DOCSLIB.ORG

Combinatorial Effects of Odorants on Mouse Behavior

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Combinatorial Effects of Odorants on Mouse Behavior Combinatorial effects of odorants on mouse behavior Luis R. Saraivaa,1, Kunio Kondoha, Xiaolan Yea, Kyoung-hye Yoona,2, Marcus Hernandeza,3, and Linda B. Bucka,4 aHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109 Contributed by Linda B. Buck, April 14, 2016 (sent for review February 28, 2016; reviewed by Trese Leinders-Zufall and Lisa Stowers) The mechanisms by which odors induce instinctive behaviors are or combination of receptors has a high probability of eliciting a largely unknown. Odor detection in the mouse nose is mediated by specific response. Their similarity among individuals also suggests >1, 000 different odorant receptors (ORs) and trace amine-associated that these responses may be immune to other olfactory inputs. For receptors (TAARs). Odor perceptions are encoded combinatorially by example, whereas changes in the combination of activated ORs can ORs and can be altered by slight changes in the combination of acti- change a perceived odor, predator odor activation of a particular vated receptors. However, the stereotyped nature of instinctive odor receptor may induce instinctive aversive behavior regardless of what responses suggests the involvement of specific receptors and geneti- other receptors are simultaneously activated by other odorants in cally programmed neural circuits relatively immune to extraneous odor the environment. One receptor in the vomeronasal organ has been stimuli and receptor inputs. Here, we report that, contrary to expecta- linked to mating behavior (33). However, the only nasal receptors tion, innate odor-induced behaviors can be context-dependent. First, demonstrated to play a role in innate odor responses thus far are the different ligands for a given TAAR can vary in behavioral effect. Sec- two mouse TAARs mentioned above (22, 23), suggesting that fur- ond, when combined, some attractive and aversive odorants neutralize ther study of the TAAR family could provide added insight into the one another’s behavioral effects. Both a TAAR ligand and a common mechanisms underlying innate odor responses. odorant block aversion to a predator odor, indicating that this ability is Here, we initially set out to investigate whether other mouse not unique to TAARs and can extend to an aversive response of po- TAARs might also induce attraction or aversion. We conducted a tential importance to survival. In vitro testing of single receptors with high-throughput screen to identify additional mouse TAAR ligands binary odorant mixtures indicates that behavioral blocking can occur and then tested individual ligands for the ability to cause attractive without receptor antagonism in the nose. Moreover, genetic ablation or aversive behavior in mice. Many, but not all, TAAR ligands of a single receptor prevents its cognate ligand from blocking predator elicited attraction or aversion. However, different ligands for the odor aversion, indicating that the blocking requires sensory input same TAAR often had different effects. Even for a TAAR known from the receptor. Together, these findings indicate that innate to be involved in innate attraction, one ligand could be attractive odor-induced behaviors can depend on context, that signals from and another one neutral, despite similar affinity interactions with a single receptor can block innate odor aversion, and that instinctive the receptor. One potential explanation was that innate behavioral behavioral responses to odors can be modulated by interactions in responses to odors can be context-dependent and influenced by the the brain among signals derived from different receptors. combination of receptors activated by an odorant. Consistent with this model, some attractive and aversive odorants blocked each olfaction | behavior | TAAR | odorants Significance he mammalian olfactory system detects a multitude of volatile chemicals perceived as odors as well as social cues that elicit T Odor detection in the mouse nose is mediated by ∼1,000 different instinctive behaviors (1–3). The olfactory epithelium of the mouse odorant receptors (ORs) and 14 trace amine-associated receptors contains ∼1,000 different ORs and 14 trace amine-associated re- (TAARs). Different OR combinations generate different odor per- ceptors (TAARs), each expressed by a different subset of olfactory ceptions. However, a few TAARs are associated with innate odor sensory neurons (4–13). An accessory olfactory structure, the vom- attraction or aversion, suggesting they signal through hard-wired eronasal organ, also detects social cues but using different receptors neural circuits resistant to combinatorial receptor inputs. Contrary (1–3). ORs are used in a combinatorial fashion to detect structurally to this prediction, we find that different ligands for a given TAAR diverse odorants, allowing the discrimination of myriad odorants as can be attractive or aversive, or instead neutral. In addition, some having different scents (7, 14). attractive and aversive odorants block one another’sbehavioral Like ORs, TAARs are evolutionarily conserved in vertebrates effects. Odor blocking can occur without receptor antagonism in (15–17), suggesting that TAARs may have a distinct function. the nose and can require sensory input from one receptor. Thus, Moreover, sensory neurons expressing TAARs appear to comprise – innate odor-induced behaviors can be context-dependent and a separate lineage (18 20), and genes encoding ORs and TAARs modulated by interactions in the brain among signals derived have different nuclear locations (20), which may contribute to from different receptors. TAARs’ segregated expression in different neurons. At least some TAARs specifically recognize volatile amines, and two are required Author contributions: L.R.S. and L.B.B. designed research; L.R.S., K.K., K.-h.Y., and M.H. for behavioral attraction or avoidance to animal-derived amines (10, performed research; L.R.S., K.K., and X.Y. analyzed data; and L.R.S., K.K., and L.B.B. wrote 21–23). In addition, one zebrafish TAAR ligand is aversive to fish the paper. (24), and one human TAAR detects an odorant aversive to humans Reviewers: T.L.-Z., University of Saarland School of Medicine; and L.S., Scripps as well as rotten fish (17, 25, 26). These observations have raised the Research Institute. possibility that the TAAR family may have an evolutionarily con- The authors declare no conflict of interest. served ability to induce innate responses, particularly aversion. Al- Freely available online through the PNAS open access option. 1 ternatively, or in addition, TAAR conservation could derive from Present address: Experimental Genetics Division, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Out- Patient Clinic, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar. an ability for high-sensitivity detection of amines (23). 2Present address: Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, In mice, attractive and aversive responses can be either learned by 26493, South Korea. association with other attractive or aversive stimuli or innate. Innate 3Present address: Clinical Clerkship Program, American University of Antigua, New York, odor responses, such as aversive responses to predator odors (3, 21, NY 10004. – 23, 27 32), are similar among individuals. The stereotyped nature of 4To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: [email protected]. these responses suggests the existence of genetically determined This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. neural circuits in which olfactory sensory input from a given receptor 1073/pnas.1605973113/-/DCSupplemental. E3300–E3306 | PNAS | Published online May 20, 2016 www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1605973113 Downloaded by guest on September 29, 2021 other’s behavioral effects. In vitro studies of ligand–receptor in- odorants activated one to six TAARs, and, consistent with previous PNAS PLUS teractions and behavioral studies of receptor knockout (KO) mice findings (10, 34), some TAARs responded to more than one odorant. indicated that the observed blocking effects can occur without re- ceptor antagonism in the nose and can require sensory input from Numerous TAAR Ligands, as Well as Other Odorants, Induce Innate Attraction or Aversion. We next examined individual TAAR ligands asinglereceptor. for the ability to stimulate attractive or aversive behavior in naïve Results male mice. We used the olfactory preference test, which measures whether animals spend significantly more time investigating filter Identification of Additional TAAR Ligands. Wefirstsoughttoidentify paper containing an odorant versus water (attraction) or signifi- additional mouse TAAR ligands beyond the small number already cantly less time (aversion) (30). Strikingly, over half of TAAR li- known (10, 34). To this end, we conducted a high-throughput gands tested (10 of 19) induced a behavioral response, including chemical screen for TAAR activators using TAARs expressed in- three previously reported to do so (Fig. 1B and Fig. S2)(21–23). dividually in HEK293 tissue culture cells (Fig. 1A and Fig. S1). We Seven ligands stimulated attraction, and three caused aversion. identified 16 additional TAAR agonists, all volatile amines. Single Aversion to the latter three ligands was also seen using an innate A C M1P EC50 +MEN *** OTHER DMB (μM) BZL *** DMO >500 CAM *** ODORANTS DMC 101-500 IPT *** ANI 51-100 ROX *** 2MB 11-50 HXT ** NMP ≤10 HXA *** AEP IBT *** HEP HXO ** +FCH ** OCT HPO PEA ** -FCH ** Odorant AST TMT ** IAA +LIM ** TMA 2PT * DME BFA * PYR EUC * SPD QUI * SPN LIN ** CAD CIT 9 2 3 6 4 5 -MNT 7f 8c 7e 7a 8a 8b 7b 7d HPN TAAR EDM PIN NEUROSCIENCE 2HO SKA MBA B +CVN -CVN EBT DMP C3H Aversive Neutral Attractive TOL AAC H2O TAAR CTN IAA *** GER 2MB ** LIGANDS OCA PEA * OCO DMC EUG HEP ION DMO OCN M1P VAN SPN 2PE ANI MUS NMP T2H CAD -LIM * PYR CIV * OCT * AMB ** DMB * +MNT ** TMA ** OTT * DME ** PUT ** AEP ** PPA * SPD * FAR *** AST *** IND ** 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 Investigation time (s) Investigation time (s) Fig. 1. A number of TAAR ligands and other odorants elicit innate attraction or aversion. (A) Individual mouse TAARs were expressed in HEK293 cells and tested for responses to different odorants.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Odour from Animal Production Facilities: Its Relationship to Diet
    Nutrition Research Reviews (2005), 18, 3–30 DOI: 10.1079/NRR200592 q The Authors 2005 Odour from animal production facilities: its relationship to diet 1,2,3 1 1 4 2 Phung D. Le , Andre´ J. A. Aarnink *, Nico W. M. Ogink , Petra M. Becker and Martin W. A. Verstegen 1Wageningen UR, Agrotechnology and Food Innovations, Bornsesteeg 59, 6708 PD Wageningen, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands 2Wageningen UR, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands 3Department of Animal Sciences, Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, 102 Phung Hung Street, Hue City, Vietnam 4Wageningen UR, Animal Science Group, Nutrition and Food, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands Though bad odour has always been associated with animal production, it did not attract much research attention until in many countries the odour production and emission from intensified animal production caused serious nuisance and was implicated in the health problems of individuals living near animal farms. Odour from pig production facilities is generated by the microbial conversion of feed in the large intestine of pigs and by the microbial conversion of pig excreta under anaerobic conditions and in manure stores. Assuming that primary odour-causing compounds arise from an excess of degradable protein and a lack of specific fermentable carbohydrates during microbial fermentation, the main dietary components that can be altered to reduce odour are protein and fermentable carbohydrates. In the present paper we aim to give an up-to-date review of studies on the relationship between diet composition and odour production, with the emphasis on protein and fermentable carbohydrates.
    [Show full text]
  • Running Head: SEARCHING for PUTRESCINE EFFECTS 1
    Running head: SEARCHING FOR PUTRESCINE EFFECTS 1 Not So Fast: Searching for Behavioral Effects of Putrescine in Direct and Conceptual Replications of Wisman and Shrira (2015). Michael D. Anes, Jennifer L. Gile, and Richard W. York Wittenberg University, Springfield, Ohio 1 Corresponding author: Michael D. Anes Department of Psychology Wittenberg University Springfield, Ohio 45501 USA [email protected] Author Note: Many Wittenberg Psychology Department students helped prepare experimental materials in the initiation phase of this research and/or served as student experimenters. Their help was invaluable. They are, in alphabetical order: Danielle Balchunas, Victoria Blain, Cori Cleveland, Lacey Eigel, Emily Kahlig, Meredith Keegan, Lucas Klever, Mariah Koenig, Kellyn McCarter, Ashley Miller, Hannah Patterson, Micaela Pohlabel, Cinda Rutter, Shaye Sakos, Danielle Scott, Cameron Stout, Tyler Smith, Leah Souter, Jason Williams, Katie Williams, Hannah Wilson, and Emmitt Zalerneraitis. SEARCHING FOR PUTRESCINE EFFECTS 2 Abstract Understanding olfactory signal perception in humans is important for advancing basic scientific questions about the role of odor in cognitive and social processes. Here we review animal research on behavioral consequences of exposure to putrescine, a trace amine found in bodily tissues and which is produced by decay processes. Wisman and Shrira (2015) exposed human participants to putrescine and other aversive substance odors, gathered hedonic ratings, and reported heightened vigilance and increased threat and escape-related cognitions and behavior in putrescine conditions. In Wisman & Shrira and the present experiments, participants and experimenters were blind to substance condition. We conducted a direct replication of Wisman and Shrira’s supraliminal exposure ratings and walking speed studies (Experiments 2 and 3) and a conceptual replication of a subliminal presentation defensive threat effect found in their Experiment 4.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Oral Anaerobic Bacteria, and Influence Of
    PROCEEDINGS OF THE LATVIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Section B, Vol. 65 (2011), No. 3/4 (674/675), pp. 102–109. DOI: 10.2478/v10046-011-0025-1 THE ROLE OF ORAL ANAEROBIC BACTERIA, AND INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL AND HEALTH FACTORS IN HALITOSIS AETIOLOGY Dagnija Rostoka, Juta Kroièa, Aigars Reinis, and Valentîna Kuzòecova Department of Biology and Microbiology, Rîga Stradiòð University, Dzirciema iela 16, Rîga LV-1007, LATVIA [email protected] Communicated by Mâra Pilmane The aim of this work was to identify the bacteria associated with halitosis, and by questionnaire to test whether diet, oral hygiene habits and illness factors were associated with bacterial amounts in the oral cavity and the Il-1a/Il-1b polymorphism. Bad breath is a frequent problem in Latvia and for many patients may cause important emotional and psychological distress. As there are differ- ent causes of halitosis, this might be also reflected in the bacterial community of the oral cavity. The concentration of bacteria in the oral cavity was significantly higher in halitosis patients than in the studied control group, who did not complain about halitosis. The PCR results corresponded with halimetric values. The main cause of halitosis was found to be oral pathology — increased amounts of oral anaerobic bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythietensis, Treponema denticola, and Prevotella intermedia. Key words: halitosis, obligate anaerobic bacteria, volatile sulphur compounds, Il-1a/Il-1b poly- morphism. INTRODUCTION thine, decarboxylation of arginine, or direct conversion of arginine to ornithine, followed by decarboxylation of orni- Halitosis, commonly referred to as bad breath, may be due thine to putrescine (Goldberg et al., 1994).
    [Show full text]
  • 3-METHYL INDOLE (Skatole) in URINE by FLUORIMETRY – FAST - Code Z60010
    3-METHYL INDOLE (Skatole) IN URINE BY FLUORIMETRY – FAST - Code Z60010 BIOCHEMISTRY 3-methyl indole or skatole (P.M. 131.172) is an organic compound which os, structurally, part of the indolic group. It is present in faeces and is derived from biotransformation (decarboxylation) of the amino acid Tryptophan that happens in the digestive tract of mammals. Fig. 1: 3-methylindole or Skatole PATHOLOGIES In the colon, there is a large bacterial flora that may be subject to changes that make it harmful to health. When this flora is balanced and useful to the body, there is a balance that is called "eubiosis". When, however, unwanted bacteria appear, they alter the balance and create the "intestinal disbiosis”, unfortunately a very common condition. If the intestinal flora is not balanced, the amino acids derived from undigest proteins undergo a decarboxylation process that produces toxic amines, such as 3-methyl indole, resulting from tryptophan. PROCESSING OF PROTEINS Protein Amine produced arginine agmatina cystine and cysteine mercaptan histidine histamine lysine cadaverine ornithine putrescine tyrosine tyramine tryptophan indole and skatole Many of these amines are powerful vasoconstrictive poisons. It should also be noted that 3-methyl indole is responsible for the particularly odor of faeces. EUREKA srl – LAB DIVISION Head Quarter: VAT N° 01547310423 Via Enrico Fermi 25 E-mail:[email protected] 60033 Chiaravalle (AN) ITALY www.eurekaone.com Tel. +39 071 7450790 Fax + 39 071 7496579 This product fulfills all the requirements of Directive 98/79/EC on in vitro diagnostic medical devices (IVD). The declaration of conformity is available upon request.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Micelles on the Steady-State and Time-Resolved Fluorescence of Indole, 1-Methylindole, and 3-Methylindole in Aqueous Media
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital Repository @ Iowa State University Chemistry Publications Chemistry 5-15-1997 The ffecE t of Micelles on the Steady-State and Time-Resolved Fluorescence of Indole, 1-Methylindole, and 3-Methylindole in Aqueous Media K. D. Ashby Iowa State University K. Das Iowa State University Jacob W. Petrich Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/chem_pubs Part of the Analytical Chemistry Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ chem_pubs/689. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Chemistry at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chemistry Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The ffecE t of Micelles on the Steady-State and Time-Resolved Fluorescence of Indole, 1-Methylindole, and 3-Methylindole in Aqueous Media Abstract 3-Methylindole (skatole) is a component of animal waste and is, consequently, a primary component in odor problems arising in livestock management, notably swine production. The ba ility to probe and to exploit the interactions of 3-methylindole with micelles has important implications for monitoring and controlling odor problems. The effect of a surfactant (Brij-35) on the fluorescence properties of indole, 1-methylindole, and 3-methylindole in aqueous solutions is reported.
    [Show full text]
  • Www .Alfa.Com
    Bio 2013-14 Alfa Aesar North America Alfa Aesar Korea Uni-Onward (International Sales Headquarters) 101-3701, Lotte Castle President 3F-2 93 Wenhau 1st Rd, Sec 1, 26 Parkridge Road O-Dong Linkou Shiang 244, Taipei County Ward Hill, MA 01835 USA 467, Gongduk-Dong, Mapo-Gu Taiwan Tel: 1-800-343-0660 or 1-978-521-6300 Seoul, 121-805, Korea Tel: 886-2-2600-0611 Fax: 1-978-521-6350 Tel: +82-2-3140-6000 Fax: 886-2-2600-0654 Email: [email protected] Fax: +82-2-3140-6002 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Alfa Aesar United Kingdom Echo Chemical Co. Ltd Shore Road Alfa Aesar India 16, Gongyeh Rd, Lu-Chu Li Port of Heysham Industrial Park (Johnson Matthey Chemicals India Toufen, 351, Miaoli Heysham LA3 2XY Pvt. Ltd.) Taiwan England Kandlakoya Village Tel: 866-37-629988 Bio Chemicals for Life Tel: 0800-801812 or +44 (0)1524 850506 Medchal Mandal Email: [email protected] www.alfa.com Fax: +44 (0)1524 850608 R R District Email: [email protected] Hyderabad - 501401 Andhra Pradesh, India Including: Alfa Aesar Germany Tel: +91 40 6730 1234 Postbox 11 07 65 Fax: +91 40 6730 1230 Amino Acids and Derivatives 76057 Karlsruhe Email: [email protected] Buffers Germany Tel: 800 4566 4566 or Distributed By: Click Chemistry Reagents +49 (0)721 84007 280 Electrophoresis Reagents Fax: +49 (0)721 84007 300 Hydrus Chemical Inc. Email: [email protected] Uchikanda 3-Chome, Chiyoda-Ku Signal Transduction Reagents Tokyo 101-0047 Western Blot and ELISA Reagents Alfa Aesar France Japan 2 allée d’Oslo Tel: 03(3258)5031 ...and much more 67300 Schiltigheim Fax: 03(3258)6535 France Email: [email protected] Tel: 0800 03 51 47 or +33 (0)3 8862 2690 Fax: 0800 10 20 67 or OOO “REAKOR” +33 (0)3 8862 6864 Nagorny Proezd, 7 Email: [email protected] 117 105 Moscow Russia Alfa Aesar China Tel: +7 495 640 3427 Room 1509 Fax: +7 495 640 3427 ext 6 CBD International Building Email: [email protected] No.
    [Show full text]
  • EAFUS: a Food Additive Database
    U. S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition Office of Premarket Approval EAFUS: A Food Additive Database This is an informational database maintained by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) under an ongoing program known as the Priority-based Assessment of Food Additives (PAFA). It contains administrative, chemical and toxicological information on over 2000 substances directly added to food, including substances regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as direct, "secondary" direct, and color additives, and Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) and prior-sanctioned substances. In addition, the database contains only administrative and chemical information on less than 1000 such substances. The more than 3000 total substances together comprise an inventory often referred to as "Everything" Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS). This list of substances contains ingredients added directly to food that FDA has either approved as food additives or listed or affirmed as GRAS. Nevertheless, it contains only a partial list of all food ingredients that may in fact be lawfully added to food, because under federal law some ingredients may be added to food under a GRAS determination made independently from the FDA. The list contains many, but not all, of the substances subject to independent GRAS determinations. The list below is an alphabetical inventory representing only five of 196 fields in FDA/CFSAN's PAFA database. To obtain the entire database, including abstractions of over 7,000 toxicology studies performed on substances added to food as well as a search engine to locate desired information, order Food Additives: Toxicology, Regulation, and Properties, available in CD-ROM format from CRC Press.
    [Show full text]
  • Title 21—Food and Drugs
    Title 21—Food and Drugs (This book contains parts 170 to 199) Part CHAPTER I—Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services (Continued) ........................... 170 1 VerDate Mar<15>2010 07:41 May 13, 2011 Jkt 223067 PO 00000 Frm 00011 Fmt 8008 Sfmt 8008 Y:\SGML\223067.XXX 223067 wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR VerDate Mar<15>2010 07:41 May 13, 2011 Jkt 223067 PO 00000 Frm 00012 Fmt 8008 Sfmt 8008 Y:\SGML\223067.XXX 223067 wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR CHAPTER I—FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) (Parts 170 to 199) EDITORIAL NOTE: Nomenclature changes to chapter I appear at 59 FR 14366, Mar. 28, 1994, and 69 FR 18803, Apr. 9, 2004. SUBCHAPTER B—FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (CONTINUED) Part Page 170 Food additives......................................................... 5 171 Food additive petitions ........................................... 24 172 Food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption ................................ 30 173 Secondary direct food additives permitted in food for human consumption ....................................... 122 174 Indirect food additives: General .............................. 155 175 Indirect food additives: Adhesives and components of coatings ............................................................ 156 176 Indirect food additives: Paper and paperboard com- ponents ................................................................. 198 177 Indirect food additives: Polymers ..........................
    [Show full text]
  • Acute Olfactory Response of Culex Mosquitoes to a Human- and Bird-Derived Attractant
    Acute olfactory response of Culex mosquitoes to a human- and bird-derived attractant Zainulabeuddin Syed and Walter S. Leal1 Department of Entomology, Honorary Maeda-Duffey Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 Edited by Jerrold Meinwald, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, and approved September 23, 2009 (received for review June 20, 2009) West Nile virus, which is transmitted by Culex mosquitoes while lance programs (13). Birds and bird derived odorants have been feeding on birds and humans, has emerged as the dominant vector demonstrated as attractive to Culex spp. (14, 15). A high degree borne disease in North America. We have identified natural com- of anthropophily was also shown for Cx. quinquefasciatus in pounds from humans and birds, which are detected with extreme Africa (16). Also, feeding shifts from birds to humans in Culex sensitivity by olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) on the antennae are well documented in the literature (17). of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Cx. quinquefasciatus). One of Here, we describe how nonanal, a dominant constituent in these semiochemicals, nonanal, dominates the odorant spectrum odorant profiles from birds and humans, is detected with re- of pigeons, chickens, and humans from various ethnic back- markable sensitivity by ORNs on Cx. quinquefasciatus antennae. grounds. We determined the specificity and sensitivity of all ORN We also provide a list of potent semiochemicals that are detected types housed in different sensilla types on Cx. quinquefasciatus with high sensitivity by other ORNs. Also, we discuss how antennae. Here, we present a comprehensive map of all antennal nonanal could be involved in the unique shifts in Culex feeding ORNs coding natural ligands and their dose-response functions.
    [Show full text]
  • Catabolic Pathway for the Production of Skatole and Indoleacetic Acid by the Acetogen Clostridium Drakei, Clostridium Scatologenes, and Swine Manureᰔ Terence R
    APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 2008, p. 1950–1953 Vol. 74, No. 6 0099-2240/08/$08.00ϩ0 doi:10.1128/AEM.02458-07 Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Catabolic Pathway for the Production of Skatole and Indoleacetic Acid by the Acetogen Clostridium drakei, Clostridium scatologenes, and Swine Manureᰔ Terence R. Whitehead,1* Neil P. Price,2 Harold L. Drake,3 and Michael A. Cotta1 Fermentation Biotechnology Research Unit1 and Bioproducts and Biocatalysis Research Unit,2 National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, Illinois 61604, and Department of Ecological Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany3 Received 31 October 2007/Accepted 14 January 2008 Skatole (3-methylindole) is a malodorous chemical in stored swine manure and is implicated as a component of foul-tasting pork. Definitive evidence for the skatole pathway is lacking. Deuterium-labeled substrates were employed to resolve this pathway in the acetogenic bacterium Clostridium drakei and Clostridium scatologenes and to determine if a similar pathway is used by microorganisms present in stored swine manure. Indoleacetic acid (IAA) was synthesized from tryptophan by both bacteria, and skatole was synthesized from both IAA and tryptophan. Microorganisms in swine manure produced skatole and other oxidation products from tryptophan, but IAA yielded only skatole. A catabolic mechanism for the synthesis of skatole is proposed. Storage of swine manure is associated with the generation Bacterial strains, cultivation conditions, and swine manure. of a number of malodorous compounds (18, 22, 30), and the C. drakei SL1 DSM 12750 and C. scatologenes ATCC 25775 production of odor associated with concentrated livestock were utilized in this study.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutritional Influences on Skatole Formation and Skatole Metabolism in the Pig
    Animals 2012, 2, 221-242; doi:10.3390/ani2020221 OPEN ACCESS animals ISSN 2076-2615 www.mdpi.com/journal/animals Review Nutritional Influences on Skatole Formation and Skatole Metabolism in the Pig Raffael Wesoly and Ulrike Weiler * Institute of Animal Husbandry and Animal Breeding, Behavioral Physiology of Farm Animals (470a), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-711-459-22916; Fax: +49-711-459-22498. Received: 29 February 2012; in revised form: 16 April 2012 / Accepted: 26 April 2012 / Published: 2 May 2012 Simple Summary: Skatole is a tryptophan metabolite with fecal odor. Skatole and the testicular steroid androstenone are regarded as the main compounds leading to ‘boar taint,’ a sex-specific odor from pork taken from entire males, as elevated concentrations of both substances may be found in adipose boars tissue. High skatole concentrations in adipose tissue are the result of a complex process, which includes microbial formation in the colon, absorption, metabolism and accretion in fat. Several of these steps leading to high skatole concentrations are influenced by feed components and additives. The present paper discusses the mechanisms by which effective feeding strategies and feed additives exert their influence in the prevention of high skatole concentrations in adipose pig tissue. Abstract: Skatole is a tryptophan (TRP) metabolite with fecal odor. Together with the testicular steroid androstenone it is regarded as a main determinant of boar taint, even if elevated concentrations of skatole occur occasionally in gilts and barrows.
    [Show full text]
  • Specifications and Standards for Foods, Food Additives, Etc. Under the Food Sanitation Act (Abstract) 2010
    Specifications and Standards for Foods, Food Additives, etc. Under the Food Sanitation Act (Abstract) 2010 April 2011 Copyright © 2011 JETRO. All rights reserved. CONTENTS PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................... 1 I. FOOD ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 1. Specifications and Standards for Food in General and for Individual Food Categories .................. 5 2. Maximum Residue Limits for Agricultural Chemicals (Pesticides), Feed Additives and Veterinary Drugs in Food ..................................................................................................................... 6 3. Provisional Regulatory Limitations of Contaminants in Food .......................................................... 6 4. Genetically modified foods ................................................................................................................... 6 5. Foods for Specified Health Uses and Foods with Nutrient Function Claims ................................... 7 6. Food Labeling ....................................................................................................................................... 8 6-1. Establishment of Consumer Affairs Agency .............................................................................. 10 6-2. Labeling of Food Consumption Date Limits .............................................................................
    [Show full text]