a Indonesian affix di- become di- download such as in the following sentence "Berkas tersebut di-download pada pukul 15.30".

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4. Factors of Code-Switching

Based on Bista (2010) there are seven factors influence speakers to switch their language revealed in his research. Each point will be presented as follows.

First, there is no similar word in the language used by the speaker.

Language is influenced by the language’s environment and it makes every language is unique. There are always different life aspects in every area or country which makes a language has a special term that another language does not have.

Second, the speaker does not know the word that she/he wants to use in a language. It happens if the speaker is not a native speaker or an expert language learner. The speaker may have lack of vocabulary that makes the speaker does not know the word that she/he wants to use.

Third, the speaker wants to avoid the gap in communication. It happens because of the lack of fluency of the target language. As a result, the speaker chooses to switch his/her language in order to fill the gap happens in a conversation.

Fourth, it is easier for the speaker to use the speaker own language or the speaker use other languages which are easier for the speaker to use. This case is related to any expression that may be different between the languages. It is also related to the simplicity of the language used by the speaker.

Fifth, the speaker wants to avoid misunderstanding between the speakers.

This factor usually influences the language learners. The language learners may have the same mother tongue and same language in learning. The language PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

17 learners switch their language to help them reduce or avoid misunderstanding because of their lack of knowledge of the language.

Sixth, the speaker wants to add emphasis. In this factor, a speaker may repeat the message in order to emphasise the message. The reason is the speaker has not transferred the message meaning to the addressee. The speaker may also emphasise his/her message by switching the code to make the addressee understand the message clearly. This factor is used to send the message clearly, to make other impressed or notice the speaker, and to make the speech stylish or to be thought as a clever person.

Seventh, the speaker wants to maintain his/her privacy, the speakers switch their code to keep their private information. They do not want the information to be leaked to other people who do not have any importance to know about the information. For example, in an international class, while there is a secret conversation between the first and the second speakers who come from the same country, they will switch their language into their country language to avoid other people know about their secret conversation.

Malmkjaer (2016) states there are three factors why people use code- switching. First, the speaker may forget the terms of the language. It automatically leads the speaker to change the terms into the other terms in another language. For example, a native Indonesian speaker who had lived in the United

States for a long time, then come back to Indonesia after his/her retirement may face difficulties to speak certain term in Indonesian because she/he forgets the term that she/he should use in Indonesian. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Second, the language in use does not have the terms related to the concept that the speaker wants to denote. In a language, there are terms which have not the identical meaning terms in the other language. It might be related to the cultural aspect, the grammatical system, or other possibilities. In Indonesian, there is a word oleh-oleh which does not have a direct translation in English. Oleh-oleh means stuff or foods which are ordered by families, friends, or colleagues when a person goes for a holiday or other else. It happens because the cultural differences between Indonesia and west cultures like the United Kingdom.

Third, there are similarities between both languages. The similarities can be seen in some aspects of language, the similarity in structure and grammatical aspect, the similarity in expression, or the similarity in vocabulary. The vocabulary similarities often lead the code-switching in conversations. For example, in Indonesia, the greeting word halo frequently switches into the word hello in English. Even though both words have a similar meaning, the use of the word hello in Indonesian still categorised as a code-switching. This case happens since the speaker has the ability to use two languages, Indonesian and English, which called a bilingual speaker.

5. Social Networking Website: Twitter

Social Network is a social connection between individuals, families, villages and so on (Bandyopadhyay, Rao, & Sinha, 2011). In this research, the connection was through the internet, using social networking website: Twitter.

Thus, social networking website is a medium which is used by people to make a PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

19 social connection between individuals, families, villages or maybe the whole world with the internet as the intermediary.

Twitter is an information network or micro blogging website that allows the user to post, read, reply, or quote messages in a Twitter page called timeline.

Every message in the Twitter consists of 140 characters. Twitter called the message that is posted on their timeline website as a tweet.

There are two types of the Twitter timeline, the home timeline, and the user timeline. The home timeline is a display stream of tweets from the accounts that the user chose to follow. Meanwhile, the user timeline is a display stream of the user tweets or another tweet that is re-tweeted or quoted by the user. People are tweeting to deliver new information, their feeling or just to give comment on a certain topic.

6. Discourse Analysis

Gee (2011) defines discourse analysis as the study of language usage. It is about how language enacts social and cultural identity. There were some approaches to do in discourse analysis. Some of the approaches focus on the content of language being used or the themes and issues being discussed, for example in a conversation or news. Some other looked at the structure and its function to convey meaning.

Brown and Yule (1983) state that written and spoken texts represent the discourse. Discourse analysis applies two major functions of language, transactional and interactional. First, transactional function is the function of PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

20 language which serves in an expression of content. Second, Interactional function is the function of language in expressing social relation and personal attitude.

The aim of discourse analysis is "to map out the processes in which we struggle about the way in which the meaning of signs is to be fixed, and the processes by which some fixations of meaning become so conventionalized that we think of them as natural"(Jorgensen & Philips, 2002). Thus, discourse analysis is used to find the meaning in a communication activity based on its context.

C. Theoretical Framework

Based on the theoretical description, the researcher presents some theories which are appropriate as a framework to process and to analyse the research data. There are two major theories in this research, namely the types of code-switching and the factors that influence Indonesian artists to switch their code. The theories were used to help the researcher to answer the two research problems.

The researcher used a theory from Poplack (1980) about the types of code-switching to answer the first question. There are three types of code- switching, which are: tag-switching, intra-sentential switching, and intersentential switching. The theory is used as a fundamental reference to help the researcher in analysing the types of code-switching in Indonesian artists' tweets.

The theories that are used to answer the second problem, the factors that influence Indonesian artist to switch their code in their tweets, are taken from

Bista (2010) and Malmkjaer (1996). Bista (2010) mentions seven factors and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Malmkjaer (1996) mentions three factors. There is one of the factors from both researchers is similar. Thus, the researcher summarizes the factors become nine factors.

There are nine factors which influence people to switch their code. First, there is no similar word in the language used by the speaker. Second, the speaker does not know the word in the target language. Third, the speaker wants to fill the gap because of the lack of fluency in the target language. Fourth, it is easier for the speaker to use the speaker own language or the speaker uses other languages which are easier for the speaker to use. Fifth, the speaker wants to avoid misunderstanding. Sixth, the speaker wants to add emphasis. Seventh, the speaker wants to maintain privacy. Eighth, the speaker forgets the terms in the language in use. Ninth, there is any similarity between both languages (the first language and the second language in use).

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter elaborates the methodology which is used to conduct this research. This chapter consists of the research method, the data source, the data gathering technique, the data analysis technique, and the research procedure. Each section is presented as follows.

A. Research Method

This research aims to answer two problems. First, which types of code- switching are used by Indonesian artists in their tweets? Second, what factors influence Indonesian artists to switch their code in their tweets? Since the tweets were social phenomena of sociolinguistics called as code-switching, the data source are the Twitter Indonesian artists’ Twitter tweets, and sociolinguistic study concerns in language and society, this research was considered as a qualitative research and using discourse analysis.

Qualitative research was rooted from phenomenology, which saw a social reality as something that could not be same to one and another. Qualitative research is used to understand social phenomena (Ary, Jacobs, & Razavieh, 2002).

Since qualitative research aims to understand social phenomena, it should tend to focus on people point of view on watching certain events. The perspective of context might be different from one and another. Therefore, the research focuses

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23 on describing and interpreting the data collection based on the theories that is used in this research.

In conducting qualitative research, this research applied discourse analysis in order to answer the two questions related to the problems. The research problems are types of code-switching used by Indonesian artists in their tweets and factors that influence Indonesian artists to switch their code in their tweets.

The researcher combines some theories to answer the two research problems. To answer the first problem, the researcher categorizes the tweets from

Indonesian artist into the type categorization provided by the expert. For the second problem, the researcher analyses the factors that influence the Indonesian artists to switch their code in their tweets using discourse analysis. The contexts of the tweets become important to see the occurred factors.

B. Data Source

This research had the purposes to uncover the types of code-switching used by Indonesian artists in their tweets and to uncover the factors that influence

Indonesian artists to switch their code in their tweets. The research was conducted on 1st May 2016 up to 31st May 2016. The researcher decided to conduct the research after the researcher read one of an artist’s Twitter tweet on that period of time. Moreover, the researcher had free time in that period of time. Therefore, the researcher decided to collect the data of Indonesian artists’ Twitter tweets on that period of time. During the observation period, the researcher found many tweets from many Indonesian artists, but in the case where the tweets did not contain PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

24 code-switching, the researcher did not include the tweets in the data. After the process of selecting the tweets that contain code switching, the researcher put the data in a list as shown in the appendix. The data gathered from the observation showed that there were ten Indonesian artists’ Twitter tweets contained code- switching.

The method to collect the data was observation. The researcher observed ten Indonesian artists’ Twitter accounts and took notes for every occurrence of code-switching in their tweets.

C. Data Gathering Technique

There are some steps used to collect the data for the research. First, the researcher made two observation sheets in a form of tables. The researcher observed the Twitter accounts of Indonesian artists which showed the occurrence of code-switching in their tweets. Second, the researcher observed the Twitter accounts of Indonesian artists which showed the occurrence of code-switching in their tweets in a period of time. The researchers analysed the tweets using observation sheets to identify the types of code-switching used by the Indonesian artists in their tweets and the factors that influence Indonesian artists to switch their code in their tweets. The example of the observation sheets used for obtaining the data was shown below.

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Table 3.1 The example of types of code-switching observation sheet

No Date Tweets Types T IE IA 1 30/5/2016 Belum bisa move on dari net 3.0 or Jessie J? 2 20/5/2016 Ketawa-ketawa ga jelas nonton ini. These guys are hilarious: https://youtu.be/-SM- Yve5Ang cc: @vidialdiano @adhrrf 2 12/5/2016 Special request from the little Bear, buat sarapan pengennya crispy crepes. T=Tag-switching IE=Inter-sentential switching IA=Intra-sentential switching

The Table 3.1 shows the observation sheet used by the researcher to analyse the types of code-switching used by the Indonesian artists in their tweets.

There are three types of code-switching presented in the tables, tag-switching, intra-sentential switching, and inter-sentential switching. The researcher puts a tick (√) on every appropriate type of the code-switching that the tweets showed.

Table 3.2 The example of factors influence Indonesian artists observation

sheet

No Date Tweets Factors N D F E A A M F W S W G S M E P T S 1 11/5/2016 Hi guys! Lagi pada apa? Lets chat im bored 2 29/5/2016 Thank you Urban Gigs Medan, walaupun menunggu sangat lama hingga hujan reda tapi tetap semangat dan positiff, see ya next time!! 3 3/5/2016 Udh cocok jadi Hulk? Apa iklan cat tambok ya? What do you think guys?

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NS = No similar word ES = Easier to speak MP = to maintain privacy DW = Do not know the word AM = to add emphasis FT = Forget the term FG = to fill Gap AE = to avoid misunderstanding WS = Word similarity

The Table 3.2 shows the observation sheet used by the researcher to identify the factors that influence Indonesian artists to switch their code in their tweets. After categorizing the types of code-switching, the researcher identified the factors by putting a tick (√) on the provided table based on the code-switching cases in the tweets.

D. Data Analysis Technique

The gathered data were analysed by using some steps. First, the researcher classified the code-switching phenomena that found in the tweets into the observation sheet. The observation sheet contains the types of code-switching.

There are three types of code-switching that mentioned by Poplack (1980), the tag-switching, inter-sentential switching and intra-sentential switching. (as cited in

Romaine, 1996, p.122)

Second, the data were analysed to discover the factors that influence

Indonesian artists to switch their code in their tweets. The factors of code- switching are taken from Bista (2010) and Malmkjaer (1996).

There are nine factors influencing people to do code-switching provided by the experts: (1) There is no similar word in the language in use. (2) The speaker does not know the word in the target language. (3) The speaker wants to fill gaps because of the lack of fluency in the target language. (4) It is easier for PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

27 the speaker to use the speaker own language or the speaker use other languages which are easier for the speaker to use (5) The speaker wants to avoid misunderstanding. (6) The speaker wants to add emphasis. (7) The speaker wants to maintain his/her privacy. (8) The speaker forgets the terms in the language in use. (9) The similarity both languages.

During the data analysis process, the researcher organized the data based on the date of the tweets. Then, the researcher observed the data to check whether they were valid or not. Next, the researcher put the data based on the categories in the observation sheet about the types of code-switching. Next step, the researcher classified the factors that influenced Indonesian artists to switch their code in their tweets. The researcher also removed emoticons used in the tweets to reduce the distraction while analysing the data. The last step was the researcher summarized the data collection based on the types and the factors of code-switching.

E. Research Procedures

This section describes the steps of the research procedures that was used to get the information about the phenomena of code-switching occurred on the

Indonesian artists’ Twitter tweets. The procedures taken in this research were:

1. Selecting the research problem

The first step of this research was determining the problems of the topic chosen: code-switching. The researcher was interested in the code-switching in the Indonesian artists' Twitter tweets. The researcher was curious to find out the factors influence the Indonesian artists to switch their code in their tweets. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

2. Collecting the data source

The researcher made the research limitation to keep the research specific.

The researcher decided the period of time for collecting the data. Then the researcher observed the Twitter to find the data. After the observation, the researcher took note for the every data needed in the research.

3. Reviewing the theories

The researcher reviewed some theories related to the code-switching studies. This step was important to be conducted in order to obtain the valid findings and support the research analysis.

4. Designing and filling the observation sheets

It was important to design the observation sheets. It was needed to classify the data of the research. The Observation sheets contained the Indonesian artist's name, the date of the tweets, their tweets, the types of code-switching and the factors that influence people to switch their code.

After the observation sheets had been made, the researcher started to fill the table of the observation sheet with the collected data. In this step, the researcher also identified which types of code-switching used by the Indonesian artists in their tweets and the factors that influence the Indonesian artists to switch their code in their tweets.

5. Analysing the types and factors influencing code-switching

After listing the tweets of the Indonesian artists, the researcher identified the types of the code-switching from it. Then, the researcher identified the factors PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

29 that influence the Indonesian artist to switch their code in their tweets and figured out the arguments and explanations.

6. Making conclusions and reporting the results based on findings

The researcher concluded the findings based on the problems. It was done in order to make clear and understandable results and check whether the results of the study answered the research problems that have been made before. The researcher reported the findings and conclusions based on the results of the research.

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CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the research findings and discussion, related to the problems stated in the first chapter of the research. There were two questions which had to be answered through this research. First, which types of code- switching are used by Indonesian Artists in their tweets? Second, what factors influence Indonesian artists to switch their code in their tweets?

A. The Types of code-switching used by Indonesian artist in their tweets

The researcher conducted some literature reviews related to the research topic, code-switching. The reviews used to help the researcher to answer the research problems. Through the observation within the research, the researcher identified that Indonesian artists frequently wrote their tweets in two languages,

English and Indonesian. The Indonesian artists combined or mixed those two languages in their tweets. They shifted their language from English to Indonesian or vice versa in their tweets. Experts called that action as code-switching.

Gumperz (1982) states that code-switching is " a juxtaposition within the same speech exchange of passages of speech belonging to different grammatical system or subsystems" (as cited in Romaine, 1995, p. 121).

The first problem discussed in this research was the types of code- switching in Indonesian artists' tweets. Based on the problem discussed in, there

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31 are three types ofcode-switching explained by Poplack (1980). They are tag- switching, inter-sentential switching, and intra-sentential switching.

This section presents the findings from the observation within the research. The examples of types of code-switching cases were listed in the Table

4.1.

Table 4.1 The types of code-switching observation sheet

No Date Tweets Types of code- switching T IE IA 1 6/5/2016 Hey guys, pokoknya besok kalian harus √ nonton lovepedia di trans tv jam 12 siang, HARUS! Okay? 2 17/5/2016 Morning guys! Buah apa yang seger utk √ sarapan pagi ini ya? 3 19/5/2016 Mapan itu perlu bukti, bukan mimpi. Great √ fun sharing about perjalanan gw #menujumapan tadi. http://bit.ly/1TgKJJE

The data were analysed by applying the types of code-switching theory explained by Poplack (1980). The researcher found numbers of code-switching cases in the data gathered from 1st of May 2016 up to 31st of May 2016 on

Indonesian artists tweets. There were all of the types of code-switching; tag- switching, intra-sentential switching, and inter-sentential switching found in the data.

1. Tag-switching

Based on the findings, tag-switching actions are found in the data. There are the examples of tag-switching cases found in the data:

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32 a. (tweet from user 2, 6/5/2016) Hey guys, pokoknya besok kalian harus

nonton lovepedia di trans tv jam 12 siang, HARUS! Okay? (see Appendix

B. p. 50, item 25) b. (tweet from user 3, 20/5/2016) 1. Dear all, bersama ini aku mau kasih

penjelasan terkait pemberitaan seputar aku belanja online. (see Appendix

C. p. 52, item 46)

c. (tweet from user 7, 3/5/2016) Kuat dong, yes!!RT @adhi_surabaya:

@danangpostman kayak kaki'nya tukang becak (see Appendix G. p. 56 ,

item 77)

From the first example we could see that user 2 added a phrase hey guys

and tagged a word okay. In the second example, user 3 tagged words Dear all

which applied in the initial of the sentence. The third example showed that user

7 tagged an English word Yes at the end of the sentence.

2. Inter-sentential switching

Inter-sentential switching cases are found in the data collection. There are three examples of inter-sentential switching in the data collection as seen as follows. a. (tweet from user 1, 11/5/2016) Hi guys! Lagi pada apa? Lets chat im

bored. (see Appendix A. p. 48, item 5) b. (tweet from user 4, 20/5/2016) Ketawa-ketawa ga jelas nonton ini. These

guys are hilarious: https://youtu.be/-SM-Yve5Ang cc: @vidialdiano

@adhrrf (see Appendix D. p. 53, item 59)

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33 c. (tweet from user 10, 10/5/2016) Preapare for INDONESIA KID CHOICE

AWARDS 2016 shoot. Kenapa muka gw aneh ya, gmn mnrt kalian? (see

Appendix J. p. 63, item 171)

The examples above showed the inter-sentential switching cases in

Indonesian artist's tweets. In the first example, user 1 switched his language from

English (the first sentence) to Indonesian (the second sentence) and then switched again to English (the third sentence). The second example showed that user 4 were switching her languages from Indonesian (the first sentence) to English (the second sentence). In the last example, user 10 switched his language from English

(the first sentence) to Indonesian (the second sentence).

3. Intra-sentential switching

The data collection showed the Inter-sentential switching cases in the

Indonesian artists' tweets. There were three examples of the intra-sentential switching in the Indonesian artist tweets: a. (tweets from user 1, 19/5/2016)Wait wait... have u seen coldplays new

video clip yg judulnya up & up? Go check it out its fucking brilliant (see

Appendix A. p. 48, item 14) b. (tweets from user 8, 3/5/2016)Buat Saraddicts pengguna Android bs

download nyai disini

http://www.deezer.com/album/11987274 #lagunyaSuti (see Appendix H.

p. 57, item 86) c. (tweets from user 9, 9/5/2016) Ahh sebetulnya masih banyak lagi tentang

travelling yang ingin aku share (see Appendix I. p. 58, item 107)

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From the examples of intra-sentential switching cases above, the

Indonesian Artists were tweeting in two languages, English and Indonesian. User

1, in the example a, inserted Indonesian words yang judulnya in a sentence written in English. The examples b and c were different from the example a. User

8 inserted an English word download in the middle of a sentence written in

Indonesian. In the example c, user 9 inserted English words Live Chat in a sentence written in Indonesian.

B. The Factors of Using Code-switching by Indonesian Artists

This part was presented by the researcher to answer the second research problem. In order to identify the factors that influence Indonesian artists to switch their code in their tweets, the researcher used the theories from Bista (2010) and

Malmkjaer (1996). They are (1) there is no similar words in the language in use,

(2) the speaker do not know the word in the target language, (3) the speaker wants to fill gap because of the lack of fluency in the target language, (4) it is easier by the users using their own language or the speaker use other languages which are easier for the speaker, (5) the speaker wants to avoid misunderstanding, (6) the speaker wants to add emphasis, (7) the speaker wants to maintain privacy, (8) the user forgets the terms in the language in use, and (9) there is similarity between both languages. Since this research was a qualitative research and using discourse analysis, it was essential for the researcher to interpret the data collections based on the related theories.There are examples of factors influence Indonesian artist to switch their code cases were listed in the Table 4.2.

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Table 4.2 The factors influence Indonesian artists observation sheet

No Date Tweets Factors N D F E A A M F W S W G S M E P T S 1 2/5/2016 Seharian headset nempel √ terus dengerin lagu di spotify paket data hemat pake #FrewdomCombo! #FreedomMusic 2 18/5/2016 Cover terseru with these √ guys! cc: @boywilliam @brandonicholas 3 25/5/2016 Morning guys. Ga kerasa √ banget udah hari rabu. 2 hari lagi menuju @TheVoiceRCT I

There are the factors appeared in the data as follows:

1. No Similar Word

This factor appeared because some terms of both languages are not equal one to another. There are many aspects affecting the inequality of language.

There were three examples of this factor in Indonesia artists’ tweets: a. (tweet from user 1, 2/5/2016) Seharian headset nempel terus dengerin

lagu di spotify paket data hemat pake #FrewdomCombo! #FreedomMusic

(see Appendix K. p. 65, item 182) b. (tweet from user 3, 19/5/2016) Berita soal aku ga berani belanja online

memang benar, kalau bukan di Tokopedia :) (see Appendix M. p. 69, item

226) c. (tweet from user 10, 19/5/2016) Ingin hidup mapan itu seperti ingin

memiliki badan 6-pack! Gak akan jadi six-pack kalo ga pake…

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https://www.instagram.com/p/BFvaS8MzW8a/ (see Appendix T. p. 83,

item 358)

There were similar cases which happened in those three examples. In the first example, user 1 switched from Indonesian into English. User 1 switched when using the word headset because there was no term which have the same meaning in Indonesian. In the second example, user 3 switched from Indonesian into English at the word Online which did not have any similar word in

Indonesian. In the third example, user 10 used the term six-pack and 6-pack because there was no term in Indonesian similar to those terms.

2. Do not know the word

The cases when the speaker does not know the word in the target language only appeared once in the data. It could be seen in user 9 tweet on 12th of May

2016. The tweet is "Rise and grind! Pagi ini sarapan kita penuh protein, dadar almond cokelat dengan selai kacang almond.". In this case, user 9 used word almond in the middle of a sentence written in Indonesian. The word almond has a direct translation biji badam and the words biji badam itself is rarely used by the

Indonesian people. (see Appendix S. p. 74, item 295)

3. Easiness in the language usage

Easiness was one of the factors which always attract people to switch their code and it has happened in tweets. This factor became one of the factors that might influence the Indonesian artists. The Twitter users were more comfortable when they are tweeting in their own language or the users found the word simplicity, correct term, expression, or idiom in the target language which made

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37 the sentence shorter and effective. The examples of the tweets from the users which showed the occurrence of this factor can be seen as follows. a. (tweet from user 1, 11/5/2016) This year byk cool things! RT

@Rachmahasri: @boywillam ada project terbaru apa kak ditahun ini?

Mungkin project film lagi atau apa gitu? (see Appendix J. p. 65, item 185) b. (tweet from user 1, 11/5/2016) Hi guys! Lagi pada apa? Lets chat im

bored (see Appendix J. p. 65, item 186) c. (tweet from user 6, 21/5/2016) Yuk @HappyShowTTV now!!! (see

Appendix P. p. 73, item 254)

The first example showed that user 1 switched the language from English to Indonesian by inserting an abbreviation byk which means banyak in or many in

English. This tweet categorized into this factor because the word banyak made a simplification from English phrase that probably the user need to write in the tweet.

The second example showed that user 1 also switched the language from

English to Indonesian but intersententialy. User 1 switched at the second sentence lagi pada apa?. The sentece itself was a typical of Indonesian people question and it was easier for user 1 to express what the user 1 wanted to express rather than using English.

In the last example, user 6 switched from Indonesian into English. User 6 used the English word now because it was shorter and simpler than the Indonesian word sekarang. The Indonesian word, sekarang, had a similar meaning with the

English word, now, in sentence context.

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4. To add emphasis

Emphasizing a message in a conversation is important to convey the meaning of the message. The users tried to emphasise their messages by switching their language to another language. The aim of emphasizing the message was to make the people who were involved in the conversation remember or notice the messages from the users.

Most of time, the users were switching the code in order to emphasise or to show that they were clever or only wanted to make their speeches were stylistic by using language combination in it. There are some examples of adding emphasis in the Indonesian artists' tweets: a. (tweet from user 2, 18/5/2016) Siapa mau ketemu sama aku? Ok, next

week aku mau adain meet n greet spontan, watch out (see Appendix L. p.

67, item 210) b. (tweet from user 3, 17/5/2016) Hidup sehat ngasih banyak perubahan buat

aku, gimana dgn kalian? Ikuti challenge hidup sehat & gabung #TimHijau

di http://hitamvshijau.com (see Appendix N. p. 69, item 225) c. (tweet from user 9, 5/5/2016) Bolu ketan hitam (Fermented black sticky

rice cake) buatanku. Resepnya ada di instagramku. (see Appendix S. p. 76,

item 284)

The first example that user 2 switched the code by inserting some English phrases in the middle of a sentence written in Indonesian. User 2 used the phrases next week, meet n greet and watch out. Those three phrases emphasized the

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39 information that user 2 wanted to share. The information was the user wanted to arrange a spontaneous meet and greet next week.

The second example also had the same reason. User 3 wanted to share the important information by inserting an English word challenge in the middle of a sentence written in Indonesian. User 3 intentionally challenged the people to choose the green team as their team to face the challenge.

The third example was different from the first and second examples. In the third example, user 9 repeated the phrase Bolu ketan hitam using English phrase

Fermented black sticky rice cake. The purpose was to make the people involved in the conversation notice the information and got the message clearly. User 9 might wanted to be thought as a person who was expert about it.

5. Forgetting the term

Forgetting is a familiar situation for people. The forget condition happens usually when people are forcing themselves to remember the thing that they should remember. In a situation like tweeting, the users sometimes need to share information immediately, but forgetting the term in the language in use because of the pressure to remember the term. Therefore, they try to substitute the term in another language. There are some examples of the used of code-switching by the

Indonesian artist because of this factor: a. (tweet from user 1, 18/5/2016) Insert Fashion Awards coming soon.. im

hosting! Deg-deg-an (see Appendix K. p. 66, item 193) b. (tweet from user 7, 31/5/2016) Pameran Indonesia Celullar Show

surganya pmburu brang br dngan harga seru. Jngan lp install dl Aplikasi

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@my_hartono #myhartono #AntiDiPHPin (see Appendix Q. p. 73, item

265) c. (tweet from user 9, 16/5/2016) Waktu memilih dress di Cannes rancangan

Farah Khan @FarahKhanOfficial untuk acara Princess Yacht #Monaco

tadi malam (see Appendix S. p. 78, item 304)

The three examples above showed that the users might forgot the word or term that they need to use at that time. The first examples showed that user 1 switched from English to Indonesian. User 1 might forget the word nervous in

English then the user 1 chose the Indonesian expression Deg-deg-an. The second example also showed the same possibility. User 7 chose to switch the language by using an English word install rather than using a Indonesian phrase memasang aplikasi. For the third example, user 9 switched at the word dress rather kept using a Indonesian word rok in the tweet.

6. Similarity Between Both Languages

In the Indonesian artists' tweets, there are some tweets containing words which have similarities between two languages, English and Indonesian. It happened because a language need to develop new vocabulary by adopting new words from other languages.

For example, Indonesian adopts words from English because there is no expression in Indonesian to define those words. The purpose is to complement the language vocabulary. Since the massive adoption of words are from other languages, sometimes language users do not realize that they use the original form

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41 of the word. The examples of tweets from Indonesia artists for this factor can be seen as follows. a. (tweet from user 9, 2/5/2016) Aww senengnya bisa nyobain kue-kue khas

traditional Makassar (see Appendix S. p. 76, item 279) b. (tweet from user 9, 12/5/2016) Salah satu menuku untuk penerbangan

International KLM @KLM #RoyalDutchAirlines (see Appendix S. p. 77,

item 296) c. (tweet from user 9, 19/5/2016) Kebanyakan org naik helicopter ke Monaco

krn harganya hampir sama dgn taxi & memakan waktu hny 5 menit di

udara (see Appendix S. p. 78, item 306)

From those three examples, user 9 was intrasententialy switching the language from Indonesian into English. In the first example, user 9 switched the language by using the word traditional. The word traditional itself was close to the word tradisional in Indonesian. The second and third example also shows the same cases. In the second example, user 9 switched the language from Indonesian into English by using the word International which had similar spelling with the word Internasional. In the third example, the user switches the language from

Indonesian into English by using words, helicopter and taxi which have closeness spelling with the words helikopter and taksi.

There are two of nine factors which did not influence the Indonesian artists. The factors are:

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42 a. To fill gaps because of lack of fluency

This factor did not influence the Indonesian artist probably because of their background as public figures or their educational background. Therefore, they have enough ability to use both languages Indonesian and English.

Another possibility why this factor did not influence the Indonesian artists because their tweets were not direct conversations. When a conversation was a indirect conversation, the users probably could think their words twice before they posted it on Twitter. The users probably also had time to do a consultation to other people to make sure every word that the user want to write were appropriate to be posted on the Twitter. b. To avoid misunderstanding

The factor of avoid misunderstanding did not influence the Indonesian artist because they felt safe to express their mind or share any information in

Twitter. The Indonesian artists might think that there was a space for them to make any clarification on what they had posted if there was any controversy or misunderstanding came up about their tweets in the future. c. To maintain privacy

To maintain privacy did not influence Indonesian artists because the nature of the Twitter as a social media. The social media is a public space. Anyone can write and read everything that is posted in the social media. The social media is a place for everyone to make social interactions. Thus, the Twitter is not a right place for people who want to keep their privacy even though there is a way to make the accounts become a private account.

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The Indonesian artists in this research do not set their privacy setting to make their account as a private account. It means everyone can see their tweets.

They do not set the privacy setting because they also use the social media as a tool of self-promotion. Public figures need to be famous in order to get a better job and salary. By being famous, they will also gain new endorsement, sponsor and they can get some advertisement contract. As individuals, they will might only share things that the public need to know.

C. Other Finding

1. Other types of code-switching

There were also tweets made by Indonesian artists containing more than one type of code-switching, For examples: a. (tweet from user 5, 22/5/2016) Late birthday dinner. Nothing fancy,

makan bubur sepiring berdua & 2 teh. Modesty as it best. Happy birthday

cantik (see Appendix E. p. 55, item 63) b. (tweet from user 3, 20/5/2016)1. Dear all, bersama ini aku mau kasih

penjelasan terkait pemberitaan seputar aku belanja online. (see Appendix

C. p. 53, item 46)

From these two examples, there were more than one type of code- switching which occurred in the tweets. In the example a, there are two types of code-switching: tag-switching, and intra-sentential switching. The first sentence,

Late birthday dinner was followed by the second sentence which contain a tagging Nothing fancy, then followed by a phrase written in Indonesian, makan

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44 bubur sepiring berdua & 2 teh. On the last sentence user 5 shifted the language into an English phrase Happy birthday then inserted a Indonesian word cantik at the end of the sentence.

In the example b, tag-switching and intra-sentential switching are used in the tweet. The sentence started with a tagging Dear all, and then switched into a

Indonesian phrase barsama ini aku mau kasih penjelasan terkait pemberitahuan seputar aku belanja then switched into English by the using of the word online.

2. Multi Factors that Influence Indonesian artists

There were some tweets of Indonesian artist influenced by more than one factors. It happened because the artists might be affected by many things when they posted their tweets. The examples of the tweets can be seen as follows: a. (tweet from user 1, 11/5/2016) Guys cek out youtubenya breakoutnet kita

iseng2 main ke tetangga masa gitu utk cover sama bastian hahahaha (see

Appendix K. p. 66, item 183) b. (tweet from user 3, 30/5/2016) Tak lupa juga terima kasih untuk semua

yang telah vote, Isyanation, keluarga, dan kerabat. Dukungan kalian

begitu berhargaa, thank youu (see Appendix M. p. 71, item 237) c. (tweet from user 7, 24/5/2016) Di @my_hartono ada beragam pilihan

belanja, Bisa via online atau bisa langsung datang ke storenya Hartono.

#myhartono dijamin #AntiDiPHPin (see Appendix Q. p. 75, item 263)

The factors that influence the Indonesian artists to do code-switching in the first example was to add emphasis and there was no similar word in the language in use. The user switched the language in order to make people who read

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45 the tweet notice the information that user 1 wanted to inform. The second factor could be seen in the word cover. There was no equal word in Indonesian with that word in the context of the tweet.

In the second tweet the factors that influenced Indonesian artists was the easiness in tweeting, to add emphasis. The first factor could be seen in the use of word vote, user 3 switched the language because the word vote was simpler and shorter than the words memberi suara in Indonesian. The second factor can be seen when user 3 repeated the expression terima kasih from Indonesian using

English expression thank you in the sentence.

In the third example, there were two factors influencing Indonesian artists.

First, there was no similar word of English word online in Indonesian. Second, user 7 forgot the translation of the word store in Indonesiann.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter concludes the research results and gives the research recommendations for future researchers. The conclusions are derived from the findings of the research which have been explained on the chapter IV. The recommendations are presented in order to help those who have the interest in a similar topic.

A. Conclusions

There are two main points as conclusions in this research. The first conclusion deals with the types of code-switching used by Indonesian artists in their tweets. The second conclusion deals with the factors influencing Indonesian artists to switch their code in their tweets.

For the first problem, the analysis showed that the types of code-switching used in the Indonesian artists’ Twitter tweets were tag-switching, inter-sentential switching and intra-sentential switching. The researcher also found tweets which showed the combination of the code-switching types.

In this research, the researcher identified the factors that influence the

Indonesian artists to switch their code in their tweets were: there is no similar word in the target language, the user does not know the word, the easiness of using the language, the user wants to add emphasis, the user forgets the term, and there are similarities between both languages. The researcher also found that some

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47 tweets were not only influenced by one factor, but could be influenced by more than one factor.

B. Recommendations

This research is dealing with the analysis of the code-switching in Twitter as a social media. In other words, this research is beneficial for people who interested in social phenomena in sociolinguistics perspectives and people in the educational area, such as learners and teachers. The benefits and recommendations of this study for learners, teachers and future researcher are as follows.

1. English Language learners (ELESP Students)

The English learners should pay more attention to code-switching phenomena. The English learners can apply code-switching as a way to learn

English better. The English learners also should be aware when they are borrowing English expressions in a conversation.

2. English Teachers

English teachers should have awareness of code-switching phenomena in their environment, especially in the school area. This phenomenon also can be used as learning material in order to give more understanding about language phenomena to the students.

3. Future Researchers

The researcher suggests that future researchers conduct the research related to the code-switching. Future researchers might conduct any research to

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48 identify any aspect related to code-switching. The researcher also suggests that future researchers expand the observation period in order to find more data. The researcher also recommends that future researchers do interviews in their research.

The interview result can help future researchers to answer their research problem.

The interview results can be used as the comparative data for the theory grounded by the experts and future researchers’ analysis. The researchers can also analyse the topic by using qualitative method which depends on the research objectives.

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REFERENCES

Adityanto, K. (2012). Code switching in Kompas and Republika newspapers. Retrieved May 20th, 2016, from http//:library.usd.ac.id/

Asher, R. E. (1994). The encyclopedia of language and linguistics volume 10. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Bandyopadhyay, S., Rao, A. R., & Bikas, K. (2011). Models for social networks with statistical applications. Los Angeles: Sage Publication, Inc.

Bista, K. (2010). Factors of code switching among bilingual English students in the university classroom: A survey. English for Spesific Purposes World, 9(29), 1-19.

Brown, G., & Yule, G. (1983). Discourse analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gee, J. P. (2011). An introduction to discourse analysis: Theory and method (3rd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge.

Gumperz, J. (1982). Discourse strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hoffmann, C. (1991). An introduction to bilingualism. London: Longman.

Holmes, J. (2001). An introduction to sociolinguistics. (2nd ed.). Harlow: Longman.

Malmkjaer, K. (1996). The linguistics encyclopedia. New York: Blackwell Publisher.

Mandiri, J. (2010). The occurence of code switching within social networking website facebook. Retrieved May 20th, 2016, from http//:library.usd.ac.id/

Pollard, Susan. (2002). The benefit of code switching within a bilingual education program. Honors Projects, 1-17.

Romaine, S. (1996). Bilingualism. (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publisher.

Spolsky, B. (1998). Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Van Herk, G. (2012). What is sociolinguistics? Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

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Wardhaugh, R. (1992). An Introduction to sociolinguistics. (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

Wardhaugh, R. (2006). An Introduction to sociolinguistics. (5nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

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Appendix A: The types of code-switching observation sheet T= Tag-switching IE= Intersentential switch IA= Intrasentential switch 1. User 1 – Boy William(@boywilliam)

No Date Tweets Types T IE IA 1 2/5/2016 Seharian headset nempel terus dengerin lagu di spotify paket data hemat pake #FrewdomCombo! #FreedomMusic √ 2 11/5/2016 Guys cek out youtubenya breakoutnet kita iseng2 main ke tetangga masa gitu utk cover sama bastian √ hahahaha 3 11/5/2016 I love blimbing RT @belang260406: @boywilliam lagi makan blimbing mau ko? √ 4 11/5/2016 This year byk cool things! RT @Rachmahasri: @boywillam ada project terbaru apa kak ditahun ini? √ Mungkin project film lagi atau apa gitu? 5 11/5/2016 Hi guys! Lagi pada apa? Lets chat im bored √ 6 11/5/2016 Tuh ada on my IG RT @Winda_Paramita_:@boywilliam lagi kangen kamu boy gimana dong? Nyanyi √ dong buat akuuu lagu 2NE1 7 11/5/2016 Sakit apa? Get well RT @elinn_acill: Hii koko @boywilliam lagi sakit √ 8 11/5/2016 Baik thanks for asking RT @ShofaNurAisyah: malam kak @boywilliam kaka apa kabarnya nih √ 9 11/5/2016 Not my type tp okelah :) RT @ElisabethElis12: @boywilliam boyy, suka lagu demi lovato yang stone √ cold gak?? Keren lohh 10 11/5/2016 @boywilliam Any playlist recommendation on Spotify guys? Krn #FreedomCombo, gue bisa dengerin √ lagu sepuasnya nih! http://goo.gl/RT25Ly #FreedomMusic 11 18/5/2016 Mata harus di ganjel korek.. so sleepy √ 12 18/5/2016 Insert Fashion Awards coming soon.. im hosting! Deg-deg-an √ 13 19/5/2016 Goodnight everybody! Nonton insert fashion awards besok malam ya di trans tv. N breakout of course √ 14 19/5/2016 Wait wait... have u seen coldplays new video clip yg judulnya up & up? Go check it out its fucking √ brilliant 15 28/5/2016 Thank you teman2 yg hari ini nonton Pensi :) besok ada Pensi lagi dan juga HUT NET back to back :-) √ 16 29/5/2016 Hari ini ketemu Jessie J, Dawin, Omi :) baik banget mereka semua & very fun! Nanti tungguin tayangan √ nya ya we had a blast! Thanks NET :)

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No Date Tweets Types T IE IA 17 29/5/2016 Besok di HUT NET aku akan kolaborasi live sama @isyanasarasvati this should be interesting! Semoga √ √ kalian suka :) night 18 29/5/2016 Wish me luck besok ya teman2 :) semoga bisa perform yg bagus buat kalian √ 19 29/5/2016 Engga bisa di upload, error twitter nya i think. Check my instagram aja :) √ 20 30/5/2016 Belum bisa move on dari net 3.0 or Jessie J? √ 21 30/5/2016 I have a special announcement untuk semua fans nya Jessie J... nanti jam 10 malam. Its a big BIG BIG √ announcement 22 30/5/2016 Bukan hanya jadi bintang tamu dan di interview, tetapi Jessie J akan jadi my co-host utk 1 episode FULL √ di @BreakoutNET @netmediatama 23 31/5/2016 Hari ini co-host gue di @BreakoutNET adalah Jessie J 1 eps full! Jam 3 sore only on @netmediatama √

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Appendix B: The types of code-switching observation sheet T= Tag-switching IE= Intersentential switch IA= Intrasentential switch 2. User 2 - Brandon Salim (@brandonicholas)

No Date Tweets Types T IE IA 24 5/5/2016 RUMPI TRANS TV JAM 2.30 today! √ 25 6/5/2016 Hey guys, pokoknya besok kalian harus nonton lovepedia di trans tv jam 12 siang, HARUS! Okay? √ 26 12/5/2016 hoii jangan lupa nonton saat aku ketemu saam orang tua Valerie!!! so awkawrd omg.. tp u guys nilai deh, √ gmn aku nya? 27 15/5/2016 Guys! Tonton yaaaa perjuangan aku pas PDKT sm Val hehe √ 28 16/5/2016 Hey guys tanya yuk ke kita, kita lagi live di @Iradiojakarta !!!! √ 29 18/5/2016 Siapa mau ketemu sama aku? Ok, next week aku mau adain meet n greet spontan, watch out √ 30 19/5/2016 Hey people jangan lupa nonton trus @BreakoutNET hari Senin - Jumat jam 3 sore!!! √ 31 19/5/2016 Jalan jalan keliling jakarta, panas panasan has never been so much fun! With my main guy… √ https://www.instagram.com/p/BFlZbPLQgsx/ 32 21/5/2016 Guys! Nih yang mau ketemu aku sama casts #anakartis2 untuk MEET N GREET! √ √ https://www.instagram.com/p/BFqfEc3QgnI/ 33 21/5/2016 Yukkk ikut meet n greet aku sama Aanakartis!!! Gampang bgt and kita bsa seru2an ok!!!!!! √ 34 22/5/2016 Happy Birthday Girl!!!! @bellariska_ semoga u tambah sukses, cantik, hebat and keep chubby cos u look √ cute that way 35 22/5/2016 Hai Emma :)))) thanks for coming, see you soonnnnn!! Jgn nangis lg hihihi @prema_mendes √ 36 22/5/2016 Sorry yang di hotel aku ga balik lagi karena aku harus langsung berangkat lagi :( √ 37 26/5/2016 Terima kasi banyak buat semua yang udah nonton #anakartis2 ya :) , hari ini kita bakal upload… √ https://www.instagram.com/p/BF3Iei1wgsb/ 38 26/5/2016 Hi guys follow @NadiraAddict_ ya , seru banget!!!! √ 39 27/5/2016 Guys jangan lupa di hari HUT NET 3.0 kita semua nonton ya, kalo ga bisa nonton TV, live stream ya √ √ ok!!! See youuu :) 40 29/5/2016 Jangan lupa klik http://Net3.Netmedia.co.id/live dan nonton RED CARPET N AWARDING HUT NET √ 3.0 mulai sore ini pkl 17.00!

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No Date Tweets Types T IE IA 41 29/5/2016 Yang mau nanya untuk artis/penyanyi/band favorit kalian di red carpet HUT NET 3.0, tweet ke aku nanti √ aku tanya dgn hashtag #redcarpetnet

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Appendix C: The types of code-switching observation sheet T= Tag-switching IE= Intersentential switch IA= Intrasentential switch 3. User 3 – Isyana Sarasvati (@isyanasarasvati)

No Date Tweets Types T IE IA 42 2/5/2016 Selamat pagiii! Waaaw, bangun2 sudah banyak sekali mention mengharukan di timeline!! √ 43 2/5/2016 Thank you buat semua Isyanation yang sudah susah payah buat hadiah untukku, dan support kalian yang √ selalu ada kapan pun dan dimanapun! 44 17/5/2016 Hidup sehat ngasih banyak perubahan buat aku, gimana dgn kalian? Ikuti challenge hidup sehat & gabung √ #TimHijau di http://hitamvshijau.com 45 19/5/2016 Berita soal aku ga berani belanja online memang benar, kalau bukan di Tokopedia :) √ 46 20/5/2016 1. Dear all, bersama ini aku mau kasih penjelasan terkait pemberitaan seputar aku belanja online. √ √ 47 20/5/2016 4. Saya diwawancarai secara "door stop" oleh seorang jurnalis sesaat sebelum naik panggung sebuah acara √ musik pada hari Selasa, 17 Mei 2016. 48 20/5/2016 (cont no. 4) Pada waktu yang sangat pendek itu saya ditanya tentang Fashion. Konteksnya adalah busana √ untuk manggung. 49 20/5/2016 6. Namun pemberitaan yang muncul menjadi seolah-olah saya anti belanja online. Termasuk kutipan √ pernyataan yang saya tidak merasa (cont) 50 20/5/2016 9. Yang betul adalah saya berbelanja online untuk bermacam-macam kebutuhan sehari-hari. Nyaman, √ aman, dan praktis (cont) 51 20/5/2016 10. Alhamdulillah selama ini tidak pernah mengalami hal yang mengecewakan saat berbelanja online. √ Aman-aman saja. 52 20/5/2016 (cont) Terima kasih atas dukungan teman-teman, netizen, fans, klien, media, label, dan manajemen. √ 53 24/5/2016 Jangan lupa nonton guyss!! Jam 20.30! √ 54 29/5/2016 Yasss!! Jangan lupa nonton kita guys! √ 55 29/5/2016 Thank you Urban Gigs Medan, walaupun menunggu sangat lama hingga hujan reda tapi tetap semangat √ √ dan positiff, see ya next time!! 56 30/5/2016 Tak lupa juga terima kasih untuk semua yang telah vote, Isyanation, keluarga, dan kerabat. Dukungan √ kalian begitu berhargaa, thank youu

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Appendix D: The types of code-switching observation sheet T= Tag-switching IE= Intersentential switch IA= Intrasentential switch 4. User 4 – Sheila Dara Aisha (@sheiladaisha)

No Date Tweets Types T IE IA 57 18/5/2016 Cover terseru with these guys! cc: @boywilliam @brandonicholas √ 58 19/5/2016 Bener! Hahahahahahaha daging is lyfe. √ 59 20/5/2016 Ketawa-ketawa ga jelas nonton ini. These guys are hilarious: https://youtu.be/-SM-Yve5Ang cc: √ @vidialdiano @adhrrf 60 26/5/2016 Terimakasih sudah nonton @HitamPutihT7 hari ini! See you guys very, very soon. √ 61 30/5/2016 Aduuuh suka banget liat teasernya Tiga Dara. Gemas! √

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Appendix E: The types of code-switching observation sheet T= Tag-switching IE= Intersentential switch IA= Intrasentential switch 5. User 5 – Herjunot Ali (@Herjuno7Ali)

No Date Tweets Types T IE IA 62 12/5/2016 Tanggal 20 Mei saya akan main ke Bandung, venue nya di Sabuga. Ketemu lagi disana minggu depan ya √ Bandung. 63 22/5/2016 Late birthday dinner. Nothing fancy, makan bubur sepiring berdua & 2 teh. Modesty as it best. Happy √ √ birthday cantik

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Appendix F: The types of code-switching observation sheet T= Tag-switching IE= Intersentential switch IA= Intrasentential switch 6. User 6 – Kimberly Ryder (@kimbrlyryder)

No Date Tweets Types T IE IA 64 8/5/2016 Besok aku live di @BasaBasi_TTV jam 10am & @AdaAdaAja_GTV jam 1.15pm! √ 65 9/5/2016 Besok live lagi nih di @rumpi_ttv jam 3.45pm & @Ini_Talkshow jam 8pm. Jangan lupa nonton ya! √ 66 11/3/2016 URGENT! Desak Pembahasan UU Penghapusan kekerasan Seksual. #YYAdalahKita - Paraf Petisi! √ https://www.change.org/p/urgent-desak-pembahasan-uu-penghapusan-kekerasan-seksual- yyadalahkita?recruiter=26510339&utm_source=share_petition&utm_medium=twitter&utm_campaign=sh are_twitter_responsive … via @ChangeOrg_ID 67 15/5/2016 Besok lanjut lagi di @HappyShowTTV! Jangan lupa ya jam 7.30pm! √ 68 16/5/2016 Nanti malem nonton @HappyShowTTV jam 7.30pm & @TheComment_NET jam 10pm ya! √ 69 20/5/2016 Thanks untuk yang udah ngeLike dan udah support aku! I already feel like a winner because of all you √ lovely people!!! 70 20/5/2016 Nonton @eatbulagaANTV ya jam 8am!!! √ 71 20/5/2016 Mau ikut buka puasa bersama aku? Follow @kimunityofc dan add Line 'yudhitaanrl' √ 72 21/5/2016 Nonton @HappyShowTTV lagi ya sabtu, minggu, senin ini jam 7.30pm! √ 73 21/5/2016 Yuk @HappyShowTTV now!!! √ 74 21/5/2016 Nonton @XtraSelebRTV malem ini jam 9 ya! Live :) √ 75 28/5/2016 Ralat! @islamitu_indah besok ya jam 5am! :) √ 76 28/5/2016 Hal yang bikin seneng: selfie dgn kamera yg udah siap. cekrek cekrek, selesai! √

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Appendix G: The types of code-switching observation sheet T= Tag-switching IE= Intersentential switch IA= Intrasentential switch 7. User 7 – Dimas Danang (@danangpostman)

No Date Tweets Types T IE IA 77 3/5/2016 Kuat dong, yes!!RT @adhi_surabaya: @danangpostman kayak kaki'nya tukang becak √ 78 7/5/2016 Siapa yang deg-degan kalau habis belanja online? Takut diPHP sama penjualnya? Cari yang √ #AntiDiPHPin kalau gitu 79 13/5/2016 Ngikutin saran @ImanDarto ah, download aplikasi @my_hartono biar kalau belanja online tetap aman. √ #myhartono #AntiDiPHPin 80 18/5/2016 Tengah bulan ngidam gadget impian? Coba buka aja http://www.hartonoelektronika.com harganya √ jempolan dan dijamin aman #myhartono #AntiDiPHPin 81 19/5/2016 Pak @imamdarto ni ada yg ngefansRT @PutryAdheliaa: @danangpostman mas kasih tau mas darto. I'm a √ fan 82 24/5/2016 Di @my_hartono ada beragam pilihan belanja, Bisa via online atau bisa langsung datang ke storenya √ Hartono. #myhartono dijamin #AntiDiPHPin 83 26/5/2016 Yes bisa foto ambasador @vivo_indonesia non @agnezmo , anyway fiturnya keren sih terjangkau lagi √ √ #vivoV3Max 84 31/5/2016 Pameran Indonesia Celullar Show surganya pmburu brang br dngan harga seru. Jngan lp install dl Aplikasi √ @my_hartono #myhartono #AntiDiPHPin

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Appendix H: The types of code-switching observation sheet T= Tag-switching IE= Intersentential switch IA= Intrasentential switch 8. User 8 – Sara Wijayanto(@SaraWijayanto)

No Date Tweets Types T IE IA 85 2/5/2016 The final look #mainanmakeupditengahmalam #nyaiDamar check my fb page for the list of products √ that I use tonight 86 3/5/2016 Buat Saraddicts pengguna Android bs download lagu nyai disini √ http://www.deezer.com/album/11987274 #lagunyaSuti 87 3/5/2016 Buat teman teman yang mau beli CD #SARAwijayanto bisa langsung sms @lutvi_nero √ +62 858-8894-7666 35rb + ongkir 88 5/5/2016 Libur libur tetep ngGym √ 89 6/5/2016 Amiiin thank u √ 90 7/5/2016 Tahun ini ulang tahunnya ya gitu deeeeh... dari pada ya gitu dong.. Bersyukur aja.. *ngunyahcake* √ 91 15/6/2016 Selamat berhari minggu Saraddicts Check out this post on mig! via @migmehq √ http://mig.me/share/post/sarawijayanto/214660039-1463287850940 …? 92 16/5/2016 Saraddicts ada yang tau gak? Siapa band Indonesia favorite #1 nya nyai Damar? √ 93 16/5/2016 Lagu saya jaman galau 'Di Hati selamanya' by Sara Wijayanto √ 94 17/5/2016 Teman teman gamers.. Saya lg nyari game ps3 Uncharted 3 nih. Ada yg bs kasih info? √ 95 28/5/2016 yuk merapat ke acara MARKAS event dr KASKUS 2016 28-29 Mei di Area Hall Basket Senayan jam √ 10.00 - 22.00 Booth M3

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Appendix I: The types of code-switching observation sheet T= Tag-switching IE= Intersentential switch IA= Intrasentential switch 9. User 9 – Farah Quinn(@quinnfarah)

No Date Tweets Types T IE IA 96 2/5/2016 Nice cream ini hanya terbuat dari satu bahan yaitu pisang (yang matang sekali) di puree dan di freeze. √ 97 2/5/2016 Valrhona-Yuzu and sparkling sake untuk course terakhir tadi malam @chainedesrotisseurs_hq so √ pretty! 98 2/5/2016 Aww senengnya bisa nyobain kue-kue khas traditional Makassar √ 99 2/5/2016 Breakfast in Surabaya Wajah ngantukku sudah ga sabar mau menyantap Pecel Surabaya dan Botok √ Lamtoro 100 2/5/2016 Sebelum pulang ke Jakarta, aku sempatkan makan Special Nasi Udang Empal + Telor ala Surabaya √ 101 5/5/2016 Supporting pruduk Indonesia LT Pro dan Reny Feby Jewelry dengan sahabatku. √ #InternationalFriendship 102 5/5/2016 Potong tumpeng jajan pasar di acara LT Pro cosmetics dan Reny Feby Jewelry. PS : Outer batikku by √ Poppy Dharsono 103 5/5/2016 Bolu ketan hitam (Fermented black sticky rice cake) buatanku . Resepnya ada di instagramku. √ 104 5/5/2016 #TBT Travel journey by Armand Quinn Catatan perjalanan yang Armand mulai catat dari waktu √ dia bisa menulis. 105 9/5/2016 Armand berumur 4 tahun, berbagi telur rebus dengan kucing di warung.Dr travelling, dia belajar √ "compassion" 106 9/5/2016 Travelling mengajarkan kita utk bisa beradaptasi dgn berbagai macam lingkungan, berteman dgn banyak √ orang dimanapun 107 9/5/2016 Ahh sebetulnya masih banyak lagi tentang travelling yang ingin aku share √ 108 9/5/2016 Pilihan kue sus di Poule de Luxe di Seminyak Village they are tasty little things! √ 109 9/5/2016 √ Good morning Banjarmasin! yess sarapan pagiku yang berat dan lezat

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No Date Tweets Types T IE IA 110 9/5/2016 Prochiz cooking demo di Banjarmasin #SouthBorneo √ 111 9/5/2016 Missing my little bear so much jadi kangen sama waktu syuting Ala Chef dulu √ 112 12/5/2016 TUMI's new campaign. Bangga sebagai salah satu Asia Global Citizen #BrandAmbassador √ #perfectingthepack @tumitravel 113 12/5/2016 Special request from the little Bear, buat sarapan pengennya crispy crepes. √ 114 12/5/2016 Rise and grind! Pagi ini sarapan kita penuh protein, dadar almond cokelat dengan selai √ kacang almond. 115 12/5/2016 Salah satu menuku untuk penerbangan International KLM @KLM #RoyalDutchAirlines √

116 16/5/2016 √ Victoria's party #lastnight dengan sahabatku dari Milano #CannesFilmFestival #FQFrance PS: by @ravebyvera 117 16/5/2016 Ohh boy tadi setelah lari pagi, ngelewatin artisan bakery and cafe. Akhirnya mampir beli roti √ √ kismis. 118 16/5/2016 Snacking SOYJOY di jam 10 pagi dengan menghangatkannya ke dlm microwave selama 5 - 15 detik, √ tergantung microwavenya

119 16/5/2016 Ninja's lunch date yes my partner in crime dari New York dateng join ke Cannes √ #ismelltrouble #FQlunch 120 16/5/2016 Dress gold cantik yang aku pakai karya rancangan sahabatku @arturroeggo dan perhiasan karya √ @wandahouseofjewels 121 16/5/2016 Monaco Grand Prix Historique 2016 hari ini cuacanya bagus sekali di Monaco √ #PrincessYacht #GrandPrixParty 122 16/5/2016 The best view untuk menonton Grand Prix Historique Monaco 2016 √ 123 16/5/2016 Waktu memilih dress di Cannes rancangan Farah Khan @FarahKhanOfficial untuk acara Princess Yacht √ #Monaco tadi malam

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

No Date Tweets Types T IE IA 124 16/5/2016 Party ninjas #Monaco selama bulan May, banyak sekali acara dan parties non-stop di Cannes dan √ Monaco. 125 19/5/2016 Kebanyakan org naik helicopter ke Monaco krn harganya hampir sama dgn taxi & memakan waktu hny 5 √ menit di udara 126 19/5/2016 Cloudy day in Cannes tahun ini cuacanya sedikit lebih dingin daripada tahun lalu di Cannes √ #FQFrance 127 19/5/2016 Till next time the Côte d'Azur! French Riviera adalah salah satu tempat yang sangat aku suka. √ 128 19/5/2016 My Saida salah satu sahabat lamaku yang tinggal di London. Dulu kita kuliah bareng di US. √ 129 19/5/2016 Tinggal 2 hari lagi kesempatan untuk mendapatkan Air Fryer ini dengan mengikuti challenge di Instagram √ @soyjoyid. 130 19/5/2016 Now open, Carmel by The Green so proud of my girl Saida, sahabat lamaku dari kuliah di US. √ 131 19/5/2016 When in Europe... Pasti banyak jalan kaki kemana-mana. √ 132 19/5/2016 I love peonies, bunga favouritku yaitu peony. Cantikkkk sekali kalo mekar √ 133 20/5/2016 Pretty Marzipan ,sejenis permen yang terbuat dari Almond paste (kacang kenari) dan gula halus. √ 134 20/5/2016 Date night with my Saida malam ini kita menyantap 3 course sambil ngobrol semalaman. √ 135 20/5/2016 Date night selama di London harus nyobain proper English service. √ 136 20/5/2016 Aww... Ini Mas yang masakin kita dessert cakep ya? Hahhahhaha #FQdinner #FQUK √ 137 24/5/2016 Ini salah satu hidangan pembuka di 12 course lunch, yogurt dari susu domba dengan herb jelly √ 138 24/5/2016 Lamb with mushroom for the main course, santapan ke 8 di 12 hidangan. √ 139 24/5/2016 Satu foto lagi... Soalnya makanan buatan Chef Jacob Jan Boerma are so fotogenik, cantik dan tasty. √ 140 24/5/2016 King fish sashimi untuk starter di 2 starred Michelin Aan De Poel, Amsterdam. Hari ini lunch 3 course √ only... 141 24/5/2016 Ready for a sweet nap on board @klm_id ,Tidur di pesawat tetap pk lipstik tp copot soft lens √ @optik_melawai 142 24/5/2016 Movies and the tastiest meal on 30000 ft aww... Menu masakanku kali ini untuk penerbangan √ @KLM_ID

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No Date Tweets Types T IE IA 143 24/5/2016 √ Straight to my babies @noortraavik @dr.irene13 @julionardella PS: Ga ada waktu buat jetlagged #FQBali 144 25/5/2016 Jika aku ingin bertanya mengenai mitos seputar diabetes, tinggal tanya lewat Live Chat. #DokterDiabetes √ by @soyjoyid 145 25/5/2016 Chaine Des Rôtisseurs lunch Amical at Kilo @kilobali, Seminyak.Berbicara ttg rules & regulation utk √ acara hidangan 146 25/5/2016 Course terakhir, dessert untuk Chaine Des Rôtisseurs di Kilo @kilobali Bolu pistachio dengan √ nanas bakar 147 25/5/2016 This tasty stuffed french toast buat sarapan Armand, roti gandum aku bikin sandwhich dengan isi √ cream cheese. 148 25/5/2016 Makan siang perpisahan HE Rodrigo Riofrio, Dubes Ecuador utk Indonesia. Beliau akan pindah ke √ Dominican Republic. 149 28/5/2016 This simple yet elegant set up utk makan siang 5 course perpisahan H.E Rodrigo Riofrio, Dubes Ecuador √ utk Indonesia 150 28/5/2016 Lunch and giggles this sweet farewell lunch, hanya 15 teman terdekat dari Duta Besar Ecuador. √ 151 28/5/2016 My jumpsuits by @arturroeggo di RUMPI #TransTV 15:45 WIB .Ngobrol seru dengan darling √ @fenirose #latepost 152 28/5/2016 What a blast this International friendships! Foto bersama stlh makan siang di perpisahan Duta √ Besar Ecuador. 153 28/5/2016 Last night's pretty and tasty starter karya Chef Kazumasa Yazawa di OKU Hotel Kempinski Jakarta. √ 154 28/5/2016 The best picture of the day! fun moment dengan sahabatku Sofia Blake (Ibu Duta Besar America) dan √ the Presidents! 155 28/5/2016 Early 4th of July celebration dirayakannya jauh lebih awal krn sekalian perpisahan Duta Besar America √ utk Indonesia 156 28/5/2016 Homemade Pizelle cookies tipis lembut spt egg roll (inget kan biscuit jadul egg roll), sedikit beda dgn √ semprong.

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No Date Tweets Types T IE IA 157 28/5/2016 My "HG" #LastNight #early #4thofjuly di rumah kediaman US Ambassador √ 158 28/5/2016 √ Georgian Independence Day #lastnight My darlings Lili Tjhang and Ibu Nino Jakhua, Istri Dubes Georgia 159 28/5/2016 √ Batik, kebaya and songket kinda night Diamonds and bling @wandahouseofjewels 160 28/5/2016 Ubud Food Festival 2016 such a blast di kompetisi sambal tadi siang. See you tomorrow at the √ talk show! 161 31/5/2016 √ I heart sate ayam #FQlunch #FQBali 162 31/5/2016 Great talkshow session dengan Chef Margarita Fores, Chef Gede Paskara Karilo dan Jed Doble. √ @ubudfoodfestival

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Appendix J: The types of code-switching observation sheet T= Tag-switching IE= Intersentential switch IA= Intrasentential switch 10. User 10 – Daniel Mananta (@vjdaniel)

No Date Tweets Types T IE IA 163 1/5/2016 Have a good sunday everyone. Pada punya rencana apa hari ini? √ 164 3/5/2016 Udh cocok jadi Hulk? Apa iklan cat tambok ya? What do you think guys? √ 165 4/5/2016 Semangat hari rabu!! Menuju long weekend wuhoooo √ 166 4/5/2016 SLIME-TIME PALING BASAH!!! In slow motion!! Buat @NickelodeonTV Indonesian Kids Choice √ Awards Di @Globaltvseru 167 6/5/2016 How's your holiday guys? Macet kah atau? √ 168 6/5/2016 Nanti malam! Penentuan yang akan masuk ke babak Live Show saksikan di @OfficialRCTI √ #THEVOICEID 169 7/5/2016 Selamat atas kelulusan adik-adik SMA!! Jangan coret2 yang tidak perlu ya guys..happy weekend wuhoo √ 170 9/5/2016 Gw baru aja download aplikasi MANIS. Katanya bisa dapat pulsa gratis. Ini apaan sih? Ada Yg bisa √ jelaskan? 171 10/5/2016 Preapare for INDONESIA KID CHOICE AWARDS 2016 shoot. Kenapa muka gw aneh ya, gmn mnrt √ kalian? 172 13/5/2016 Tonight is the night!!! Live show pertama the Voice Indonesia! Let's rock the show! √ 173 13/5/2016 Malam ini "Fight Through Your Voice" Live Show #THEVOICEID √ 174 13/5/2016 Now penentuan siapa yang lolos ke babak selanjutnya?? #TheVoiceEps17Live √ 175 17/5/2016 Morning guys! Buah apa yang seger utk sarapan pagi ini ya? √ 176 19/5/2016 Mapan itu perlu bukti, bukan mimpi. Great fun sharing about perjalanan gw #menujumapan tadi. √ http://bit.ly/1TgKJJE 177 23/5/2016 Ingin hidup mapan itu seperti ingin memiliki badan 6-pack! Gak akan jadi six-pack kalo ga pake… √ https://www.instagram.com/p/BFvaS8MzW8a/ 178 25/5/2016 Morning guys. Ga kerasa banget udah hari rabu. 2 hari lagi menuju @TheVoiceRCTI √ 179 27/5/2016 nanti jam 8.30 gw akan Live Streaming sblm The Voice Play Off mulai. Like Facebook Fanpage gw yah: √ VJ Daniel Mananta

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

No Date Tweets Types T IE IA 180 28/5/2016 Amazing night for Play Off babak 1 di @TheVoiceRCTI #TheVoiceIDPlayOff √ 181 31/5/2016 LOL!! Kesannya kayak kita bangun bareng gitu! √

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Appendix K: The factors influence Indonesian artists observation sheet NS= No similar word ES= Easier to speak MP= To maintain privacy DW= Do not know the word AM= To add emphasis FT= Forget the term FG= To fill Gap AE= To avoid misunderstanding WS= Word simiarity 1. User 1 – Boy William(@boywilliam)

No Date Tweets Factors N D F E A A M F W S W G S M E P T S 182 2/5/2016 Seharian headset nempel terus dengerin lagu di spotify paket data hemat √ pake #FrewdomCombo! #FreedomMusic 183 11/5/2016 Guys cek out youtubenya breakoutnet kita iseng2 main ke tetangga masa gitu √ √ utk cover sama bastian hahahaha 184 11/5/2016 I love blimbing RT @belang260406: @boywilliam lagi makan blimbing mau √ ko? 185 11/5/2016 This year byk cool things! RT @Rachmahasri: @boywillam ada project √ terbaru apa kak ditahun ini? Mungkin project film lagi atau apa gitu? 186 11/5/2016 Hi guys! Lagi pada apa? Lets chat im bored √ 187 11/5/2016 Tuh ada on my IG RT @Winda_Paramita_:@boywilliam lagi kangen kamu boy gimana dong? Nyanyi dong buat akuuu lagu 2NE1 188 11/5/2016 Sakit apa? Get well RT @elinn_acill: Hii koko @boywilliam lagi sakit √ 189 11/5/2016 Baik thanks for asking RT @ShofaNurAisyah: malam kak @boywilliam √ kaka apa kabarnya nih 190 11/5/2016 Not my type tp okelah :) RT @ElisabethElis12: @boywilliam boyy, suka lagu demi lovato yang stone cold gak?? Keren lohh 191 11/5/2016 @boywilliam Any playlist recommendation on Spotify guys? Krn √ √ #FreedomCombo, gue bisa dengerin lagu sepuasnya nih! http://goo.gl/RT25Ly #FreedomMusic 192 18/5/2016 Mata harus di ganjel korek.. so sleepy √ √

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No Date Tweets Factors N D F E A A M F W S W G S M E P T S 193 18/5/2016 Insert Fashion Awards coming soon.. im hosting! Deg-deg-an √ 194 19/5/2016 Goodnight everybody! Nonton insert fashion awards besok malam ya di trans √ tv. N breakout of course 195 19/5/2016 Wait wait... have u seen coldplays new video clip yg judulnya up & up? Go check it out its fucking brilliant 196 28/5/2016 Thank you teman2 yg hari ini nonton Pensi :) besok ada Pensi lagi dan juga √ HUT NET back to back :-) 197 29/5/2016 Hari ini ketemu Jessie J, Dawin, Omi :) baik banget mereka semua & very √ fun! Nanti tungguin tayangan nya ya we had a blast! Thanks NET :) 198 29/5/2016 Besok di HUT NET aku akan kolaborasi live sama @isyanasarasvati this √ should be interesting! Semoga kalian suka :) night 199 29/5/2016 Wish me luck besok ya teman2 :) semoga bisa perform yg bagus buat kalian √ √ 200 29/5/2016 Engga bisa di upload, error twitter nya i think. Check my instagram aja :) √ √ √ 201 30/5/2016 Belum bisa move on dari net 3.0 or Jessie J? √ √ 202 30/5/2016 I have a special announcement untuk semua fans nya Jessie J... nanti jam 10 √ malam. Its a big BIG BIG announcement 203 30/5/2016 Bukan hanya jadi bintang tamu dan di interview, tetapi Jessie J akan jadi my √ co-host utk 1 episode FULL di @BreakoutNET @netmediatama 204 31/5/2016 Hari ini co-host gue di @BreakoutNET adalah Jessie J 1 eps full! Jam 3 sore √ only on @netmediatama

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Appendix L: The factors influence Indonesian artists observation sheet NS= No similar word ES= Easier to speak MP= To maintain privacy DW= Do not know the word AM= To add emphasis FT= Forget the term FG= To fill Gap AE= To avoid misunderstanding WS= Word simiarity 2. User 2 – Brandon Salim (@brandonicholas)

No Date Tweets Factors N D F E A A M F W S W G S M E P T S W 205 5/5/2016 RUMPI TRANS TV JAM 2.30 today! √ 206 6/5/2016 Hey guys, pokoknya besok kalian harus nonton lovepedia di trans tv jam 12 √ siang, HARUS! Okay? 207 12/5/2016 hoii jangan lupa nonton saat aku ketemu saam orang tua Valerie!!! so √ awkawrd omg.. tp u guys nilai deh, gmn aku nya? 208 15/5/2016 √ Guys! Tonton yaaaa perjuangan aku pas PDKT sm Val hehe 209 16/5/2016 Hey guys tanya yuk ke kita, kita lagi live di @Iradiojakarta !!!! √ 210 18/5/2016 Siapa mau ketemu sama aku? Ok, next week aku mau adain meet n greet spontan, watch out 211 19/5/2016 Hey people jangan lupa nonton trus @BreakoutNET hari Senin - Jumat jam 3 √ sore!!! 212 19/5/2016 Jalan jalan keliling jakarta, panas panasan has never been so much fun! With √ my main guy… https://www.instagram.com/p/BFlZbPLQgsx/

213 21/5/2016 Guys! Nih yang mau ketemu aku sama casts #anakartis2 untuk MEET N √ GREET! https://www.instagram.com/p/BFqfEc3QgnI/ 214 21/5/2016 Yukkk ikut meet n greet aku sama Aanakartis!!! Gampang bgt and kita bsa seru2an ok!!!!!!

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No Date Tweets Factors N D F E A A M F W S W G S M E P T S 215 22/5/2016 Happy Birthday Girl!!!! @bellariska_ semoga u tambah sukses, cantik, hebat and keep chubby cos u look cute that way 216 22/5/2016 Hai Emma :)))) thanks for coming, see you soonnnnn!! Jgn nangis lg hihihi √ @prema_mendes 217 22/5/2016 Sorry yang di hotel aku ga balik lagi karena aku harus langsung berangkat √ lagi :( 218 26/5/2016 Terima kasi banyak buat semua yang udah nonton #anakartis2 ya :) , hari ini kita bakal upload… https://www.instagram.com/p/BF3Iei1wgsb/ 219 26/5/2016 Hi guys follow @NadiraAddict_ ya , seru banget!!!! √ 220 27/5/2016 Guys jangan lupa di hari HUT NET 3.0 kita semua nonton ya, kalo ga bisa √ nonton TV, live stream ya ok!!! See youuu :) 221 29/5/2016 Jangan lupa klik http://Net3.Netmedia.co.id/live dan nonton RED CARPET √ N AWARDING HUT NET 3.0 mulai sore ini pkl 17.00! 222 29/5/2016 Yang mau nanya untuk artis/penyanyi/band favorit kalian di red carpet HUT √ NET 3.0, tweet ke aku nanti aku tanya dgn hashtag #redcarpetnet

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Appendix M: The factors influence Indonesian artists observation sheet NS= No similar word ES= Easier to speak MP= To maintain privacy DW= Do not know the word AM= To add emphasis FT= Forget the term FG= To fill Gap AE= To avoid misunderstanding WS= Word simiarity 3. User 3 – Isyana Sarasvati (@isyanasarasvati)

No Date Tweets Factors N D F E A A M F W S W G S M E P T S W 223 2/5/2016 Selamat pagiii! Waaaw, bangun2 sudah banyak sekali mention mengharukan √ di timeline!! 224 2/5/2016 Thank you buat semua Isyanation yang sudah susah payah buat hadiah √ untukku, dan support kalian yang selalu ada kapan pun dan dimanapun! 225 17/5/2016 Hidup sehat ngasih banyak perubahan buat aku, gimana dgn kalian? Ikuti √ challenge hidup sehat & gabung #TimHijau di http://hitamvshijau.com 226 19/5/2016 Berita soal aku ga berani belanja online memang benar, kalau bukan √ di Tokopedia :) 227 20/5/2016 1. Dear all, bersama ini aku mau kasih penjelasan terkait pemberitaan seputar aku belanja online. 228 20/5/2016 4. Saya diwawancarai secara "door stop" oleh seorang jurnalis sesaat sebelum √ naik panggung sebuah acara musik pada hari Selasa, 17 Mei 2016. 229 20/5/2016 (cont no. 4) Pada waktu yang sangat pendek itu saya ditanya tentang Fashion. √ Konteksnya adalah busana untuk manggung. 230 20/5/2016 6. Namun pemberitaan yang muncul menjadi seolah-olah saya anti belanja √ online. Termasuk kutipan pernyataan yang saya tidak merasa (cont) 231 20/5/2016 9. Yang betul adalah saya berbelanja online untuk bermacam-macam kebutuhan sehari-hari. Nyaman, aman, dan praktis (cont)

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No Date Tweets Factors N D F E A A M F W S W G S M E P T S 232 20/5/2016 10. Alhamdulillah selama ini tidak pernah mengalami hal yang √ mengecewakan saat berbelanja online. Aman-aman saja. 233 20/5/2016 (cont) Terima kasih atas dukungan teman-teman, netizen, fans, klien, media, √ √ label, dan manajemen. 234 24/5/2016 Jangan lupa nonton guyss!! Jam 20.30! √ 235 29/5/2016 Yasss!! Jangan lupa nonton kita guys! 236 29/5/2016 Thank you Urban Gigs Medan, walaupun menunggu sangat lama hingga √ hujan reda tapi tetap semangat dan positiff, see ya next time!! 237 30/5/2016 Tak lupa juga terima kasih untuk semua yang telah vote, Isyanation, keluarga, √ √ dan kerabat. Dukungan kalian begitu berhargaa, thank youu

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Appendix N: The factors influence Indonesian artists observation sheet NS= No similar word ES= Easier to speak MP= To maintain privacy DW= Do not know the word AM= To add emphasis FT= Forget the term FG= To fill Gap AE= To avoid misunderstanding WS= Word simiarity 4. User 4 – Sheila Dara Aisha (@sheiladaisha)

No Date Tweets Factors N D F E A A M F W S W G S M E P T S 238 18/5/2016 Cover terseru with these guys! cc: @boywilliam @brandonicholas √ 239 19/5/2016 Bener! Hahahahahahaha daging is lyfe. √ 240 20/5/2016 Ketawa-ketawa ga jelas nonton ini. These guys are hilarious: √ https://youtu.be/-SM-Yve5Ang cc: @vidialdiano @adhrrf 241 26/5/2016 Terimakasih sudah nonton @HitamPutihT7 hari ini! See you guys very, very √ soon. 242 30/5/2016 Aduuuh suka banget liat teasernya Tiga Dara. Gemas! √

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Appendix O: The factors influence Indonesian artists observation sheet NS= No similar word ES= Easier to speak MP= To maintain privacy DW= Do not know the word AM= To add emphasis FT= Forget the term FG= To fill Gap AE= To avoid misunderstanding WS= Word simiarity 5. User 5 – Herjunot Ali (@Herjuno7Ali)

No Date Tweets Factors N D F E A A M F W S W G S M E P T S 243 12/5/2016 Tanggal 20 Mei saya akan main ke Bandung, venue nya di Sabuga. Ketemu √ lagi disana minggu depan ya Bandung. 244 22/5/2016 Late birthday dinner. Nothing fancy, makan bubur sepiring berdua & 2 teh. √ Modesty as it best. Happy birthday cantik

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Appendix P: ”Factors influence Indonesian artists” observation sheet NS= No similar word ES= Easier to speak MP= To maintain privacy DW= Do not know the word AM= To add emphasis FT= Forget the term FG= To fill Gap AE= To avoid misunderstanding WS= Word simiarity 6. User 6 – Kimberly Ryder (@kymbrlyryder)

No Date Tweets Factors N D F E A A M F W S W G S M E P T S 245 8/5/2016 Besok aku live di @BasaBasi_TTV jam 10am & @AdaAdaAja_GTV jam √ √ 1.15pm! 246 9/5/2016 Besok live lagi nih di @rumpi_ttv jam 3.45pm & @Ini_Talkshow jam 8pm. √ √ Jangan lupa nonton ya! 247 11/3/2016 URGENT! Desak Pembahasan UU Penghapusan kekerasan Seksual. √ #YYAdalahKita - Paraf Petisi! https://www.change.org/p/urgent-desak- pembahasan-uu-penghapusan-kekerasan-seksual- via @ChangeOrg_ID 248 15/5/2016 Besok lanjut lagi di @HappyShowTTV! Jangan lupa ya jam 7.30pm! 249 16/5/2016 Nanti malem nonton @HappyShowTTV jam 7.30pm & √ @TheComment_NET jam 10pm ya! 250 20/5/2016 Thanks untuk yang udah ngeLike dan udah support aku! I already feel like a √ winner because of all you lovely people!! 251 20/5/2016 Nonton @eatbulagaANTV ya jam 8am!!! √ 252 20/5/2016 Mau ikut buka puasa bersama aku? Follow @kimunityofc dan add Line √ √ 'yudhitaanrl' 253 21/5/2016 Nonton @HappyShowTTV lagi ya sabtu, minggu, senin ini jam 7.30pm! 254 21/5/2016 Yuk @HappyShowTTV now!!! √ 255 21/5/2016 Nonton @XtraSelebRTV malem ini jam 9 ya! Live :) √ 256 28/5/2016 Ralat! @islamitu_indah besok ya jam 5am! :) √ 257 28/5/2016 Hal yang bikin seneng: selfie dgn kamera yg udah siap. cekrek cekrek, √ selesai!

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Appendix Q: The factors influence Indonesian artists observation sheet NS= No similar word ES= Easier to speak MP= To maintain privacy DW= Do not know the word AM= To add emphasis FT= Forget the term FG= To fill Gap AE= To avoid misunderstanding WS= Word simiarity 7. User 7– Dimas Danang (@danangpostman)

No Date Tweets Factors N D F E A A M F W S W G S M E P T S 258 3/5/2016 Kuat dong, yes!!RT @adhi_surabaya: @danangpostman kayak kaki'nya √ tukang becak 259 7/5/2016 Siapa yang deg-degan kalau habis belanja online? Takut diPHP sama √ penjualnya? Cari yang #AntiDiPHPin kalau gitu 260 13/5/2016 Ngikutin saran @ImanDarto ah, download aplikasi @my_hartono biar kalau √ √ belanja online tetap aman. #myhartono #AntiDiPHPin 261 18/5/2016 Tengah bulan ngidam gadget impian? Coba buka aja http://www.hartonoelektronika.com harganya jempolan dan dijamin aman #myhartono #AntiDiPHPin 262 19/5/2016 Pak @imamdarto ni ada yg ngefansRT @PutryAdheliaa: @danangpostman √ √ mas kasih tau mas darto. I'm a fan 263 24/5/2016 Di @my_hartono ada beragam pilihan belanja, Bisa via online atau bisa √ √ langsung datang ke storenya Hartono. #myhartono dijamin #AntiDiPHPin 264 26/5/2016 Yes bisa foto ambasador @vivo_indonesia non @agnezmo , anyway fiturnya √ √ keren sih terjangkau lagi #vivoV3Max 265 31/5/2016 Pameran Indonesia Celullar Show surganya pmburu brang br dngan harga √ seru. Jngan lp install dl Aplikasi @my_hartono #myhartono #AntiDiPHPin

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Appendix R: The factors influence Indonesian artists observation sheet NS= No similar word ES= Easier to speak MP= To maintain privacy DW= Do not know the word AM= To add emphasis FT= Forget the term FG= To fill Gap AE= To avoid misunderstanding WS= Word simiarity 8. User 8 – Sara Wijayanto (@SaraWijayanto)

No Date Tweets Factors N D F E A A M F W S W G S M E P T S 266 2/5/2016 The final look #mainanmakeupditengahmalam #nyaiDamar check my fb √ page for the list of products that I use tonight 267 3/5/2016 Buat Saraddicts pengguna Android bs download lagu nyai disini √ http://www.deezer.com/album/11987274 #lagunyaSuti 268 3/5/2016 Buat teman teman yang mau beli CD #SARAwijayanto bisa langsung sms √ √ @lutvi_nero +62 858-8894-7666 35rb + ongkir 269 5/5/2016 Libur libur tetep ngGym 270 6/5/2016 Amiiin thank u √ 271 7/5/2016 Tahun ini ulang tahunnya ya gitu deeeeh... dari pada ya gitu dong.. Bersyukur √ aja.. *ngunyahcake* 272 15/6/2016 Selamat berhari minggu Saraddicts Check out this post on mig! via √ @migmehq http://mig.me/share/post/sarawijayanto/214660039- 1463287850940 …? 273 16/5/2016 Saraddicts ada yang tau gak? Siapa band Indonesia favorite #1 nya nyai √ √ Damar? 274 16/5/2016 Lagu saya jaman galau 'Di Hati selamanya' by Sara Wijayanto 275 17/5/2016 Teman teman gamers.. Saya lg nyari game ps3 Uncharted 3 nih. Ada yg bs √ √ kasih info? 276 28/5/2016 yuk merapat ke acara MARKAS event dr KASKUS 2016 28-29 Mei di Area √ √ √ Hall Basket Senayan jam 10.00 - 22.00 Booth M3

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Appendix S: The factors influence Indonesian artists observation sheet NS= No similar word ES= Easier to speak MP= To maintain privacy DW= Do not know the word AM= To add emphasis FT= Forget the term FG= To fill Gap AE= To avoid misunderstanding WS= Word simiarity 9. User 9 – Farah Quinn (@quinnfarah)

No Date Tweets Factors N D F E A A M F W S W G S M E P T S 277 2/5/2016 Nice cream ini hanya terbuat dari satu bahan yaitu pisang (yang matang √ √ √ √ sekali) di puree dan di freeze. 278 2/5/2016 Valrhona-Yuzu and sparkling sake untuk course terakhir tadi malam √ @chainedesrotisseurs_hq so pretty! 279 2/5/2016 Aww senengnya bisa nyobain kue-kue khas traditional Makassar √ 280 2/5/2016 Breakfast in Surabaya Wajah ngantukku sudah ga sabar mau menyantap √ Pecel Surabaya dan Botok Lamtoro 281 2/5/2016 Sebelum pulang ke Jakarta, aku sempatkan makan Special Nasi Udang Empal √ + Telor ala Surabaya 282 5/5/2016 Supporting pruduk Indonesia LT Pro dan Reny Feby Jewelry dengan sahabatku. #InternationalFriendship 283 5/5/2016 Potong tumpeng jajan pasar di acara LT Pro cosmetics dan Reny Feby √ Jewelry. PS : Outer batikku by Poppy Dharsono 284 5/5/2016 Bolu ketan hitam (Fermented black sticky rice cake) buatanku . Resepnya ada di instagramku. 285 5/5/2016 #TBT Travel journey by Armand Quinn Catatan perjalanan yang √ Armand mulai catat dari waktu dia bisa menulis. 286 9/5/2016 Armand berumur 4 tahun, berbagi telur rebus dengan kucing di warung.Dr √ travelling, dia belajar "compassion"

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No Date Tweets Factors N D F E A A M F W S W G S M E P T S 287 9/5/2016 Travelling mengajarkan kita utk bisa beradaptasi dgn berbagai macam √ lingkungan, berteman dgn banyak orang dimanapun 288 9/5/2016 Ahh sebetulnya masih banyak lagi tentang travelling yang ingin aku share √ √

289 9/5/2016 Pilihan kue sus di Poule de Luxe di Seminyak Village they are tasty √ little things! 290 9/5/2016 Good morning Banjarmasin! yess sarapan pagiku yang berat dan lezat 291 9/5/2016 Prochiz cooking demo di Banjarmasin #SouthBorneo √ 292 9/5/2016 Missing my little bear so much jadi kangen sama waktu √ syuting Ala Chef dulu 293 12/5/2016 TUMI's new campaign. Bangga sebagai salah satu Asia Global Citizen √ #BrandAmbassador #perfectingthepack @tumitravel 294 12/5/2016 Special request from the little Bear, buat sarapan pengennya crispy crepes. √ 295 12/5/2016 Rise and grind! Pagi ini sarapan kita penuh protein, dadar √ √ almond cokelat dengan selai kacang almond. 296 12/5/2016 Salah satu menuku untuk penerbangan International KLM √ @KLM #RoyalDutchAirlines 297 16/5/2016 Victoria's party #lastnight dengan sahabatku dari Milano #CannesFilmFestival #FQFrance PS: by @ravebyvera 298 16/5/2016 Ohh boy tadi setelah lari pagi, ngelewatin artisan bakery and cafe. Akhirnya mampir beli roti kismis. 299 16/5/2016 Snacking SOYJOY di jam 10 pagi dengan menghangatkannya ke dlm √ √ microwave selama 5 - 15 detik, tergantung microwavenya

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No Date Tweets Factors N D F E A A M F W S W G S M E P T S 300 16/5/2016 Ninja's lunch date yes my partner in crime dari New York dateng join √ ke Cannes #ismelltrouble #FQlunch 301 16/5/2016 Dress gold cantik yang aku pakai karya rancangan sahabatku @arturroeggo √ dan perhiasan karya @wandahouseofjewels 302 16/5/2016 Monaco Grand Prix Historique 2016 hari ini cuacanya bagus √ sekali di Monaco #PrincessYacht #GrandPrixParty 303 16/5/2016 The best view untuk menonton Grand Prix Historique Monaco 2016 √ 304 16/5/2016 Waktu memilih dress di Cannes rancangan Farah Khan @FarahKhanOfficial √ untuk acara Princess Yacht #Monaco tadi malam 305 16/5/2016 Party ninjas #Monaco selama bulan May, banyak sekali acara dan √ √ √ parties non-stop di Cannes dan Monaco. 306 19/5/2016 Kebanyakan org naik helicopter ke Monaco krn harganya hampir sama dgn taxi & memakan waktu hny 5 menit di udara 307 19/5/2016 Cloudy day in Cannes tahun ini cuacanya sedikit lebih dingin √ daripada tahun lalu di Cannes #FQFrance 308 19/5/2016 √ Till next time the Côte d'Azur! French Riviera adalah salah satu tempat yang sangat aku suka. 309 19/5/2016 My Saida salah satu sahabat lamaku yang tinggal di London. Dulu √ √ √ kita kuliah bareng di US. 310 19/5/2016 Tinggal 2 hari lagi kesempatan untuk mendapatkan Air Fryer ini dengan √ √ mengikuti challenge di Instagram @soyjoyid. 311 19/5/2016 Now open, Carmel by The Green so proud of my girl Saida, sahabat lamaku dari kuliah di US. 312 19/5/2016 When in Europe... Pasti banyak jalan kaki kemana-mana. √

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No Date Tweets Factors N D F E A A M F W S W G S M E P T S 313 19/5/2016 I love peonies, bunga favouritku yaitu peony. Cantikkkk sekali kalo √ √ √ mekar 314 20/5/2016 Pretty Marzipan ,sejenis permen yang terbuat dari Almond paste (kacang kenari) dan gula halus. 315 20/5/2016 Date night with my Saida malam ini kita menyantap 3 course √ √ sambil ngobrol semalaman. 316 20/5/2016 √ Date night selama di London harus nyobain proper English service. 317 20/5/2016 √ √ Aww... Ini Mas yang masakin kita dessert cakep ya? Hahhahhaha #FQdinner #FQUK 318 24/5/2016 Ini salah satu hidangan pembuka di 12 course lunch, yogurt dari susu domba √ √ dengan herb jelly 319 24/5/2016 Lamb with mushroom for the main course, santapan ke 8 di 12 hidangan. √ 320 24/5/2016 Satu foto lagi... Soalnya makanan buatan Chef Jacob Jan Boerma are so √ fotogenik, cantik dan tasty. 321 24/5/2016 King fish sashimi untuk starter di 2 starred Michelin Aan De Poel, √ √ Amsterdam. Hari ini lunch 3 course only... 322 24/5/2016 Ready for a sweet nap on board @klm_id ,Tidur di pesawat tetap pk lipstik tp copot soft lens @optik_melawai 323 24/5/2016 √ Movies and the tastiest meal on 30000 ft aww... Menu masakanku kali ini untuk penerbangan @KLM_ID 324 24/5/2016 Straight to my babies @noortraavik @dr.irene13 @julionardella PS: √ Ga ada waktu buat jetlagged #FQBali

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No Date Tweets Factors N D F E A A M F W S W G S M E P T S 325 25/5/2016 Jika aku ingin bertanya mengenai mitos seputar diabetes, tinggal tanya lewat Live Chat. #DokterDiabetes by @soyjoyid 326 25/5/2016 Chaine Des Rôtisseurs lunch Amical at Kilo @kilobali, Seminyak.Berbicara √ ttg rules & regulation utk acara hidangan 327 25/5/2016 Course terakhir, dessert untuk Chaine Des Rôtisseurs di Kilo @kilobali √ Bolu pistachio dengan nanas bakar 328 25/5/2016 This tasty stuffed french toast buat sarapan Armand, roti gandum aku √ bikin sandwhich dengan isi cream cheese. 329 25/5/2016 Makan siang perpisahan HE Rodrigo Riofrio, Dubes Ecuador utk Indonesia. √ Beliau akan pindah ke Dominican Republic. 330 28/5/2016 This simple yet elegant set up utk makan siang 5 course perpisahan H.E Rodrigo Riofrio, Dubes Ecuador utk Indonesia 331 28/5/2016 Lunch and giggles this sweet farewell lunch, hanya 15 teman terdekat √ √ dari Duta Besar Ecuador. 332 28/5/2016 My jumpsuits by @arturroeggo di RUMPI #TransTV 15:45 WIB √ √ .Ngobrol seru dengan darling @fenirose #latepost 333 28/5/2016 What a blast this International friendships! Foto bersama stlh makan √ √ siang di perpisahan Duta Besar Ecuador. 334 28/5/2016 Last night's pretty and tasty starter karya Chef Kazumasa Yazawa di OKU √ Hotel Kempinski Jakarta. 335 28/5/2016 The best picture of the day! fun moment dengan sahabatku Sofia Blake √ (Ibu Duta Besar America) dan the Presidents! 336 28/5/2016 Early 4th of July celebration dirayakannya jauh lebih awal krn sekalian √ √ perpisahan Duta Besar America utk Indonesia

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No Date Tweets Factors N D F E A A M F W S W G S M E P T S 337 28/5/2016 Homemade Pizelle cookies tipis lembut spt egg roll (inget kan biscuit jadul egg roll), sedikit beda dgn semprong. 338 28/5/2016 My "HG" #LastNight #early #4thofjuly di rumah kediaman US √ √ Ambassador 339 28/5/2016 Georgian Independence Day #lastnight My darlings Lili Tjhang and Ibu Nino Jakhua, Istri Dubes Georgia 340 28/5/2016 Batik, kebaya and songket kinda night Diamonds and bling √ @wandahouseofjewels 341 28/5/2016 Ubud Food Festival 2016 such a blast di kompetisi sambal tadi siang. √ See you tomorrow at the talk show! 342 31/5/2016 I heart sate ayam #FQlunch #FQBali √ 343 31/5/2016 Great talkshow session dengan Chef Margarita Fores, Chef Gede Paskara √ Karilo dan Jed Doble. @ubudfoodfestival

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Appendix T: The factors influence Indonesian artists observation sheet NS= No similar word ES= Easier to speak MP= To maintain privacy DW= Do not know the word AM= To add emphasis FT= Forget the term FG= To fill Gap AE= To avoid misunderstanding WS= Word simiarity 10. User 10– Daniel Mananta (@vjdaniel)

No Date Tweets Factors N D F E A A M F W S W G S M E P T S W 344 1/5/2016 Have a good sunday everyone. Pada punya rencana apa hari ini? √ 345 3/5/2016 Udh cocok jadi Hulk? Apa iklan cat tambok ya? What do you think guys? √ 346 4/5/2016 Semangat hari rabu!! Menuju long weekend wuhoooo √ 347 4/5/2016 SLIME-TIME PALING BASAH!!! In slow motion!! Buat @NickelodeonTV √ Indonesian Kids Choice Awards Di @Globaltvseru 348 6/5/2016 How's your holiday guys? Macet kah atau? √ 349 6/5/2016 Nanti malam! Penentuan yang akan masuk ke babak Live Show saksikan di @OfficialRCTI #THEVOICEID 350 7/5/2016 Selamat atas kelulusan adik-adik SMA!! Jangan coret2 yang tidak perlu ya √ guys..happy weekend wuhoo 351 9/5/2016 Gw baru aja download aplikasi MANIS. Katanya bisa dapat pulsa gratis. Ini √ apaan sih? Ada Yg bisa jelaskan? 352 10/5/2016 Preapare for INDONESIA KID CHOICE AWARDS 2016 shoot. Kenapa √ muka gw aneh ya, gmn mnrt kalian? 353 13/5/2016 Tonight is the night!!! Live show pertama the Voice Indonesia! Let's rock the show! 354 13/5/2016 Malam ini "Fight Through Your Voice" Live Show #THEVOICEID √ 355 13/5/2016 Now penentuan siapa yang lolos ke babak selanjutnya?? √ #TheVoiceEps17Live

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No Date Tweets Factors N D F E A A M F W S W G S M E P T S 356 17/5/2016 Morning guys! Buah apa yang seger utk sarapan pagi ini ya? √ 357 19/5/2016 Mapan itu perlu bukti, bukan mimpi. Great fun sharing about perjalanan gw √ #menujumapan tadi. http://bit.ly/1TgKJJE 358 23/5/2016 Ingin hidup mapan itu seperti ingin memiliki badan 6-pack! Gak akan jadi six-pack kalo ga pake… https://www.instagram.com/p/BFvaS8MzW8a/ 359 25/5/2016 Morning guys. Ga kerasa banget udah hari rabu. 2 hari lagi menuju √ @TheVoiceRCTI 360 27/5/2016 nanti jam 8.30 gw akan Live Streaming sblm The Voice Play Off mulai. Like √ Facebook Fanpage gw yah: VJ Daniel Mananta 361 28/5/2016 Amazing night for Play Off babak 1 di @TheVoiceRCTI √ #TheVoiceIDPlayOff 362 31/5/2016 LOL!! Kesannya kayak kita bangun bareng gitu! √