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Cortes, Cidades, Memórias: Trânsitos E Transformações Na Modernidade

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Cortes, Cidades, Memórias: Trânsitos E Transformações Na Modernidade CORTES, CIDADES, MEMÓRIAS: TRÂNSITOS E TRANSFORMAÇÕES NA MODERNIDADE Douglas Cole Libby (Organizador) FOLHA DE ROSTO LIBBY, DOUGLAS COLE, (ORG.). CORTES, CIDADES, MEMÓRIAS: TRÂNSITOSE TRANSFORMAÇÕES NA MODERNIDADE. / ORGANIZAÇÃO DE DOUGLAS COLE LIBBY. - BELO HORIZONTE: CENTRO DE ESTUDOS MINEIROS, 2010. VI P.; 217P. COLÓQUIO INTERNACIONAL/X SEMINÁRIO DE ESTUDOS MINEIROS "CORTES, CIDADES, MEMÓRIAS: TRÂNSITOS E TRANSFORMAÇÕES NA MODERNIDADE' ISBN:978-85-98885-95-7 ARTE GRÁFICA: FORMATAÇÃO: FERNANDO GOMES GARCIA FONTE: BOOKMAN OLD STYLE, TAMANHO 12. 3 SUMÁRIO Apresentação : Página II De Nápoles a Madrid: séquito del rey, circulación de competências y experiências de reformas urbanas durante el reinado de Carlos de Borbón (siglo XVIII) (Brigitte Marin) : Página i Ensaio sobre a itinerância da capitalidade em Portugal (Walter Rossa) : Página 10 LIMA COLONIAL (1535-1635): crisol de gentes, ¿0^! de culturas? (Berta Ares-Queija) : Página 24 As vilas pombalinas da Amazônia: as cidades que tiveram ordem para serem mestiças (Renata Malcher De Araujo) : Página 36 The Transatlantic Slave Trade in the Peopling of Cartagena de índias, —Third City of the Indies,! c.1570-1640 (David Wheat) : Página 48 A Reputable Trade? The Liverpool Slave Traders and Abolition (Sheryllynne Haggerty) : Página 63 Mazagão, a cidade que atravessou o Atlântico Do Marrocos à Amazônia (1769-1783) (Laurent Vidal): Página 78 Política administrativa e formação das vilas e cidades na província do Rio de Janeiro (Maria Isabel De Jesus Chrysostomo) : Página 88 A rede urbana das Minas coloniais: esgarçamentos e novas urdiduras no tempo e no espaço (Fernanda Borges de Moraes) : Página 107 O Comércio e a cidade mineira oitocentista de São João del Rei (Afonso De Alencastro Graça Filho) : Página 139 Impressões sobre a cidade: a urbanização vista pelos jornais. Diamantina e Juiz de Fora, 1884-1914 (James William Goodwin Junior) : Página 150 Presença joanina e normalização arquitetônica - Rio de Janeiro e Salvador (Paulo César Garcez Marins) : Página 164 A Exposição Nacional de 1908 e a produção da identidade nacional brasileira (Maria Eliza Linhares Borges) : Página 171 Vila da Campanha da Princesa: A Corte, as Minas, a cidade e a memória (Cláudia Damasceno Fonseca) : Página 182 4 APRESENTAÇÃO Nos dias 12, 13 e 14 de novembro de 2007, nas dependências da Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais e do Museu Histórico Abílio Barreto da Prefeitura de Belo Horizonte, realizou-se o Colóquio Internacional/X Seminário de Estudos Mineiros Cortes, cidades, memórias: trânsitos e transformações na modernidade. O evento contou com o patrocínio da própria Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, da ProReitoria de Pós-Graduação, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em História e do Programa de Apoio Integrado a Eventos da UFMG, bem como da Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais, e da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior. Tratou-se de uma atividade desenvolvida no âmbito de um convênio celebrado entre a UFMG e a Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, envolvendo os grupos de pesquisa UFMG/CNPq "História de Minas e do Brasil - Espaço, Cultura e Sociedade", "População e Economia de Minas Gerais" e "Escravidão, Mestiça gem, Trânsito de Culturas e Globalização - Séculos XV a XIX", além do Centro de Estudos sobre a Presença Africana no Mundo Moderno - CEPAMM-UFMG. O Colóquio foi promovido pelo Centro de Estudos Mineiros/UFMG e organizado por Douglas Cole Libby (coordenação), Cláudia Damasceno Fonseca (coordenação), Eduardo França Paiva, Júnia Ferreira Furtado, Maria Eliza Linhares Borges e Thais Velloso Cougo Pimentel. Passado algum tempo, hoje se pode dizer que ele foi um dos primeiros eventos comemorativos do bicentenário da vinda Corte portuguesa para o Brasil, já que a data escolhida coincidiu com partida da frota de Lisboa, em novembro de 1807. No entanto, a programação do evento foi muito além da efeméride, pois a proposta dos organizadores foi que ele servisse como palco para uma reflexão ampla sobre o mundo urbano, tanto no que diz respeito às áreas geográficas quanto aos períodos de estudo contemplados. A transferência da Corte portuguesa provocou transformações não só na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, mas também em núcleos e redes urbanas de outras regiões do Brasil. Diferentemente de diversas outras manifestações comemorativas realizadas em 20072008, o Colóquio Cortes, cidades, memórias: trânsitos e transformações na modernidade não se restringiu ao acontecimento específico da instalação da Casa de Bragança no Rio de Janeiro, mas procurou associá-lo a diversos temas de história urbana, relativos a outras épocas e a outras partes do mundo, que permitiram analisar a idéia mais geral de "movimento". Na verdade, foi dessa forma que o evento se destacou dentre os vários esforços acadêmicos de comemoração e a amplitude das discussões assim promovidas foi o que mais impulsionou a presente publicação eletrônica. As noções de trânsitos e transformações, presentes nos subtítulos de diversas mesas-redondas, constituíram o fio condutor que articulou as diversas questões ali tratadas. A partir daí, abordou-se, por exemplo, o deslocamento de cortes (interno e exterior aos reinos), o tráfico entre as principais cidades e portos negreiros do mundo, as mestiçagens nas cidades reais, bem como a circularidade dos modelos urbanísticos, das representações e da idéia de "modernidade". Outro tema de grande relevância abordado nesse Colóquio dizia respeito às transformações urbanas ligadas à perda ou à aquisição do estatuto de "capital" (de reinos, vice-reinados, impérios ou de simples circunscrições), assim como a questão da hierarquia e das classificações urbanas, que também apresentam grandes variações no tempo e no espaço. As contribuições foram mantidas em suas versões originais, dentro do espírito globalizado deste início de milênio e das possibilidades deste meio eletrônico de publicação. Assim, dos quatorze textos reproduzidos aqui dez são em português, dois em espanhol e outros 5 dois em inglêss. Também, optou-se por seguir a ordem de apresentação estabelecida para o Colóquio. A comunicação de Brigitte Marin (Université de Provence) ofereceu uma perspectiva comparativa bastante interessante em relação ao caso português/brasileiro. Seu texto trata da transferência de outra corte européia: a de Carlos de Bourbon, que em 1759 deixou Nápoles, onde reinava desde 1734, para se instalar em Madri, assumindo o trono da Espanha, no lugar do meio-irmão Ferdinando VI. O texto analisa as discussões contemporâneas sobre o papel da « capital », a influência da experiência napolitana de Carlos de Bourbon nas transformações urbanas de Madri, a circulação de projetos e a adaptação dos ideais de cidade da época das Luzes, que foram implementados nas duas capitais. À autora, interessa não apenas as reformas urbanísticas, mas também os projetos ligados à política econômica e à manutenção da ordem. O trabalho de Walter Rossa (Universidade de Coimbra) apresentou uma síntese sobre a idéia de « capitalidade » no espaço português, a qual não esteve exclusivamente ligada à presença do rei e de sua corte - tanto mais porque estes últimos caracterizaram-se, durante séculos, por sua itinerância. De fato, somente a partir da Restauração (16401667) Lisboa começaria a beneficiar-se da presença mais constante, bem como do "interesse e do zelo" dos monarcas portugueses. Abordando diversas cidades que tiveram, em diferentes momentos, o peso de "capitais" (Coimbra, Évora, Lisboa), o autor se interessou particularmente pelos projetos arquitetônicos e urbanísticos (marcados pela "monumentalidade e magnificência") que, sobretudo a partir do século XVII, estiveram associados à idéia de cidade "capital" na Europa. A urbe na Amazônia e nos Andes coloniais foi o tema desenvolvido por Renata Malcher de Araujo (Universidade do Algarve) e por Berta Ares Queija (Escuela de Estudios Hispanoamericanos/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilha). Renata abordou um tema fascinante e ainda pouco estudado: o Directório que se deve observar nas povoações de Índios do Pará e Maranhão (1757/1758) e a elevação de vários aldeamentos indígenas à categoria de vila. O Directório dos Índios fazia parte de um conjunto de medidas político-administrativas elaborado no governo do Marquês de Pombal, que visava o maior e o melhor controle da região amazônica. Assim, as novas vilas deveriam se reverter em condições de povoamento, exploração e proteção do território e, para tanto, os casamentos mistos e, por conseguinte, as mesclas biológicas e culturais, foram oficialmente incentivadas. Na Amazônia colonial, portanto, segundo a autora, buscou-se o fomento demográfico e a "civilidade" a partir da mistura entre brancos e índios. No lado do Pacífico, Lima, a Ciudad de los Reyes, fundada em 1535, pelo conquistador espanhol Francisco Pizarro, desde o início recebeu levas de escravos africanos de distinta origem. Esse crisol de culturas que aí se desenvolveu foi o tema abordado por Berta Ares Queija. A autora nos apresenta dados impressionantes e raramente explorados em perspectiva comparada, mas que abrem importantes possibilidades de se estabelecer a base de uma história mais integrada e mais conectada da escravidão e das mestiçagens nas Américas. Berta explorou os dados contidos no Libro en que se asientan los babtismos que se hacen en esta sancta yglesia de la cibdad de Los Reyes... (1538/1547) e apresentou resultados que, em certa medida, podem ser projetados sobre a população adulta
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