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510733.Pdf (3.951Mb) T.C. RECEP TAYYİP ERDOĞAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ TÜRKİYE’DEKİ Bufo bufo VE Bufo verrucosissimus TÜRLERİNİN MORFOLOJİK YÖNDEN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI CANTEKİN DURSUN TEZ DANIŞMANI PROF. DR. NURHAYAT ÖZDEMİR TEZ JÜRİLERİ PROF. DR. BİLAL KUTRUP DOÇ. DR. SERKAN GÜL YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ BİYOLOJİ ANABİLİM DALI RİZE-2018 Her Hakkı Saklıdır ÖNSÖZ Türkiye’de yayılış gösteren Bufo bufo ve Bufo verrucosissimus türlerinin morfolojik yönden karşılaştırıldığı bu çalışma, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı’nda ‘‘Yüksek Lisans Tezi’’ olarak hazırlanmıştır. Lisansüstü eğitimime başladığım ilk günden bugüne kadar, bilgi ve birikimlerini benimle paylaşan, akademik ilerleyişimdeki yol göstericilerim ve geleceğim için desteklerine her daim ihtiyacım olan değerli danışman hocam Sayın Prof. Dr. Nurhayat ÖZDEMİR ve değerli hocam Sayın Doç. Dr. Serkan GÜL’e sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Hayatımın her aşamasında maddi ve manevi desteklerini esirgemeyen, her zaman yanımda olan, değerli aile bireylerim babam Fikri DURSUN'a, annem Binniye DURSUN'a ve kardeşim Özge DURSUN'a teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Ayrıca, 3 yıl boyunca bir ekip ruhuyla beraber çalıştığımız ve bu sürecin her aşamasında yanımda olan, desteklerini esirgemeyen değerli dostlarım Özge ÖZKAN’a, Ebru KIZILHAN’a ve her daim destekçim olan değerli dostum Hasan ALBAYRAK’a içtenlikle teşekkür ederim. Hazırlanan bu Yüksek lisans tezi Tübitak tarafından 114Z823 nolu proje ile desteklenmiştir. Cantekin DURSUN I II ÖZET TÜRKİYE’DEKİ Bufo bufo VE Bufo verrucosissimus TÜRLERİNİN MORFOLOJİK YÖNDEN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI Cantekin DURSUN Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Nurhayat ÖZDEMİR Bu tez çalışmasının amacı Türkiye’de dağılım gösteren Bufo cinsine ait olan Bufo bufo (Linneaus, 1758) ve Bufo verrucosissimus (Pallas, 1814) türleri arasındaki morfolojik farklılıkların belirlenmesidir. Çalışma kapsamında, Türkiye genelinde 25 farklı ilden örnekleme yapılmıştır. Örneklenen 193 (96 ♀, 97 ♂) bireyden 36 farklı değişene ait morfolojik ölçümler alınarak bireyler hem cinsiyet hem de tür bazında istatistiksel olarak karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgularda, dişi bireylerin erkeklere nazaran daha büyük vücut yapısına, büyük bir başa, dar açılı ve divergent durumlu parotidler ile başın her iki yanında daha fazla sıklıkta keratinli siğillere sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, Bufo verrucosissimus türüne ait erkek ve dişi bireylerin Bufo bufo türüne ait erkek ve dişi bireylerden daha büyük bir baş yapısına ve daha uzun iç metatarsal tüberküllere sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Parotid açıları, parotidlerin durumu ve keratinli siğiller bakımından ise herhangi bir farklılık bulunmamıştır. Sonuç olarak yapılan bu çalışmada türlerin morfolojik olarak çoğu karakter bakımından benzer olduğu, türler arasında yalnızca baş yapısı ve iç metatarsal tüberkül bakımından farklılıklar bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. 2018, 118 sayfa Anahtar Kelimeler: Temel Bileşenler Analizi, Lojistik Regresyon, Parotid, İç Metatarsal Tüberkül III ABSTRACT MORPHOLOGICAL COMPARISON OF Bufo Bufo AND Bufo verrucosissimus SPECIES IN TURKEY Cantekin DURSUN Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Department of Biology Master Thesis Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Nurhayat ÖZDEMİR In this thesis, it is aimed to determine morphological differences between Bufo bufo (Linneaus, 1758) and Bufo verrucosissimus (Pallas, 1814) species belonging to the genus Bufo. Within the context of this study, 193 (96 ♀, 97 ♂) individuals were sampled from 25 different provinces. These individuals were measured in terms of 36 different morphological characters and compared statistically between sexes and species. According to findings, it was found that females are bigger than males in terms of head and general body structure, their parotoids are more divergent and have narrower angle and more keratinized spines on the both sides of head. Besides, it was found that the individuals, in both sexes, of Bufo verrucosissimus have a bigger head and longer inner metatarsal tubercles than the individuals of Bufo bufo. There was no difference between species in terms of parotoid angle, parotoid divergence and keratinized spines. As a result of this study, it was found that both species are morphologically similar and differences between species are related to the head structure and inner metatarsal tubercle. 2018, 118 pages Keywords: Principle Component Analysis, Logistic Regression, Parotoid, İnner Metatarsal Tubercle IV İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ ............................................................................................................................. I TEZ ETİK BEYANNAMESİ .......................................................................................... II ÖZET .......................................................................................................................... III ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... IV İÇİNDEKİLER ................................................................................................................ V ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ ....................................................................................................... VII TABLOLAR DİZİNİ ...................................................................................................... IX SEMBOLLER ve KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ ................................................................. XI 1. GENEL BİLGİLER ............................................................................................ 1 1.1. Giriş .................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Literatür Özeti ..................................................................................................... 3 1.3. Amfibi (Amphibia) Sınıfı ................................................................................... 8 1.4. Amfibilerin Genel Özellikleri ............................................................................. 9 1.5. Amfibilerin Sistematik Konumu ....................................................................... 14 1.6. Anura Takımı .................................................................................................... 17 1.7. Taksonominin Temel Taşı ‘Tür’ ....................................................................... 19 1.8. Alttür Kavramı .................................................................................................. 21 1.9. Modifikasyon .................................................................................................... 22 1.10. Varyasyon ......................................................................................................... 23 1.11. Fenotipik Varyasyonlar ..................................................................................... 23 1.12. Karakter ............................................................................................................ 24 1.12.1. Karakter Seçimi ................................................................................................ 25 1.12.2. Karakter Çeşitleri .............................................................................................. 26 1.12.3. Morfolojik Karakterler ...................................................................................... 28 2. YAPILAN ÇALIŞMALAR .............................................................................. 30 2.1. Materyaller ........................................................................................................ 30 2.1.1. Bufonidae (Gray, 1825) .................................................................................... 30 2.1.2. Bufo bufo ........................................................................................................... 31 2.1.2.1. Sistematik .......................................................................................................... 31 2.1.2.2. Morfoloji ........................................................................................................... 32 2.1.2.3. Ekolojik ve Biyolojik Özellikler ....................................................................... 33 V 2.1.2.4. Dağılım ............................................................................................................. 37 2.1.3. Bufo verrucosissimus ........................................................................................ 38 2.1.3.1. Sistematik .......................................................................................................... 38 2.1.3.2. Morfoloji ........................................................................................................... 38 2.3.1.3. Ekolojik ve Biyolojik Özellikler ....................................................................... 40 2.3.1.4. Dağılım ............................................................................................................. 41 2.3.1.5. Bufo verrucosissimus verrucosissimus ............................................................. 44 2.3.1.6. Bufo verrucosissimus turowi ............................................................................. 45 2.3.1.7. Bufo verrucosissimus circassicus ..................................................................... 46 2.3.1.8. Bufo verrucosissimus tertyschnikovi ................................................................
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