DOCSLIB.ORG

London School of Economics and Political Science

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
London School of Economics and Political Science LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON BETWEEN SLAVERY AND FREE LABOUR: EXPERIMENTS WITH FREE LABOUR AND PATTERNS OF SLAVE EMANCIPATION IN BRAZIL AND CUBA c.1830-1888 by MARIA LUCIA LAMOUNIER THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 1993 ABSTRACT This thesis is divided in two main parts. The first part compares and contrasts early experiments with non-slave labour in Cuba and Sao Paulo. The second part considers projects for the gradual abolition of slavery and the transition to free labour. The objective is to examine how Cuban and Brazilian planters solved the problem of labour supply triggered by a rapid growth of plantation exports during the nineteenth century. At this time sugar and coffee plantations came to characterize economic development in the two areas. Continued expansion was threatened by international pressures to end the trans- Atlantic slave trade. Challenged by international demands to terminate the "African trade" Cuba and Brazil sought to solve the labour problem by means of immigration. From the mid-century until the end of slavery in the 1880s, planters would experiment with several labour systems, involving a variety of labour relations. Besides slaves, Europeans, Chinese, Mexican Indians, Canary Islanders, and free domestic workers (white and coloured) would be employed on the plantations. Substituting "free" labour for slave labour was not ,a' simply\Cmatter of labour supply. For Cuba there was the question of the relationship with Spain and its consequences for the defense of slavery and the impact on immigration. For Brazil there was the question of forging a national identity. What would be the place of slaves, freedmen and immigrants in the new nation. In both regions these considerations had a racial dimension. Also planters were anxious to secure a cheap disciplined workforce. What labour system would best meet these requirements? As this thesis demonstrates this was a time of experimentation. From the first, in Brazil alternative supplies of labour were regarded as a means of transition to free labour. In Cuba new supplies of workers were viewed as complementing slavery. But the first experiments with non-slave labour affected the processes of the abolition of slavery and the transition to free labour while the meaning of "free labour" and "transition" also changed over time. To my parents: Joaquim and Lourdes TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Maps i List of Tables i Acknowledgements ii Abbreviations iii INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2: CUBA AND SAO PAULO: AN OVERVIEW 25 2.1. The Making of a Sugar Colony 25 2.2. The Making of a Coffee Province 45 PART I: EXPERIMENTING WITH FREE LABOUR Introduction 62 CHAPTER 3: CUBA 65 3.1. Early attempts to establish an immigration policy 65 3.2. In search of workers 73 3.2.1. Recruiting whites: Europeans 74 3.2.2. Recruiting non-whites: free Africans 84 3.2.3. Recruiting non-whites: Chinese, Yucatecans and the development of the trade in "free" workers 91 3.3. Legislation and control: contracts, conflicts and laws 109 Conclusion 131 CHAPTER 4: BRAZIL 134 4.1. Early attempts to establish an immigration policy 137 4.2. Sharecropping in Sao Paulo 149 4.3. Legislation and control: contracts, conflicts and laws 163 4.4. Brazilians under contracts and Chinese contract workers 183 4.4.1. Brazilians under contracts 183 4.4.2. Efforts to import Chinese contract workers 199 Conclusion 216 PART II: PATTERNS OF SLAVE EMANCIPATION AND TRANSITION TO FREE LABOUR Introduction 220 CHAPTER 5: EARLY PLANS OF EMANCIPATION: CHANGING CONCEPTS OF SLAVE EMANCIPATION AND FREE LABOUR 222 5.1. Cuba 223 5.2. Brazil 253 5.3. Conditional manumission: a route to freedom 270 Conclusion 286 CHAPTER 6: GRADUALISM AND TRANSITION: TRACING PARALLELS BETWEEN BRAZIL AND CUBA 288 6.1. Gradual abolition: Rio Branco law and Moret law 289 6.1.1. Rio Branco law 291 6.1.2. Moret law 307 6.2. Gradualism and transition 325 6.2.1. Cuba 326 6.2.2. Brazil 334 CONCLUSION 352 APPENDIX 357 BIBLIOGRAPHY 376 LIST OF MAPS Map 1: Cuba, provincial divisions of 1878 29i Map 2: Brazil in 1830 45i Map 3: The expansion of coffee production in sao Paulo 50i LIST OF TABLES T.1. Chinese Workers Said to Have Reached Brazil During the Nineteenth Century 199 T.2. Cuba, Manumission, 1858-1862 279 T.3. Brazil, Campinas, Conditions of Manumission 284 T.4. Types (% of Total) of Conditional Manumission 285 T.5. Sources of Decline in the Slave Population, 1870-1877. Government Estimates 323 Appendix 1. Agricultural Wealth Distributed by Departments, 1846. 2. Cuban Sugar Production, 1840-1894. 3. Sugar mills in Cuba, 1860. 4. Cuban Sugar Production, 1860 Harvest. 5. Slaves Imported into Cuba, 1840-1867. 6. Average Slave Nominal Prices, 1845-1879. 7. Cuban Population, 1817-1862. 8. Distribution of Slave Population by Place of Residence, 1862. 9. Cuban Population, 1861. 10. Chinese Contract Workers, 1848-1874. 11. Chinese Population, 1861-1877. 12. Cuban Slave Population, 1862-1877. 13. Coffee Export through the port of Rio de Janeiro, 1851-1872. 14. Sao Paulo Population, 1819-1886. 15. Coffee and Sugar Exports, 1850s. 16. Sao Paulo Exports, 1862-1867. 17. Price of Coffee in Rio de Janeiro, 1840-1872. 18. Coffee Export through port of Santos 19. Brazilian Sugar and Coffee Exports, 1821-1890. 20. Estimates of Africans disembarked in Brazil, 1820- 1855. 21. Brazil, Slave Population, 1864-1887. 22. Registered Gains of Slaves through Interprovincial Trade, 1874-1884. 23. Estimate Slave Population of Province of Sao Paulo, 1836-1887. 24. Immigration to Sao Paulo, 1882-1900. 25. World Coffee Production by Region, 1880-1891. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special acknowledgement is due to Colin M. Lewis who gave unsparingly of his time in advising and counselling me through researching and writing. Many people were very kind and helpful with their comments on papers or portions of this thesis. I am very grateful to Mary Turner, Jeremy Aldeman, Gervase Clarence Smith, Verena Stolcke and Jean Stubbs. Cuban historians were very generous with their time and with references to sources. With much gratitude I recall the assistance of Leyda Oquendo, Fe Iglesias, Maria Carmen del Barcia and Tomas Fernandez Robaina. In Brazil, I wish to thank in particular Ana Lucia Duarte Lanna, Michael M. Hall, Ademir Gebara, Robert Slenes, Dea Fenelon and all members of the Department of Economics of the Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara. Many other people who are too numerous to mention here helped me in many ways and I am grateful to them all. Robin Dilks, Thais Crist6faro Silva, Graga e Eduardo Silva, Oliver Marshall, Margareth Wilson, Gabriel Porcile , Elvira Felipe Ventura, Marina Cardoso, Fatima Lamounier and Stevea. Murray, and Jochen Graff deserve special thanks. Financial a ssistange ,fro the (Conselho Nacional de tg , t.,L.Q.AA■ co cx) ciolo.% a nC he n iev 3r idade Estadual Paulista made possible the research and the time necessary to complete the manuscript. The Central Research Fund of the University of London financed the research trip to Cuba. ii Abbreviations Used in the Notes Material Relating to Cuba AGI Archivo General de Indias, Seville AHN Archivo Historic° Nacional, Madrid Ultramar Seccion de Ultramar ANC Archivo Nacional de Cuba, Havana GSC Fondo Gobierno Superior Civil RCJF Fondo Real Consulado y Junta de Fomento ME Fondo Miscelanea de Expedientes CA Fondo Consejo de AdministraciOn leg. legajo (bundle) exp. expediente (file) Material Relating to Brazil AI Arquivo Historic° do Itamarati, Rio de Janeiro APB Anais do Parlamento Brasileiro APESP Arquivo Public() do Estado de Sao Paulo, sao Paulo BN Biblioteca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro Manuscritos Sega° Manuscritos IHGB Instituto HistOrico e Geografico Brasileiro, Rio de Janeiro iii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION In the nineteenth century Cuba and Sdo Paulo were transformed from relatively diversified agricultural economies into plantation economies. Sugar and coffee plantations came to characterize economic development in the two areas. Continued expansion based on this model was, however, threatened by international pressures to end the trans-Atlantic slave trade. With a relatively scarce population and vast stretches of vacant land, both regions depended on external supplies of labour and were now confronted by the problem of finding a way of replacing slave labour or at least supplementing it so as to sustain labour-intensive plantation production. As Cuba and Brazil became the last supporters of slavery in the New World, Cuban and Brazilian planters had to face two interrelated issues. How to find a new source of labour to replace slaves and how to end slavery and reorganize labour relations efficiently without disrupting production. As soon as pressures to cut the supply of African slaves began, Cuba and Brazil sought to solve their labour problems through a series of strategies. From the mid-century until the end of slavery in the 1880s, planters would experiment with several labour systems, involving a variety of labour relations. Besides slaves, Europeans, Chinese, Mexican Indians, Cayihary Islanders and free white and coloured domestic workers would be employed in sugar and coffee plantations. Political-ideological questions, such as the maintenance of colonial ties (for Cuba), the constitution of the nation and racism affected choices and attitudes regarding the options available. Costs, discipline and efficiency were also related concerns. At the beginning of the 1870s, Cuba and Brazil started a relatively successful process of gradual abolition of slavery, with 1 the approval of Free Birth laws in Spain in 1870 and in Brazil in 1871. Despite fears that the abolition of slavery would destroy the plantation system, in the event abolition did not seriously interrupt the near continuous growth in plantation production. Slavery was finally abolished in Cuba in 1886, and in Brazil in 1888.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chinese Bondage in Peru
    CHINESE BONDAGE IN PERU Stewart UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA LIBRARIES COLLEGE LIBRARV DUKE UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS CHINESE BONDAGE IN PERU Chinese Bondage IN PERU A History of the Chinese Coolie in Peru, 1849-1874 BY WATT STEWART DURHAM, NORTH CAROLINA DUKE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1951 Copyright, 195 i, by the Duke University Press PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY THE SEEMAN PRINTERY, INC., DURHAM, N. C. ij To JORGE BASADRE Historian Scholar Friend Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from LYRASIS IVIembers and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/chinesebondageinOOstew FOREWORD THE CENTURY just passed has witnessed a great movement of the sons of China from their huge country to other portions of the globe. Hundreds of thousands have fanned out southwestward, southward, and southeastward into various parts of the Pacific world. Many thousands have moved eastward to Hawaii and be- yond to the mainland of North and South America. Other thousands have been borne to Panama and to Cuba. The movement was in part forced, or at least semi-forced. This movement was the consequence of, and it like- wise entailed, many problems of a social and economic nature, with added political aspects and implications. It was a movement of human beings which, while it has had superficial notice in various works, has not yet been ade- quately investigated. It is important enough to merit a full historical record, particularly as we are now in an era when international understanding is of such extreme mo- ment. The peoples of the world will better understand one another if the antecedents of present conditions are thoroughly and widely known.
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Ambiguity Conditional Manumission, Labor Contracts, and Slave Emancipation in Brazil (1850S–1888)*
    Sidney Chalhoub The Politics of Ambiguity Conditional Manumission, Labor Contracts, and Slave Emancipation in Brazil (1850s–1888)* Introduction The historical process that made liberalism, old and new, the guiding ideology of Western societies brought with it the invention of new forms of unfree labor. Lib- eralism and free labor, ancien regime and serfdom and/or slavery are no longer unproblematic pairs of historical intelligibility. The first half of the nineteenth century did not see the weakening of slavery in the Americas at all, but just the partial relocation of it. The institution of slavery gradually disappeared in the British and French Caribbean while it became stronger in Brazil, Cuba, and the US South.1 In the second half of the nineteenth century, as the nightmare of an international order based on slavery was finally defeated in the American Civil War,2 there emerged extremely aggressive racist ideologies that justified Western imperial expansion and the persistence of forced labor in Africa and elsewhere. Actually, it boggles the mind to think that for so long it seemed possible to con- ceive of the nineteenth century as a time of transition from slavery to freedom, from bondage to contractual and/or free labor. In fact, contract labor, however diverse in its forms, was often thought of as a form of coerced labor, with workers * This article was first published under the same title in International Review of Social History, Vol. 60 (2015), pp. 161–191 doi:10.1017/S0020859015000176 © 2015 Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis, published by Cambridge University Press, reproduced with permission.
    [Show full text]
  • Reglas De Congo: Palo Monte Mayombe) a Book by Lydia Cabrera an English Translation from the Spanish
    THE KONGO RULE: THE PALO MONTE MAYOMBE WISDOM SOCIETY (REGLAS DE CONGO: PALO MONTE MAYOMBE) A BOOK BY LYDIA CABRERA AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION FROM THE SPANISH Donato Fhunsu A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English and Comparative Literature (Comparative Literature). Chapel Hill 2016 Approved by: Inger S. B. Brodey Todd Ramón Ochoa Marsha S. Collins Tanya L. Shields Madeline G. Levine © 2016 Donato Fhunsu ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Donato Fhunsu: The Kongo Rule: The Palo Monte Mayombe Wisdom Society (Reglas de Congo: Palo Monte Mayombe) A Book by Lydia Cabrera An English Translation from the Spanish (Under the direction of Inger S. B. Brodey and Todd Ramón Ochoa) This dissertation is a critical analysis and annotated translation, from Spanish into English, of the book Reglas de Congo: Palo Monte Mayombe, by the Cuban anthropologist, artist, and writer Lydia Cabrera (1899-1991). Cabrera’s text is a hybrid ethnographic book of religion, slave narratives (oral history), and folklore (songs, poetry) that she devoted to a group of Afro-Cubans known as “los Congos de Cuba,” descendants of the Africans who were brought to the Caribbean island of Cuba during the trans-Atlantic Ocean African slave trade from the former Kongo Kingdom, which occupied the present-day southwestern part of Congo-Kinshasa, Congo-Brazzaville, Cabinda, and northern Angola. The Kongo Kingdom had formal contact with Christianity through the Kingdom of Portugal as early as the 1490s.
    [Show full text]
  • Excluding the Included: Citizenship, National Identity Discourse and Racialized Welfare Stratification in Brazil
    Excluding the Included: Citizenship, National Identity Discourse and Racialized Welfare Stratification in Brazil by Matthew Lymburner A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Sociology and Anthropology Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario August 2010 © 2010, Matthew Lymburner Library and Archives Bibliothgque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'gdition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaONK1A0N4 OttawaONK1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-71684-7 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-71684-7 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lntemet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Ever Faithful
    Ever Faithful Ever Faithful Race, Loyalty, and the Ends of Empire in Spanish Cuba David Sartorius Duke University Press • Durham and London • 2013 © 2013 Duke University Press. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper ∞ Tyeset in Minion Pro by Westchester Publishing Services. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Sartorius, David A. Ever faithful : race, loyalty, and the ends of empire in Spanish Cuba / David Sartorius. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 8223- 5579- 3 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978- 0- 8223- 5593- 9 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Blacks— Race identity— Cuba—History—19th century. 2. Cuba— Race relations— History—19th century. 3. Spain— Colonies—America— Administration—History—19th century. I. Title. F1789.N3S27 2013 305.80097291—dc23 2013025534 contents Preface • vii A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s • xv Introduction A Faithful Account of Colonial Racial Politics • 1 one Belonging to an Empire • 21 Race and Rights two Suspicious Affi nities • 52 Loyal Subjectivity and the Paternalist Public three Th e Will to Freedom • 94 Spanish Allegiances in the Ten Years’ War four Publicizing Loyalty • 128 Race and the Post- Zanjón Public Sphere five “Long Live Spain! Death to Autonomy!” • 158 Liberalism and Slave Emancipation six Th e Price of Integrity • 187 Limited Loyalties in Revolution Conclusion Subject Citizens and the Tragedy of Loyalty • 217 Notes • 227 Bibliography • 271 Index • 305 preface To visit the Palace of the Captain General on Havana’s Plaza de Armas today is to witness the most prominent stone- and mortar monument to the endur- ing history of Spanish colonial rule in Cuba.
    [Show full text]
  • Aleijadinho's 'Prophets' As Capoeiristas
    Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2008-03-19 A Call for Liberation: Aleijadinho's 'Prophets' as Capoeiristas Monica Jayne Bowen Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Art Practice Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Bowen, Monica Jayne, "A Call for Liberation: Aleijadinho's 'Prophets' as Capoeiristas" (2008). Theses and Dissertations. 1346. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1346 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. A CALL FOR LIBERATION: ALEIJADINHO’S PROPHETS AS CAPOEIRISTAS by Monica Jayne Bowen A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Visual Arts Brigham Young University April 2008 Copyright © 2008 Monica Jayne Bowen All Rights Reserved BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COMMITTEE APPROVAL of a thesis submitted by Monica Jayne Bowen This thesis has been read by each member of the following graduate committee and by majority vote has been found to be satisfactory. Date Martha M. Peacock, Chair Date Mark J. Johnson Date C. Mark Hamilton BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY As chair of the candidate’s graduate committee, I have read the thesis of Monica Jayne Bowen in its final form and have found that (1) its format, citations, and bibliographical style are consistent and acceptable and fulfill university and department style requirements; (2) its illustrative materials including figures, tables, and charts are in place; and (3) the final manuscript is satisfactory to the graduate committee and is ready for submission to the university library.
    [Show full text]
  • 5.1 Slavery in the Americas
    Slavery in the Americas La2n American Slavery • Due to high cost, mostly served on plantaons and domesc service • By the end of the colonial period, slaves formed a minority of the total black/mulao pop. • Frequently ran away and oAen formed communi6es (quilombos) in mountains/jungles to lead resistance movements • Freed blacks worked in agriculture and as ar6sans, required to pay a tribute like Indians Brazil • Slaves imported b/c Indians lacked a strong work ethic • Slave labor created a populous class of unemployed whites; socially unacceptable for whites to do hard labor • "Discipline was maintained with a severity that oAen degenerated into sadis6c cruelty where the inflic6on of corporal punishment was concerned” – Charles Boxer – Forced pros6tu6on of female slaves – Frequent suicides, low rate of reproduc6on • Majority of freed blacks were tenant farmers/sharecroppers who owed labor and allegiance to landowners for privilege of farming piece of land – Others – squaers who se<led the fron6ers; ar6sans • 1826 – Signed treaty w/ England to end slave trade by 1831; Brazil didn't enforce; 1850 – s6ll imported more than 50K slaves/year • 1850s – Brazil passes Queiroz An2-Slave-Trade Law (effecve) – Severe labor shortage à large flow of slaves from N to S (coffee = $$) – $$ used for slave imports funneled into infrastructure, agriculture • Aboli6onist movements began in the 1860s in full force – US Civil War & War of the Triple Alliance called for emancipaon – Brazil, Cuba and Puerto Rico remained slaveholding countries – 1870 – Spain frees
    [Show full text]
  • The Sinews of Spain's American Empire: Forced Labor in Cuba from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries1
    chapter 1 The Sinews of Spain’s American Empire: Forced Labor in Cuba from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries1 Evelyn P. Jennings The importance of forced labor as a key component of empire building in the early modern Atlantic world is well known and there is a rich scholarly bibliog- raphy on the main forms of labor coercion that European colonizers employed in the Americas—labor tribute, indenture, penal servitude, and slavery. Much of this scholarship on forced labor has focused on what might be called “pro- ductive” labor, usually in the private sector, and its connections to the growth of capitalism: work to extract resources for sustenance, tribute, or export. This focus on productive labor and private entrepreneurship is particularly strong in the scholarship on the Anglo-Atlantic world, especially the shifting patterns of indenture and slavery in plantation agriculture, and their links to English industrial capitalism.2 The historical development of labor regimes in the Spanish empire, on the other hand, grew from different roots and traversed a different path. Scholars have recognized the importance of government regulations (or lack thereof) as a factor in the political economy of imperial labor regimes, but rarely are 1 The author wishes to thank the anonymous readers and the editors at Brill and Stanley L. Engerman for helpful comments. She also thanks all the participants at the Loyola University conference in 2010 that debated the merits of the first draft of this essay, as well as Marcy Norton, J.H. Elliott, Molly Warsh and other participants for their comments on a later draft presented at the “‘Political Arithmetic’ of Empires in the Early Modern Atlantic World, 1500–1807” conference sponsored by the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture and the University of Maryland in March 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • Under the Realm of Precariousness: Slavery and the Meaning of Freedom of Labour in the Nineteenth Century
    Topoi vol.2 no.se Rio de Janeiro 2006 Under the Realm of Precariousness: slavery and the meaning of freedom of labour in the nineteenth century Henrique Espada Lima ABSTRACT This article examines the ambiguities raised by the concept of “ labor freedom” in the XIXth century, through a comparative perspective of not only the history and historiography of slavery, but also the social, economic, and institutional history of labor. It considers that this approach will allow a better understanding of the collective experience of free laborers as well as slaves, in order to criticize the “ transition” model that is still used – often without any criticism – by the historiography on slavery and free labor in Brazil and in the Americas to explain the relationship between freedom and bondage in labor history. Some of the questions raised in the first part of the article will be used to analyze a sample of labor contracts between formal slaves and their formal masters or new bosses, notarized in the city of Desterro, in Southern Brazil, between the 1840s and the 1880s. Keywords: slavery, freedom, labor, wage contracts. 1. The market society utopia The society that was built in the nineteenth century was based on ideological principles established by political economy in the eighteenth century: namely the belief that social relations should be organised to express the ‘natural’ impulse of man to seek his material interests freely and individuallyi. The model of this society is commerce, the market: the place where individuals operate according to a rationality defined by the maximisation of gain. The impulse for exchange and bargaining, which constitutes a central part of human nature, is in the origin of society and defines it.
    [Show full text]
  • Docuhent Resume Ed 128 505 Ud 016 272 Author
    DOCUHENT RESUME ED 128 505 UD 016 272 AUTHOR Estrada, Josephine TITLE Puerto Rican Resource Units. INSTITUTION New York State Education Dept., Albany. Bureau of Migrant Education. PUB DATE 76 NOTE 89p. EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$4.67 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Annotated Bibliographies; Bilingual Education; Cultural Education; Cultural Enrichment; *Curriculum Development; Educational Resources; *Elementary Secondary Education; *Instructional Ails; Intercultural Programs; *Puerto Rican Culture; Puerto Ricans; *Resource Guides; Resource Materials; *Resource Units; Social Studies IDENTIFIERS *Puerto Rico ABSTRACT Funded by combined Title I Migrant and Title IV Civil Rights Act funds, this guide on six major themes dealing with Puerto Rico was developed primarily for use by teachers in elementary and secondary schools. The guide is designed to provide teachers and students with a better understanding of Puerto Rican and culture. Although the publication was originally developed for use in migrant education programs, its units can serve as a resource foruse in bilingual, social studies, or cross-cultural programs at the elementary and secondary levels. The "Overview" section summarizes and highlights key items relating to the major themes. "Objectives and Activities" provide a framework within which the unitscan be used. The "Teachers' Aids" identify supplemental resources whichare further developed in the bibliography. The bibliography also includes annotations of other books and articles pertaining to Puerto Rican history and culture. Grade levels, publishers, and publication dates (where available) are noted for each entry. In addition,a list of publishers' addresses is provided. (Author/JM) *********************************************************************** Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort * * to obtain the best copy available.
    [Show full text]
  • Consumer Identity and Social Stratification in Hacienda La Esperanza, Manatí, Puerto Rico
    THE MATERIAL CULTURE OF SLAVERY: CONSUMER IDENTITY AND SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN HACIENDA LA ESPERANZA, MANATÍ, PUERTO RICO A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by Nydia I. Pontón-Nigaglioni December 2018 Examining Committee Members: Paul F. Farnsworth, Advisory Chair, Department of Anthropology Anthony J. Ranere, Department of Anthropology Patricia Hansell, Department of Anthropology Theresa A. Singleton, External Member, University of Syracuse, Anthropology © Copyright 2018 by Nydia I. Pontón-Nigaglioni All Rights Reserved ii ABSTRACT This dissertation focuses on the human experience during enslavement in nineteenth-century Puerto Rico, one of the last three localities to outlaw the institution of slavery in the Americas. It reviews the history of slavery and the plantation economy in the Caribbean and how the different European regimes regulated slavery in the region. It also provides a literature review on archaeological research carried out in plantation contexts throughout the Caribbean and their findings. The case study for this investigation was Hacienda La Esperanza, a nineteenth- century sugar plantation in the municipality of Manatí, on the north coast of the island. The history of the Manatí Region is also presented. La Esperanza housed one of the largest enslaved populations in Puerto Rico as documented by the slave census of 1870 which registered 152 slaves. The examination of the plantation was accomplished through the implementation of an interdisciplinary approach that combined archival research, field archaeology, anthropological interpretations of ‘material culture’, and geochemical analyses (phosphates, magnetic susceptibility, and organic matter content as determined by loss on ignition).
    [Show full text]
  • The Dynamics of Slavery in Brazil - Resistance, the Slave Trade and Manumission in the 17Th to 19Th Centuries1
    1 Novos estud. - CEBRAP vol.2 no.se São Paulo 2006 The dynamics of slavery in Brazil - Resistance, the slave trade and manumission in the 17th to 19th centuries1 Rafael de Bivar Marquese RESUMO O artigo examina as relações entre o tráfico negreiro transatlântico para o Brasil, os padrões de alforria e a criação de oportunidades para a resistência escrava coletiva (formação de quilombos e revoltas em larga escala), do final do século XVII à primeira metade do século XIX. Valendo-se das proposições teóricas de Patterson e Kopytoff, sugere uma interpretação para o sentido sistêmico do escravismo brasileiro na longa duração, sem dissociar a condição escrava da condição liberta, nem o tráfico das manumissões. Palavras-chave: escravidão; história do Brasil; tráfico negreiro; alforrias; resistência escrava. SUMMARY The article examines the relationships between the Brazil-bound transatlantic slave trade, manumission patterns and the creation of opportunities for collective slave resistance (formation of Maroon slave communities and large revolts), from the end of the 17th Century to the first half of the 19th Century. Based on the theoretical propositions of Patterson and Kopytoff, it suggests an interpretation for the Brazilian slave system over the long term without dissociating the condition of the slave from that of the freedman, nor the slave trade from the manumissions. Keywords: slavery; Brazilian history; transatlantic slave trade; manumissions; slave resistance. The Palmares enigma The Palmares War was one of the most notable episodes of slave resistance in the history of the New World. Though population estimates by coeval sources and historians vary wildly – from as few as 6 thousand to some 30 thousand people -, there is no doubt that the Palmares communities, given their sheer territorial extension and the number of fugitive slaves they absorbed, constituted the largest ‘Quilombo’, or Maroon slave community, in the history of Portuguese America.
    [Show full text]