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Quebra-Quilos and Peasant Resistance: Peasants, Religion, and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Brazil

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Quebra-Quilos and Peasant Resistance: Peasants, Religion, and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Brazil Quebra-Quilos and Peasant Resistance: Peasants, Religion, and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Brazil by Kim Richardson, B.A., M.A. A Dissertation In HISTORY Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved Dr. Jeffrey Mosher Dr. Ed Steinhart Dr. Patricia Pelley Dr. Allan Kuethe Fred Hartmeister Dean of the Graduate School August, 2008 Copyright 2008, Kim Richardson Texas Tech University, Kim Richardson, August 2008 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A proper acknowledgement for this dissertation would, in reality, be longer than the dissertation itself. The seed for this project came as a suggestion from my advisor, Dr. Jeffrey Mosher, of the need to look at the Northeast during the Second Empire and began to germinate under his tutelage. Jeff Mosher spent countless hours working with me on formulating and developing this project, and it is to him that I must first and foremost express extreme gratitude. In additional to Jeff Mosher, Patricia Pelley, Allan Kuethe, and Ed Steinhart, all served on my committee and read numerous drafts. To them I am also extremely grateful. All four worked with me personally to develop my research and writing skills, without which the writing of this dissertation would be impossible. Through them the histories of Africa, Asia, and the Americas “came alive,” as the cliché goes, and permitted me to study World History with an emphasis on Modern Latin America. I began research on this project in the Summer of 2006 with a research trip to Rio de Janeiro. At the National Archives in Rio de Janeiro, the archivists put up with my accent, pulled materials, and photographed all relevant materials onto microfilm. Their assistance in finding and photographing materials proved to be invaluable. Archivists at the Biblioteca Nacional and Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, as well as those at the Museo Imperial in Petrópolis, were always cheerful and ready to pull materials and explain their relevance to this project. By the time I returned to Texas, I had tens of thousands of pages of research materials. ii Texas Tech University, Kim Richardson, August 2008 The following Summer of 2007, I was fortunate to receive the Dingus International Scholarship (International Affairs Office, Texas Tech University) and doctoral research funding from the History Department. Those grants allowed me to return to Brazil to Recife, Pernambuco to research at the Arquivo Público Estadual Jordão Emerenciano, and João Pessoa, Paraíba, to research at the Arquivo Estadual de Paraíba. The hospitality for which the Northeasterner is credited, I am happy to say, is well founded, and I am deeply indebted to them. I would also like to thank Virginia Commonwealth University for giving me the opportunity to teach as a Full-time, Collaborative Instructor, and giving me a place to finish writing this dissertation. I bounced many ideas off of my colleagues as I sought to juggle teaching and writing, and am grateful for their assistance. I found truth in the old saying that the best way to learn is to teach, and the time spent in Virginia proved to be invaluable. Finally, and most importantly, I would like to thank my family. I am forever grateful to my wife, Karen. She has put up with my many late nights and early mornings, and suffered through our numerous moves from Utah, to Texas, to Virginia, and put up with long absences as I conducted research in Brazil. She has read, corrected, and suffered through my innumerable drafts, and has truly been my rock of Gibraltar during all of the storms of graduate school. To her I am the most grateful. I must thank my two children as well. To Kaleb and Kyleigh who have never known me to work on anything besides this dissertation, for patiently waiting for me to call from Brazil in the evenings, and letting me “hide” in my office when home. Without my family, I would never have been able to write this dissertation. Thank you. iii Texas Tech University, Kim Richardson, August 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................................... ii LIST OF MAPS, TABLES, AND FIGURES ............................................................................. vi NOTE ON CURRENCY ........................................................................................................ vii INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1: TIPPING THE SCALES ................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 2: ECONOMIC COLLAPSE ................................................................................ 46 CHAPTER 3: ROLE OF RELIGION ..................................................................................... 71 CHAPTER 4: LAW OF RECRUITMENT ............................................................................. 104 CHAPTER 5: MODERNIZATION ....................................................................................... 143 CHAPTER 6: REPRESSION ............................................................................................... 159 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................. 194 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................... 202 iv Texas Tech University, Kim Richardson, August 2008 ABSTRACT On October 31, 1874, market-goers in the town of Fagundes, near Campina Grande, Paraíba, rioted, smashing recently-installed scales based on weights and measures of the metric system. They resorted to violence to protest increased taxes, high prices of goods, the forced implementation of the metric system, fear of being drafted into the army or enslaved, and the imprisonment of two leading bishops. Dubbed Quebra-Quilos, or “Break the Scales,” by the authorities, this uprising quickly spread from Paraíba to Pernambuco, Alagoas, and Rio Grande do Norte, fifty uprisings in all, before finally being suppressed by the authorities. This dissertation reconstructs the social and political world of peasants in the northeast. Examinations of what I believe to be an alliance between the peasants and various priests allows my analysis to integrate the rural lower classes with the high politics of the empire. It brings to light the issue of what constitutes morally acceptable behavior by groups of people faced with what they viewed as an impossible economic future and violations of community norms of justice: what happens when groups of people (in this case mostly peasants, but cutting across class lines, with the apparent alliance with priests) see their economic livelihood, social status, and religious institutions threatened by egregious violations of acceptable behavior. In this case, the government was held to be the cause of the current crises and was targeted by these rioters as a result. v Texas Tech University, Kim Richardson, August 2008 LIST OF MAPS, TABLES, AND FIGURES Maps MAP 1: BRAZIL DURING THE EMPIRE ............................................................................. 13 MAP 2: PARAÍBA ............................................................................................................... 14 MAP 3: PERNAMBUCO ...................................................................................................... 19 MAP 4: ALAGOAS ............................................................................................................. 26 MAP 5: RIO GRANDE DO NORTE ...................................................................................... 27 MAP 6: GEOGRAPHIC ZONES ........................................................................................... 48 Tables TABLE 1: PARAÍBA CITIES, TOWNS, AND SETTLEMENTS ATTACKED BETWEEN NOVEMBER 7-27, 1874 ..................................................................................................... 16 Figures FIGURE 1: BROADSHEET OF METRIC SYSTEM .............................................................. 150 vi Texas Tech University, Kim Richardson, August 2008 NOTE ON CURRENCY The monetary unit for nineteenth-century Brazil was the reis, milreis, and conto. One milreis equaled 1,000 reis, written out as 1$000. The conto was made up of 1,000 milreis, written out as 1:000$000. Although the value of the milreis fluctuated widely throughout the century, the 1871 exchange rate with the US dollar, as an example, was forty-nine cents. Thus the 200-400 reis tax (or $200-$400) discussed throughout the text equaled roughly 9.8 to 19.6 cents. vii Texas Tech University, Kim Richardson, August 2008 INTRODUCTION On October 31, 1874, market-goers in the northeastern Brazilian town of Fagundes, near Campina Grande, Paraíba, rioted, smashing recently-installed scales based on weights and measures of the metric system. Largely peasants, they resorted to violence to protest increased taxes, high prices of goods, the forced implementation of the metric system, fear of being drafted into the army or enslaved, and the imprisonment of two leading bishops. Dubbed Quebra-Quilos, or “Break the Scales,” by the authorities, this uprising quickly spread from Paraíba to Pernambuco, Alagoas, and Rio Grande do Norte, roughly fifty uprisings in all, before finally being suppressed by the authorities. This dissertation reconstructs the social and political world of peasants
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