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Vergleichend Anatomische Studien an Den Nasalen Und Vomeronasalen Olfaktorischen Organen Der Anuren Unter Funktionsmorphologischen Und Phylogenetischen Aspekten

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Vergleichend Anatomische Studien an Den Nasalen Und Vomeronasalen Olfaktorischen Organen Der Anuren Unter Funktionsmorphologischen Und Phylogenetischen Aspekten VERGLEICHEND ANATOMISCHE STUDIEN AN DEN NASALEN UND VOMERONASALEN OLFAKTORISCHEN ORGANEN DER ANUREN UNTER FUNKTIONSMORPHOLOGISCHEN UND PHYLOGENETISCHEN ASPEKTEN Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Doktorin der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) im Fachbereich Naturwissenschaften der Universität Kassel vorgelegt von Christine Nowack Kassel, im Mai 2008 Datum der mündlichen Prüfung: 02. Juli 2008 Erster Gutachter: Prof. Dr. A. Wöhrmann-Repenning Zweiter Gutachter: Prof. Dr. R. Wagner I Danksagung An allererster Stelle und mit aller Herzlichkeit möchte ich mich bei meiner „Doktormutter“ Frau Prof. Dr. Angela Wöhrmann-Repenning bedanken. Dies gilt zum einen natürlich für die Bereitstellung des Arbeitsplatzes und die thematische Anregung, aber auch – und das im Be- sonderen – für die über das eigentliche Maß einer Doktoranden-Betreuung hinausgehende, manchmal strenge, aber immer offene, ehrliche und außerordentlich konstruktive Zusammen- arbeit. Die persönliche und freundschaftliche Atmosphäre innerhalb der Arbeitsgruppe und der stetige methodische und inhaltliche Austausch unter den Mitarbeitern waren für das Ge- lingen dieser Arbeit maßgeblich mit verantwortlich. Dem Zoo Frankfurt und insbesondere dem stellvertretenden Zoodirektor und Leiter des Exo- tariums Dipl.-Biol. Rudolf Wicker danke ich für die großzügige Abgabe von verschiedenen Anuren, ebenso wie dem Leiter des Aquariums Dietzenbach Herbert Nigl, dem Leiter der Arbeitsgruppe Herpetologie am Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg in Frankfurt Dr. Gunther Köhler, sowie der Tierphysiologischen Abteilung der Universität Kassel und ihrem ehemali- gen Leiter Prof. Dr. Jörg-Peter Ewert. Weiterer Dank sei an Dr. Michael Gudo von der Morphisto Evolutionsforschung und Anwen- dung GmbH im Frankfurter Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg gerichtet, für die Unterstützung bei der Erstellung der dreidimensionalen Rekonstruktionen. Prof. Dr. Rüdiger Wagner vom Max-Planck-Institut für Limnologie danke ich für die Über- nahme des Zweitgutachtens, sowie für die Möglichkeit zu digitalen Fotoaufnahmen an der Stereolupe. Ebenso möchte ich mich bei der Abteilung Entwicklungsbiologie unter der Leitung von Prof. Dr. Mireille Schäfer bedanken, die mir die fluoreszenzmikroskopischen Arbeiten sowie digi- tale mikroskopische Fotoaufnahmen ermöglicht hat. Der Arbeitsgruppe Lymphologie der Universität Kassel unter Leitung von Dr. Helmut Zöltzer danke ich für das zur Verfügung stellen des Gefriermikrotoms. Der Universität Kassel sei gedankt für die finanzielle Förderung des Projekts durch ein Pro- motionsstipendium. Für die praktische und seelische Unterstützung und die viele Geduld während der Zeit der Promotion danke ich Familie und Freunden, insbesondere Sebastian Koch, Maria Schmidt, Frederik Funke und Annabell Nowack. II Inhalt Verzeichnis der Abbildungen ...................................................................................................VI Verzeichnis der Tabellen..........................................................................................................IX 1 Einleitung ................................................................................................................................ 1 2 Grundlagen .............................................................................................................................. 3 2.1 Anmerkungen zu Systematik und Biologie.................................................................... 3 2.1.1 Systematik und Abstammung der Amphibia................................................... 3 2.1.2 Die Ordo Anura ............................................................................................... 5 2.1.3 Informationen zu den untersuchten Spezies .................................................... 7 2.2 Bau und Funktion der olfaktorischen Systeme............................................................. 13 2.2.1 Allgemeine Morphologie des Geruchsorgans bei Amphibien....................... 13 2.2.2 Der olfaktorische Sinn der Anuren ................................................................ 15 2.2.3 Das Vomeronasalorgan.................................................................................. 16 3 Material und Methoden ......................................................................................................... 18 3.1 Herkunft des Tiermaterials ........................................................................................... 18 3.2 Systematische Einordnung der untersuchten Spezies................................................... 20 3.3 Histologische Bearbeitung............................................................................................ 21 3.4 Auswertung der histologischen Schnittserien............................................................... 23 3.5 Dreidimensionale Rekonstruktion ................................................................................ 24 3.6 Vitalfärbung.................................................................................................................. 24 4 Befunde.................................................................................................................................. 27 4.1 Allgemeine Anatomie der nasalen Strukturen.............................................................. 27 4.1.1 Vorbemerkungen ........................................................................................... 27 4.1.2 Bombina orientalis......................................................................................... 27 4.1.2.1 Morphologie der Nasenhöhlen........................................................ 27 4.1.2.2 Skelettelemente............................................................................... 32 4.1.2.3 Verteilung und Bau der Epithelien ................................................. 35 4.1.2.4 Drüsen und Tränennasengang......................................................... 39 III 4.1.3 Megophrys nasuta.......................................................................................... 41 4.1.3.1 Morphologie der Nasenhöhlen........................................................ 41 4.1.3.2 Skelettelemente............................................................................... 45 4.1.3.3 Verteilung und Bau der Epithelien ................................................. 47 4.1.3.4 Drüsen und Tränennasengang......................................................... 49 4.1.4 Pelodytes punctatus ....................................................................................... 50 4.1.4.1 Morphologie der Nasenhöhlen........................................................ 50 4.1.4.2 Skelettelemente............................................................................... 54 4.1.4.3 Verteilung und Bau der Epithelien ................................................. 56 4.1.4.4 Drüsen und Tränennasengang......................................................... 57 4.1.5 Bufo marinus.................................................................................................. 59 4.1.5.1 Morphologie der Nasenhöhlen........................................................ 59 4.1.5.2 Skelettelemente............................................................................... 63 4.1.5.3 Verteilung und Bau der Epithelien ................................................. 64 4.1.5.4 Drüsen und Tränennasengang......................................................... 66 4.1.6 Phyllomedusa bicolor .................................................................................... 67 4.1.6.1 Morphologie der Nasenhöhlen........................................................ 67 4.1.6.2 Skelettelemente............................................................................... 70 4.1.6.3 Verteilung und Bau der Epithelien ................................................. 72 4.1.6.4 Drüsen und Tränennasengang......................................................... 73 4.1.7 Agalychnis callidryas..................................................................................... 75 4.1.7.1 Morphologie der Nasenhöhlen........................................................ 75 4.1.7.2 Skelettelemente............................................................................... 77 4.1.7.3 Verteilung und Bau der Epithelien ................................................. 77 4.1.7.4 Drüsen und Tränennasengang......................................................... 79 4.1.8 Phrynohyas resinifictrix................................................................................. 80 4.1.8.1 Morphologie der Nasenhöhlen........................................................ 80 4.1.8.2 Skelettelemente............................................................................... 81 4.1.8.3 Verteilung und Bau der Epithelien ................................................. 82 4.1.8.4 Drüsen und Tränennasengang......................................................... 83 4.1.9 Dyscophus guineti.......................................................................................... 83 4.1.9.1 Morphologie der Nasenhöhlen........................................................ 83 4.1.9.2 Skelettelemente............................................................................... 84 4.1.9.3 Verteilung und Bau der Epithelien ................................................. 87 4.1.9.4 Drüsen und Tränennasengang......................................................... 87 4.1.10 Hypopachus barberi ...................................................................................
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